紫菜光合碳同化途径相关基因的表达分析
|
摘要
紫菜(Porphyra)属于红藻门,具有很高的经济和理论研究价值。与大多数高等植物中孢子体世代占优势的生活史类型不同,紫菜的生活史具有特殊性,即在整个生活史过程中,孢子体世代为微观阶段,配子体世代则为宏观阶段,配子体与孢子体都能独立进行光合作用。宏观阶段的紫菜配子体主要表现为生物量大,也就是其光合固碳能力强于微观孢子体世代。因此,对紫菜生活史两个不同世代的光合碳同化途径进行比较分析具有重要意义。
Rubisco(核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶/加氧酶)是光合碳同化途径CO2固定阶段的关键酶,也是Calvin循环正常进行的限速酶。为此,我们以紫菜为研究对象,在转录、翻译及酶活等不同水平上系统比较分析了光合碳同化途径中Rubisco在不同世代中的表达,发现紫菜单倍配子体世代中Rubisco的含量和活性都远大于二倍孢子体。为了进一步验证Rubisco的表达差异与倍性之间的协同关系,我们还对大型海藻中其它不同生活史类型的代表性物种(海带和红毛菜)不同世代间Rubisco在转录、翻译和酶活水平的表达进行了比较分析。结果表明,海藻主要生活史类型的代表性物种中Rubisco的含量和活性与其倍性相关,即单倍的配子体中Rubisco的含量和活性高于二倍孢子体,与生物量的大小无关。
紫菜等红藻中Rubisco基因的位置与陆地高等植物明显不同,其大、小亚基的基因均位于叶绿体基因组,且大、小亚基基因之间存在一个高变区域—Rubisco spacer,是对红藻种质鉴定的理想区域。本论文将Rubisco spacer应用于紫菜物种的鉴定,先后对9种紫菜的丝状体进行了种质鉴定,同时发展了一种利用活体丝状体藻丝进行无需DNA提取的直接PCR扩增方法,为紫菜丝状体的快速种质鉴定奠定了基础。
除了对紫菜中Rubisco在不同世代中的差异表达研究之外,本论文对Calvin循环中其它几种酶(包括PGK、GAPDH、TPI、FBPase、GPI、TKL和SBPase)基因在不同世代中的表达量在转录水平上进行了比较分析。通过real-time PCR的方法对各基因的表达进行绝对定量分析后发现,紫菜配子体世代中各基因的表达量均高于孢子体世代。
所有的研究结果表明,紫菜Calvin循环中Rubisco等相关酶基因在配子体世代的表达量明显优于孢子体世代,这种表达差异与倍性直接相关。由此我们认为这种现象可能在其他生活史类型的大型海藻中也存在。
Porphyra is a red algae genus and of great value on economic and theory research. In the special type of life history of porphyra, the sporophyte is microscopic phase while the gametophyte is the macro dominant phase, which is different from the sporophyte dominant life history in most of the higher plants. And both the gametophytes and the sporophytes of algae can photosynthesize and survive independently as autotrophic organisms. The macro phase gametophyte has a larger biomass than sporophyte, which displayed that the ability of photosynthetic carbon assimilation of gametophyte is greater than that of sporophyte. As a result, it is of great significance to have research on the related genes in carbon assimilation.
Rubisco (ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase), a key enzyme of photosynthetic CO2 fixation, is also the rate-limiting enzyme in Calvin cycle. As a result, on the basis of Porphyra, systematic comparative study on the differenticial expression of Rubisco was carried out between gametophytes and sporophytes on the levels of transcription, translation and enzymic activity. Results indicated that the content and activity of Rubisco in haploid gametophyte were notably higher than that in diploid sporophyte. In order to verify the relationship of the expression level of Rubisco and the ploidy, the same comparative studies on the expression of Rubisco between gametophyte and sporophyte were carried out in Bangia fuscopurpurea and Laminaria japonica, which have representative life history in marine macroalgae. Results indicated that both content and activity of Rubisco were higher in algal gametophytes than in the sporophytes, which suggested that for the four algal species, the Rubisco content and the initial carboxylase activity were related to the ploidy of the generations rather than the accumulation of biomass.
In rhodophyte (Porphyra et al.), unlike the land higher plants, the location of the Rubisco gene is different, that both the large subunit and small subunit of Rubisco are encoded in chloroplast genome, while a Rubisco spacer region with high variety exists, which is important for identification of red algae. In this study, Rubisco spacer region was applied in the identification of nine sprcies of Porphyra, and an improved method of PCR in which the small segment of conchocelis is amplified directly without DNA extraction was developed in rapid species identification, which is of great fundamental significance.
Besides the research on the Rubisco expression in different generations of Porphyra, comparative studies on the genes related to carbon assimilation—containing PGK, GAPDH, TPI, FBPase, GPI, TKL and SBPase—were carried out for different generations of P. yezoensis on the level of gene expression using real-time PCR. Results indicated that the related genes expression level were higher in gametophyte than that in sporophyte.
All the studies suggest that, the related expression level of genes in Calvin cycle (Rubisco et al.) were notablely higher in gametophyte than in sporophyte, which suggested that the expression the these genes were related to the ploidy of different generations of Porphyra, and this relationship maybe also exists in the other marine macroalgae with representative life history.
Rubisco(核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶/加氧酶)是光合碳同化途径CO2固定阶段的关键酶,也是Calvin循环正常进行的限速酶。为此,我们以紫菜为研究对象,在转录、翻译及酶活等不同水平上系统比较分析了光合碳同化途径中Rubisco在不同世代中的表达,发现紫菜单倍配子体世代中Rubisco的含量和活性都远大于二倍孢子体。为了进一步验证Rubisco的表达差异与倍性之间的协同关系,我们还对大型海藻中其它不同生活史类型的代表性物种(海带和红毛菜)不同世代间Rubisco在转录、翻译和酶活水平的表达进行了比较分析。结果表明,海藻主要生活史类型的代表性物种中Rubisco的含量和活性与其倍性相关,即单倍的配子体中Rubisco的含量和活性高于二倍孢子体,与生物量的大小无关。
紫菜等红藻中Rubisco基因的位置与陆地高等植物明显不同,其大、小亚基的基因均位于叶绿体基因组,且大、小亚基基因之间存在一个高变区域—Rubisco spacer,是对红藻种质鉴定的理想区域。本论文将Rubisco spacer应用于紫菜物种的鉴定,先后对9种紫菜的丝状体进行了种质鉴定,同时发展了一种利用活体丝状体藻丝进行无需DNA提取的直接PCR扩增方法,为紫菜丝状体的快速种质鉴定奠定了基础。
除了对紫菜中Rubisco在不同世代中的差异表达研究之外,本论文对Calvin循环中其它几种酶(包括PGK、GAPDH、TPI、FBPase、GPI、TKL和SBPase)基因在不同世代中的表达量在转录水平上进行了比较分析。通过real-time PCR的方法对各基因的表达进行绝对定量分析后发现,紫菜配子体世代中各基因的表达量均高于孢子体世代。
所有的研究结果表明,紫菜Calvin循环中Rubisco等相关酶基因在配子体世代的表达量明显优于孢子体世代,这种表达差异与倍性直接相关。由此我们认为这种现象可能在其他生活史类型的大型海藻中也存在。
Porphyra is a red algae genus and of great value on economic and theory research. In the special type of life history of porphyra, the sporophyte is microscopic phase while the gametophyte is the macro dominant phase, which is different from the sporophyte dominant life history in most of the higher plants. And both the gametophytes and the sporophytes of algae can photosynthesize and survive independently as autotrophic organisms. The macro phase gametophyte has a larger biomass than sporophyte, which displayed that the ability of photosynthetic carbon assimilation of gametophyte is greater than that of sporophyte. As a result, it is of great significance to have research on the related genes in carbon assimilation.
Rubisco (ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase), a key enzyme of photosynthetic CO2 fixation, is also the rate-limiting enzyme in Calvin cycle. As a result, on the basis of Porphyra, systematic comparative study on the differenticial expression of Rubisco was carried out between gametophytes and sporophytes on the levels of transcription, translation and enzymic activity. Results indicated that the content and activity of Rubisco in haploid gametophyte were notably higher than that in diploid sporophyte. In order to verify the relationship of the expression level of Rubisco and the ploidy, the same comparative studies on the expression of Rubisco between gametophyte and sporophyte were carried out in Bangia fuscopurpurea and Laminaria japonica, which have representative life history in marine macroalgae. Results indicated that both content and activity of Rubisco were higher in algal gametophytes than in the sporophytes, which suggested that for the four algal species, the Rubisco content and the initial carboxylase activity were related to the ploidy of the generations rather than the accumulation of biomass.
In rhodophyte (Porphyra et al.), unlike the land higher plants, the location of the Rubisco gene is different, that both the large subunit and small subunit of Rubisco are encoded in chloroplast genome, while a Rubisco spacer region with high variety exists, which is important for identification of red algae. In this study, Rubisco spacer region was applied in the identification of nine sprcies of Porphyra, and an improved method of PCR in which the small segment of conchocelis is amplified directly without DNA extraction was developed in rapid species identification, which is of great fundamental significance.
Besides the research on the Rubisco expression in different generations of Porphyra, comparative studies on the genes related to carbon assimilation—containing PGK, GAPDH, TPI, FBPase, GPI, TKL and SBPase—were carried out for different generations of P. yezoensis on the level of gene expression using real-time PCR. Results indicated that the related genes expression level were higher in gametophyte than that in sporophyte.
All the studies suggest that, the related expression level of genes in Calvin cycle (Rubisco et al.) were notablely higher in gametophyte than in sporophyte, which suggested that the expression the these genes were related to the ploidy of different generations of Porphyra, and this relationship maybe also exists in the other marine macroalgae with representative life history.
引文
1崔灵英,许璞,朱建一,许广平,骆其君等. 4种紫菜叶状体的ISSR分子标记分析.中国水产科学,2006 (13):371-377.
2.陈恩成,彭超英,张兴如.红毛菜多糖的分离、纯化及纯度鉴定.广州食品工业科技,2004(20):30-32.
3陈为钧,赵贵文,顾月华. Rubisco研究进展.生物化学与生物物理进展,1999 (26):433-436.
4范晓,韩丽君,郑乃余.我国常见食用海藻的营养成分分析.中国海洋药物杂志,1993(12):32-38.
5范晓蕾.紫菜壳孢子萌发过程及其世代差异研究.博士学位论文.中国科学院研究生院(海洋研究所),2007:85-89.
6黄文凤,黄建明,董飞强,陈启发.红毛菜的营养成分特征和价值.海洋水产研究,1998(19):57-61.
7刘必谦,曾庆国,骆其君,周湘池.微卫星标记在坛紫菜丝状体品系DNA指纹构建中的应用.水产学报,2005(29):323-326.
8汤晓荣,姜红霞.紫菜属生活史和繁殖方式多样性的研究进展.中国海洋大学学报,2005(35):571-574.
9汪文俊,王广策,张宝玉,蒋本禹,曾呈奎.海带栽培品系和长海带ITS区的PCR扩增及序列分析.高技术通讯,2005(15):95-101.
10汪文俊,王广策,许璞,朱建一,林祥志等.红毛菜生物学研究进展I.生活史和有性生殖研究.海洋科学,2008(32):93-97.
11王飞久,刘涛,段德麟,陈四清,张岩等.海带种质特征.海洋水产研究, 2004(25):48-51.
12王镜岩,朱圣庚,徐长法.生物化学(下册).第三版.北京:高等教育出版社,2002:211-212.
13谢恩义,纪焕红,柳波,申宗岩,马家海.红毛菜种间遗传差异的RAPD分析.中国水产科学,2003(10):282-285.
14杨锐,刘必谦,骆其君,王亚军,包佳美.利用AFLP技术研究条斑紫菜的遗传变异.海洋学报,2005(27):159-162.
15姚正菊,叶济宇,米华玲.高温胁迫对烟草叶绿体NADPH脱氢酶复合体活性的促进.植物生理与分子生物学学报,2003(29):395-400.
16曾成奎,吴超元.海带养殖学.第一版.北京:科学出版社,1962:14-15.
17张学成,许璞,秦松等.海藻遗传学.第一版.北京:中国农业出版社,2005.
18郑柏林,王筱庆.海藻学.第一版.北京:农业出版社,1961:187.
19钟恒.关于紫菜生活史的讨论.植物学通报,1996(13):62-64.
20周利亘,王春辉,王君虹,陈新峰.紫菜多糖的分离纯化及生物学功能研究进展.粮油食品科技,2006(14):67-69.
21 Aczon-Bieto J. Inhibition of photosynthesis bycarbohydrates in wheat leaves. Plant Physiol, 1983 (73): 681-686.
22 Andersson I, Knight S, Schneider G, Lindqvist Y, Lundqvist T et al.Crystal structure of the active site of ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase. Nature, 1989 (337): 229-234.
23 Andersson I. Large structure at high resolution: the 1.6 A crystal structure of spinach ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase complexed with
2-carboxyarabinitol bisphosphate. J Mol Biol, 1996 (259): 160-174.
24 Asamizu E, Nakajima M, Kitade Y, Saga N, Nakamura Y et al. Comparison of RNA expression profiles between the two generations of Porphyra yezoensis (Rhodophyta), based on expressed sequence tag frequency analysis. J. Phycol , 2003 (39): 923-930.
25 Bagnall DJ, King KW, Farquhar GD. Temperature dependent feedback inhibition of photosynthesis in peanut. Planta, 1989 (175): 348-354.
26 Beer S, Sand-Jensen K, Vindbaek MT, Nielsen SL. The carboxylase activity of RuBisCO and the photosynthetic performance in aquatic plants. Oecologia, 1991 (87): 429-434.
27 Bhaskaran S, Smith RH, Finer JJ. Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase Activity inAnther-Derived Plants of Saintpaulia ionantha Wendl. Shag. Plant Physiol, 1983 (73): 639-642.
28 Bhaskaran S, Burdick PJ, Smith RH. Crystallization of Ribulose, 1,
5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase of High Specific Activity from Anther-Derived Haploid Plants of Nicotiana tabacum .J. Exp. Bot, 1987 (38): 270-276.
29 Bhattacharya D, Yoon HS, Hackett JD. Photosynthetic eukaryotes unite: endosymbiosis connects the dots. BioEssays, 2004 (26): 50-60.
30 Bischof K, Kr?bs G, Wiencke C, Hanelt D. Solar ultraviolet radiation affects the activity of ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenaseand the composition of photosynthetic and xanthophyll cycle pigments in the intertidal green alga Ulva lactuca L. Planta, 2002 (215): 502-509.
31 Blechschimdt SS, Ferrar P, Osmond CB. Control of photosynthesis by the carbohydrate level in leaves of the C4 plant Amaranthus edulis L. Planta, 1989 (177): 515-517.
32 Boyle DG, Boyle DB, Olsen V, Morgan JAT, Hyatt AD. Rapid quantitative detection of chytridiomycosis (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) in amphibian samples using real-time TaqMan PCR assay. Dis Aquat Org, 2004 (60): 141-148.
33 Bradford MM. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing of protein dye dinding. Anal Biochem, 1976 (72): 248-254.
34 Brodie J, Hayes PK, Barker GL, Irvine LM. Molecular and morphological characters distinguishing two Porphyra species (Rhodophyta: Bangiophycidae). Eur J Phycol, 1996 (31): 303-308.
35 Brodie J, Hayes PK, Barker GL, Irvine LM, Bartsch I. A reappraisal of Porphyra and Bangia (Bangiophycidae, Rhodophyta) in the Northeast Atlantic based on the rbcL-rbcS intergenic spacer. J Phycol, 1998 (34): 1069-1074.
36 Bustin SA. Absolute quantification of mRNA using real-time reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction assays. Journal of Molecular Endocrinology, 2000 (25): 169-193.
37 Carlson PS. Locating genetic loci with aneuploids. Mol Gen Genet, 1972 (114): 273-280.
38 Catharina CL, Olle B. Fluorescence quenching in four unicellular algae with different light-harvesting and xanthophyll-cycle pigments. Photosynthesis Research, 1998 (56): 277-289.
39 Christine AR. The Calvin cycle revisited. Photosynthesis Research, 2003 (75): 1-10.
40 Ciferri O, Sora S, Tiboni O. Effect of gene dosage on tryptophansynthetase activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics, 1969 (61): 567-576.
41 Cole K, Conway E. Studies in the Bangiaceae: reproductive modes. Bot Mar, 1980 (23): 545-553.
42 Coyer JA, Ohen JL, Stam WT. Genetic variability and spatial separation in the sea palm kelp Postelsia palmaeformis (Phaeophyceae) as assessed with M13 fingerprint and RAPDs. J Phycol, 1997 (33): 561-568.
43 Cozzolino S, Caputo P, Castro OD, Moretti A, Pinto G. Molecular variation in Galdieria Sulphuraria (Galdieri) Merola and its bearing on taxonomy. Hydrobiologia, 2000 (433): 145-151.
44 Dean C, Leech RM. Genome expression during normal leaf development. 2. Direct correlation between ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase content and nuclear ploidy in a polyploid series of wheat. Plant Physiol, 1982 (70): 1605-1608.
45 Demaggio AE, Lambrukos J. Polyploidy and gene dosage effects on peroxidase activity in ferns. Biochem. Genet, 1974 (12): 429-440.
46 Deprez RHL, Fijnvandraat AC, Ruijter JM, Moorman AFM. Sensitivity and accuracy of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction using SYBR green I depends on cDNA synthesis conditions. Analytical Biochemistry, 2002 (307):63-69.
47 Desjardin LE, Chen Y, Perkins MD, Teixeira L, Cave MD et al. Comparison of the ABI 7700 system (TaqMan) and competitive PCR for quantification of IS6110 DNA in sputum during treatment of tuberculosis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 1998 (36): 1964-1968.
48 Donaldson SL, Chopin T, Saunders GW. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) as a source of genetic markers for red algae. Journal of Applied Phycology, 1998 (10): 365-370.
49 Dudgeon SR, Davison IR, Vadas RL. Effect of freezing on photosynthesis of intertidal macroalgae: relative tolerance of Chondrus crispus and Mastocarpus stellatus (Rhodophyta). Mar Biol, 1989 (101): 107-114.
50 Dutcher JA, Kapraun DF. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) identification of genetic variation in the three species of Porphyra (Bangialies, Rhodophyta). J Appl Phycol, 1994 (6): 267-273.
51 Fan XL, Fang YJ, Hu SN, Wang GC. Generation and analysis of 5318 express sequence tags (ESTs) from filamentous sporophyte of Porphyra haitanensis (Rhodophyte). J. Phycol, 2007 (43): 1287-1294.
52 Fichtner K, Qucik WP, Schulze ED, Mooney HA, Rodermel SR et al. Decreased ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase in transgenic tobacco transformed with’antisense’rbcS. V. Relationship between photosynthetic rate, storage strategy, biomass allocation and vegetative plant growth at three different nitrogen supplies. Planta, 1993 (190): 1-9.
53 Fridlyand LE, Backhausen JE, Scheibe R. Homeostatic regulation upon changes of enzyme activities in the Calvin cycles as an example for general mechanisms of flux control. What can we expect from transgenic plants? Photosynth. Res., 1999 (61): 227-239.
54 Ga YC, Hwan SY, Han GC, Kazuhiro K, Sung MB. Phylogeny of family Sctyosiphonaceae (Phaeophyta) from Korea based on sequences ofplastid-encoded Rubisco spacer region. Algae, 2001 (16): 145-150.
55 Galgani F, Vincent F, Minier C. Direct polymerase chain reaction from live algae. J Mar Biotechnol, 1994 (2): 1-5.
56 Galgani F, Piel N, Vincent F. A simple procedure for polymerase chain reaction of the psbA gene in algae: Application to the screening of mutations conferring atrazine resistance and discrimination of natural populations of Porphyra linearis. Comp Biochem Physiol B, 1999 (124): 363-369.
57 Geiger DR. Effects of translocation and assimilate demand on photosynthesis. Can J Bot, 1976 (54): 2337-2345.
58 Guern M, Gherve L. Polyploidy and aspartate transcarbamylase activity in Hippocrepis comosa. Planta, 1980 (149): 27-33.
59 Haake V, Zrenner R, Sonnewald U, Stitt M. Amoderate decrease of plastid aldolase activity inhibits photosynthesis alters the levels of sugars ans starch and inhibits growth ot potato plants. Plant J, 1998 (14): 147-157.
60 Harrison EP, Willingham NM, Lloyd JC, Raines CA. Reduced sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase levels in transgenic tobacco lead to decreased photosynthetic capacity and altered carbohydrate accumulation. Planta, 1998 (204): 27-36.
61 He P, Yarish C. The developmental regulation of mass cultures of free-living conchocelis for commercial net seeding of Porphyra leucosticte from Northeast America. Aquaculture, 2006 (257): 373-381.
62 He PM, Wu QL, Wu WN, Lu W, Zhang DB et al. Pyrenoid ultrastructure and molecular localization of RuBisCO and RuBisCO activase in Enteromorpha clathrata. J fish China, 2004 (28): 255-260.
63 Henkes S, Sonnewald U, Flachmann R, Badur R, Stitt M. A small decrease of plastid transketolase activity in antisense tobacco transformants has dramatic effects on photosynthesis and phenylpropanoid metabolism. Plant Cell, 2001 (13): 535-551.
64 Herold A. Regulation of photosynthesis by sink activity-the missing link. New Phytol, 1980 (86): 131-144.
65 Jeffrey SW, Humphrey GF. New spectrophotometric equations for determining chlorophylls a, b, c1 and c2 in higher plants, algae and natural phytoplankton. Biochem. Physiol Pflanzen, 1975 (167): 191-194.
66 Jimenez del RM, Ramazanov Z, Garcia RG. Effect of nitorgen supply on photosynthesis and carbonic anhydrase activity in green seaweed Ulva rigida (Chlorophyta). Marine Biology, 1995 (123): 687-691.
67 Kanevski I, Maliga P, Rhoades DF, Gutteridge S. Plastome engineering of ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase in tobacco to form a sunflower large subunit and tobacco small subunit hybrid. Plant Physiology, 1999 (119): 133-141.
68 Krapp A, Quick WP, Stitt M. Ribulose-1, 5- bisphosphate carboxylase, other Calvin-cycle enzymes, and chlorophyll decrease when glucose is supplied to mature spinach leaves via the transpiration stream. Planta, 1991 (186): 58-69.
69 Kunimoto M, Kito H, Yamamoto Y, Cheney DP, Kaminishii Y et al. Discrimination of Porphyra species based on small subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequence. J Appl Phycol, 1999 (11): 203-209.
70 Kossmann J, Sonnewald U, Willmitzer L. Reduction of the chloroplastic fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase in transgenic potato plants impairs photosynthesis and plant growth. Plant J, 1994 (6): 637-650.
71 Laemmli UK. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature, 1970 (227): 680-685.
72 Lanciotti RS, Kerst AJ, Nasci RS, Godsey MS, Mitchell CJ et al. Rapid detection of west nile virus from human clinical specimens, field-collected mosquitoes, and avian samples by a TaqMan reverse transcriptase-PCR assay. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2000 (38): 4066-4071.
73 Leech RM, Leese BM, Jellings AJ. Variation in cellular ribulose-l,5-bisphosphate carboxylase content in leaves of Triticum genotypes at three levels of ploidy. Planta, 1985 (166): 259-263.
74 Leone G, Schijndel H, Gemen B, Kramer FR, Schoen CD. Molecular beacon probes combined with amplification by NASBA enable homogeneous, real-time detection of RNA. Nucleic Acids Research, 1998 (26): 2150-2155.
75 Lin AP, Wang GC, Yang F, Pan GH. Photosynthetic parameters of sexually different parts of Porphyra katadai var. hemiphylla (Bangiales, Rhodophyta) during dehydration and re-hyrdation. Planta, 2009 (229): 803-810.
76 Liu SH, Zhang PY, Cong BL, Liu CL, Lin XZ et al. Molecular cloning and expression analysis of a cytosolic Hsp70 gene from Antarctic ice algae Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L. Extremophiles, 2010 (14): 329-337.
77 Maayan I, Shaya F, Ratne K, Mani Y, Lavee S et al. Photosynthetic activity during olive (Olea europaea) leaf development correlates with plastid biogenesis and Rubisco levels. Physiol Plantrum, 2008 (134): 547-558.
78 Mahiko A, Masahiro K, Motoya T, Eiji F, Norio K. Rapid discrimination of Porphyra tenera Kjellman var. tamatsuensis Miura by PCR-RFLP. J Appl Phycol 2010 (22): 405-408.
79 Makino A, Nakano H, Mae T. Responses of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase, cytochrome f, and sucrose synthesis enzymes in rice leaves to leaf nitrogen and their relationships to photosynthesis. Plant Physiol, 1994 (105): 173-179.
80 Makino A, Shimada T, Takumi S, Kaneko K, Matsuoka M et al. Dose decrease in ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase by antisense RbcS lead to a higher N-use efficiency of photosynthesis under conditions of saturating CO2 and light in rice plants? Plant Physiol, 1997 (114): 483-491.
81 Malcolm MJ, Nguyen NY, Liu TY. Reproducible high yield sequencing of proteins electrophoretically separated and transferred to an inert support. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1988 (263): 6005-6008.
82 Martin W, Schnarrenberger C. The evolution of the Calvin cycle from prokaryotic to eukaryotic chromosomes: a case study of functional redundancy in ancient pathways through endosymbiosis. Curr Genet, 1997 (32): 1-18.
83 Mascarenhas JP. The male gametophyte of flowering plants. The Plant Cell, 1989 (1):657-664.
84 Masayoshi M, Kenichi O. New insight into the Calvin cycle regulation- glutathionylation of fructose bisphosphate aldolase in response to illumination. Energy from the sun: 14th International Congress on Photosynthesis. 2008. 871-874.
85 Medhurst AD, Harrison DC, Read SJ, Campbell CA, Robbins MJ et al. The use of TaqMan RT-PCR assays for semiquantitative analysis of gene expression in CNS tissues and disease models. Journal of Neurosicence Methods, 2000 (98): 9-20.
86 Meyers SP, Nichols SL, Giani RB, Molin WT, Schrader LE. Ploidy effects in isogenic populations of Alfalfa. 1. Ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase, soluble protein, chlorophyll and DNA of leaves. Plant Physiol, 1982 (70): 1704-1709.
87 Miao YG, Li LR. Molecular hybridization of RuBisCO subunits between rice and tobacoo. Acta Phytophysiol Sin, 1996 (22): 40-44.
88 Miller A, Schlagenhaufer C, Spalding M, Rodermel SR. Carbohydrate regulation of leaf development: prolongation of leaf senscence in Rubisco antisense mutants of tobacco. Photosynth. Res, 2000 (63): 1-8.
89 Miyata M, Kikuchi N. Taxonomic study of Bangia and Porphyra (Bangiaceae, Rhodophyta) from Boso Peninsula, Japan*. Nat Hist Res, Special Issue, 1997 (3): 19-46.
90 Morabito M, Genovese G, Gargiulo GM. A simple and rapid technique to PCR amplify plastid genes from spores of Porphyra C. Agardh (Bangiales, Rhodophyta). J Appl Phycol, 2005 (17): 35-38.
91 Muschak M, Hoffmann-Benning S, Fuss H, Kossmann J, Willmitzer L et al. Gas exchange and ultrastructural analysis of transgenic potato plants expressing mRNA antisense construct targented to the cp-fructose-1,6-bisphosphate phosphatase. Photosynthetica, 1997 (33): 455-465.
92 Nafziger ED, Koller HR. Influence of leaf starch concentration on CO2 assimilation in soybean. Plant Physiol, 1976 (57): 560-563.
93 Neales TD, Incoll LD. The control of leaf photosynthesis rate by the level of assimilate concentration in the leaf: a review of the hypothesis. Bot Rev, 1968 (34): 107-125.
94 Ning S, Ligeng M, Deyun P, Hongyu Z, Xing WD. Evaluation of light regulatory potential of Calvin cycle steps based on large-scale gene expression profiling data. Plant Molecular Biology, 2003 (53): 467-478.
95 Niwa K, Kikuchi N, Aruga Y. Morphological and molecular analysis of the endangered species Porphyra tenera (Bangiales, Rhodophyta). J Phycol, 2005a (41): 294-304.
96 Niwa K, Kobiyama A, Aruga Y. Confirmation of cultivated Porphyra tenera (Bangiales, Rhodophyta) by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses of the plastid and nuclear DNA. Phycol Res, 2005b (53): 296-302.
97 Niwa K, Iida S, Kato A, Kawai H, Kikuchi N et al. Genetic diversity and introgression in two cultivated species (Porphyra yezoensis and Porphyra tenera) and closely related wild species of Phrphyra (Bangiales, Rhodophyta). J. Phycol, 2009 (45): 493-502.
98 Noble RT, Fuhrman JA. Use of SYBR Green I for rapid epifluorescence counts of marine viruses and bacteria. Aquat Microb Ecol, 1998 (14): 113-118.
99 Park EJ, Endo H, Kitade Y, Saga N. Simple differentiation of two closely related species Porphyra tenera and Porphyra yezoensis (Bangiophyceae, Rhodophyra) based on length polymorphism of actin-related protein 4 gene (ARP4). FisheriesScience, 2008 (74): 613-620.
100 Patel M, Berry JO. Rubisco gene expression in C4 plants. J Exp Bot, 2008 (59): 1625-1634.
101 Paul MJ, Knight JS, Habash D, Parry MAJ, Lawlor DW, Barnes AA et al. Reduction in phosphoribulokinase activity by antisense RNA in transgenic tobacco: effect on CO2 assimilation and growth in low irradiance. Plant J, 1995 (7): 535-542.
102 Perez-Torres E, Bascunan L, Sierra A, Bravo LA, Corcuera LJ. Robustness of activity of Calvin cycle enzymes after high light and low temperature conditions in Antarctic vascular plants. Polar Biol, 2006 (29): 909-916.
103 Pettersson G, Ryde-Pettersson U. Amathematical model of the Calvin photosynthesis cycle. Eur. J. Biochem, 1988 (175): 661-672.
104 Plaut Z, Mayoral ML, Reinhold L. Effect of altered sink source ratio on photosynthetic metabolism of source leaves. Plant Physiol, 1987 (85): 786-791.
105 Ponchel F, Toomes C, Bransfield K, Leong FT, Douglas SH et al. Real-time PCR based on SYBR-Green I fluorescence: An alternative to the TaqMan assay for a relative quantification of gene rearrangements, gene amplifications and micro gene deletions. BMC Biotechnology, 2003 (3): 18-31.
106 Poolman M, Fell D, Thomas S. Modeling photosynthesis and its control. J. Exp. Bot, 2000 (51): 319-328.
107 Portis AR Jr, Salvucci ME, Ogren WL. Activation of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase at physiological CO2 and ribulose bisphosphate concentrations by Rubisco activase. Plant Physiol, 1986 (82): 967-971.
108 Price GD, Evans JR, Von CS, Yu JW, Badger MR. Specific reduction of chloroplast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity by antisense RNA reduces CO2 assimilation via a reduction in ribulose bisphosphate regeneration in transgenic tobacco plants. Planta, 1995 (195): 369-378.
109 Quick WP, Schurr U, Scheibe R, Schulze ED, Rodermel SR et al. Decreasedribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase in transgenic tobacco transformed with’antisense’rbcS. I. Impact on photosynthesis in ambient growth conditions. Planta, 1991 (183): 542-554.
110 Ralph PJ, Macinnis-Ng CMO, Frankart C. Fluorescence imaging application: effect of leaf age on seagrass photokinetics. Aquatic Botany, 2005 (81): 69-84.
111 Reiskind JB, Bowes G. The role of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in a marine macroalga with C4-like photosynthetic characteristics. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , 1991 (88): 2883-2887.
112 Reynolds MP, van Ginkel M, Ribaut JM. Avenues for genetic modification of radiation use efficiency in wheat. Journal of Experimental Botany, 2000 (51): 459-473.
113 Rodermel S. Subunit control of RuBisCO biosynthesis-a relic of an endosymbiotic past. Photosvn Res, 1999 (59): 105-123.
114 Sasek TW, Delucia EH, Strain BR. Reversibility of photosynthetic inhibition in otton after long-term exposure to elevated CO2 concentrations. Plant Physiol, 1985 (78): 619-622.
115 Satoko I, Atsuko M, Seishiro A, Motomi I, Yasuro K et al. Molecular adaptation of rbcL in the heterophyllous aquatic plant Potamogeton. PlosOne, 2009 (4): 1-7.
116 Sawada S, Hasegawa Y, Kasai M, Sasaki M. Photosynthetic electron transport and carbon metabolism during altered sink/source balance in single rooted soybean leaves. Plant Cell Physiol, 1989 (30): 691-698.
117 Schmittgen TD, Zakrajsek BA, Mills AG, Corn V, Singer MJ et al. Quantitative reverse transcription-ploymerase chain reaction to study mRNA decay: comparison of endpoint and real-time methods. Analytical Biochemistry, 2000 (285): 194-204.
118 Schwender J, Goffman F, Ohlrogge JB, Shachar-Hill Y. Rubisco without the Calvin cycle improves the carbon efficiency of developing green seeds. Nature,2004 (432): 779-782.
119 Stitt M, Quick WP, Schurr U, Schulze ED, Rodermel SR et al. Decreased ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase in thransgenic tobacco transformed with‘antisense’rbcS. II. Flux-control coefficients for photosynthesis in varying light, CO2 and air humidity. Planta, 1991 (183): 555-566.
120 Teasdale B, West A, Taylor H, Klein A. A simple restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay to discriminate common Porphyra (Bangiophyceae, Rhodophyta) taxa from the Northwest Atlantic. J Appl Phycol, 2002 (14): 293-298.
121 Thomas DJ, Avenson TJ, Thomas JB, Herbert SK. A cyanobacterium lacking iron superoxide dismutase is sensitized to oxidative stress induced with methl viologen but is not sensitized to oxidative stress induced with norflurazon. Plant Physiol, 1998 (116): 1593-1620.
122 Twell D. The diversity and regulation of gene expression in the pathway of male gametophyte development. Molecular and Cellular Aspects of Plant Reproduction, ed. Scott RJ and Stead AD. 1994.83-135.
123 Valentin K, Zetsche K. Structure of the Rubisco operon from the unicellular red alga Cyanidium caldarium: Evidence for a polyphyletic origin of the plastids. Mol Gen Genet, 1990 (222): 425-430.
124 Wang WG. Experimental handbook of plant physiology. Shanghai scientific & Technical Publishers. 1985.125-128.
125 Wang WJ, Wang GC, Gao ZQ, Lin XZ, Xu P. Characterization of Gracilaria lemaneiformis Bory (Gracilariaceae, Rhodophyta) cultivars in China using the total soluble proteins and RAPD analysis. Botanica Marina, 2007 (50): 177-184.
126 Wanner LA, Gruissem W. Expression dynamics of the tomato rbcS gene family during development. Plant Cell, 1991 (3): 1289-1303.
127 Warner DA, Edwards GE. Effects of Polyploidy on Photosynthetic Rates,Photosynthetic Enzymes, Contents of DNA, Chlorophyll, and Sizes and Numbers of Photosynthetic Cells in the C4 Dicot Atriplex confertifolia. Plant Physiol, 1989 (91): 1143-1151.
128 Willing RP, Mascarenhas JP. Analysis of the complexity and diversity of mRNA from pollen and shoots of Tradescantia. Plant Physiol, 1984 (75):865-868.
129 Willing RP, Bashe D, Mascarenhas JP. An analysis of the quantity and diversity of messenger RNAs from pollen and shoots of Zea mays. Theor Appl Genet, 1988 (75):751-753.
130 Xu ZM, Yao NY, Li JZ. Studies on the activity of PEPck in L. japonica. Mar Sci, 1991 (2): 41-45.
131 Yin JL, Shackel NA, Zekry A, McGuinness PH, Richards C et al. Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for measurement of cytokine and growth factor mRNA expression with fluorogenic probes or SYBR Green I. Immunology and Cell Biology, 2001 (79): 213-221.
132 Yoshida T. The history and future prospects of systematics of Bangiaceae, Rhodophyta. Nat Hist Res, Special Issue, 1997 (3): 1-4.
133 Yukihiro K, Erika A, Satoru F, Maiko N, Shuuji O et al. Identification of genes preferentially expressed during asexual sporulation in Porphyra yezoensis gametophytes (Bangiales, Rhodophyta). J phycol, 2008 (44):113-123.
134 Zhang BY, Yang F, Wang GC, Peng G. Cloning and quantitative analysis of the carbonic anhydrase gene from Porphyra yezoensis. J Phycol, 2009 (45): 290-296.
135 Zhang G, Wang W, Zou Q. Molecular biology of RuBisCO activase. Plant Physiol Commun, 2004 (40): 633-637.
136 Zhao LY, Mi TZ, Zhen Y, Li MY, He SY et al. Cloning of proliferating cell nuclear antigen gene from the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum donghaiense and monitoring its expression profiles by real-time RT-PCR. Hydrobioligia, 2009 (627): 19-30.
2.陈恩成,彭超英,张兴如.红毛菜多糖的分离、纯化及纯度鉴定.广州食品工业科技,2004(20):30-32.
3陈为钧,赵贵文,顾月华. Rubisco研究进展.生物化学与生物物理进展,1999 (26):433-436.
4范晓,韩丽君,郑乃余.我国常见食用海藻的营养成分分析.中国海洋药物杂志,1993(12):32-38.
5范晓蕾.紫菜壳孢子萌发过程及其世代差异研究.博士学位论文.中国科学院研究生院(海洋研究所),2007:85-89.
6黄文凤,黄建明,董飞强,陈启发.红毛菜的营养成分特征和价值.海洋水产研究,1998(19):57-61.
7刘必谦,曾庆国,骆其君,周湘池.微卫星标记在坛紫菜丝状体品系DNA指纹构建中的应用.水产学报,2005(29):323-326.
8汤晓荣,姜红霞.紫菜属生活史和繁殖方式多样性的研究进展.中国海洋大学学报,2005(35):571-574.
9汪文俊,王广策,张宝玉,蒋本禹,曾呈奎.海带栽培品系和长海带ITS区的PCR扩增及序列分析.高技术通讯,2005(15):95-101.
10汪文俊,王广策,许璞,朱建一,林祥志等.红毛菜生物学研究进展I.生活史和有性生殖研究.海洋科学,2008(32):93-97.
11王飞久,刘涛,段德麟,陈四清,张岩等.海带种质特征.海洋水产研究, 2004(25):48-51.
12王镜岩,朱圣庚,徐长法.生物化学(下册).第三版.北京:高等教育出版社,2002:211-212.
13谢恩义,纪焕红,柳波,申宗岩,马家海.红毛菜种间遗传差异的RAPD分析.中国水产科学,2003(10):282-285.
14杨锐,刘必谦,骆其君,王亚军,包佳美.利用AFLP技术研究条斑紫菜的遗传变异.海洋学报,2005(27):159-162.
15姚正菊,叶济宇,米华玲.高温胁迫对烟草叶绿体NADPH脱氢酶复合体活性的促进.植物生理与分子生物学学报,2003(29):395-400.
16曾成奎,吴超元.海带养殖学.第一版.北京:科学出版社,1962:14-15.
17张学成,许璞,秦松等.海藻遗传学.第一版.北京:中国农业出版社,2005.
18郑柏林,王筱庆.海藻学.第一版.北京:农业出版社,1961:187.
19钟恒.关于紫菜生活史的讨论.植物学通报,1996(13):62-64.
20周利亘,王春辉,王君虹,陈新峰.紫菜多糖的分离纯化及生物学功能研究进展.粮油食品科技,2006(14):67-69.
21 Aczon-Bieto J. Inhibition of photosynthesis bycarbohydrates in wheat leaves. Plant Physiol, 1983 (73): 681-686.
22 Andersson I, Knight S, Schneider G, Lindqvist Y, Lundqvist T et al.Crystal structure of the active site of ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase. Nature, 1989 (337): 229-234.
23 Andersson I. Large structure at high resolution: the 1.6 A crystal structure of spinach ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase complexed with
2-carboxyarabinitol bisphosphate. J Mol Biol, 1996 (259): 160-174.
24 Asamizu E, Nakajima M, Kitade Y, Saga N, Nakamura Y et al. Comparison of RNA expression profiles between the two generations of Porphyra yezoensis (Rhodophyta), based on expressed sequence tag frequency analysis. J. Phycol , 2003 (39): 923-930.
25 Bagnall DJ, King KW, Farquhar GD. Temperature dependent feedback inhibition of photosynthesis in peanut. Planta, 1989 (175): 348-354.
26 Beer S, Sand-Jensen K, Vindbaek MT, Nielsen SL. The carboxylase activity of RuBisCO and the photosynthetic performance in aquatic plants. Oecologia, 1991 (87): 429-434.
27 Bhaskaran S, Smith RH, Finer JJ. Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase Activity inAnther-Derived Plants of Saintpaulia ionantha Wendl. Shag. Plant Physiol, 1983 (73): 639-642.
28 Bhaskaran S, Burdick PJ, Smith RH. Crystallization of Ribulose, 1,
5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase of High Specific Activity from Anther-Derived Haploid Plants of Nicotiana tabacum .J. Exp. Bot, 1987 (38): 270-276.
29 Bhattacharya D, Yoon HS, Hackett JD. Photosynthetic eukaryotes unite: endosymbiosis connects the dots. BioEssays, 2004 (26): 50-60.
30 Bischof K, Kr?bs G, Wiencke C, Hanelt D. Solar ultraviolet radiation affects the activity of ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenaseand the composition of photosynthetic and xanthophyll cycle pigments in the intertidal green alga Ulva lactuca L. Planta, 2002 (215): 502-509.
31 Blechschimdt SS, Ferrar P, Osmond CB. Control of photosynthesis by the carbohydrate level in leaves of the C4 plant Amaranthus edulis L. Planta, 1989 (177): 515-517.
32 Boyle DG, Boyle DB, Olsen V, Morgan JAT, Hyatt AD. Rapid quantitative detection of chytridiomycosis (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) in amphibian samples using real-time TaqMan PCR assay. Dis Aquat Org, 2004 (60): 141-148.
33 Bradford MM. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing of protein dye dinding. Anal Biochem, 1976 (72): 248-254.
34 Brodie J, Hayes PK, Barker GL, Irvine LM. Molecular and morphological characters distinguishing two Porphyra species (Rhodophyta: Bangiophycidae). Eur J Phycol, 1996 (31): 303-308.
35 Brodie J, Hayes PK, Barker GL, Irvine LM, Bartsch I. A reappraisal of Porphyra and Bangia (Bangiophycidae, Rhodophyta) in the Northeast Atlantic based on the rbcL-rbcS intergenic spacer. J Phycol, 1998 (34): 1069-1074.
36 Bustin SA. Absolute quantification of mRNA using real-time reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction assays. Journal of Molecular Endocrinology, 2000 (25): 169-193.
37 Carlson PS. Locating genetic loci with aneuploids. Mol Gen Genet, 1972 (114): 273-280.
38 Catharina CL, Olle B. Fluorescence quenching in four unicellular algae with different light-harvesting and xanthophyll-cycle pigments. Photosynthesis Research, 1998 (56): 277-289.
39 Christine AR. The Calvin cycle revisited. Photosynthesis Research, 2003 (75): 1-10.
40 Ciferri O, Sora S, Tiboni O. Effect of gene dosage on tryptophansynthetase activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics, 1969 (61): 567-576.
41 Cole K, Conway E. Studies in the Bangiaceae: reproductive modes. Bot Mar, 1980 (23): 545-553.
42 Coyer JA, Ohen JL, Stam WT. Genetic variability and spatial separation in the sea palm kelp Postelsia palmaeformis (Phaeophyceae) as assessed with M13 fingerprint and RAPDs. J Phycol, 1997 (33): 561-568.
43 Cozzolino S, Caputo P, Castro OD, Moretti A, Pinto G. Molecular variation in Galdieria Sulphuraria (Galdieri) Merola and its bearing on taxonomy. Hydrobiologia, 2000 (433): 145-151.
44 Dean C, Leech RM. Genome expression during normal leaf development. 2. Direct correlation between ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase content and nuclear ploidy in a polyploid series of wheat. Plant Physiol, 1982 (70): 1605-1608.
45 Demaggio AE, Lambrukos J. Polyploidy and gene dosage effects on peroxidase activity in ferns. Biochem. Genet, 1974 (12): 429-440.
46 Deprez RHL, Fijnvandraat AC, Ruijter JM, Moorman AFM. Sensitivity and accuracy of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction using SYBR green I depends on cDNA synthesis conditions. Analytical Biochemistry, 2002 (307):63-69.
47 Desjardin LE, Chen Y, Perkins MD, Teixeira L, Cave MD et al. Comparison of the ABI 7700 system (TaqMan) and competitive PCR for quantification of IS6110 DNA in sputum during treatment of tuberculosis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 1998 (36): 1964-1968.
48 Donaldson SL, Chopin T, Saunders GW. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) as a source of genetic markers for red algae. Journal of Applied Phycology, 1998 (10): 365-370.
49 Dudgeon SR, Davison IR, Vadas RL. Effect of freezing on photosynthesis of intertidal macroalgae: relative tolerance of Chondrus crispus and Mastocarpus stellatus (Rhodophyta). Mar Biol, 1989 (101): 107-114.
50 Dutcher JA, Kapraun DF. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) identification of genetic variation in the three species of Porphyra (Bangialies, Rhodophyta). J Appl Phycol, 1994 (6): 267-273.
51 Fan XL, Fang YJ, Hu SN, Wang GC. Generation and analysis of 5318 express sequence tags (ESTs) from filamentous sporophyte of Porphyra haitanensis (Rhodophyte). J. Phycol, 2007 (43): 1287-1294.
52 Fichtner K, Qucik WP, Schulze ED, Mooney HA, Rodermel SR et al. Decreased ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase in transgenic tobacco transformed with’antisense’rbcS. V. Relationship between photosynthetic rate, storage strategy, biomass allocation and vegetative plant growth at three different nitrogen supplies. Planta, 1993 (190): 1-9.
53 Fridlyand LE, Backhausen JE, Scheibe R. Homeostatic regulation upon changes of enzyme activities in the Calvin cycles as an example for general mechanisms of flux control. What can we expect from transgenic plants? Photosynth. Res., 1999 (61): 227-239.
54 Ga YC, Hwan SY, Han GC, Kazuhiro K, Sung MB. Phylogeny of family Sctyosiphonaceae (Phaeophyta) from Korea based on sequences ofplastid-encoded Rubisco spacer region. Algae, 2001 (16): 145-150.
55 Galgani F, Vincent F, Minier C. Direct polymerase chain reaction from live algae. J Mar Biotechnol, 1994 (2): 1-5.
56 Galgani F, Piel N, Vincent F. A simple procedure for polymerase chain reaction of the psbA gene in algae: Application to the screening of mutations conferring atrazine resistance and discrimination of natural populations of Porphyra linearis. Comp Biochem Physiol B, 1999 (124): 363-369.
57 Geiger DR. Effects of translocation and assimilate demand on photosynthesis. Can J Bot, 1976 (54): 2337-2345.
58 Guern M, Gherve L. Polyploidy and aspartate transcarbamylase activity in Hippocrepis comosa. Planta, 1980 (149): 27-33.
59 Haake V, Zrenner R, Sonnewald U, Stitt M. Amoderate decrease of plastid aldolase activity inhibits photosynthesis alters the levels of sugars ans starch and inhibits growth ot potato plants. Plant J, 1998 (14): 147-157.
60 Harrison EP, Willingham NM, Lloyd JC, Raines CA. Reduced sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase levels in transgenic tobacco lead to decreased photosynthetic capacity and altered carbohydrate accumulation. Planta, 1998 (204): 27-36.
61 He P, Yarish C. The developmental regulation of mass cultures of free-living conchocelis for commercial net seeding of Porphyra leucosticte from Northeast America. Aquaculture, 2006 (257): 373-381.
62 He PM, Wu QL, Wu WN, Lu W, Zhang DB et al. Pyrenoid ultrastructure and molecular localization of RuBisCO and RuBisCO activase in Enteromorpha clathrata. J fish China, 2004 (28): 255-260.
63 Henkes S, Sonnewald U, Flachmann R, Badur R, Stitt M. A small decrease of plastid transketolase activity in antisense tobacco transformants has dramatic effects on photosynthesis and phenylpropanoid metabolism. Plant Cell, 2001 (13): 535-551.
64 Herold A. Regulation of photosynthesis by sink activity-the missing link. New Phytol, 1980 (86): 131-144.
65 Jeffrey SW, Humphrey GF. New spectrophotometric equations for determining chlorophylls a, b, c1 and c2 in higher plants, algae and natural phytoplankton. Biochem. Physiol Pflanzen, 1975 (167): 191-194.
66 Jimenez del RM, Ramazanov Z, Garcia RG. Effect of nitorgen supply on photosynthesis and carbonic anhydrase activity in green seaweed Ulva rigida (Chlorophyta). Marine Biology, 1995 (123): 687-691.
67 Kanevski I, Maliga P, Rhoades DF, Gutteridge S. Plastome engineering of ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase in tobacco to form a sunflower large subunit and tobacco small subunit hybrid. Plant Physiology, 1999 (119): 133-141.
68 Krapp A, Quick WP, Stitt M. Ribulose-1, 5- bisphosphate carboxylase, other Calvin-cycle enzymes, and chlorophyll decrease when glucose is supplied to mature spinach leaves via the transpiration stream. Planta, 1991 (186): 58-69.
69 Kunimoto M, Kito H, Yamamoto Y, Cheney DP, Kaminishii Y et al. Discrimination of Porphyra species based on small subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequence. J Appl Phycol, 1999 (11): 203-209.
70 Kossmann J, Sonnewald U, Willmitzer L. Reduction of the chloroplastic fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase in transgenic potato plants impairs photosynthesis and plant growth. Plant J, 1994 (6): 637-650.
71 Laemmli UK. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature, 1970 (227): 680-685.
72 Lanciotti RS, Kerst AJ, Nasci RS, Godsey MS, Mitchell CJ et al. Rapid detection of west nile virus from human clinical specimens, field-collected mosquitoes, and avian samples by a TaqMan reverse transcriptase-PCR assay. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2000 (38): 4066-4071.
73 Leech RM, Leese BM, Jellings AJ. Variation in cellular ribulose-l,5-bisphosphate carboxylase content in leaves of Triticum genotypes at three levels of ploidy. Planta, 1985 (166): 259-263.
74 Leone G, Schijndel H, Gemen B, Kramer FR, Schoen CD. Molecular beacon probes combined with amplification by NASBA enable homogeneous, real-time detection of RNA. Nucleic Acids Research, 1998 (26): 2150-2155.
75 Lin AP, Wang GC, Yang F, Pan GH. Photosynthetic parameters of sexually different parts of Porphyra katadai var. hemiphylla (Bangiales, Rhodophyta) during dehydration and re-hyrdation. Planta, 2009 (229): 803-810.
76 Liu SH, Zhang PY, Cong BL, Liu CL, Lin XZ et al. Molecular cloning and expression analysis of a cytosolic Hsp70 gene from Antarctic ice algae Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L. Extremophiles, 2010 (14): 329-337.
77 Maayan I, Shaya F, Ratne K, Mani Y, Lavee S et al. Photosynthetic activity during olive (Olea europaea) leaf development correlates with plastid biogenesis and Rubisco levels. Physiol Plantrum, 2008 (134): 547-558.
78 Mahiko A, Masahiro K, Motoya T, Eiji F, Norio K. Rapid discrimination of Porphyra tenera Kjellman var. tamatsuensis Miura by PCR-RFLP. J Appl Phycol 2010 (22): 405-408.
79 Makino A, Nakano H, Mae T. Responses of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase, cytochrome f, and sucrose synthesis enzymes in rice leaves to leaf nitrogen and their relationships to photosynthesis. Plant Physiol, 1994 (105): 173-179.
80 Makino A, Shimada T, Takumi S, Kaneko K, Matsuoka M et al. Dose decrease in ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase by antisense RbcS lead to a higher N-use efficiency of photosynthesis under conditions of saturating CO2 and light in rice plants? Plant Physiol, 1997 (114): 483-491.
81 Malcolm MJ, Nguyen NY, Liu TY. Reproducible high yield sequencing of proteins electrophoretically separated and transferred to an inert support. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1988 (263): 6005-6008.
82 Martin W, Schnarrenberger C. The evolution of the Calvin cycle from prokaryotic to eukaryotic chromosomes: a case study of functional redundancy in ancient pathways through endosymbiosis. Curr Genet, 1997 (32): 1-18.
83 Mascarenhas JP. The male gametophyte of flowering plants. The Plant Cell, 1989 (1):657-664.
84 Masayoshi M, Kenichi O. New insight into the Calvin cycle regulation- glutathionylation of fructose bisphosphate aldolase in response to illumination. Energy from the sun: 14th International Congress on Photosynthesis. 2008. 871-874.
85 Medhurst AD, Harrison DC, Read SJ, Campbell CA, Robbins MJ et al. The use of TaqMan RT-PCR assays for semiquantitative analysis of gene expression in CNS tissues and disease models. Journal of Neurosicence Methods, 2000 (98): 9-20.
86 Meyers SP, Nichols SL, Giani RB, Molin WT, Schrader LE. Ploidy effects in isogenic populations of Alfalfa. 1. Ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase, soluble protein, chlorophyll and DNA of leaves. Plant Physiol, 1982 (70): 1704-1709.
87 Miao YG, Li LR. Molecular hybridization of RuBisCO subunits between rice and tobacoo. Acta Phytophysiol Sin, 1996 (22): 40-44.
88 Miller A, Schlagenhaufer C, Spalding M, Rodermel SR. Carbohydrate regulation of leaf development: prolongation of leaf senscence in Rubisco antisense mutants of tobacco. Photosynth. Res, 2000 (63): 1-8.
89 Miyata M, Kikuchi N. Taxonomic study of Bangia and Porphyra (Bangiaceae, Rhodophyta) from Boso Peninsula, Japan*. Nat Hist Res, Special Issue, 1997 (3): 19-46.
90 Morabito M, Genovese G, Gargiulo GM. A simple and rapid technique to PCR amplify plastid genes from spores of Porphyra C. Agardh (Bangiales, Rhodophyta). J Appl Phycol, 2005 (17): 35-38.
91 Muschak M, Hoffmann-Benning S, Fuss H, Kossmann J, Willmitzer L et al. Gas exchange and ultrastructural analysis of transgenic potato plants expressing mRNA antisense construct targented to the cp-fructose-1,6-bisphosphate phosphatase. Photosynthetica, 1997 (33): 455-465.
92 Nafziger ED, Koller HR. Influence of leaf starch concentration on CO2 assimilation in soybean. Plant Physiol, 1976 (57): 560-563.
93 Neales TD, Incoll LD. The control of leaf photosynthesis rate by the level of assimilate concentration in the leaf: a review of the hypothesis. Bot Rev, 1968 (34): 107-125.
94 Ning S, Ligeng M, Deyun P, Hongyu Z, Xing WD. Evaluation of light regulatory potential of Calvin cycle steps based on large-scale gene expression profiling data. Plant Molecular Biology, 2003 (53): 467-478.
95 Niwa K, Kikuchi N, Aruga Y. Morphological and molecular analysis of the endangered species Porphyra tenera (Bangiales, Rhodophyta). J Phycol, 2005a (41): 294-304.
96 Niwa K, Kobiyama A, Aruga Y. Confirmation of cultivated Porphyra tenera (Bangiales, Rhodophyta) by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses of the plastid and nuclear DNA. Phycol Res, 2005b (53): 296-302.
97 Niwa K, Iida S, Kato A, Kawai H, Kikuchi N et al. Genetic diversity and introgression in two cultivated species (Porphyra yezoensis and Porphyra tenera) and closely related wild species of Phrphyra (Bangiales, Rhodophyta). J. Phycol, 2009 (45): 493-502.
98 Noble RT, Fuhrman JA. Use of SYBR Green I for rapid epifluorescence counts of marine viruses and bacteria. Aquat Microb Ecol, 1998 (14): 113-118.
99 Park EJ, Endo H, Kitade Y, Saga N. Simple differentiation of two closely related species Porphyra tenera and Porphyra yezoensis (Bangiophyceae, Rhodophyra) based on length polymorphism of actin-related protein 4 gene (ARP4). FisheriesScience, 2008 (74): 613-620.
100 Patel M, Berry JO. Rubisco gene expression in C4 plants. J Exp Bot, 2008 (59): 1625-1634.
101 Paul MJ, Knight JS, Habash D, Parry MAJ, Lawlor DW, Barnes AA et al. Reduction in phosphoribulokinase activity by antisense RNA in transgenic tobacco: effect on CO2 assimilation and growth in low irradiance. Plant J, 1995 (7): 535-542.
102 Perez-Torres E, Bascunan L, Sierra A, Bravo LA, Corcuera LJ. Robustness of activity of Calvin cycle enzymes after high light and low temperature conditions in Antarctic vascular plants. Polar Biol, 2006 (29): 909-916.
103 Pettersson G, Ryde-Pettersson U. Amathematical model of the Calvin photosynthesis cycle. Eur. J. Biochem, 1988 (175): 661-672.
104 Plaut Z, Mayoral ML, Reinhold L. Effect of altered sink source ratio on photosynthetic metabolism of source leaves. Plant Physiol, 1987 (85): 786-791.
105 Ponchel F, Toomes C, Bransfield K, Leong FT, Douglas SH et al. Real-time PCR based on SYBR-Green I fluorescence: An alternative to the TaqMan assay for a relative quantification of gene rearrangements, gene amplifications and micro gene deletions. BMC Biotechnology, 2003 (3): 18-31.
106 Poolman M, Fell D, Thomas S. Modeling photosynthesis and its control. J. Exp. Bot, 2000 (51): 319-328.
107 Portis AR Jr, Salvucci ME, Ogren WL. Activation of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase at physiological CO2 and ribulose bisphosphate concentrations by Rubisco activase. Plant Physiol, 1986 (82): 967-971.
108 Price GD, Evans JR, Von CS, Yu JW, Badger MR. Specific reduction of chloroplast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity by antisense RNA reduces CO2 assimilation via a reduction in ribulose bisphosphate regeneration in transgenic tobacco plants. Planta, 1995 (195): 369-378.
109 Quick WP, Schurr U, Scheibe R, Schulze ED, Rodermel SR et al. Decreasedribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase in transgenic tobacco transformed with’antisense’rbcS. I. Impact on photosynthesis in ambient growth conditions. Planta, 1991 (183): 542-554.
110 Ralph PJ, Macinnis-Ng CMO, Frankart C. Fluorescence imaging application: effect of leaf age on seagrass photokinetics. Aquatic Botany, 2005 (81): 69-84.
111 Reiskind JB, Bowes G. The role of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in a marine macroalga with C4-like photosynthetic characteristics. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , 1991 (88): 2883-2887.
112 Reynolds MP, van Ginkel M, Ribaut JM. Avenues for genetic modification of radiation use efficiency in wheat. Journal of Experimental Botany, 2000 (51): 459-473.
113 Rodermel S. Subunit control of RuBisCO biosynthesis-a relic of an endosymbiotic past. Photosvn Res, 1999 (59): 105-123.
114 Sasek TW, Delucia EH, Strain BR. Reversibility of photosynthetic inhibition in otton after long-term exposure to elevated CO2 concentrations. Plant Physiol, 1985 (78): 619-622.
115 Satoko I, Atsuko M, Seishiro A, Motomi I, Yasuro K et al. Molecular adaptation of rbcL in the heterophyllous aquatic plant Potamogeton. PlosOne, 2009 (4): 1-7.
116 Sawada S, Hasegawa Y, Kasai M, Sasaki M. Photosynthetic electron transport and carbon metabolism during altered sink/source balance in single rooted soybean leaves. Plant Cell Physiol, 1989 (30): 691-698.
117 Schmittgen TD, Zakrajsek BA, Mills AG, Corn V, Singer MJ et al. Quantitative reverse transcription-ploymerase chain reaction to study mRNA decay: comparison of endpoint and real-time methods. Analytical Biochemistry, 2000 (285): 194-204.
118 Schwender J, Goffman F, Ohlrogge JB, Shachar-Hill Y. Rubisco without the Calvin cycle improves the carbon efficiency of developing green seeds. Nature,2004 (432): 779-782.
119 Stitt M, Quick WP, Schurr U, Schulze ED, Rodermel SR et al. Decreased ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase in thransgenic tobacco transformed with‘antisense’rbcS. II. Flux-control coefficients for photosynthesis in varying light, CO2 and air humidity. Planta, 1991 (183): 555-566.
120 Teasdale B, West A, Taylor H, Klein A. A simple restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay to discriminate common Porphyra (Bangiophyceae, Rhodophyta) taxa from the Northwest Atlantic. J Appl Phycol, 2002 (14): 293-298.
121 Thomas DJ, Avenson TJ, Thomas JB, Herbert SK. A cyanobacterium lacking iron superoxide dismutase is sensitized to oxidative stress induced with methl viologen but is not sensitized to oxidative stress induced with norflurazon. Plant Physiol, 1998 (116): 1593-1620.
122 Twell D. The diversity and regulation of gene expression in the pathway of male gametophyte development. Molecular and Cellular Aspects of Plant Reproduction, ed. Scott RJ and Stead AD. 1994.83-135.
123 Valentin K, Zetsche K. Structure of the Rubisco operon from the unicellular red alga Cyanidium caldarium: Evidence for a polyphyletic origin of the plastids. Mol Gen Genet, 1990 (222): 425-430.
124 Wang WG. Experimental handbook of plant physiology. Shanghai scientific & Technical Publishers. 1985.125-128.
125 Wang WJ, Wang GC, Gao ZQ, Lin XZ, Xu P. Characterization of Gracilaria lemaneiformis Bory (Gracilariaceae, Rhodophyta) cultivars in China using the total soluble proteins and RAPD analysis. Botanica Marina, 2007 (50): 177-184.
126 Wanner LA, Gruissem W. Expression dynamics of the tomato rbcS gene family during development. Plant Cell, 1991 (3): 1289-1303.
127 Warner DA, Edwards GE. Effects of Polyploidy on Photosynthetic Rates,Photosynthetic Enzymes, Contents of DNA, Chlorophyll, and Sizes and Numbers of Photosynthetic Cells in the C4 Dicot Atriplex confertifolia. Plant Physiol, 1989 (91): 1143-1151.
128 Willing RP, Mascarenhas JP. Analysis of the complexity and diversity of mRNA from pollen and shoots of Tradescantia. Plant Physiol, 1984 (75):865-868.
129 Willing RP, Bashe D, Mascarenhas JP. An analysis of the quantity and diversity of messenger RNAs from pollen and shoots of Zea mays. Theor Appl Genet, 1988 (75):751-753.
130 Xu ZM, Yao NY, Li JZ. Studies on the activity of PEPck in L. japonica. Mar Sci, 1991 (2): 41-45.
131 Yin JL, Shackel NA, Zekry A, McGuinness PH, Richards C et al. Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for measurement of cytokine and growth factor mRNA expression with fluorogenic probes or SYBR Green I. Immunology and Cell Biology, 2001 (79): 213-221.
132 Yoshida T. The history and future prospects of systematics of Bangiaceae, Rhodophyta. Nat Hist Res, Special Issue, 1997 (3): 1-4.
133 Yukihiro K, Erika A, Satoru F, Maiko N, Shuuji O et al. Identification of genes preferentially expressed during asexual sporulation in Porphyra yezoensis gametophytes (Bangiales, Rhodophyta). J phycol, 2008 (44):113-123.
134 Zhang BY, Yang F, Wang GC, Peng G. Cloning and quantitative analysis of the carbonic anhydrase gene from Porphyra yezoensis. J Phycol, 2009 (45): 290-296.
135 Zhang G, Wang W, Zou Q. Molecular biology of RuBisCO activase. Plant Physiol Commun, 2004 (40): 633-637.
136 Zhao LY, Mi TZ, Zhen Y, Li MY, He SY et al. Cloning of proliferating cell nuclear antigen gene from the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum donghaiense and monitoring its expression profiles by real-time RT-PCR. Hydrobioligia, 2009 (627): 19-30.