试论农村民间金融的正规化
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摘要
本文试图探讨农村民间金融的正规化途径和方法。近年来尽管各方面部加大了农村金融的改革力度,也取得了较大的进展,但我国农村金融发展仍面临着资金供应不足问题。民间金融在农村金融市场中发挥了重要作用,远多于目前的正规金融数量。但是,农村民间金融限于历史、法律、社会等多种因素,其法律地位尚不能完全得到承认,在很大程度上限制了民间金融作用的发挥。
本文突破传统对民间金融正规化时仅界定在“合法化”的局限,对正规化进行了全新定义,不仅涵盖合法化,而且正规化还包括所在金融体系的完善化,以及民间金融组织或个人内部管理的提升,即正式化。从而,拓展了农村民间金融正规化的外衍,为农村民间金融的进一步发展厘清思路。
本文针对农村民间金融存在的问题,分析了农村民间金融的现状,测算了农村民间金融得规模、讨论了农村民间金融的形式和特征。在我国农村经济主体的借贷活动中,民间金融的规模远大于正规金融。目前中国的农村民间金融主要包括民间借贷、合会、私人钱庄、典当、民间集资、农村合作基金会、小额信贷等形式。主要特征是,利率相对较高、借贷机制灵活、区域特征明显,但缺乏法律基础、组织制度不健全、经营管理混乱、信用活动不规范、服务比较单一。
本文从多个角度论证了农村民间金融正规化的必要性和可行性。农村民间金融正规化可以满足农村经济经济增长必需的资本供给、填补正规金融的供给不足,农村民间金融特点决定只有进行正规化改革才能发挥其最大作用,正规化可以减轻农村民间金融自身的系统性风险、提升民间金融效率,有利于宏观政策目标的实现,从而有利于农村经济的长远发展。在正规化可行性上,农村民间金融正规化有金融抑制和深化、制度变迁等理论支持,在实践上,农村民间金融发展具备产权结构、信息、担保、交易成本等多种优势。同时,我国农村特有的社会人文条件,以及农村经济发展为农村民间金融正规化提供基础。
在农村民间金融的正规化途径和方法上,本文总体上坚持金融深化和自由化取向。提出提升农村民间金融的合法性,取缔具有明显负面作用的农村民间金融活动,制定相关法律制度,确立部分民间金融的合法地位;构建更宽泛的金融形式和制度,发展保险、担保等金融业务,确立民间金融在农村金融架构中的应有地位,构建完善的农村金融体系;引导民间资本参与农村民间金融的正规化实现;激发自下而上的发展模式,适度引入新的管理模式,促使民间金融组织内部的正规化;同时,要构建囊括政府、行业自律组织等多层次的农村民间金融监管体制。
通过论证,本文认为农村民间金融正规化是可行的,通过合法化、完善化和正式化途径,可以达到的农村民间金融正规化预期,从而充分发挥农村民间金融的作用。
This paper studies the rural informal (non-governmental) finances and their ways to formal finances. The rural finances have made progress greatly owing to government's reform since our county's reform and opening. But the demand of the financing always overpasses the supply in the rural area. For the factors in history, law and society, etc., most of the rural informal finances are not authorized by the law, which limits the effort of the rural informal finances.
Traditional financial regularization is defined only in the legalization. This paper gives a new definition to cover not only the legalization and standardization, including the perfect financial system, as well as the enhancement of the internal management of the informal financial organizations.
This paper analyzes the financial status of the rural informal finance, estimates the size of the finances, and discusses their form and characteristics. In our country's lending activities, informal finance is far greater than the formal financial. At present, informal finances includes non-governmental lending finance, private banks, pawn, private fund-raising, rural cooperative foundations, and other forms of micro-credit. They are mainly characterized by relatively high interest rates, flexible lending mechanism, regional characteristics. However, they lack legal basis, organizational systems, with the management confusion, the credit activities of non-standard, and the single-service.
It is necessary and feasible for rural informal financial to be standardized and regularized. The rural informal finances meet the necessary capital supply for the rural economy. The reform can alleviate the rural systemic financial self-risk, improve the efficiency of private finance, and is conducive to the achievement of the objectives of macroeconomic policy, which is conducive to long-term development of the rural economy. The feasibility of the regularization lies in the financial inhibition and financial deepening, and institutional change.
This paper adheres to the overall direction of financial deepening and liberalization. Improve the legitimacy of the rural informal finances, build a broader system of financial forms, develop insurance, guarantees and other financial business, lead private capital to participate in the regularization of the rural informal finances, stimulate the development of bottom-up model. Meanwhile it is necessary to build government regulatory organizations and industry self-regulatory organizations, such as multi-level system of financial supervision and management
This paper argues that the rural non-governmental financial regularization is feasible, through the legalization and formalization to achieve standardization of the rural non-governmental finance, and give full play to the role of rural informal finance.
本文突破传统对民间金融正规化时仅界定在“合法化”的局限,对正规化进行了全新定义,不仅涵盖合法化,而且正规化还包括所在金融体系的完善化,以及民间金融组织或个人内部管理的提升,即正式化。从而,拓展了农村民间金融正规化的外衍,为农村民间金融的进一步发展厘清思路。
本文针对农村民间金融存在的问题,分析了农村民间金融的现状,测算了农村民间金融得规模、讨论了农村民间金融的形式和特征。在我国农村经济主体的借贷活动中,民间金融的规模远大于正规金融。目前中国的农村民间金融主要包括民间借贷、合会、私人钱庄、典当、民间集资、农村合作基金会、小额信贷等形式。主要特征是,利率相对较高、借贷机制灵活、区域特征明显,但缺乏法律基础、组织制度不健全、经营管理混乱、信用活动不规范、服务比较单一。
本文从多个角度论证了农村民间金融正规化的必要性和可行性。农村民间金融正规化可以满足农村经济经济增长必需的资本供给、填补正规金融的供给不足,农村民间金融特点决定只有进行正规化改革才能发挥其最大作用,正规化可以减轻农村民间金融自身的系统性风险、提升民间金融效率,有利于宏观政策目标的实现,从而有利于农村经济的长远发展。在正规化可行性上,农村民间金融正规化有金融抑制和深化、制度变迁等理论支持,在实践上,农村民间金融发展具备产权结构、信息、担保、交易成本等多种优势。同时,我国农村特有的社会人文条件,以及农村经济发展为农村民间金融正规化提供基础。
在农村民间金融的正规化途径和方法上,本文总体上坚持金融深化和自由化取向。提出提升农村民间金融的合法性,取缔具有明显负面作用的农村民间金融活动,制定相关法律制度,确立部分民间金融的合法地位;构建更宽泛的金融形式和制度,发展保险、担保等金融业务,确立民间金融在农村金融架构中的应有地位,构建完善的农村金融体系;引导民间资本参与农村民间金融的正规化实现;激发自下而上的发展模式,适度引入新的管理模式,促使民间金融组织内部的正规化;同时,要构建囊括政府、行业自律组织等多层次的农村民间金融监管体制。
通过论证,本文认为农村民间金融正规化是可行的,通过合法化、完善化和正式化途径,可以达到的农村民间金融正规化预期,从而充分发挥农村民间金融的作用。
This paper studies the rural informal (non-governmental) finances and their ways to formal finances. The rural finances have made progress greatly owing to government's reform since our county's reform and opening. But the demand of the financing always overpasses the supply in the rural area. For the factors in history, law and society, etc., most of the rural informal finances are not authorized by the law, which limits the effort of the rural informal finances.
Traditional financial regularization is defined only in the legalization. This paper gives a new definition to cover not only the legalization and standardization, including the perfect financial system, as well as the enhancement of the internal management of the informal financial organizations.
This paper analyzes the financial status of the rural informal finance, estimates the size of the finances, and discusses their form and characteristics. In our country's lending activities, informal finance is far greater than the formal financial. At present, informal finances includes non-governmental lending finance, private banks, pawn, private fund-raising, rural cooperative foundations, and other forms of micro-credit. They are mainly characterized by relatively high interest rates, flexible lending mechanism, regional characteristics. However, they lack legal basis, organizational systems, with the management confusion, the credit activities of non-standard, and the single-service.
It is necessary and feasible for rural informal financial to be standardized and regularized. The rural informal finances meet the necessary capital supply for the rural economy. The reform can alleviate the rural systemic financial self-risk, improve the efficiency of private finance, and is conducive to the achievement of the objectives of macroeconomic policy, which is conducive to long-term development of the rural economy. The feasibility of the regularization lies in the financial inhibition and financial deepening, and institutional change.
This paper adheres to the overall direction of financial deepening and liberalization. Improve the legitimacy of the rural informal finances, build a broader system of financial forms, develop insurance, guarantees and other financial business, lead private capital to participate in the regularization of the rural informal finances, stimulate the development of bottom-up model. Meanwhile it is necessary to build government regulatory organizations and industry self-regulatory organizations, such as multi-level system of financial supervision and management
This paper argues that the rural non-governmental financial regularization is feasible, through the legalization and formalization to achieve standardization of the rural non-governmental finance, and give full play to the role of rural informal finance.
引文
[1].Anders Isaksson.The Importance of Informal Finance in Kenyan Manufacturing the United Nations Industrial Development Organization Working Paper[J],2002,(5)
[2]Dale W.Adams.Mobilizing Household Savings through Rural Financial[J].Economic Development and Cultural Change,1978,26(3):547-560
[2].Kellee S.Tsai.The Local of Informal Finance and Private Sector Development in China[J],Beyond Banks,2001
[3].Mark E.Lovonian.Transitions in Rural Financial Markets[J].American Journal of Agricultural Economics,1996,78(3):734-735
[4].Mark Schreiner.Informal Finance and the Design of Microfinance[J].Development in Practice,2001,11(5):637-640
[5].N.A.Mujumdar.Financial Reforms and Rural Development[J].Economic and Political Weekly,1992,27(14):684-686
[6].Stiglitz,J.E.and Weiss,A.Credit Rationing in Markets with Imperfect Information [J].The American Economic Review,1981,71(3),(June)
[7].Tara S.Nair.Rural Financial Intermediation and Commercial Banks:Review of Recent Trends[J].Economic and Political Weekly,2000,35(5):299-306
[8].William F Steel,E.Aryeetey,H.Hettige,and M.Nissanke.Informal financial markets under liberalization in four African countries[J].World Development,1997,25(5)
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[11].陈柳钦.我国农村民间金融的运行形式、存在的问题及其规范发展[J].经济研究参考,2006,(72):35-41
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[13].郭沛.中国农村非正规金融规模测算[J].中国农村观察,2004,(2):21-25
[14].郭少新.中国二元经济结构转换的制度分析[M].中国农业出版社,2006
[15].何卫,伍山林.制度经济学[M].机械工业出版社,2003
[16].胡国峰.民间金融应该成为农村民间金融的主要推动力[J].江汉论坛,2008,(11):194-195
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[21].李伟毅,胡士华.农村民间金融:变迁路径与政府的行为选择[J].农业经济问题,2004,(11):28-32
[22].林毅夫等.信息、非正规金融与中小企业融资[J].经济研究,2005,(7):35-44
[23].卢亚娟,吴言林.二元金融结构对宏观金融政策的影响分析[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2006,(5):41-46
[24].马忠富.中国农村合作金融发展研究[M].中国金融出版社,2001
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[27].倪丹容.非正式金融市场与货币政策有效性[J].华南农业大学学报,2004,3(1):67-71
[28].聂磊.对农村民间金融的制度经济学解释[J].昆明理工大学学报,2006,6(1):61-64
[29].裴天士.从民间金融组织到正规金融机构[J].东岳论丛,2005,26(5):51-58
[30].彭建刚,何婧.论民间金融与地方中小金融机构的对接[J].内蒙古社会科学(汉文版),2008,29(2):82-87
[31].盛洪.现代制度经济学[M].北京大学出版社,2003
[32].石丹林,欧阳姝.村镇银行:农村金融体制改革的新突破[J].武汉金融,2004,(4):39-40
[33].石丹林.村镇银行:农村金融服务体系的重要补充与完善[J].湖北农村金融研究,2007,(3):27-29
[34].史晋川等.市场深化中民间金融业的兴起[J].经济研究,1997,(12):45-50
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[36].孙楠.农村金融机构结构与农村经济增长[J].云南财经大学学报,2008,24(1):36-42
[37].温铁军,新农村建设理论探索[M].文津出版社,2006
[38].温铁军.农村合作基金会的兴衰:1994—1999.国研网,2000
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[2]Dale W.Adams.Mobilizing Household Savings through Rural Financial[J].Economic Development and Cultural Change,1978,26(3):547-560
[2].Kellee S.Tsai.The Local of Informal Finance and Private Sector Development in China[J],Beyond Banks,2001
[3].Mark E.Lovonian.Transitions in Rural Financial Markets[J].American Journal of Agricultural Economics,1996,78(3):734-735
[4].Mark Schreiner.Informal Finance and the Design of Microfinance[J].Development in Practice,2001,11(5):637-640
[5].N.A.Mujumdar.Financial Reforms and Rural Development[J].Economic and Political Weekly,1992,27(14):684-686
[6].Stiglitz,J.E.and Weiss,A.Credit Rationing in Markets with Imperfect Information [J].The American Economic Review,1981,71(3),(June)
[7].Tara S.Nair.Rural Financial Intermediation and Commercial Banks:Review of Recent Trends[J].Economic and Political Weekly,2000,35(5):299-306
[8].William F Steel,E.Aryeetey,H.Hettige,and M.Nissanke.Informal financial markets under liberalization in four African countries[J].World Development,1997,25(5)
[9].阿瑟·刘易斯.经济增长理论[M].商务印书馆,1996
[10].爱德华·S·肖.经济发展中的金融深化[M].中国社会科学院出版社,1988
[11].陈柳钦.我国农村民间金融的运行形式、存在的问题及其规范发展[J].经济研究参考,2006,(72):35-41
[12].成思危.改革与发展:推进中国的农村金融[M].经济科学出版杜,2005
[13].郭沛.中国农村非正规金融规模测算[J].中国农村观察,2004,(2):21-25
[14].郭少新.中国二元经济结构转换的制度分析[M].中国农业出版社,2006
[15].何卫,伍山林.制度经济学[M].机械工业出版社,2003
[16].胡国峰.民间金融应该成为农村民间金融的主要推动力[J].江汉论坛,2008,(11):194-195
[17].惠国琴.农村金融机构研究综述[J].理论探讨,2008,(3):79-83
[18].吉利斯.发展经济学[M].中国人民大学,1998
[19].姜旭朝,丁昌锋.民间金融理论与实践[J].经济学动念,2004,(1 2):74-77
[20].李建军.中国地下金融调查[M].上海人民出版社,2006
[21].李伟毅,胡士华.农村民间金融:变迁路径与政府的行为选择[J].农业经济问题,2004,(11):28-32
[22].林毅夫等.信息、非正规金融与中小企业融资[J].经济研究,2005,(7):35-44
[23].卢亚娟,吴言林.二元金融结构对宏观金融政策的影响分析[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2006,(5):41-46
[24].马忠富.中国农村合作金融发展研究[M].中国金融出版社,2001
[25].麦金农.经济发展中的货币与资本[M].上海三联出版社,1993
[26].孟凡杰,张扬.农村民间金融的制度经济学分析[J].内蒙古农业大学学报(社会科学版),2007,9(2):66-68
[27].倪丹容.非正式金融市场与货币政策有效性[J].华南农业大学学报,2004,3(1):67-71
[28].聂磊.对农村民间金融的制度经济学解释[J].昆明理工大学学报,2006,6(1):61-64
[29].裴天士.从民间金融组织到正规金融机构[J].东岳论丛,2005,26(5):51-58
[30].彭建刚,何婧.论民间金融与地方中小金融机构的对接[J].内蒙古社会科学(汉文版),2008,29(2):82-87
[31].盛洪.现代制度经济学[M].北京大学出版社,2003
[32].石丹林,欧阳姝.村镇银行:农村金融体制改革的新突破[J].武汉金融,2004,(4):39-40
[33].石丹林.村镇银行:农村金融服务体系的重要补充与完善[J].湖北农村金融研究,2007,(3):27-29
[34].史晋川等.市场深化中民间金融业的兴起[J].经济研究,1997,(12):45-50
[35].宋宏谋.中国农村金融发展问题研究[M].山西经济出版社,2003
[36].孙楠.农村金融机构结构与农村经济增长[J].云南财经大学学报,2008,24(1):36-42
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