全球环境话语与联合国全球环境治理机制相互关系研究
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摘要
全球环境问题没有国界,它关涉整个地球以及在这个星球上生活的人类的未来。自20世纪60年代以来,国际社会为有效地认知全球环境问题、应对全球环境事务付出了持续努力。一方面,一系列清晰的全球环境话语体系得以建构起来,它们表达了国际社会对全球环境问题或其相应事务的主流信念、价值、通则与共识。另一方面,以联合国为中心的全球环境治理机制也在1972年斯德哥尔摩联合国人类环境大会上形成,并在30多年的时间里得以不断拓展。这两个方面都取得了人所共知的成果,并且,双方成果间的相关性已开始受到国际社会的关注。笔者的目的即在于探究全球环境话语与联合国全球环境治理机制两者间所具有的相互关系问题,试图弄清两者之间究竟有无相互关系、具有什么样的相互关系、这种相互关系又是如何形成或展开的。
为尽量保证探索过程的科学性、严谨性,笔者首先在“零假设”也即暂不假定全球环境话语与联合国全球环境治理机制存在相互作用的情况下分别对两者的变迁历程进行简明扼要的描述,然后对两者的变迁历程进行初步的关联比较并得出两者存在相互关系这一定性判断;在此基础上试图进一步采用测量相关系数和编制相关图表、列联表等方法,对全球环境话语及联合国全球环境治理机制两个变量进行指标分解,尽可能以统计学意义上的量化方法确定两者之间存在相关性,从而回答“两者究竟有无相互关系”这一问题。其次将在描述两者相互作用的基本形式与内容的基础上,根据建构主义的基本概念,把两者间所存在的相互关系归结为建构性质,从而回答“两者具有什么样的相互关系”这一问题。最后,笔者将以建构主义理论为视角,对两者的相互建构关系进行动态的解析,试图弄清影响两者相互建构的主要变量及其基本建构过程,从而最终回答“两者的相互关系是如何形成或展开的”这一问题。
以上研究路径决定了本文所采取的主要架构。因此,本文共由3大部分组成。第一部分“导论”提出了本文所探讨的主要问题及其研究意义、研究背景、研究视角、研究方法,界定了本文将要研究的主要对象及其概念特征。第二部分则为论文主体部分,包括3章内容,试图依据导论所划定的路线对提出的问题进行描述和分析。第一章“两者相互关系的确定:定性判断与量化分析”旨在确定全球环境话语与联合国全球环境治理机制两者间存在相互关系。第二章“两者相互关系的一种描述:形式、内容及性质”则试图在第一章已确定全球环境话语与联合国全球环境治理机制存在相互关系的基础上,说明这是一种建构性的相互关系。第三章“两者相互关系的解析:主要变量与基本过程”力求解析全球环境话语与联合国全球环境治理机制的相互建构过程,以最终弄清两者的相互建构关系究竟是如何形成或展开的问题。最后一部分“结论”对本研究进行了简明总结,并试图在此基础上对当前主要环境问题与事务做适当的思考和展望。
通过探索,笔者最终得出的结论是:自20世纪60年代以来,全球环境话语的核心内容在不断更新,从谋求生存到寻求可持续发展再到更加自信的生态现代化理论与实践,呈现出一种演进的趋势。全球环境话语通过确定威胁、提供蓝图、定义行为期望、建构联合国在全球环境事务中的相应身份等方式,推动联合国在全球环境治理机制建构上不断进步,使其有关全球环境协作与治理事务的机构不断健全、原则不断深化、程序不断开放和系统化,从而在总体上被不断地改进和加强。反之,全球环境话语也受到联合国全球环境治理机制的影响。联合国及其专门机构通过发动和组织有关全球环境问题或事务的大讨论、设立讨论议题进而转变环境思考范式、推进环境教育等方式,促进了全球环境话语的形成与发展。因此,全球环境话语与联合国全球环境治理机制两者之间存在相互关系,两者可以相互建构、协同演进。
并且,这种相互建构关系将受到环境灾害及其所形成的问题情境、跨越边界的行为体角色、多样化的规则等主要变量的影响。在这些变量中,环境灾害及其所形成的问题情境成为驱动两者相互建构的首要背景参量;政治家、专家、企业家、活动家等可以穿越边界的行为体角色积极充当了这种建构关系的施动者;指导性、指令性与承诺性3种规则成为贯通两者相互建构关系的中介要素。两者间的相互建构进程则可以被分为政治、科学、经济与社会3个不同层面。就政治过程而言,施动者们需要围绕如何塑造全球环境危机背景下的一种新型治理权威而持续努力;在科学过程上,施动者们则需进一步消除全球环境问题所造成的不确定性,并力求提供更为充备的知识和更加明确的行动建议;在经济与社会过程中,施动者们则要努力把环境要素变成人类生活不可分割的一部分,使环境价值成为人类社会的一种自觉追求。
总之,本文试图以统计学意义上的量化分析方法对全球环境话语与联合国全球环境治理机制的相互关系所进行的确定,对两者相互作用的形式、内容与性质的描述,尤其是以建构主义视角对其相互建构过程所进行的解析,不仅为两者的协同演进问题提供了一种互动意义上的解释,从而澄清或补充了学者们有关环境话语与环境制度共同进化的观点;或许也能为国际社会更好地认知全球环境问题或全球环境事务提供一种综合的框架,为不同的国际政治行为体在国际或全球层面上的环境决策与环境行动提供某种借鉴。对发展中国家而言,它则可能有助于充实发展中国家学者对环境话语与国际环境治理机制的研究领域,提升其在该研究领域的话语权和表达能力。
There are no borders among the global environmental issues, and these issues are related to the future of the earth and the human beings living on this planet. Since 1960s, the international society has made continual endeavors in order to cognize and cope with these issues. On one hand, a clear series of Global Environmental Discourse (GED) system have been constructed, showing the mainstream belief, value, general rule, and consensus. On the other hand, the global environmental governance regimes centered at the United Nations (UNGEGR) came into being during the United Nations conference on human environment in 1972, and there has been a continual development to the UNGEGR in the past thirty years. The two aspects all make well-known successes, and the correlation between their successes begin to get concerns of international society. The intention of the author lies in researching the correlation problem between the GED and UNGEGR, namely, making an attempt to make it clear that there is some correlation or not between the GED and UNGEGR, the nature of the correlation, and how this correlation forms or evolves.
In order to ensure a scientific and precise research process, the author describes the evolvements of the GED and UNGEGR respectively at first, then compares their evolvements and get a qualitative judgment that there is a correlation between them. On this basis, the author tries to analyze those relevant indicators of the GED and UNGEGR, affirm that there is a correlation between them quantitatively in the sense of statistics. So, he can reply the question that there is some correlation or not between the GED and UNGEGR. Second, on the basis of description to the way and content of their interaction, the author reduces this interaction to the nature of construction according to the basic conception of constructivism. So, he can answer the question about the nature of their correlation. At last, the author analyzes the correlation between them dynamically by the perspective of constructivism, tries to make clear those primary variables which influence the constructive interaction between them and their process of construction. So, he can answer the question ultimately that how the correlation forms or evolves.
As a result of the above research path, the thesis consists of three parts. The first part named by introduction brings out the main problem, value for research, review, perspective and research path, defines the main objects and their conceptions which will be discussed in the next part. As the main body, the second part contains three chapters, and tries to describe and analyze the main problem presented in the first part according to the path defined by the introduction. The first chapter aims at affirming there is a correlation between the GED and UNGEGR. The second chapter illuminates the correlation is constructive in the sense of nature on the basis of the first chapter. The third chapter strives for analyze the constructive interaction process between the GED and UNGEGR in order to make clear the question that how this constructive correlation forms or evolves. The last part named by conclusion sums up the whole research, provides a thought and outlook about the current environmental problems and affairs.
Finally, the author comes to a conclusion via research. Since 1960s, the central content of GED has renewed continually, and shows a trend of evolution from trying for survival to seeking sustainable development and further to confident theory and practice of ecological modernization. The GED promote the United Nations to make progress on constructing the global environmental governance regimes via affirming threat, providing blueprint, defining expectation for action, and construct the relative identity for the United Nations on the global environmental affairs, so, the UNGEGR are improved and strengthened continually. Contrarily, the GED are impacted by the UNGEGR. The United Nations and its special agencies promote the formation and development of the GED by launching and organizing discussion on the global environmental issues, setting up topic for discussion and transforming the thought paradigm on environment, advancing the environmental education. So, there is a correlation between the GED and UNGEGR, they construct each other and co-evolve.
Furthermore, the context of problem, actors who can transcend the different borders, and the various rules are the main variables, they carry out more functions in the constructive correlation between the GED and UNGEGR. The context of problem is the background parameter of the constructive correlation. Politicians, experts, enterprisers and actives act as the agents of the construction process. The rules of the directive, the instructive and the affirmatory are the media of the constructive correlation. The process of construction can be decomposed into three aspects including the political, the scientific, the economic and social aspect. In the political process, the agents should do best to establish a new governance authority under the circumstances of the global environmental crisis. In the scientific process, the agents need to eliminate the uncertainty of the global environmental problems, provide more precise knowledge and suggestions. In the economic and social process, the agents should turn the environmental value into an indispensable part of the life of mankind.
Altogether, by the affirmation to the correlation between the GED and UNGEGR in the quantitative analysis, the description about the way, content and nature of their interaction, especially the analysis to their construction process, the author give a demonstration of interactive mode for their co-evolution, clarify or make up the viewpoint of some scholars that the environmental discourse and the environmental regime can co-evolve, but also provide a general framework for international societies to cognize the global environmental issues and offer some references for the environmental decision and action of different international actors. For the developing countries, that is probably helpful to enrich the research field of their scholars about the environmental discourse and the international environmental governance regime, enhance their discourse power and expression ability in this field.
为尽量保证探索过程的科学性、严谨性,笔者首先在“零假设”也即暂不假定全球环境话语与联合国全球环境治理机制存在相互作用的情况下分别对两者的变迁历程进行简明扼要的描述,然后对两者的变迁历程进行初步的关联比较并得出两者存在相互关系这一定性判断;在此基础上试图进一步采用测量相关系数和编制相关图表、列联表等方法,对全球环境话语及联合国全球环境治理机制两个变量进行指标分解,尽可能以统计学意义上的量化方法确定两者之间存在相关性,从而回答“两者究竟有无相互关系”这一问题。其次将在描述两者相互作用的基本形式与内容的基础上,根据建构主义的基本概念,把两者间所存在的相互关系归结为建构性质,从而回答“两者具有什么样的相互关系”这一问题。最后,笔者将以建构主义理论为视角,对两者的相互建构关系进行动态的解析,试图弄清影响两者相互建构的主要变量及其基本建构过程,从而最终回答“两者的相互关系是如何形成或展开的”这一问题。
以上研究路径决定了本文所采取的主要架构。因此,本文共由3大部分组成。第一部分“导论”提出了本文所探讨的主要问题及其研究意义、研究背景、研究视角、研究方法,界定了本文将要研究的主要对象及其概念特征。第二部分则为论文主体部分,包括3章内容,试图依据导论所划定的路线对提出的问题进行描述和分析。第一章“两者相互关系的确定:定性判断与量化分析”旨在确定全球环境话语与联合国全球环境治理机制两者间存在相互关系。第二章“两者相互关系的一种描述:形式、内容及性质”则试图在第一章已确定全球环境话语与联合国全球环境治理机制存在相互关系的基础上,说明这是一种建构性的相互关系。第三章“两者相互关系的解析:主要变量与基本过程”力求解析全球环境话语与联合国全球环境治理机制的相互建构过程,以最终弄清两者的相互建构关系究竟是如何形成或展开的问题。最后一部分“结论”对本研究进行了简明总结,并试图在此基础上对当前主要环境问题与事务做适当的思考和展望。
通过探索,笔者最终得出的结论是:自20世纪60年代以来,全球环境话语的核心内容在不断更新,从谋求生存到寻求可持续发展再到更加自信的生态现代化理论与实践,呈现出一种演进的趋势。全球环境话语通过确定威胁、提供蓝图、定义行为期望、建构联合国在全球环境事务中的相应身份等方式,推动联合国在全球环境治理机制建构上不断进步,使其有关全球环境协作与治理事务的机构不断健全、原则不断深化、程序不断开放和系统化,从而在总体上被不断地改进和加强。反之,全球环境话语也受到联合国全球环境治理机制的影响。联合国及其专门机构通过发动和组织有关全球环境问题或事务的大讨论、设立讨论议题进而转变环境思考范式、推进环境教育等方式,促进了全球环境话语的形成与发展。因此,全球环境话语与联合国全球环境治理机制两者之间存在相互关系,两者可以相互建构、协同演进。
并且,这种相互建构关系将受到环境灾害及其所形成的问题情境、跨越边界的行为体角色、多样化的规则等主要变量的影响。在这些变量中,环境灾害及其所形成的问题情境成为驱动两者相互建构的首要背景参量;政治家、专家、企业家、活动家等可以穿越边界的行为体角色积极充当了这种建构关系的施动者;指导性、指令性与承诺性3种规则成为贯通两者相互建构关系的中介要素。两者间的相互建构进程则可以被分为政治、科学、经济与社会3个不同层面。就政治过程而言,施动者们需要围绕如何塑造全球环境危机背景下的一种新型治理权威而持续努力;在科学过程上,施动者们则需进一步消除全球环境问题所造成的不确定性,并力求提供更为充备的知识和更加明确的行动建议;在经济与社会过程中,施动者们则要努力把环境要素变成人类生活不可分割的一部分,使环境价值成为人类社会的一种自觉追求。
总之,本文试图以统计学意义上的量化分析方法对全球环境话语与联合国全球环境治理机制的相互关系所进行的确定,对两者相互作用的形式、内容与性质的描述,尤其是以建构主义视角对其相互建构过程所进行的解析,不仅为两者的协同演进问题提供了一种互动意义上的解释,从而澄清或补充了学者们有关环境话语与环境制度共同进化的观点;或许也能为国际社会更好地认知全球环境问题或全球环境事务提供一种综合的框架,为不同的国际政治行为体在国际或全球层面上的环境决策与环境行动提供某种借鉴。对发展中国家而言,它则可能有助于充实发展中国家学者对环境话语与国际环境治理机制的研究领域,提升其在该研究领域的话语权和表达能力。
There are no borders among the global environmental issues, and these issues are related to the future of the earth and the human beings living on this planet. Since 1960s, the international society has made continual endeavors in order to cognize and cope with these issues. On one hand, a clear series of Global Environmental Discourse (GED) system have been constructed, showing the mainstream belief, value, general rule, and consensus. On the other hand, the global environmental governance regimes centered at the United Nations (UNGEGR) came into being during the United Nations conference on human environment in 1972, and there has been a continual development to the UNGEGR in the past thirty years. The two aspects all make well-known successes, and the correlation between their successes begin to get concerns of international society. The intention of the author lies in researching the correlation problem between the GED and UNGEGR, namely, making an attempt to make it clear that there is some correlation or not between the GED and UNGEGR, the nature of the correlation, and how this correlation forms or evolves.
In order to ensure a scientific and precise research process, the author describes the evolvements of the GED and UNGEGR respectively at first, then compares their evolvements and get a qualitative judgment that there is a correlation between them. On this basis, the author tries to analyze those relevant indicators of the GED and UNGEGR, affirm that there is a correlation between them quantitatively in the sense of statistics. So, he can reply the question that there is some correlation or not between the GED and UNGEGR. Second, on the basis of description to the way and content of their interaction, the author reduces this interaction to the nature of construction according to the basic conception of constructivism. So, he can answer the question about the nature of their correlation. At last, the author analyzes the correlation between them dynamically by the perspective of constructivism, tries to make clear those primary variables which influence the constructive interaction between them and their process of construction. So, he can answer the question ultimately that how the correlation forms or evolves.
As a result of the above research path, the thesis consists of three parts. The first part named by introduction brings out the main problem, value for research, review, perspective and research path, defines the main objects and their conceptions which will be discussed in the next part. As the main body, the second part contains three chapters, and tries to describe and analyze the main problem presented in the first part according to the path defined by the introduction. The first chapter aims at affirming there is a correlation between the GED and UNGEGR. The second chapter illuminates the correlation is constructive in the sense of nature on the basis of the first chapter. The third chapter strives for analyze the constructive interaction process between the GED and UNGEGR in order to make clear the question that how this constructive correlation forms or evolves. The last part named by conclusion sums up the whole research, provides a thought and outlook about the current environmental problems and affairs.
Finally, the author comes to a conclusion via research. Since 1960s, the central content of GED has renewed continually, and shows a trend of evolution from trying for survival to seeking sustainable development and further to confident theory and practice of ecological modernization. The GED promote the United Nations to make progress on constructing the global environmental governance regimes via affirming threat, providing blueprint, defining expectation for action, and construct the relative identity for the United Nations on the global environmental affairs, so, the UNGEGR are improved and strengthened continually. Contrarily, the GED are impacted by the UNGEGR. The United Nations and its special agencies promote the formation and development of the GED by launching and organizing discussion on the global environmental issues, setting up topic for discussion and transforming the thought paradigm on environment, advancing the environmental education. So, there is a correlation between the GED and UNGEGR, they construct each other and co-evolve.
Furthermore, the context of problem, actors who can transcend the different borders, and the various rules are the main variables, they carry out more functions in the constructive correlation between the GED and UNGEGR. The context of problem is the background parameter of the constructive correlation. Politicians, experts, enterprisers and actives act as the agents of the construction process. The rules of the directive, the instructive and the affirmatory are the media of the constructive correlation. The process of construction can be decomposed into three aspects including the political, the scientific, the economic and social aspect. In the political process, the agents should do best to establish a new governance authority under the circumstances of the global environmental crisis. In the scientific process, the agents need to eliminate the uncertainty of the global environmental problems, provide more precise knowledge and suggestions. In the economic and social process, the agents should turn the environmental value into an indispensable part of the life of mankind.
Altogether, by the affirmation to the correlation between the GED and UNGEGR in the quantitative analysis, the description about the way, content and nature of their interaction, especially the analysis to their construction process, the author give a demonstration of interactive mode for their co-evolution, clarify or make up the viewpoint of some scholars that the environmental discourse and the environmental regime can co-evolve, but also provide a general framework for international societies to cognize the global environmental issues and offer some references for the environmental decision and action of different international actors. For the developing countries, that is probably helpful to enrich the research field of their scholars about the environmental discourse and the international environmental governance regime, enhance their discourse power and expression ability in this field.
引文
[1][美]罗伯特·O.基欧汉:《霸权之后:世界政治经济中的合作与纷争》,苏长河、信强、何曜译,上海:上海人民出版社2006年版,第86-98页。
[2][美]朱迪斯·戈尔茨坦、罗伯特·O.基欧汉编:《观念与外交政策:信念、制度与政治变迁》,刘东国、于军译,北京:北京大学出版社2005年版,第13页。
[1]See Book review of Alexander Wendt for "Ideas and foreign policy:Beliefs,institutions,and political change,"American Political Science Review 88/4(December 1994),pp.1040-1041.
[2]See John Ruggie,"What makes the world hang together:Neo-utilitarianism and the Social Constructivist challenge," International Organization 52/4(Autumn 1998),pp.855-885.
[3]See Maja Zehfuss,Constructivism in International Relations(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2002).
[4][美]亚历山大·温特:《国际政治的社会理论》,秦亚青译,上海:上海人民出版社2000年版,第4页。
[5]同上,第28页。
[1]哈里·古尔德:《行为体一结构论战的实质意义》,载[美]温都尔卡·库巴科娃、尼古拉斯·奥鲁夫、保罗·科维特主编:《建构世界中的国际关系》,肖锋译、张志洲校,北京:北京大学出版社2006年版,第95页。
[2][美]亚历山大·温特:《国际政治的社会理论》,第230页。
[3]同上,第28页。
[4]Richard Ashley,"Untying the sovereign state:A double reading of the anarchy problematique," Millennium 17(1988),pp.227-262.
[1]尼古拉斯·奥鲁夫:《建构主义:应用指南》,载[美]温都尔卡·库巴科娃、尼古拉斯·奥鲁夫、保罗·科维特主编:《建构世界中的国际关系》,第69页。
[2]同上,第71页。
[3][美]亚历山大·温特:《国际政治的社会理论》,第168页。
[1]此处关于全球环境话语的阶段划分及其相应内容,主要是参照了约翰·德赖泽克教授和郇庆治教授有关环境话语或环境政治思考范式的分析和研究。但本文可能在分析或描述的维度上有所不同,此处的分析或描述基线试图能够依次说明以下问题:话语是在什么背景下形成和确立的,针对什么样的问题,到底想说或说了些什么,表达了一种什么样的情绪或态度。同时,绿色激进主义由于其过多的激进色彩而很难被纳入主流话语之内。可参见郇庆治:《环境政治国际比较》,第35-54页;John S.Dryzek,The Politics of the Earth:Environmental Discourses.
[2]比如1932年比利时马斯河谷烟雾事件、1943年洛杉矶光化学烟雾事件、1948年宾夕法尼亚多诺拉烟雾事件等。
[3]参见[美]奥尔多·利奥波德:《沙乡年鉴》,候文蕙译,长春:吉林人民出版社1997年版。
[1]Courtney Riordan,"Acid deposition:A case study of scientific uncertainty and international decision making",in Polish Academy of Sciences and National Academy of Sciences(eds.),Ecological Risks:Perspectives from Poland and the United States(The National Academies Press,1990),p.342;Miranda A.Schreurs,"The politics of acid rain in Europe ",in Gerald R.Visgilio,Diana M.Whitelaw(eds.),Acidin the Environment(Springer US,2007),pp.119-149.
[2]See Rachel Carson,Silent Spring,anniversary edition(Boston:Houghton Mifflin Company,2002).
[3]See Otis L.Graham Jr.(ed.),Environmental Politics and Policy,1960s-1990s(University Park,Pennsylvania:The Pennsylvania University Press,2000),pp.7-9.
[4]See Garrett Hardin,"The tragedy of the commons",Science 162(1968),pp.1243-1248.
[1][英]E.戈德史密斯编著:《生存的蓝图》,程福祜译,北京:中国环境科学出版社1987年版,序言部分。
[2]See Eduard Pestel,"Abstract for'The limits to growth":available at http://www.clubofrome.org/docs/limits.rtf,accessed on 24 April 2007.
[3][美]芭芭拉·沃德,勒内·杜博斯:《只有一个地球——对一个小小行星的关怀和维护》,《国外公害丛书》编委会译校,长春:吉林人民出版社1997年版,第260页。
[4]See UNCHS,An Urbanizing World:Global Report on Human Settlements 1996(New York:Oxford University Press.1996).
[5]UN,We the Peoples:The Role of the United Nations in the 21st Century(New York:United Nations,2000),p.30.
[1]1984年,印度博帕尔的一家化学工厂所发生的泄露事故导致3000多人死亡和20000人受伤:同年埃塞俄比亚饥荒导致100多万人被饿死;1986年,前苏联乌克兰共和国切尔诺贝利核电站爆炸,对东欧乃至其它欧洲地区造成了可怕且难以祛除的污染危害;1991年海湾战争造成数百万桶石油被烧或倾倒,数万海洋鸟类死亡。See UNEP,Global Environmental Outlook 3.pp.9-14.
[2]See IUCN,UNEP,WWF,FAO,UNESCO(eds.),The World Conservation Strategy(Gland:IUCN,1980).
[3]世界环境与发展委员会:《我们共同的未来》,王之佳,柯金良等译,长春:吉林人民出版社1997年版,第10页、第77页、第80页。
[4]同上,第52页。
[5]See David A.Munro-IUCN,UNEP,WWF,Caring for the Earth:A Strategy for Sustainable Living(Gland:Published in partnership by IUCN,UNEP and WWF,1991).
[6]工商业团体、第三世界社会、环境主义者可能对其解释各有侧重,而且不同的组织都试图通过各种研究项 目澄清可持续发展概念的学科含义,甚至如加拿大学者布鲁克斯(D.B.Brooks)所指出的,自布伦特兰提出可持续发展概念后至少出现了40种有关“可持续发展”的定义,但无论如何,其核心部分或者说核心概念应该是一致的、连贯的,即“可持续”。See John S.Dryzek,The Politics of the Earth:Environmental Discourses,pp.143-161.And see D.B.Brooks,"The challenge of sustainability:Is environment and economics enough?",Policy Sciences 26(1992),pp.401-408.
[1]世界环境与发展委员会:《我们共同的未来》,第10页。
[2]John S.Dryzek,The Politics of the Earth:Environmental Discourses,p.167.
[3]同[1],第49页。
[4]John S.Dryzek,The Politics of the Earth:Environmental Discourses,p.155.
[5]See Marrten A.Hajer,The Politics of Environmental Discourse:Ecological Modernization and the Policy Process,pp.8-41.And see John S.Dryzek,The Politics of the Earth:Environmental Discourses,p.167.
[1]参见郇庆治:《环境政治国际比较》,第42-43页。
[2]John S.Dryzek,The Politics of the Earth:Environmental Discourses,p.146.
[3]同[1],第45-46页。
[4]哈杰尔在界定生态现代化的“可靠和有吸引力的剧情”时即认为,环境管制本身是作为一种正和游戏出现的;污染即意味着无效率;自然的平衡应当受到尊重:预先防备胜于事后治理;并且可持续发展是对以前污染式增长道路的一种替代。See Marrten A.Hajer,The Politics of Environmental Discourse:Ecological Modernization and the Policy Process,p.65.
[5]Ibid.,p.25.
[1]See Arthur P.J.Mol and David A.Sonnenfeld,"Ecological modernization around the world:An introduction",Environmental Politics 9/1(Spring 2000),pp.3-16.
[2]See WBCSD,"About WBCSD",available at http://www.wbcsd.ch/templates/TemplateWBCSD5/layout.asp.gtype =p&Menuld=NjA&doOpen=1&ClickMenu=LeftMenu,accessed on 11 May 2007.
[3]See WSSD,"Johannesburg declaration on sustainable development",available at http://www.johannesburgsum mit.org/html/doeuments/summit_does/1009wssd._pol_declaration.htm,accessed on 28 December 2006;WSSD,"Plan of implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development",available at http://www.un.org/esa/su stdcv/documents/WSSD_POI_PD/English/WSSD_PlanImpl.pdf.accessed on 23 September 2006.“执行计划”对生态取向下的技术手段、工商界参与、伙伴合作做了较为细致的说明,生态问题的解决已经与绿色经济和绿色科技紧密地结合起来。
[4]See John S.Dryzek The Politics of the Earth:Environmental Discourses,pp.167-177.
[5]郇庆治:《环境政治国际比较》,第48页。与可持续发展一样,在不同境况下,人们对生态现代化理论的相关概念仍会有不同的理解。但作为一种实践方式或手段,它并不是仅仅适用于资本主义,并没有太多的意识形态色彩。
[6]See John S.Dryzek,The Politics of the Earth:Environmental Discourses,p.169.Also see Peter Christoff,"Ecological modernisation,ecological modernities",Environmental Politics 5/3(Autumn 1996),pp.476-500.
[1]See General Assembly,Problems of the Human Environment,the General Assembly Resolution 2398(ⅩⅩⅢ),at the 1733rd Plenary Session,3 December 1968.
[2]See UNEP,Global Environmental Outlook 3,pp.3-4.
[3]See UNEP,Register of International Environmental Treaties and other Agreements in the Field of the Environment,UNEP/Env.Law/2005/3,Nairobi,30 December 2005.
[1]See UNCHE,"Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment",available at http://www.unep.org/Documents.multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=97&ArticleID=1503,accessed on 23September 2006.
[2]See UNEP,Organization Profile,2006,p.9.And see UNEP,Global Environmental Outlook 3,p.4.
[3]See UNEP,Global Environmental Outlook 3,p.3.
[4]Ibid.,p.8.
[1]See UNEP,Register of International Environmental Treaties and other Agreements in the Field of the Environment.UNEP/Env.Law/2005/3.其中较为重要的有1985年《保护臭氧层维也纳公约》、1987年《关于消耗臭氧层物质的蒙特利尔议定书》、1989年《国际贸易中对某些危险化学品和农药采用事先知情同意程序的鹿特丹公约》、1992年《生物多样性公约》、1992年《联合国气候变化框架公约》等。
[2]其有关内容笔者已在前文阐述全球环境话语变迁历程的第二阶段“可持续发展”时作过简要描述。
[3]世界环境与发展委员会:《我们共同的未来》,第454页。
[4]See UNCED,"Rio declaration on environment and development",available at http://www.unep.org/Docum ents/Default.Print.asp?DocumentID=78&ArticleID=1163,accessed on 26 November 2005;UNCED,"Agenda 21",available at http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/documents/agenda21/english/agenda21toc.htm,accessed on 26November,2005.
[5]See UNEP,Organization Profile,pp.19-24.
[6]See GEF Council Meeting,Gef Council:A Proposed Statement of Work,GEF/C.1/2,12-13 July 1994.
[1]See UNCSD,"About UNCSD",available at http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/csd/aboutCsd.htm.accessed on 23 September 2006.
[2]See UNEP,Global Environmental Outlook 3,pp.11-14.And see UNCED,"Rio declaration on environment and development","'Agenda 21".Also see UNCSD,"About UNCSD".
[3]UNCED,"Rio declaration on environment and development",principle 3.
[4]See WSSD,"Plan of implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development".
[5]这些议题可以从联合国有关“里约+5”的会议资料、联合国秘书长在联合国千年大会上的报告、《联合国千年宣言》、UNEP《全球环境展望-3》以及有关国际环境机制的研究报告中体现出来,相关研究曾在导论第 二节中做过简要描述。See UN,"Special session of the General Assembly to review and appraise the implementation of Agenda 21",New York,23-27 June 1997.Available at http://www.un.org/esa/earthsummit/,accessed on 28 December 2006.And see UN,We the Peoples:The Role of the United Nations in the 21st Century,2000;General Assembly,United Nations Millennium Declaration,A/RES/55/2,8 September 2000;UNEP,Global Environmental Outlook 3,pp.402-410.
[1]See WSSD,"Johannesburg declaration on sustainable development".
[2]See GEF Council Meeting,,Scope and Preliminary Operational Strategy for Land Degradation,GEF/C.3/8,22-24February 1995.And see GEF Council Meeting,,Initial Guidelines for Enabling Activities for the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants,GEF/C.17/4,9-11 May 2001.
[3]它们一方面针对发展中国家或地区有关环境与可持续发展方面的项目进行评价、贷款和资助,并开始把环境考虑注入到经济发展项目当中;另一方面又通过开展有关世界环境与发展方面的调研并发表报告来引导、协调世界各国的环境努力。See World Bank."Topics in development".available at http://www.worldbank.org /html/extdr/thematic.htm,accessed on 11 May 2007;UNDP,"UNDP jobs",available at http://jobs.undp.org/i ndex.cfm,accessed on 11 May 2007.
[4]世界工商理事会的有关内容笔者已在本章第一节中做过描述;而世界经济论坛也曾开发过一套可持续发展指标体系,对142个国家的可持续状况做了一番评定,并且它还有更广泛的全球议程。See WBCSD,“About WBCSD",available at http://www.wbcsd.ch/templates/TemplateWBCSD5/layout.asp?type=p&Menuld=NjA &doOpen=1&ClickMenu=LeftMenu,accessed on 11 May 2007.And See John S.Dryzek,The Politics of the Earth:Environmental Discourses,pp.157-169;WEF,"Shaping the global agenda",available at http://w ww.weforum.org/en/events/index.htm,accessed on 12 May 2007.
[5]UNEP,International environmental governance:Report of the executive director,UNEP/GC.23/6,23 December 2004.
[1]参见[美]芭芭拉·沃德,勒内·杜博斯:《只有一个地球——对一个小小行星的关怀和维护》,第39-213页。
[2]参见世界环境与发展委员会:《我们共同的未来》,第31-305页。
[1]参见[美]芭芭拉·沃德,勒内·杜博斯:《只有一个地球——对一个小小行星的关怀和维护》,序言第5-17页。
[2]参见世界环境与发展委员会:《我们共同的未来》,第460-473页。
[1]UNEP,Global Environmental Outlook 3,p.ⅹⅳ.
[2]欧共体与1972年10月巴黎会议认为,“经济增长本身不是目的,经济增长应该有利于生活质量和生活水平的提高,特别要注意一些无形的价值观和环境保护问题。”并要求在1973年7月31日前拿出一个具备精确时间表的环境行动计划。欧共体第一个环境行动计划即于1973年开展。可参见肖主安、冯建中主编:《走向绿色的欧洲——欧盟环境保护制度》,第68页。
[1]由于第二个指标联合国环境规划署所登记的环境条约自2002年以来的数据相当少,为测量方便以及前后对应起见,两个指标的统计数据都是截止到2001年,2002年约翰内斯堡可持续发展世界首脑大会也就没有考虑在内。
[2]笔者所能找到的主要是这两个指标,并认为它们可以用来说明问题。
[1]See Eduard Pestel,"Abstract for 'The limits to growth".
[2]世界著名环境问题专家诺曼·迈尔斯博士在解释这种增效作用时认为,当两个或两个以上环境问题相互作用时,它们的影响以一种相互增强的方式起作用,其结果不是一个双重问题,而是一个超级问题。可参见[美]诺曼·迈尔斯:《最终的安全:政治稳定的环境基础》,第201-202页。
[3]See Garrett Hardin,"The tragedy of the commons",pp.1243-1248.
[4]参见世界环境与发展委员会:《我们共同的未来》,第31-49页。
[1]See Garrett Hardin."The tragedy of the commons",pp.1243-1248.
[2][英]E.戈德史密斯编著:《生存的蓝图》,第13页。
[3]See Eduard Pestel,"Abstract for 'The limits to growth'".
[4][美]芭芭拉·沃德,勒内·杜博斯:《只有一个地球——对一个小小行星的关怀和维护》,第258-259页。
[1]世界环境与发展委员会:《我们共同的未来》,第13-29页。
[2][美]彼得·休伯:《硬绿——从环境主义者手中拯救环境·保守主义宣言》,戴星翼、徐立青译,上海译文出版社2002年版,第245-256页。
[3]See WSSD,"Plan of implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development",pp.3-62.
[1]世界环境与发展委员会:《我们共同的未来》,第23页。
[2]参见[美]诺曼·迈尔斯:《最终的安全:政治稳定的环境基础》,第3-31页。
[3]关于联合国集体安全机制的研究,可参见门洪华:《和平的纬度:联合国集体安全机制研究》,上海人民出版社2002年版。
[1]General Assembly,United Nations Millennium Declaration,A/RES/55/2.
[2]WSSD,"Plan of implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development",pp.57-60.
[3]WSSD,"Johannesburg declaration on sustainable development",paragraph 29.
[4]See Steinar Andresen and Ellen Hey,"The effectiveness and legitimacy of international environmental institutions",International Environmental Agreements 5(2005),pp.211-226.
[1]See UNCSD,Matters Related to the Organization of Work during the World Summit on Sustainable Development:Draft Decision Submitted by the Chairman on Behalf of the Bureau,A/CONF.199/PC/L.7,6 June 2002.该安排包括与各类利益有关者合办的一系列活动、由主要群体和各国政府最高级别代表参与的简短活动以及在国家元首或政府首脑一级举行的圆桌会议的具体细节。
[2]实际上,有关环境议题的第一次非政府组织国际论坛在1972年联合国人类环境大会主会场外就已经举行了,并在后来的联合国环境大会上延为惯例。但这里GCSF的成立则是由联合国机构亲自组织并正式认可的。
[3]关于全球公民社会论坛与全球部长级环境论坛的总体介绍,See UNEP."The Global Civil Society Forum",available at http://www.unep.org/civil_society/GCSF/index.asp,accessed on 2 July 2007;"Goveming Council/Global Ministerial Environmental Forum",available at http://www.unep.org/resources/gov/overview.asp,accessed on 2 July 2007.
[4]Donna Craig and Michael I.Jeffery,"Global environmental governance and the United Nations in the 21~(st)century",p.2.
[1]UNCHE."Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment".proclaimation 4-6.
[2]转引自张海滨:《联合国在世界环境与发展事务中的作用》,载《世界经济与政治》,1995年第8期,第13-17页。
[3]UNCED,"Rio declaration on environment and development",principle 4.
[4]See UNCHE,"Action plan for the human environment",available at http://www.sovereignty.net/unotreaties/STOCKHOLM-PLAN.txt,accessed on 2 July 2007.
[1]See M.KASSAS,"Environmental education:Biodiversity",The Environmentalist 22(2002),pp.345-351.
[2]UNCED,Agenda 21,chap.36.
[3]See M.KASSAS,"Environmental education:Biodiversity",pp.345-351.
[4]UNESCO,The International Workshop on Environmental Education,Belgrade,Final Report,IEEP,Paris,ED-76/WS/95,1975.
[5]“环境世界观”主要是指共同构成个人对环境以及人类与环境关系的感知的信念、价值、概念,关于其具体阐述,See J.F.Disinger and J.L.Tomsen,“Environmental education research news",in The Environmentalist 15/1(1995),pp.3-9.
[6]See M.Hawthorne,and T.Alabaster,“Citizen 2000:Development of a model of environmental citizenship",Global Environmental Change 9/1(1999),pp.25-43.他们认为,环境公民的要素包括信息、认识、利害、态度、信念、教育和培训、知识、技能、教养、负责任的行为。
[1]世界环境与发展委员会:《我们共同的未来》,第31页。
[2]D.B.Brooks,"The challenge of sustainability:Is environment and economics enough?",Policy Sciences 26(1992),p.408.
[3]See John S.Dryzek,The Politics of the Earth:Environmental Discourses,pp.1-5.
[4]Ronnie D.Lipschutz,Global Environmental Politics:Power,Perspective,and Practice(Washington,D.C.:CQ Press,2004),p.4.
[1]See Steinar Andresen and Ellen Hey,"The effectiveness and legitimacy of international environmental institutions",pp.218-220.
[2]See Maurice F.Strong,Hunger,Poverty,Population and Environment.
[2]See Steinar Andresen and Ellen Hey,"The effectiveness and legitimacy of international environmental institutions",pp.220-223.
[4]See Sylvia Karlsson,"The North-South knowledge divide:Consequences for global environmental governance",in Daniel C.Esty and Maria H.Ivanova(eds.),Global Environmental Governance:Options & Opportunities(Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies,2002),p.62.
[1]See Sylvia Karlsson,"The North-South knowledge divide:Consequences for global environmental governance",pp.56-63.
[2]Ibid.,p.62.
[1]See UNCSD,Matters Related to the Organization of Work during the World Summit on Sustainable Development:Draft Decision Submitted by the Chairman on Behalf of the Bureau,A/CONF.199/PC/L.7.
[2]Ibid.
[1]参见[美]亚历山大·温特:《国际政治的社会理论》,第96-108页。
[1]尼古拉斯·奥鲁夫:《建构主义:应用指南》,载[美]温都尔卡·库巴科娃、尼古拉斯·奥鲁夫、保罗·科维特主编:《建构世界中的国际关系》,第71页。
[2]参见[美]约瑟夫·拉彼德、[德]F.克拉托赫维尔主编:《文化与认同:国际关系回归理论》,金烨译,杭州:浙江人民出版社2003年版,第275-306页。
[3]参见[美]亚历山大·温特:《国际政治的社会理论》,第229-237页、第313-417页。
[1]See UNEP,Global Environmental Outlook 3,p.270.
[2]Ibid.,pp.270-271.
[3]Ibid.,p.273.
[1]See UNEP,Global Environmental Outlook 3,p.274.
[2]尼古拉斯·奥鲁夫:《建构主义:应用指南》,载[美]温都尔卡·库巴科娃、尼古拉斯·奥鲁夫、保罗·科维特主编:《建构世界中的国际关系》,第69页。
[2][美]亚历山大·温特:《国际政治的社会理论》,第272页。
[4]同上,第230页。
[5]同上,第231页。
[1][美]亚历山大·温特:《国际政治的社会理论》,第231页。
[1]Marvin S.Soroos,"The tragedy of the commons in global perspective",in Charles W.Kegley,Jr.and Eugene R.Wittkopf(eds.),The Global Agenda:Issues and Perspectives,6~(th)edition,reprint edition(Peking:Peking University Press,2003),p.497.
[1]参见[美]玛格丽特·E.凯克、凯瑟琳·辛金克:《超越国界的活动家:国际政治中的倡议网络》,韩召颖、孙英丽译,北京大学出版社2005年版,第11页。
[2]许多环境主义者在环境保护行动中形成了跨国合作的联系网络,玛格丽特·E.凯克和凯瑟琳·辛金克专门论述了跨国倡议网络概念,描述了跨国倡议网络在环境保护领域的具体进展情况,并认为这种跨国倡议网络有助于国家主权实践的转变。详细内容可参见[美]玛格丽特·E.凯克、凯瑟琳·辛金克:《超越国界的活动家:国际政治中的倡议网络》。
[1]尼古拉斯·奥鲁夫:《建构主义:应用指南》,载[美]温都尔卡·库巴科娃、尼古拉斯·奥鲁夫、保罗·科维特主编:《建构世界中的国际关系》,第69页。
[2][美]亚历山大·温特:《国际政治的社会理论》,第96-108页。
[3]同①。
[4]同②,第313-458页。
[5]同①,第79-81页。
[1]See Centre for Science and Environment,Green Politics:Global Environmental Negotiations 1(New Delhi: Centre for Science and Environment,1999).
[1]詹姆斯·罗西瑙:《全球新秩序中的治理》,载[英]戴维·赫尔德、安东尼·麦克格鲁编:《治理全球化:权力、权威与全球治理》,曹荣湘、龙虎等译,北京:社会科学文献出版社2004年版,第71-72页。
[2]同上,第78页。
[1]詹姆斯·罗西瑙:《全球新秩序中的治理》,载[英]戴维·赫尔德、安东尼·麦克格鲁编:《治理全球化:权力、权威与全球治理》,第78页。
[2]See General Assembly,Programme for the Further Implementation of Agenda 21,GA Res.S/19-2,19 September 1997;UNEP,Nairobi Declaration on the Role and Mandate of the UNEP,UNEP/GC.19/1,7 February 1997.
[3]See Donna Craig and Michael I.Jeffery,"Global environmental governance and the United Nations in the 21~(st)century",p.8.
[1]See WSSD,"Johannesburg declaration on sustainable development",paragraph 120-144.
[2]参见“就全球变暖,布什八国峰会前‘公关'”,新华每日电讯第3版,2007年6月4日。
[3]参见新华网,“峰会回到‘气候'主题巴罗佐:中国方案作出贡献”,http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2007-06/07/content_6210660.htm,2007年8月8日。
[4]参见潘家华、庄贵阳、陈迎:《‘气候变化20国领导人会议'模式与发展中国家的参与》,载《世界经济与政治》,2005年第10期,第52-57页。
[1]参见新华网,“八国峰会就气候变化等议题发表联合声明”,http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2007-06/08/cont ent_6213282.htm,2007年8月8日。
[2]参见新华网,“法总统希拉克倡导建立联合国环境组织”,http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2007-02/02/conten t_5688375.htm,2007年8月8日。
[3]See Ronnie D.Lipschutz,Global Environmental Politics:Power,Perspective,and Practice,p.5.
[1]O.L.Loucks,"Looking for surprise in managing stressed ecosystems",Bioscience 35(1985),p.428.
[2]See D.Ludwig,R.Hilborn and C.Waiters et al.,"Uncertainty,resource exploitation and conservation:Lessons from history",Ecological Applications 3/4(November 1993),reprinted by permission from Science 260:17-36,p.547.
[3][美]芭芭拉·沃德,勒内·杜博斯:《只有一个地球——对一个小小行星的关怀和维护》,序言部分。
[1]参见世界环境与发展委员会:《我们共同的未来》,第460-473页。
[2]See General Assembly,Institutional and Financial Arrangements for International Environmental Cooperation,General Assembly Resolution 2997(ⅩⅩⅦ),1972.
[3]See UNEP,"Activities in environmental assessment",available at http://www.unep.org/themes/assessment/,accessed on 11 August 2007;UNEP,"Science initiative",available at http://www.unep.org/scienceinitiative/sy stems.asp,accessed on 11 August 2007.
[1]IPCC,Climate Change 1995:Impacts,Adaptations and Mitigation of Climate Change:Scientific-Technical Analysis.Contribution of Working Group Ⅱ to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(Cambridge and New York:Cambridge University Press,1996).Quoted in UNEP,Global Environmental Outlook 3,p.215.
[2]IPCC,Climate Change 2001:The Scientific Basis.Contribution of Working Group Ⅰ to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(Cambridge and New York:Cambridge University Press,2001).Quoted in UNEP,Global Environmental Outlook 3,p.214.
[3]See Working Group Ⅰ of IPCC,"The fourth assessment report(AR4)'The physical science basis of climate change'",available at http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/wg1-report.html,accessed on 19 September 2007.
[4]参见新华网,“联合国教科文组织呼吁全球行动对抗气候变暖”,http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2007-02/01/content_5683178.htm,2007年8月12日。
[1]See M.Porter and C.Van der Linde,“Green and competitive:Ending the stalemate”.Harvard Business Review 73(1995),pp.120-134.转引自郇庆治:《环境政治国际比较》,第47-48页。
[2]Julia Hertin,Frans Berkhout(eds.),Producing Greener,Consuming Smarter(ESRC Global Environmental Change Programme,2000),p.3.
[3]绿色激进主义主要包括激进的绿色意识和绿色政治运动两个层面。See John S.Dryzek,The Politics of the Earth:Environmental Discourses,p.181.
[1]See Julia Hertin,Ian Scoones,and Frans Berkhout(eds.),Who Governs the Global Environment?(ESRC Global Environmental Change Programme,2000),p.11.
[2]Julia Hertin,Frans Berkhout(eds.),Producing Greener,Consuming Smarter,p.3.
[1]参见联合国环境规划署:《联合国环境署、全球环境基金和私有部门社论》,载《Industry and environment》(中文版),1998年第4期,第71页。
[2]UNECOSCO,Implementing Agenda 21:Report of the Secretary-General,E/CN.17/2002/PC.2/7,20 December 2001,paragraph 179.
[3]UN,"Monterrey consensus of the International Conference on Financing for Development,the final text of agreements and commitments adopted at the International Conference on Financing for Development Monterrey",Mexico,18-22 March 2002,paragraph 39-43.Available at http://www.un.org/esa/ffd/Monterrey/M onterrey%20Consensus.pdf,accessed on 18 August 2007.
[1]UNECOSCO,Implementing Agenda 21:Report of the Secretary-General,E/CN.17/2002/PC.2/7,paragraph 229.And see UN,"Monterrey consensus of the International Conference on Financing for Development",paragraph 43.
[2]See UNCED,"Agenda 21",chap.37.
[3]See WSSD,"Plan of implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development".
[4]See UNEP,Bali Strategic Plan for Technology Support and Capacity-building,UNEP/GC.23/6/Add.1,2005.
[1]See Lynton K.Caldwell,Between Two Worlds:Science,the Environmental Movement and Policy Choice (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1990),p.49;C.C.Joyner,Governing the Frozen Commons:The Antarctic Regime and Environmental Protection(Columbia,SC:University of South Carolina Press,1998),pp.40-41.
[2]See Henrik Selin and Noelle Eckley,"Science,politics,and persistent organic pollutants:The role of scientific assessments in international environmental co-operation",International Environmental Agreements:Politics,Law and Economics 3(2003),p.21.
[3]Ibid.,pp.19-20.
[4]Ibid.,p.20.
[1]See Henrik Selin and Noelle Eckley,"Science,politics,and persistent organic pollutants:The role of scientific assessments in international environmental co-operation",p.21.
[2]See John O'Neill,"Representing people,representing nature,representing the world",Environment and Planning C:Government and Policy 19(2001),pp.485-497.
[3]See Lynton K.Caldwell,International Environmental Policy:From the Twentieth to the Twenty-First Century,3~(rd)edition(Durham and London:Duke University Press,1996),pp.350-432.
[1]See SCEP,Man's Impact on the Global Environment,Study of Critical Environmental Problems(Cambridge,Massachusetts:MIT Press,1970).
[1]See UNEP,Global Environmental Outlook 3,p.216
[2]Ibid.,pp.17-18.
[3]See UNEP,"Status of ratification",available at http://unfccc.int/essential_background/convention/status_of_r atification/items/2631.php,accessed on 11 September 2007.
[1]See UNCHE,"Action plan for the human environment",Recommendation 70,79,102,available at http://w ww.sovereignty.net/un-treaties/STOCKHOLM-PLAN.txt,accessed on 2 July 2007.
[2]See the First World Climate Conference,"Declaration('An appeal to nations')and supporting documents",available at http://www.wmconnolley.org.uk/sci/iceage/wcc-1979.html,accessed on 21 September 2007.
[1]See ICSU,The Assessment of the Role of Carbon Dioxide and of Other Greenhouse Gases in Climate Variations and Associated Impact,Villach,9-15 October 1985.
[2]参见徐再荣:《从科学到政治:全球变暖问题的历史演变》,载《史学月刊》,2003年第4期,第116页。
[1]See "The Toronto and Ottawa conferences and the 'Law of the Atmosphere",available at http://www.cs.ntu.e du.au/homepages/jmitroy/sid101/uncc/fs215.html,accessed on 17 September 2007.
[2]See General Assembly,Protection of Global Climate for Present and Future Generations of Mankind,A/RES/43/53,6 December 1988.
[3]See UN,United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,FCCC/INFORMAL/84 GE.05-62220(E)200705,1992.
[1]IPCC,Climate Change 1995:Impacts,Adaptations and Mitigation of Climate Change:Scientific-Technical Analysis.Quoted in UNEP,Global Environmental Outlook 3,p.215.
[2]IPCC,Climate Change 2001:The Scientific Basis.Contribution of Working Group Ⅰ to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.Quoted in UNEP,Global Environmental Outlook 3,p.214.
[3]See Working Group Ⅰ of IPCC,"The fourth assessment report(AR4)'The physical science basis of climate change'".
[4]UNEP,Global Environmental Outlook 3,p.272.
[5]Ibid.,pp.29-300.
[1]See UNEP,"Informal thematic debate:Climate change as a global challenge",available at http://www.un.org/ga/president/61/follow-up/thematic-climate.shtml,accessed on 11 September 2007.
[2]See UNEP,"Vienna climate change talks 2007",available at http://unfccc.int/meetings/intersessional/awg_4_and_dialogue_4/items/3999.php,accessed on 11 September 2007.
[3]See UNEP,"COP 13,CMP 3,SB 27 & AWG 4",available at http://unfccc.int/meetings/cop_13/items/4049.php,accessed on 16 December 2007.
[4]参见喻捷,“联合国气候变化公约谈判现场汇报”,http://www.greenpeace.org/china/zh/campaigns/stop-climat e-change/our-work/blog-montrealmeeting,2007年9月14日。
[5]参见新华网,“内罗毕举行应对气候变化的游行活动”,http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2006-11/11/content 5318213.htm,2007年9月14日。
[6]参见新华网,“法国发起停电节能5分钟活动”,http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2007-02/01/content_5682795.htm,2007年9月18日。
[1]ISO/TC207,"About ISO/TC207",available at http://www.tc207.org/about207.asp,accessed on 20 September 2007.
[2]BCC Research,"The global market for energy management information systems",available at http://ww w.bccresearch.com/RepTemplate.cfm?ReportID=178&cat=egy&RepDet=SC&target=repdetail.cfm,accessed on 20 September 2007.
[3]“碳中和”(carbon neutral)主要是指计算二氧化碳的排放总量,然后通过植树等方式把这些排放量吸收掉,以达到环保的目的。自1997年问世以来,“碳中和”的概念在西方逐渐走红,并实现了从“前卫”到“大众”的转变。2007年版新牛津美国字典(New Oxford American Dictionary)公布该词为2006年年度词汇,并将其列入新版字典。
[4]See Tesco,"Measuring our carbon footprint",available at http://www.tesco.com/climatechange/carbonFootp rint.asp,accessed on 20 September 2007.
[5]See HSBC,"HSBC wins environmental performance award",available at http://www.banking.hsbc.com.hk/hk/aboutus/press/content/07feb06e.htm,accessed on 20 September 2007.
[1]UNEP,Global Environmental Outlook 3,p.297.
[2][日]丸山正次:《环境政治学在日本:理论与流派》,载郇庆治主编:《环境政治学:理论与实践》,第53页。
[3]郇庆治主编:《环境政治学:理论与实践》,导言部分第2页。
[1]其中较有代表性的是,德国学者弗兰克·比尔曼曾以世界环境组织所具有的不同权力和约束力为标准,把世界环境组织分为合作型、集中型、等级型三种模式。合作型模式主要是说保存现行参与全球环境治理的各类联合国机构的分散性,世界环境组织则在现有机构中发挥协调作用,而联合国环境规划署可以被升格为这样一种世界环境组织:集中型模式试图把所有参与全球环境治理的国际机构的治理职能整合在一个共同框架之内,并订立类似WTO式的共同协定与原则,这种集中型世界环境组织将建立监督多边环境协定执行情况的定期报告制度和争端解决制度,任何成员国都享有批准多边环境协定的权利与义务;等级型世界环境组织则是类似于联合国安理会式的机构,它享有全球环境保护的权力,有权在成员国不执行环境标准时对其实施惩罚。See Frank Biermann,“The Case for a World Environment Organization”,Environment 42/9(2000).pp.22-31.也可参见周茂荣、聂文星:《国外关于世界环境组织的研究》,载《国外社会科学》,2004年第1期,第36-41页。
[2]参见郇庆治:《环境政治国际比较》,第30-31、33-34页。
[1]世界环境与发展委员会:《我们共同的未来》,前言部分第12页。
[2]See UNCED,"Rio declaration on environment and development".
[3]Ibid.,principle 6-7.
[4]See WSSD,"Johannesburg declaration on sustainable development".
[5]可参见前文第三章“表3-1:历次《联合国气候变化框架公约》缔约方大会进展情况”。
[1]See UNFCCC,"Bali Action Plan",available at http://unfccc.int/files/meetings/cop_13/application/pdf/cp_bali_ac tion.pdf,accessed on 17 March 2008.
[2]See WSSD,"Johannesburg declaration on sustainable development",paragraph 34-35.
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[美]玛格丽特·E.凯克、凯瑟琳·辛金克:《超越国界的活动家:国际政治中的倡议网络》,韩召颖、孙英丽译,北京:北京大学出版社2005年版。
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[1]See Book review of Alexander Wendt for "Ideas and foreign policy:Beliefs,institutions,and political change,"American Political Science Review 88/4(December 1994),pp.1040-1041.
[2]See John Ruggie,"What makes the world hang together:Neo-utilitarianism and the Social Constructivist challenge," International Organization 52/4(Autumn 1998),pp.855-885.
[3]See Maja Zehfuss,Constructivism in International Relations(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2002).
[4][美]亚历山大·温特:《国际政治的社会理论》,秦亚青译,上海:上海人民出版社2000年版,第4页。
[5]同上,第28页。
[1]哈里·古尔德:《行为体一结构论战的实质意义》,载[美]温都尔卡·库巴科娃、尼古拉斯·奥鲁夫、保罗·科维特主编:《建构世界中的国际关系》,肖锋译、张志洲校,北京:北京大学出版社2006年版,第95页。
[2][美]亚历山大·温特:《国际政治的社会理论》,第230页。
[3]同上,第28页。
[4]Richard Ashley,"Untying the sovereign state:A double reading of the anarchy problematique," Millennium 17(1988),pp.227-262.
[1]尼古拉斯·奥鲁夫:《建构主义:应用指南》,载[美]温都尔卡·库巴科娃、尼古拉斯·奥鲁夫、保罗·科维特主编:《建构世界中的国际关系》,第69页。
[2]同上,第71页。
[3][美]亚历山大·温特:《国际政治的社会理论》,第168页。
[1]此处关于全球环境话语的阶段划分及其相应内容,主要是参照了约翰·德赖泽克教授和郇庆治教授有关环境话语或环境政治思考范式的分析和研究。但本文可能在分析或描述的维度上有所不同,此处的分析或描述基线试图能够依次说明以下问题:话语是在什么背景下形成和确立的,针对什么样的问题,到底想说或说了些什么,表达了一种什么样的情绪或态度。同时,绿色激进主义由于其过多的激进色彩而很难被纳入主流话语之内。可参见郇庆治:《环境政治国际比较》,第35-54页;John S.Dryzek,The Politics of the Earth:Environmental Discourses.
[2]比如1932年比利时马斯河谷烟雾事件、1943年洛杉矶光化学烟雾事件、1948年宾夕法尼亚多诺拉烟雾事件等。
[3]参见[美]奥尔多·利奥波德:《沙乡年鉴》,候文蕙译,长春:吉林人民出版社1997年版。
[1]Courtney Riordan,"Acid deposition:A case study of scientific uncertainty and international decision making",in Polish Academy of Sciences and National Academy of Sciences(eds.),Ecological Risks:Perspectives from Poland and the United States(The National Academies Press,1990),p.342;Miranda A.Schreurs,"The politics of acid rain in Europe ",in Gerald R.Visgilio,Diana M.Whitelaw(eds.),Acidin the Environment(Springer US,2007),pp.119-149.
[2]See Rachel Carson,Silent Spring,anniversary edition(Boston:Houghton Mifflin Company,2002).
[3]See Otis L.Graham Jr.(ed.),Environmental Politics and Policy,1960s-1990s(University Park,Pennsylvania:The Pennsylvania University Press,2000),pp.7-9.
[4]See Garrett Hardin,"The tragedy of the commons",Science 162(1968),pp.1243-1248.
[1][英]E.戈德史密斯编著:《生存的蓝图》,程福祜译,北京:中国环境科学出版社1987年版,序言部分。
[2]See Eduard Pestel,"Abstract for'The limits to growth":available at http://www.clubofrome.org/docs/limits.rtf,accessed on 24 April 2007.
[3][美]芭芭拉·沃德,勒内·杜博斯:《只有一个地球——对一个小小行星的关怀和维护》,《国外公害丛书》编委会译校,长春:吉林人民出版社1997年版,第260页。
[4]See UNCHS,An Urbanizing World:Global Report on Human Settlements 1996(New York:Oxford University Press.1996).
[5]UN,We the Peoples:The Role of the United Nations in the 21st Century(New York:United Nations,2000),p.30.
[1]1984年,印度博帕尔的一家化学工厂所发生的泄露事故导致3000多人死亡和20000人受伤:同年埃塞俄比亚饥荒导致100多万人被饿死;1986年,前苏联乌克兰共和国切尔诺贝利核电站爆炸,对东欧乃至其它欧洲地区造成了可怕且难以祛除的污染危害;1991年海湾战争造成数百万桶石油被烧或倾倒,数万海洋鸟类死亡。See UNEP,Global Environmental Outlook 3.pp.9-14.
[2]See IUCN,UNEP,WWF,FAO,UNESCO(eds.),The World Conservation Strategy(Gland:IUCN,1980).
[3]世界环境与发展委员会:《我们共同的未来》,王之佳,柯金良等译,长春:吉林人民出版社1997年版,第10页、第77页、第80页。
[4]同上,第52页。
[5]See David A.Munro-IUCN,UNEP,WWF,Caring for the Earth:A Strategy for Sustainable Living(Gland:Published in partnership by IUCN,UNEP and WWF,1991).
[6]工商业团体、第三世界社会、环境主义者可能对其解释各有侧重,而且不同的组织都试图通过各种研究项 目澄清可持续发展概念的学科含义,甚至如加拿大学者布鲁克斯(D.B.Brooks)所指出的,自布伦特兰提出可持续发展概念后至少出现了40种有关“可持续发展”的定义,但无论如何,其核心部分或者说核心概念应该是一致的、连贯的,即“可持续”。See John S.Dryzek,The Politics of the Earth:Environmental Discourses,pp.143-161.And see D.B.Brooks,"The challenge of sustainability:Is environment and economics enough?",Policy Sciences 26(1992),pp.401-408.
[1]世界环境与发展委员会:《我们共同的未来》,第10页。
[2]John S.Dryzek,The Politics of the Earth:Environmental Discourses,p.167.
[3]同[1],第49页。
[4]John S.Dryzek,The Politics of the Earth:Environmental Discourses,p.155.
[5]See Marrten A.Hajer,The Politics of Environmental Discourse:Ecological Modernization and the Policy Process,pp.8-41.And see John S.Dryzek,The Politics of the Earth:Environmental Discourses,p.167.
[1]参见郇庆治:《环境政治国际比较》,第42-43页。
[2]John S.Dryzek,The Politics of the Earth:Environmental Discourses,p.146.
[3]同[1],第45-46页。
[4]哈杰尔在界定生态现代化的“可靠和有吸引力的剧情”时即认为,环境管制本身是作为一种正和游戏出现的;污染即意味着无效率;自然的平衡应当受到尊重:预先防备胜于事后治理;并且可持续发展是对以前污染式增长道路的一种替代。See Marrten A.Hajer,The Politics of Environmental Discourse:Ecological Modernization and the Policy Process,p.65.
[5]Ibid.,p.25.
[1]See Arthur P.J.Mol and David A.Sonnenfeld,"Ecological modernization around the world:An introduction",Environmental Politics 9/1(Spring 2000),pp.3-16.
[2]See WBCSD,"About WBCSD",available at http://www.wbcsd.ch/templates/TemplateWBCSD5/layout.asp.gtype =p&Menuld=NjA&doOpen=1&ClickMenu=LeftMenu,accessed on 11 May 2007.
[3]See WSSD,"Johannesburg declaration on sustainable development",available at http://www.johannesburgsum mit.org/html/doeuments/summit_does/1009wssd._pol_declaration.htm,accessed on 28 December 2006;WSSD,"Plan of implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development",available at http://www.un.org/esa/su stdcv/documents/WSSD_POI_PD/English/WSSD_PlanImpl.pdf.accessed on 23 September 2006.“执行计划”对生态取向下的技术手段、工商界参与、伙伴合作做了较为细致的说明,生态问题的解决已经与绿色经济和绿色科技紧密地结合起来。
[4]See John S.Dryzek The Politics of the Earth:Environmental Discourses,pp.167-177.
[5]郇庆治:《环境政治国际比较》,第48页。与可持续发展一样,在不同境况下,人们对生态现代化理论的相关概念仍会有不同的理解。但作为一种实践方式或手段,它并不是仅仅适用于资本主义,并没有太多的意识形态色彩。
[6]See John S.Dryzek,The Politics of the Earth:Environmental Discourses,p.169.Also see Peter Christoff,"Ecological modernisation,ecological modernities",Environmental Politics 5/3(Autumn 1996),pp.476-500.
[1]See General Assembly,Problems of the Human Environment,the General Assembly Resolution 2398(ⅩⅩⅢ),at the 1733rd Plenary Session,3 December 1968.
[2]See UNEP,Global Environmental Outlook 3,pp.3-4.
[3]See UNEP,Register of International Environmental Treaties and other Agreements in the Field of the Environment,UNEP/Env.Law/2005/3,Nairobi,30 December 2005.
[1]See UNCHE,"Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment",available at http://www.unep.org/Documents.multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=97&ArticleID=1503,accessed on 23September 2006.
[2]See UNEP,Organization Profile,2006,p.9.And see UNEP,Global Environmental Outlook 3,p.4.
[3]See UNEP,Global Environmental Outlook 3,p.3.
[4]Ibid.,p.8.
[1]See UNEP,Register of International Environmental Treaties and other Agreements in the Field of the Environment.UNEP/Env.Law/2005/3.其中较为重要的有1985年《保护臭氧层维也纳公约》、1987年《关于消耗臭氧层物质的蒙特利尔议定书》、1989年《国际贸易中对某些危险化学品和农药采用事先知情同意程序的鹿特丹公约》、1992年《生物多样性公约》、1992年《联合国气候变化框架公约》等。
[2]其有关内容笔者已在前文阐述全球环境话语变迁历程的第二阶段“可持续发展”时作过简要描述。
[3]世界环境与发展委员会:《我们共同的未来》,第454页。
[4]See UNCED,"Rio declaration on environment and development",available at http://www.unep.org/Docum ents/Default.Print.asp?DocumentID=78&ArticleID=1163,accessed on 26 November 2005;UNCED,"Agenda 21",available at http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/documents/agenda21/english/agenda21toc.htm,accessed on 26November,2005.
[5]See UNEP,Organization Profile,pp.19-24.
[6]See GEF Council Meeting,Gef Council:A Proposed Statement of Work,GEF/C.1/2,12-13 July 1994.
[1]See UNCSD,"About UNCSD",available at http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/csd/aboutCsd.htm.accessed on 23 September 2006.
[2]See UNEP,Global Environmental Outlook 3,pp.11-14.And see UNCED,"Rio declaration on environment and development","'Agenda 21".Also see UNCSD,"About UNCSD".
[3]UNCED,"Rio declaration on environment and development",principle 3.
[4]See WSSD,"Plan of implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development".
[5]这些议题可以从联合国有关“里约+5”的会议资料、联合国秘书长在联合国千年大会上的报告、《联合国千年宣言》、UNEP《全球环境展望-3》以及有关国际环境机制的研究报告中体现出来,相关研究曾在导论第 二节中做过简要描述。See UN,"Special session of the General Assembly to review and appraise the implementation of Agenda 21",New York,23-27 June 1997.Available at http://www.un.org/esa/earthsummit/,accessed on 28 December 2006.And see UN,We the Peoples:The Role of the United Nations in the 21st Century,2000;General Assembly,United Nations Millennium Declaration,A/RES/55/2,8 September 2000;UNEP,Global Environmental Outlook 3,pp.402-410.
[1]See WSSD,"Johannesburg declaration on sustainable development".
[2]See GEF Council Meeting,,Scope and Preliminary Operational Strategy for Land Degradation,GEF/C.3/8,22-24February 1995.And see GEF Council Meeting,,Initial Guidelines for Enabling Activities for the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants,GEF/C.17/4,9-11 May 2001.
[3]它们一方面针对发展中国家或地区有关环境与可持续发展方面的项目进行评价、贷款和资助,并开始把环境考虑注入到经济发展项目当中;另一方面又通过开展有关世界环境与发展方面的调研并发表报告来引导、协调世界各国的环境努力。See World Bank."Topics in development".available at http://www.worldbank.org /html/extdr/thematic.htm,accessed on 11 May 2007;UNDP,"UNDP jobs",available at http://jobs.undp.org/i ndex.cfm,accessed on 11 May 2007.
[4]世界工商理事会的有关内容笔者已在本章第一节中做过描述;而世界经济论坛也曾开发过一套可持续发展指标体系,对142个国家的可持续状况做了一番评定,并且它还有更广泛的全球议程。See WBCSD,“About WBCSD",available at http://www.wbcsd.ch/templates/TemplateWBCSD5/layout.asp?type=p&Menuld=NjA &doOpen=1&ClickMenu=LeftMenu,accessed on 11 May 2007.And See John S.Dryzek,The Politics of the Earth:Environmental Discourses,pp.157-169;WEF,"Shaping the global agenda",available at http://w ww.weforum.org/en/events/index.htm,accessed on 12 May 2007.
[5]UNEP,International environmental governance:Report of the executive director,UNEP/GC.23/6,23 December 2004.
[1]参见[美]芭芭拉·沃德,勒内·杜博斯:《只有一个地球——对一个小小行星的关怀和维护》,第39-213页。
[2]参见世界环境与发展委员会:《我们共同的未来》,第31-305页。
[1]参见[美]芭芭拉·沃德,勒内·杜博斯:《只有一个地球——对一个小小行星的关怀和维护》,序言第5-17页。
[2]参见世界环境与发展委员会:《我们共同的未来》,第460-473页。
[1]UNEP,Global Environmental Outlook 3,p.ⅹⅳ.
[2]欧共体与1972年10月巴黎会议认为,“经济增长本身不是目的,经济增长应该有利于生活质量和生活水平的提高,特别要注意一些无形的价值观和环境保护问题。”并要求在1973年7月31日前拿出一个具备精确时间表的环境行动计划。欧共体第一个环境行动计划即于1973年开展。可参见肖主安、冯建中主编:《走向绿色的欧洲——欧盟环境保护制度》,第68页。
[1]由于第二个指标联合国环境规划署所登记的环境条约自2002年以来的数据相当少,为测量方便以及前后对应起见,两个指标的统计数据都是截止到2001年,2002年约翰内斯堡可持续发展世界首脑大会也就没有考虑在内。
[2]笔者所能找到的主要是这两个指标,并认为它们可以用来说明问题。
[1]See Eduard Pestel,"Abstract for 'The limits to growth".
[2]世界著名环境问题专家诺曼·迈尔斯博士在解释这种增效作用时认为,当两个或两个以上环境问题相互作用时,它们的影响以一种相互增强的方式起作用,其结果不是一个双重问题,而是一个超级问题。可参见[美]诺曼·迈尔斯:《最终的安全:政治稳定的环境基础》,第201-202页。
[3]See Garrett Hardin,"The tragedy of the commons",pp.1243-1248.
[4]参见世界环境与发展委员会:《我们共同的未来》,第31-49页。
[1]See Garrett Hardin."The tragedy of the commons",pp.1243-1248.
[2][英]E.戈德史密斯编著:《生存的蓝图》,第13页。
[3]See Eduard Pestel,"Abstract for 'The limits to growth'".
[4][美]芭芭拉·沃德,勒内·杜博斯:《只有一个地球——对一个小小行星的关怀和维护》,第258-259页。
[1]世界环境与发展委员会:《我们共同的未来》,第13-29页。
[2][美]彼得·休伯:《硬绿——从环境主义者手中拯救环境·保守主义宣言》,戴星翼、徐立青译,上海译文出版社2002年版,第245-256页。
[3]See WSSD,"Plan of implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development",pp.3-62.
[1]世界环境与发展委员会:《我们共同的未来》,第23页。
[2]参见[美]诺曼·迈尔斯:《最终的安全:政治稳定的环境基础》,第3-31页。
[3]关于联合国集体安全机制的研究,可参见门洪华:《和平的纬度:联合国集体安全机制研究》,上海人民出版社2002年版。
[1]General Assembly,United Nations Millennium Declaration,A/RES/55/2.
[2]WSSD,"Plan of implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development",pp.57-60.
[3]WSSD,"Johannesburg declaration on sustainable development",paragraph 29.
[4]See Steinar Andresen and Ellen Hey,"The effectiveness and legitimacy of international environmental institutions",International Environmental Agreements 5(2005),pp.211-226.
[1]See UNCSD,Matters Related to the Organization of Work during the World Summit on Sustainable Development:Draft Decision Submitted by the Chairman on Behalf of the Bureau,A/CONF.199/PC/L.7,6 June 2002.该安排包括与各类利益有关者合办的一系列活动、由主要群体和各国政府最高级别代表参与的简短活动以及在国家元首或政府首脑一级举行的圆桌会议的具体细节。
[2]实际上,有关环境议题的第一次非政府组织国际论坛在1972年联合国人类环境大会主会场外就已经举行了,并在后来的联合国环境大会上延为惯例。但这里GCSF的成立则是由联合国机构亲自组织并正式认可的。
[3]关于全球公民社会论坛与全球部长级环境论坛的总体介绍,See UNEP."The Global Civil Society Forum",available at http://www.unep.org/civil_society/GCSF/index.asp,accessed on 2 July 2007;"Goveming Council/Global Ministerial Environmental Forum",available at http://www.unep.org/resources/gov/overview.asp,accessed on 2 July 2007.
[4]Donna Craig and Michael I.Jeffery,"Global environmental governance and the United Nations in the 21~(st)century",p.2.
[1]UNCHE."Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment".proclaimation 4-6.
[2]转引自张海滨:《联合国在世界环境与发展事务中的作用》,载《世界经济与政治》,1995年第8期,第13-17页。
[3]UNCED,"Rio declaration on environment and development",principle 4.
[4]See UNCHE,"Action plan for the human environment",available at http://www.sovereignty.net/unotreaties/STOCKHOLM-PLAN.txt,accessed on 2 July 2007.
[1]See M.KASSAS,"Environmental education:Biodiversity",The Environmentalist 22(2002),pp.345-351.
[2]UNCED,Agenda 21,chap.36.
[3]See M.KASSAS,"Environmental education:Biodiversity",pp.345-351.
[4]UNESCO,The International Workshop on Environmental Education,Belgrade,Final Report,IEEP,Paris,ED-76/WS/95,1975.
[5]“环境世界观”主要是指共同构成个人对环境以及人类与环境关系的感知的信念、价值、概念,关于其具体阐述,See J.F.Disinger and J.L.Tomsen,“Environmental education research news",in The Environmentalist 15/1(1995),pp.3-9.
[6]See M.Hawthorne,and T.Alabaster,“Citizen 2000:Development of a model of environmental citizenship",Global Environmental Change 9/1(1999),pp.25-43.他们认为,环境公民的要素包括信息、认识、利害、态度、信念、教育和培训、知识、技能、教养、负责任的行为。
[1]世界环境与发展委员会:《我们共同的未来》,第31页。
[2]D.B.Brooks,"The challenge of sustainability:Is environment and economics enough?",Policy Sciences 26(1992),p.408.
[3]See John S.Dryzek,The Politics of the Earth:Environmental Discourses,pp.1-5.
[4]Ronnie D.Lipschutz,Global Environmental Politics:Power,Perspective,and Practice(Washington,D.C.:CQ Press,2004),p.4.
[1]See Steinar Andresen and Ellen Hey,"The effectiveness and legitimacy of international environmental institutions",pp.218-220.
[2]See Maurice F.Strong,Hunger,Poverty,Population and Environment.
[2]See Steinar Andresen and Ellen Hey,"The effectiveness and legitimacy of international environmental institutions",pp.220-223.
[4]See Sylvia Karlsson,"The North-South knowledge divide:Consequences for global environmental governance",in Daniel C.Esty and Maria H.Ivanova(eds.),Global Environmental Governance:Options & Opportunities(Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies,2002),p.62.
[1]See Sylvia Karlsson,"The North-South knowledge divide:Consequences for global environmental governance",pp.56-63.
[2]Ibid.,p.62.
[1]See UNCSD,Matters Related to the Organization of Work during the World Summit on Sustainable Development:Draft Decision Submitted by the Chairman on Behalf of the Bureau,A/CONF.199/PC/L.7.
[2]Ibid.
[1]参见[美]亚历山大·温特:《国际政治的社会理论》,第96-108页。
[1]尼古拉斯·奥鲁夫:《建构主义:应用指南》,载[美]温都尔卡·库巴科娃、尼古拉斯·奥鲁夫、保罗·科维特主编:《建构世界中的国际关系》,第71页。
[2]参见[美]约瑟夫·拉彼德、[德]F.克拉托赫维尔主编:《文化与认同:国际关系回归理论》,金烨译,杭州:浙江人民出版社2003年版,第275-306页。
[3]参见[美]亚历山大·温特:《国际政治的社会理论》,第229-237页、第313-417页。
[1]See UNEP,Global Environmental Outlook 3,p.270.
[2]Ibid.,pp.270-271.
[3]Ibid.,p.273.
[1]See UNEP,Global Environmental Outlook 3,p.274.
[2]尼古拉斯·奥鲁夫:《建构主义:应用指南》,载[美]温都尔卡·库巴科娃、尼古拉斯·奥鲁夫、保罗·科维特主编:《建构世界中的国际关系》,第69页。
[2][美]亚历山大·温特:《国际政治的社会理论》,第272页。
[4]同上,第230页。
[5]同上,第231页。
[1][美]亚历山大·温特:《国际政治的社会理论》,第231页。
[1]Marvin S.Soroos,"The tragedy of the commons in global perspective",in Charles W.Kegley,Jr.and Eugene R.Wittkopf(eds.),The Global Agenda:Issues and Perspectives,6~(th)edition,reprint edition(Peking:Peking University Press,2003),p.497.
[1]参见[美]玛格丽特·E.凯克、凯瑟琳·辛金克:《超越国界的活动家:国际政治中的倡议网络》,韩召颖、孙英丽译,北京大学出版社2005年版,第11页。
[2]许多环境主义者在环境保护行动中形成了跨国合作的联系网络,玛格丽特·E.凯克和凯瑟琳·辛金克专门论述了跨国倡议网络概念,描述了跨国倡议网络在环境保护领域的具体进展情况,并认为这种跨国倡议网络有助于国家主权实践的转变。详细内容可参见[美]玛格丽特·E.凯克、凯瑟琳·辛金克:《超越国界的活动家:国际政治中的倡议网络》。
[1]尼古拉斯·奥鲁夫:《建构主义:应用指南》,载[美]温都尔卡·库巴科娃、尼古拉斯·奥鲁夫、保罗·科维特主编:《建构世界中的国际关系》,第69页。
[2][美]亚历山大·温特:《国际政治的社会理论》,第96-108页。
[3]同①。
[4]同②,第313-458页。
[5]同①,第79-81页。
[1]See Centre for Science and Environment,Green Politics:Global Environmental Negotiations 1(New Delhi: Centre for Science and Environment,1999).
[1]詹姆斯·罗西瑙:《全球新秩序中的治理》,载[英]戴维·赫尔德、安东尼·麦克格鲁编:《治理全球化:权力、权威与全球治理》,曹荣湘、龙虎等译,北京:社会科学文献出版社2004年版,第71-72页。
[2]同上,第78页。
[1]詹姆斯·罗西瑙:《全球新秩序中的治理》,载[英]戴维·赫尔德、安东尼·麦克格鲁编:《治理全球化:权力、权威与全球治理》,第78页。
[2]See General Assembly,Programme for the Further Implementation of Agenda 21,GA Res.S/19-2,19 September 1997;UNEP,Nairobi Declaration on the Role and Mandate of the UNEP,UNEP/GC.19/1,7 February 1997.
[3]See Donna Craig and Michael I.Jeffery,"Global environmental governance and the United Nations in the 21~(st)century",p.8.
[1]See WSSD,"Johannesburg declaration on sustainable development",paragraph 120-144.
[2]参见“就全球变暖,布什八国峰会前‘公关'”,新华每日电讯第3版,2007年6月4日。
[3]参见新华网,“峰会回到‘气候'主题巴罗佐:中国方案作出贡献”,http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2007-06/07/content_6210660.htm,2007年8月8日。
[4]参见潘家华、庄贵阳、陈迎:《‘气候变化20国领导人会议'模式与发展中国家的参与》,载《世界经济与政治》,2005年第10期,第52-57页。
[1]参见新华网,“八国峰会就气候变化等议题发表联合声明”,http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2007-06/08/cont ent_6213282.htm,2007年8月8日。
[2]参见新华网,“法总统希拉克倡导建立联合国环境组织”,http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2007-02/02/conten t_5688375.htm,2007年8月8日。
[3]See Ronnie D.Lipschutz,Global Environmental Politics:Power,Perspective,and Practice,p.5.
[1]O.L.Loucks,"Looking for surprise in managing stressed ecosystems",Bioscience 35(1985),p.428.
[2]See D.Ludwig,R.Hilborn and C.Waiters et al.,"Uncertainty,resource exploitation and conservation:Lessons from history",Ecological Applications 3/4(November 1993),reprinted by permission from Science 260:17-36,p.547.
[3][美]芭芭拉·沃德,勒内·杜博斯:《只有一个地球——对一个小小行星的关怀和维护》,序言部分。
[1]参见世界环境与发展委员会:《我们共同的未来》,第460-473页。
[2]See General Assembly,Institutional and Financial Arrangements for International Environmental Cooperation,General Assembly Resolution 2997(ⅩⅩⅦ),1972.
[3]See UNEP,"Activities in environmental assessment",available at http://www.unep.org/themes/assessment/,accessed on 11 August 2007;UNEP,"Science initiative",available at http://www.unep.org/scienceinitiative/sy stems.asp,accessed on 11 August 2007.
[1]IPCC,Climate Change 1995:Impacts,Adaptations and Mitigation of Climate Change:Scientific-Technical Analysis.Contribution of Working Group Ⅱ to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(Cambridge and New York:Cambridge University Press,1996).Quoted in UNEP,Global Environmental Outlook 3,p.215.
[2]IPCC,Climate Change 2001:The Scientific Basis.Contribution of Working Group Ⅰ to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(Cambridge and New York:Cambridge University Press,2001).Quoted in UNEP,Global Environmental Outlook 3,p.214.
[3]See Working Group Ⅰ of IPCC,"The fourth assessment report(AR4)'The physical science basis of climate change'",available at http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/wg1-report.html,accessed on 19 September 2007.
[4]参见新华网,“联合国教科文组织呼吁全球行动对抗气候变暖”,http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2007-02/01/content_5683178.htm,2007年8月12日。
[1]See M.Porter and C.Van der Linde,“Green and competitive:Ending the stalemate”.Harvard Business Review 73(1995),pp.120-134.转引自郇庆治:《环境政治国际比较》,第47-48页。
[2]Julia Hertin,Frans Berkhout(eds.),Producing Greener,Consuming Smarter(ESRC Global Environmental Change Programme,2000),p.3.
[3]绿色激进主义主要包括激进的绿色意识和绿色政治运动两个层面。See John S.Dryzek,The Politics of the Earth:Environmental Discourses,p.181.
[1]See Julia Hertin,Ian Scoones,and Frans Berkhout(eds.),Who Governs the Global Environment?(ESRC Global Environmental Change Programme,2000),p.11.
[2]Julia Hertin,Frans Berkhout(eds.),Producing Greener,Consuming Smarter,p.3.
[1]参见联合国环境规划署:《联合国环境署、全球环境基金和私有部门社论》,载《Industry and environment》(中文版),1998年第4期,第71页。
[2]UNECOSCO,Implementing Agenda 21:Report of the Secretary-General,E/CN.17/2002/PC.2/7,20 December 2001,paragraph 179.
[3]UN,"Monterrey consensus of the International Conference on Financing for Development,the final text of agreements and commitments adopted at the International Conference on Financing for Development Monterrey",Mexico,18-22 March 2002,paragraph 39-43.Available at http://www.un.org/esa/ffd/Monterrey/M onterrey%20Consensus.pdf,accessed on 18 August 2007.
[1]UNECOSCO,Implementing Agenda 21:Report of the Secretary-General,E/CN.17/2002/PC.2/7,paragraph 229.And see UN,"Monterrey consensus of the International Conference on Financing for Development",paragraph 43.
[2]See UNCED,"Agenda 21",chap.37.
[3]See WSSD,"Plan of implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development".
[4]See UNEP,Bali Strategic Plan for Technology Support and Capacity-building,UNEP/GC.23/6/Add.1,2005.
[1]See Lynton K.Caldwell,Between Two Worlds:Science,the Environmental Movement and Policy Choice (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1990),p.49;C.C.Joyner,Governing the Frozen Commons:The Antarctic Regime and Environmental Protection(Columbia,SC:University of South Carolina Press,1998),pp.40-41.
[2]See Henrik Selin and Noelle Eckley,"Science,politics,and persistent organic pollutants:The role of scientific assessments in international environmental co-operation",International Environmental Agreements:Politics,Law and Economics 3(2003),p.21.
[3]Ibid.,pp.19-20.
[4]Ibid.,p.20.
[1]See Henrik Selin and Noelle Eckley,"Science,politics,and persistent organic pollutants:The role of scientific assessments in international environmental co-operation",p.21.
[2]See John O'Neill,"Representing people,representing nature,representing the world",Environment and Planning C:Government and Policy 19(2001),pp.485-497.
[3]See Lynton K.Caldwell,International Environmental Policy:From the Twentieth to the Twenty-First Century,3~(rd)edition(Durham and London:Duke University Press,1996),pp.350-432.
[1]See SCEP,Man's Impact on the Global Environment,Study of Critical Environmental Problems(Cambridge,Massachusetts:MIT Press,1970).
[1]See UNEP,Global Environmental Outlook 3,p.216
[2]Ibid.,pp.17-18.
[3]See UNEP,"Status of ratification",available at http://unfccc.int/essential_background/convention/status_of_r atification/items/2631.php,accessed on 11 September 2007.
[1]See UNCHE,"Action plan for the human environment",Recommendation 70,79,102,available at http://w ww.sovereignty.net/un-treaties/STOCKHOLM-PLAN.txt,accessed on 2 July 2007.
[2]See the First World Climate Conference,"Declaration('An appeal to nations')and supporting documents",available at http://www.wmconnolley.org.uk/sci/iceage/wcc-1979.html,accessed on 21 September 2007.
[1]See ICSU,The Assessment of the Role of Carbon Dioxide and of Other Greenhouse Gases in Climate Variations and Associated Impact,Villach,9-15 October 1985.
[2]参见徐再荣:《从科学到政治:全球变暖问题的历史演变》,载《史学月刊》,2003年第4期,第116页。
[1]See "The Toronto and Ottawa conferences and the 'Law of the Atmosphere",available at http://www.cs.ntu.e du.au/homepages/jmitroy/sid101/uncc/fs215.html,accessed on 17 September 2007.
[2]See General Assembly,Protection of Global Climate for Present and Future Generations of Mankind,A/RES/43/53,6 December 1988.
[3]See UN,United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,FCCC/INFORMAL/84 GE.05-62220(E)200705,1992.
[1]IPCC,Climate Change 1995:Impacts,Adaptations and Mitigation of Climate Change:Scientific-Technical Analysis.Quoted in UNEP,Global Environmental Outlook 3,p.215.
[2]IPCC,Climate Change 2001:The Scientific Basis.Contribution of Working Group Ⅰ to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.Quoted in UNEP,Global Environmental Outlook 3,p.214.
[3]See Working Group Ⅰ of IPCC,"The fourth assessment report(AR4)'The physical science basis of climate change'".
[4]UNEP,Global Environmental Outlook 3,p.272.
[5]Ibid.,pp.29-300.
[1]See UNEP,"Informal thematic debate:Climate change as a global challenge",available at http://www.un.org/ga/president/61/follow-up/thematic-climate.shtml,accessed on 11 September 2007.
[2]See UNEP,"Vienna climate change talks 2007",available at http://unfccc.int/meetings/intersessional/awg_4_and_dialogue_4/items/3999.php,accessed on 11 September 2007.
[3]See UNEP,"COP 13,CMP 3,SB 27 & AWG 4",available at http://unfccc.int/meetings/cop_13/items/4049.php,accessed on 16 December 2007.
[4]参见喻捷,“联合国气候变化公约谈判现场汇报”,http://www.greenpeace.org/china/zh/campaigns/stop-climat e-change/our-work/blog-montrealmeeting,2007年9月14日。
[5]参见新华网,“内罗毕举行应对气候变化的游行活动”,http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2006-11/11/content 5318213.htm,2007年9月14日。
[6]参见新华网,“法国发起停电节能5分钟活动”,http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2007-02/01/content_5682795.htm,2007年9月18日。
[1]ISO/TC207,"About ISO/TC207",available at http://www.tc207.org/about207.asp,accessed on 20 September 2007.
[2]BCC Research,"The global market for energy management information systems",available at http://ww w.bccresearch.com/RepTemplate.cfm?ReportID=178&cat=egy&RepDet=SC&target=repdetail.cfm,accessed on 20 September 2007.
[3]“碳中和”(carbon neutral)主要是指计算二氧化碳的排放总量,然后通过植树等方式把这些排放量吸收掉,以达到环保的目的。自1997年问世以来,“碳中和”的概念在西方逐渐走红,并实现了从“前卫”到“大众”的转变。2007年版新牛津美国字典(New Oxford American Dictionary)公布该词为2006年年度词汇,并将其列入新版字典。
[4]See Tesco,"Measuring our carbon footprint",available at http://www.tesco.com/climatechange/carbonFootp rint.asp,accessed on 20 September 2007.
[5]See HSBC,"HSBC wins environmental performance award",available at http://www.banking.hsbc.com.hk/hk/aboutus/press/content/07feb06e.htm,accessed on 20 September 2007.
[1]UNEP,Global Environmental Outlook 3,p.297.
[2][日]丸山正次:《环境政治学在日本:理论与流派》,载郇庆治主编:《环境政治学:理论与实践》,第53页。
[3]郇庆治主编:《环境政治学:理论与实践》,导言部分第2页。
[1]其中较有代表性的是,德国学者弗兰克·比尔曼曾以世界环境组织所具有的不同权力和约束力为标准,把世界环境组织分为合作型、集中型、等级型三种模式。合作型模式主要是说保存现行参与全球环境治理的各类联合国机构的分散性,世界环境组织则在现有机构中发挥协调作用,而联合国环境规划署可以被升格为这样一种世界环境组织:集中型模式试图把所有参与全球环境治理的国际机构的治理职能整合在一个共同框架之内,并订立类似WTO式的共同协定与原则,这种集中型世界环境组织将建立监督多边环境协定执行情况的定期报告制度和争端解决制度,任何成员国都享有批准多边环境协定的权利与义务;等级型世界环境组织则是类似于联合国安理会式的机构,它享有全球环境保护的权力,有权在成员国不执行环境标准时对其实施惩罚。See Frank Biermann,“The Case for a World Environment Organization”,Environment 42/9(2000).pp.22-31.也可参见周茂荣、聂文星:《国外关于世界环境组织的研究》,载《国外社会科学》,2004年第1期,第36-41页。
[2]参见郇庆治:《环境政治国际比较》,第30-31、33-34页。
[1]世界环境与发展委员会:《我们共同的未来》,前言部分第12页。
[2]See UNCED,"Rio declaration on environment and development".
[3]Ibid.,principle 6-7.
[4]See WSSD,"Johannesburg declaration on sustainable development".
[5]可参见前文第三章“表3-1:历次《联合国气候变化框架公约》缔约方大会进展情况”。
[1]See UNFCCC,"Bali Action Plan",available at http://unfccc.int/files/meetings/cop_13/application/pdf/cp_bali_ac tion.pdf,accessed on 17 March 2008.
[2]See WSSD,"Johannesburg declaration on sustainable development",paragraph 34-35.
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[美]玛格丽特·E.凯克、凯瑟琳·辛金克:《超越国界的活动家:国际政治中的倡议网络》,韩召颖、孙英丽译,北京:北京大学出版社2005年版。
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