海带遗传转化模型的优化及目的基因的导入
|
摘要
海带遗传转化模型是以基因枪转化海带雌配子体，转化后诱导生成孤雌生殖孢子体。本文以lacZ报告基因染色结果显示，原有孤雌生殖途径只能实现外源基因的低效率与嵌合式表达。发展了雌（或雄）配子体转化后受精发育生成二倍体孢子体的新途径，均可实现lacZ报告基因的稳定表达。其中，雌配子体途径（转化后与正常雄配子体受精）的结果与孤雌生殖途径相仿，而雄配子体途径（转化后与正常雌配子体完成受精）可大幅提高转化效率与表达效率，有3.5%的植株实现均一性表达，提示外源基因的整合发生在单细胞阶段。
沿用原有孤雌生殖途径，转化人乙肝病毒表面抗原（HBsAg）基因，在孤雌生殖孢子体中检测到HBsAg的整合与表达。定量ELISA显示表达水平为0.125-2.497 μg/（mg可溶性蛋白），平均为0.587 μg/（mg可溶性蛋白），即2.25克鲜海带的抗原表达量等同于静脉注射免疫所需15 μg抗原。继而利用雄配子体途径也实现了HBsAg在海带二倍体孢子体中的稳定表达，提示利用海带表达口服乙肝疫苗具有一定可行性。
本文结果为大型海藻遗传转化提供了一条可能的新途径，即转化孢子后利用自然的发育过程生成转基因植株；实现了大型海藻中第一个目的基因的导入与表达。
The original transformation model for the seaweed Laminaria japonica (Phaeophyceae) employed female gametophytes as micro-particle bombardment targets and parthenogenesis as a route to produce transgenic parthenosporophytes. By using the original model, in situ detection for lacZ expression was carried out in this thesis and resulted in low transformation efficiency and chimeric expression pattern. New approaches were developed in this study by transforming female and/or male gametophytes followed by inbreeding process. LacZ expression was detected in zygotic sporophytes generated by both female- or male-targeted transformation. The former showed similar results to parthenogenesis pathway, while the latter led to higher transformation and expression efficiency and 3.5% zygotic sporophytes were stained all-blue, implying the integration of lacZ at one-cell stage.
A vaccine gene encoding hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was bombarded into female gametophytes and transgenic parthenosporophytes were obtained. Results of quantitative ELISA showed that HBsAg in transgenic kelp was 0.529 μg/mg soluble proteins on average and the highest value was 2.497 μg/mg, implying that recombinant HBsAg in 2.25 g fresh weight of transgenic kelp corresponded to 15 μg vaccine required in vein injection for one adult. Furthermore, HBsAg gene expression was obtained in zygotic sporophytes by using male gametophytes-targeted bombardment.
This research provided a potential method for seaweed transformation using spore-mediated bombardment followed by normal development process, also reported for the first time the introduction and expression of a target gene in transgenic seaweed.
沿用原有孤雌生殖途径，转化人乙肝病毒表面抗原（HBsAg）基因，在孤雌生殖孢子体中检测到HBsAg的整合与表达。定量ELISA显示表达水平为0.125-2.497 μg/（mg可溶性蛋白），平均为0.587 μg/（mg可溶性蛋白），即2.25克鲜海带的抗原表达量等同于静脉注射免疫所需15 μg抗原。继而利用雄配子体途径也实现了HBsAg在海带二倍体孢子体中的稳定表达，提示利用海带表达口服乙肝疫苗具有一定可行性。
本文结果为大型海藻遗传转化提供了一条可能的新途径，即转化孢子后利用自然的发育过程生成转基因植株；实现了大型海藻中第一个目的基因的导入与表达。
The original transformation model for the seaweed Laminaria japonica (Phaeophyceae) employed female gametophytes as micro-particle bombardment targets and parthenogenesis as a route to produce transgenic parthenosporophytes. By using the original model, in situ detection for lacZ expression was carried out in this thesis and resulted in low transformation efficiency and chimeric expression pattern. New approaches were developed in this study by transforming female and/or male gametophytes followed by inbreeding process. LacZ expression was detected in zygotic sporophytes generated by both female- or male-targeted transformation. The former showed similar results to parthenogenesis pathway, while the latter led to higher transformation and expression efficiency and 3.5% zygotic sporophytes were stained all-blue, implying the integration of lacZ at one-cell stage.
A vaccine gene encoding hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was bombarded into female gametophytes and transgenic parthenosporophytes were obtained. Results of quantitative ELISA showed that HBsAg in transgenic kelp was 0.529 μg/mg soluble proteins on average and the highest value was 2.497 μg/mg, implying that recombinant HBsAg in 2.25 g fresh weight of transgenic kelp corresponded to 15 μg vaccine required in vein injection for one adult. Furthermore, HBsAg gene expression was obtained in zygotic sporophytes by using male gametophytes-targeted bombardment.
This research provided a potential method for seaweed transformation using spore-mediated bombardment followed by normal development process, also reported for the first time the introduction and expression of a target gene in transgenic seaweed.
引文
1． 白逢伟, 秦松, 李永祺. 海带丝状雌配子体孤雌生殖的初步研究. 海洋科学, 1998. 6: 32-34.
2． 曹军平, 费志清, 刘必谦等. 金藻基因工程选择标记的研究. 海洋科学, 2001. 25: 6-8.
3． 陈兰英, 方福德. 转基因研究的现状. 生命的化学, 1996. 16: 7-9.
4． 陈曦, 沈桂芳. 衣藻叶绿体遗传转化的研究. 生物技术通报, 1998. 6: 7-13.
5． 陈章良, 潘乃穟. 植物基因工程的现状、前景及问题. 生物工程进展, 1989. 9: 20-29.
6． 陈颖, 李文彬, 张利明等. 小球藻对5种常用基因工程抗生素的敏感性研究. 海洋与湖沼, 1999. 30: 500-505.
7． 戴激, 高华方, 张大伟等. 人表皮生长因子基因穿梭表达载体的构建和在蓝藻中的表达. 中国藻类学会第五届会员大会暨第十次学术讨论会论文摘要集, 1999. pp.18.
8． 戴继勋, 崔竞进, 欧毓麟等. 海带孤雌生殖和染色体自然加倍的研究. 海洋学报, 1992. 14: 105-107.
9． 戴继勋, 方宗熙. 海带孤雌生殖的初步观察. 遗传学报, 1976. 3: 32-38.
10． 董云洲. 超声波对烟草花粉的生物学效应及其诱导外源基因向烟草花粉的转移. 应用基础与工程科学学报, 1999. 7: 393-398.
11． 董云洲, 段胜军, 赵连元等. 用基因枪转化花粉获得转基因谷子和玉米. 中国农业科学, 1999. 32: 9-13.
12． 董云洲, 贾士荣. 基因枪在植物遗传转化上的应用. 生物工程进展, 1993. 14: 15-18.
13． 董志峰, 李新萍, 秦松, 曾呈奎. 基因工程与海洋药物研究. 海洋科学, 1998. 1: 16-20.
14． 范国昌, 苏宁, 张中林等. 同源重组置换衣藻叶绿体chlL基因及其同质化鉴定. 中国生物化学与分子生物学报, 2000. 16: 72-76.
15． 范国昌, 苏宁, 张中林等. 衣藻叶绿体表达体系的建立. 科学通报, 1999. 44: 1301-1306.
16． 范国昌, 张中林, 钱凯先等. 外源基因在叶绿体中表达的研究. 生物化学与生物物理进展, 1998. 25: 293-295.
17． 方宗熙, 戴继勋, 崔竞进等. 海带雌性孢子体的首次记录. 科学通报, 1978. 23: 43-44.
18． 方宗熙, 欧毓麟, 崔竞进等. 海带配子体无性生殖系培育成功. 科学通报, 1978. 23: 115-116.
19． 方宗熙, 阎祚美, 王宗诚. 海带和裙带菜组织培养的初步观察. 科学通报, 1982. 27: 690-691.
20． 费修绠, 鲍鹰, 卢山. 海藻栽培——传统方式及其改造途径. 海洋与湖沼, 2000, 31: 575-580.
21． 耿德贵, 王义琴, 李文彬等. 杜氏盐藻基因工程选择标记的研究. 生物技术, 2001. 11: 1-3.
22． 耿德贵, 王义琴, 李文彬等. GUS基因在杜氏盐藻细胞中的瞬间表达. 高技术通讯, 2002. 2: 35-39.
23． 郭宝太, 毕玉平, 单雷等. 条斑紫菜高纯度总DNA及其质粒状DNA的提取. 海洋学报, 2000. 22: 87-91.
24． 郭祥学, 赵晖, 施定基等. 小鼠金属硫蛋白在丝状体蓝藻中的表达及对重金属抗性的提高. 植物学报, 1998a. 40: 320-324.
25． 郭祥学, 赵晖, 施定基等. 小鼠金属硫蛋白在聚胞藻中的金属诱导表达与纯化. 生物工程学报, 1998b. 14: 405-411.
26． 郭秀洋, 周泽扬, 冯丽春. 利用精子介导法向蚕卵导入外源基因的研究. 生物化学与生物物理进展, 2001. 28: 423-425.
27． 何家菀, 王业勤, 黎尚豪. 鱼腥藻7120的DNA转化作用. 遗传学报, 1984. 11: 100-105.
28． 侯学文, 姜悦, 郭勇. 转基因植物中的标记基因. 生物学通报, 1997, 32: 19-21.
29． 黄健, 唐学玺, 宫相忠等. 海洋微藻基因工程的选择标记. 植物学报, 2000. 42: 841-844.
30． 纪明侯, 张燕霞. 我国经济褐藻的化学成分研究I. 各种经济褐藻的主要化学成分. 海洋与湖沼, 1962. 4: 161-168.
31． 贾士荣. 转基因植物食品中标记基因的安全性评价. 中国农业科学, 1997. 30: 1-15.
32． 贾士荣. 转基因植物研究的十年进展. 中国生物工程十年进展. 1996. pp: 44-57.
33． 姜鹏, 秦松, 曾呈奎. 海藻基因工程进展（I）. 海洋科学, 1998. 2: 27-30.
34． 姜鹏, 秦松, 曾呈奎. 海藻基因工程进展（II）. 海洋科学, 1998. 6: 23-25.
35． 金万枚, 巩振辉, 李桂荣等. 植物遗传转化方法和转基因植株的鉴定. 陕西农业科学, 2000, (1): 24-29.
36． 荆玉祥. 植物基因工程. 生物工程进展, 1988. 3: 1-10.
37． 康明, 韩继刚, 刘平芳等. 小球藻病毒基因调控序列在大肠杆菌和真核藻中的调控活性研究. 生物工程学报, 2000. 16: 443-446.
38． 匡梅. 大型红藻外源基因导入和中国几种常见紫菜的RAPD研究. 1997. 中科院海洋所博士学位论文.
39． 李庆顺. 蓝藻的抗药性及其诱导与质粒关系. 厦门大学学报（自然科学版）, 1991. 30: 198-203.
40． 李伟新, 朱仲嘉, 刘凤贤, 主编. 海藻学概论. 上海: 上海科学技术出版社, 1982.
41． 李新萍, 秦松, 曾呈奎. 孤雌生殖海带对氯霉素和潮霉素的敏感性研究. 海洋与湖沼, 1999. 30: 186-190.
42． 李竹红, 刘德培等. 靶向整合研究进展. 生物化学与生物物理学报, 1999. 31: 1-4.
43． 刘凤龙, 张宏斌, 施定基等. 人肿瘤坏死因子α基因穿梭表达载体的构建和在鱼腥藻7120中的表达. 中国科学（C辑）. 1999. 29: 217-224.
44． 刘红林, 陈宜峰. 精子介导外源DNA转移的研究进展. 生物工程进展, 1997. 17: 27-30.
45． 刘涛, 崔竞进, 戴继勋等. 海带配子体克隆的培养及其应用. 青岛海洋大学学报, 2000. 30: 203-206.
46． 刘祥林, 印莉萍, 吴燕川等. 满江红鱼腥藻glnA启动区的克隆及在烟草中的活性表达. 水生生物学报, 2000. 24: 369-373.
47． 刘玉乐, 王晋芳, 邱并生等. 人乙肝病毒表面抗原基因在转基因烟草中的表达. 中国科学 (B辑), 1993. 23: 252-255.
48． 卢雄斌, 龚祖埙. 植物转基因方法及进展. 生命科学, 1998. 10: 125-131.
49． 罗娜, 宁叶, 施定基等. 人尿激酶原基因在聚球藻7002中的克隆和表达. 植物学报, 2000. 42: 931-935.
50． 罗娜, 宁叶, 施定基等. 人小肠三叶因子（hITF）在蓝细菌Anabaena sp strain PCC 7120中的表达. 中国藻类学会第五届会员大会暨第十次学术讨论会论文摘要集, 1999. pp.83.
51． 茅云翔, 王高歌, 张宝红等. 建立螺旋藻转基因体系初报. 青岛海洋大学学报, 2000. 30(2)II: 13-18.
52． 秦松. 藻胆蛋白分子生物学研究进展及基因工程前景. 《海洋科学进展论文集(一)》. 北京: 科学出版社, 1996. pp: 1-5.
53． 秦松, 姜鹏, 白逢伟等. 海带蛋白质改良基因工程技术. 经济海藻种质种苗生物学. 济南: 山东科技出版社, 曾呈奎, 主编. 1999. pp: 1-26.
54． 秦松, 姜鹏, 吴韵等. 中国藻类基因工程研究: 历史、现状和问题. 中国藻类学研究. 武汉: 武汉出版社, 刘永定, 范晓, 胡征宇主编. 2001. pp: 223-235.
55． 秦松, 童顺, 崔武等. 红藻真江蓠质粒的发现. 海洋与湖沼, 1994b. 25: 349-352.
56． 秦松, 王希华, 姜鹏, 李新萍, 曾呈奎. 能生产活性重组藻胆蛋白的微生物及其制备方法. 中国国家发明专利, ZL96120236.X.
57． 秦松, 王希华, 李新萍, 姜鹏, 曾呈奎. 生产转基因海带的方法. 中国国家发明专利, ZL 96120235.1, 59153.
58． 秦松, 王希华, 童顺等. 海带雌性原生质体的分离与培养. 海洋与湖沼, 1995. 26: 126-129.
59． 秦松, 王希华, 曾呈奎. 藻类的遗传转化.《植物遗传转化技术》. 中国科学技术出版社, 1994a. pp: 79-82.
60． 秦松, 严小军, 曾呈奎. 藻类分子生物技术两年评——基因工程及其上游——分子遗传学. 海洋与湖沼, 1996. 27: 103-111.
61． 秦松, 曾呈奎. 藻类分子遗传学和基因工程研究的现状和展望（I）. 海洋科学, 1993. 1: 34-37.
62． 秦松, 曾呈奎. 藻类分子遗传学和基因工程研究的现状和展望（II）. 海洋科学, 1993. 2: 24-29.
63． 秦松, 曾呈奎. 藻类基因、载体及表达系统. 生物工程进展, 1996. 16(6): 9-12.
秦松, 曾呈奎. 藻类基因工程. 海洋生物技术新进展. 范晓, 张士璀, 秦松, 严小军, 编著. 北京:
64． 海洋出版社, 1999. pp. 58-81.
65． 秦松, 张健, 李文彬等. 用基因枪将GUS基因导入褐藻细胞中表达. 海洋与湖沼, 1994c. 25: 353-356.
66． 邱并生, 裴美云, 逯好英等. 乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原基因在杆状病毒载体与昆虫细胞体系中的表达. 微生物学报, 1989. 29: 101-106.
67． 邵宁, 林晨, 施定基等. 鱼腥藻7120中重组TNF-α的急性毒性. 中国藻类学会第五届会员大会暨第十次学术讨论会论文摘要集, 1999. pp. 12-13.
68． 邵宁, 林晨, 施定基等. 鱼腥藻7120中重组TNF-α的药效. 中国藻类学会第五届会员大会暨第十次学术讨论会论文摘要集, 1999. pp. 13.
69． 施华中, 王劲, 杨弘远等. 烟草脱外壁花粉的电激基因转移. 植物学报, 1996. 38: 626-630.
70． 宋凌云, 施定基, 宁叶等. 用同源重组法将人肝金属硫蛋白突变体ββ基因整合在集胞藻6803中表达. 植物学报, 2001. 43: 399-404.
71． 苏少泉. 除草剂作用机制的生物化学与生物技术的应用. 生物工程进展, 1993. 14: 30-34.
72． 隋正红, 张学成. 藻红蛋白基因部分序列的克隆和顺序分析. 青岛海洋大学学报, 1999. 29: 81-86.
73． 隋正红, 张学成, 孔杰. 龙须菜藻红蛋白亚基基因的克隆及监测. 海洋科学, 2000. 24: 9-11.
74． 孙军, 金苹, 施定基等. 小鼠金属硫蛋-I基因在蓝藻中的克隆和表达. 生物工程进展, 1994. 14: 39-42.
75． 唐延林. 用酶法分离紫菜营养细胞和原生质体获得成功. 海洋通报, 1982. 1: 94-96.
76． 汪进兴, 薛龄鹤. 渡夏种海带在低温室内产生孢子囊的观察. 植物学报, 1959. 8: 259-261.
77． 王春梅, 施定基, 田波等. 黄瓜花叶病毒外壳蛋白（CMV-CP）在集胞藻6803中的克隆和表达. 中国藻类学会第五届会员大会暨第十次学术讨论会论文摘要集, 1999. pp.16.
78． 王高歌, 臧晓南, 张宝红等. 螺旋藻对六种抗生素的敏感性研究. 高技术通讯, 2001. 7: 6-12.
79． 王关林, 方宏筠, 主编. 植物基因工程原理与技术. 北京: 科学出版社, 1998.
80． 王捷, 刘凤龙, 吴锦银等. 转基因蓝藻制备α型重组人肿瘤坏死因子衍生物. 中国海洋药物, 1998. 1: 4-6.
81． 王劲, 施华中, 周嫦等. 用基因枪法将GUS基因导入烟草脱外壁花粉及其瞬间表达. 植物研究, 1998. 18: 422-427.
82． 王素娟, 主编. 海藻生物技术. 上海: 上海科学技术出版社, 1994.
83． 王素娟, 李晖, 李瑶. 电穿孔法诱导GUS基因在坛紫菜原生质体中的瞬间表达. 上海水产大学学报, 1994. 3: 145-150.
84． 王素娟, 张小平, 徐志东等. 坛紫菜营养细胞和原生质体培养的研究I. 海洋与湖沼, 1986. 17(3): 217-221.
85． 王希华, 秦松. 褐藻愈伤组织研究. 海洋科学, 1995. 3: 17-20.
86． 王义琴, 陈颖, 白琴华等. 以小球藻为载体生产兔防御素的研究. 高技术通讯, 2001. 9: 1-5.
87． 王业勤, 徐旭东, 黎尚豪. 蓝藻分子遗传学十年研究进展. 水生生物学报, 1991. 15: 356-367.
88． 王跃驹, 李刚强, 刘德虎. 利用转基因植物生产乙肝口服疫苗. 生物技术通报, 1997. 5: 21-25.
89． 吴韵. GUS基因在优化海带表达系统中的应用. 2001. 中科院海洋所硕士学位论文.
90． 吴韵, 邹立红, 姜鹏等. 孤雌生殖海带对草丁膦的敏感性. 海洋与湖沼, 2001. 32: 19-22.
91． 武建秋. 海带基因工程选择标记的确立及外源基因在海带中的表达. 1996. 中科院海洋所硕士学位论文.
92． 武建秋, 王希华, 秦松等. 海带基因工程选择标记的研究. 海洋科学, 1995. 5: 42-45.
93． 武建秋, 秦松, 邓田等. 氯霉素乙酰转移酶（CAT）基因在海带中的表达. 海洋与湖沼, 1999. 30: 28-32.
94． 徐淑平, 卫志明. 基因枪的使用方法介绍. 植物生理学通讯, 1998. 34: 41-43.
95． 徐旭东. 基因工程杀蚊幼蓝藻研究的由来和发展. 水生生物学报, 2001. 25: 76-82.
96． 杨金水, 王光清. 植物转基因的失活与沉默. 生物工程进展, 1995. 15: 41-45.
97． 杨毅, 刘国琴, 阎隆飞. 衣藻肌动蛋白-绿色荧光蛋白的融合基因在烟草悬浮细胞中的表达及融合蛋白的体外聚合. 科学通报, 2001. 46: 461-466.
杨志勇, 张庆琪, 许政恺. 利用电击法将外源DNA导入盐藻. 中国藻类学会第五届会员大会暨第
98． 十次学术讨论会论文摘要集. 1999. 宁波, pp: 175.
99． 于道展. 裙带菜遗传转化模型的建立. 2002. 中科院海洋所硕士学位论文.
100． 于道展, 秦松, 曾呈奎. β-半乳糖苷酶基因 (lacZ) 在大型经济海藻裙带菜中的瞬间表达. 高技术通讯, 2002. 12: 93-95.
101． 于建康, 阎维, 张玉廉等. 精子介导鱼类基因转移和聚合酶链反应检测技术. 动物学报, 1994. 40: 96-99.
102． 曾呈奎, 任国忠, 吴超元. 关于海带配子体的排卵和排精现象及精子形态. 科学通报, 1959. 4: 129-130.
103． 曾呈奎, 王素娟, 刘思俭, 编著. 海藻栽培学. 上海: 上海科学技术出版社. 1985.
104． 曾呈奎, 吴超元, 主编. 海带养殖学. 北京: 科学出版社, 1962.
105． 曾君祉, 王东江, 吴有强等. 用花粉管途径获得小麦转基因植株. 中国科学(B)辑, 1993. 23: 256-262.
106． 张贵星, 许培荣, 郑合明等. 盐藻对除草剂草丁膦的抗性研究. 生命科学研究, 2002. 6: 92-94.
107． 张晓宁, 万由衷, 林长发等. 盐胁迫下盐藻特异表达基因片段的克隆. 复旦学报 (自然科学版), 2001. 40: 500-503.
108． 张晓宁, 王昊, 陈火英等. 盐藻启动子活性片段的克隆及序列分析. 复旦学报(自然科学版), 2002. 41: 227-229.
109． 张亚萍, 于文功, 戴继勋等. 条斑紫菜叶状体细胞的抗生素敏感性研究. 青岛海洋大学学报, 2002. 32: 245-250.
110． 章军, 宋新强, 徐虹等. 利用同源重组质粒pUTK转化蓝藻Synechococcus sp. PCC7942及胸腺素α1的表达. 海洋科学, 2001. 25: 1-4.
111． 周志刚, 吴超元. 海带无性繁殖系的形成及孢子体诱导. 生物工程学报, 1998. 14: 109-111.
112． Adam, M., Lentz, K. E., Loppes, R., Insertional mutagenesis to isolate acetate-requiring mutants in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 1993. 110: 265-268.
113． Adam, M., Loppes, R. Use of the ARG7 gene as an insertional mutagen to clone PHON 24, a gene required for derepressible neutral phosphatase activity in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Mol. Gen. Genet. 1998. 258: 123-132.
114． Alwen, A., Eller, N., Kastler, M. et al. Potential of in vitro pollen maturation for gene transfer. Physiologia Plantarum 1990. 79: 194-196.
115． Angsuthanasombat, C., Panym, S. Biosynthesis of 130-kilodalton mosquito larvicide in the cyanobacterium Agmenellum quadruplicatum PR-6. Appl. Environment. Microbiol. 1989. 55: 2428-2430.
116． Aoyama, K., Miyake, M., Yamada, J. et al. Application of vector pKE4-9 carring a strong promoter to the expression of foreign proteins in Synechococcus PCC 7942. J. Mar. Biotechnol. 1996. 4: 64-67.
117． Apt, K. E., Bhaya, D., Grossman, A. R. Characterization of genes encoding the light-harvesting proteins in diatoms: biogenesis of the fucoxanthin chlorophyll a/c protein complex. J. Appl. Phycol. 1994. 6: 225-230.
118． Apt, K. E., Kroth-Pancic, P. G., Grossman, A. R. Stable nuclear transformation of the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Mol. Gen. Genet. 1996. 252: 572-579.
119． Arezzo, F. Sea urchin sperm as a vector of foreign genetic information. Cell Biol. Int. Rep. 1989.13: 391-404.
120． Arntzen, C. J. High-tech herbal medicine: plant-based vaccines. Nat. Biotechnol. 1997. 15: 221-222.
121． Arntzen, C. J. Pharmaceutical foodstuffs--oral immunization with transgenic plants. Nat. Med. 1998. 4(5 Suppl): 502-503.
122． Asada, Y., Miyake, M., Miyake, J. Production of bioplastics and hydrogen gas by photosynthetic microorganisms. Chin. J. Oceanol. Limnol. 1998. 16(suppl): 91-104.
Asato, Y., Ginoza, H. S. Seperation of small circular DNA molecules from the blue-green alga
123． Anacystis nidulans. Nature New Biol. 1973. 244: 132-133.
124． Bancroft, I., Wolk, C. P., Oren, E. V. Physical and genetic maps of the heterocyst-forming cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120. J. Bacteriol. 1989. 171: 5940-5948.
125． Bateman, J. M., Purton, S. Tools for chloroplast transformation in Chlamydomonas: expression vectors and a new dominant selectable marker. Mol. Gen. Genet. 2000. 263: 404-410.
126． Bazin, M. J. Sexuality in a blue-green alga: genetic recombination in Anacystis nidulans. Nature 1968. 218: 282-283.
127． Bergh, ?., B?rsheim, K. Y., Bratbak, G. et al. High abundance of viruses found in aquatic environments. Nature 1989. 340: 467-468.
128． Bingham, S. E., Xu, R., Webber, A. N. Expression of foreign DNA in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 1989. 65: 77-82.
129． Bingham, S. E., Webber, A. N. Maintenance and expression of heterologous genes in chloroplast of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. J. Appl. Phycol. 1994. 6: 239-245.
130． Birnstiel, M. L., Busslinger, M. Dangerous liaisons: Spermatozoa as natural vectors for foreign DNA? Cell 1989. 57: 701-702.
131． Bose, S. G., Carmichael, W. W. Plasmid distribution among unicellular and filamentous toxic cyanobacteria. J. Appl. Phycol. 1990. 2: 131-136.
132． Boudreau, E., Otis, C., Turmel, M. Conserved gene clusters in the highly rearranged chloroplast genomes of Chlamydomonas moewusii and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Plant Molecular Biology 1994. 24: 585-602.
133． Bourne, C. M., Palmer, J. D., Stoermer, E. F. Organization of the chloroplast genome of the freshwater centric diatom Cyclotella meneghiniana. J. Phycol. 1992. 28: 347-355.
134． Boyen, C., Leblanc, C., Kloareg, B. et al. Physical map and gene organization of the mitochondrial genome of Chondrus crispus (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales). Plant Mol. Biol. 1994. 26 (2): 691-697.
135． Boynton, J. E., Gillham, N. W. Chloroplast transformation in Chlamydomonas. Methods Enzymol. 1993. 217: 510-536.
136． Boynton, J. E., Gillham, N. W., Harris, E. H. et al. Chloroplast transformation in Chlamydomonas with high velocity microprojectiles. Science 1988. 240: 1534-1538.
137． Brackett, B. G., Baranska, W., Sawicki, W. et al. Uptake of heterologous genome by mammalian spermatozoa and its transfer to ova through fertilization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1971. 68: 353-357.
138． Bradford, M. M. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal. Biochem. 1976. 72: 248-254.
139． Brown, L. E., Sprecher, S. L., Keller, L. R. Introduction of exogenous DNA into Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by electroporation. Molecular and Cellular Biology 1991. 11: 2328-2332.
140． Bruss, V., Ganem, D. The role of envelope proteins in hepatitis B virus assembly. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1991. 88: 1059-1063.
141． Burger, G., Saint-Louis, D., Gray, M. W. et al. Complete sequence of the mitochondrial DNA of the red alga Porphyra purpurea: cyanobacterial introns and shared ancestry of red and green algae. Plant Cell 1999. 11: 1675-1694.
142． Butanaev, A. M. Hygromycin phosphotransferase gene as a dominant selective marker for transformation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Mol. Biol. 1994. 28: 682-686.
143． Butler, D. M., ?stgaard, K., Boyen, C. et al. Isolation conditions for high yields of protoplasts from Laminaria saccharina and L. digita. J. Exp. Bot. 1989. 40: 1237-1246.
144． Buzby, J. S., Porter, R. D., Stevens, S. E. Expression of the Escherichia coli lacZ gene on a plasmid vector in a cyanobacterium. Science 1985. 230: 805-807.
145． Buzby, J. S., Porter, R. D., Stevens, S. E. Plasmid transformation in Agmenellum quadruplicatum PR-6: construction of biphasic plasmids and characterization of their transformation properties. J. Bacteriol. 1983. 154: 1446-1450.
146． Casotti, R., Ribera-d'-Alcala, M., Bowler, C. A molecular approach to the study of photoadaptation in phytoplankton. Genetic transformation of marine diatoms. Biol. Mar. Mediterr. 1997. 4: 24-29.
147． Cattolico, R. A., Loiseaux-de Go?r, S. Analysis of chloroplast evolution and phylogeny: a molecular approach. In: The Chromophyte Algae: Problems and Perspectives. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1989. pp: 85-100.
148． Cerutti, H., Johnson, A. M., Gillham, N. W. et al. A eubacterial gene conferring spectinomycin resistance on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: integration into the nuclear and gene expression. Genetics 1997a. 145: 97-110.
149． Cerutti, H., Johnson, A. M., Gillham, N. W. et al. Epigenetic silencing of a foreign gene in nuclear transformation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Plant Cell 1997b. 9: 925-945.
150． Chauvat, F., Rouet, P., Bottin, H. et al. Mutagenesis by random cloning of an Escherichia coli kanamycin resistance gene into the genome of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803: selection of mutants defective in photosynthesis. Mol. Gen. Genet. 1989. 216: 51-59.
151． Chen, X., Widger, W. R. Physical genome map of the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. Strain PCC 7002. J. Bacteriol. 1993. 175: 5106-5116.
152． Chen, Y., Li, W. B., Bai, Q. H. et al. Study on transient expression of GUS gene in Chlorella ellipsoidea (Chlorophyta) by using biolistic particle delivery system. Chin. J. Oceanol. Limnol. 1998. 16(Suppl.): 47-49.
153． Chen, Y., Wang, Y. Q., Sun, Y. R. et al. Highly efficient expression of rabbit Neutrophil peptide-1 gene in Chlorella ellipsoidea cells. Curr. Genet. 2001. 39: 365-370.
154． Chen, Z., Ren, L., Shao, Q. et al. Expression of mammalian metallothionein-I gene in cyanobacteria to enhance heavy metal resistance. Marine Pollution Bulletin 1999. 39: 155-158.
155． Cheney, D. P., Kurtzman, A. L. Progress in protoplast fusion and gene transfer in red alga. In: Abstract of XIVth International Seaweed Symposium, Brittany, France, 1992. No.061.
156． Cheney, D., Metz, B., Stiller, J. Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation in the macroscopic marine red alga Porphyra yezoensis. J. Phycol. 2001. 37(3) (suppl.): 11.
157． Chiang, G. G., Schaefer, M. R., Grossman, A. R. Transformation of the filamentous cyanobacterium Fremyella diplosiphon by conjugation or electroporation. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 1992. 30: 315-325.
158． Choquet, Y., Rahire, M., Girard-Bascou, J. et al. A chloroplast gene is required for the light-independent accumulation of chlorophyll in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. EMBO J. 1992. 11: 1697-1704.
159． Chow, K. C., Tung, W. L. Electrotransformation of Chlorella vulgaris. Plant Cell Reports 1999. 18: 778-780.
160． Christopher, D. A., Shen, Y. X., Dudley, P. et al. Expression of a higher-plant chloroplast psbD promoter in a cyanobacterium (Synechococcus sp. strain PCC7942) reveals a conserved cis-element, designated PGT, that differentially interacts with sequence-specific binding factors during leaf development. Curr. Genet. 1999. 35: 657-666.
161． Chungjatupornchai, W. Expression of the mosquitocidal-protein genes of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis and the herbicide-resistance gene bar in Synechocystis PCC6803. Curr. Microbiol. 1990. 21: 283-288.
162． Chungjatupornchai, W., Senawong, T., Panyim, S. Isolation and characterization of Synechococcus PCC7942 promoters: tRNApro gene functions as a promoter. Current Microbiology 1999. 38: 210-216.
163． Coleman, A. W., Goff, L. J. DNA analysis of eukaryotic algal species. J. Phycol. 1991. 27: 463-473.
164． Couzin, J. NSF's ark draws alligators, algae, and wasps. Science 2002. 297: 1638-1639.
Craig, R., Reichelt, B. Y., Reichelt, J. L. Genetic engineering of micro-algae. In: Boborowizka, L.
165． J. [Eds.]. Micro-algal Biolechnology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1988. pp: 415-455.
166． Crepineau, F., Roscoe, T., Kaas, R. et al. Characterisation of complementary DNAs from the expressed sequence tag analysis of life cycle stages of Laminaria digitata (Phaeophyceae). Plant Molecular Biology 2000. 43: 503-513.
167． Daniell, H., Sarojini, G., McFadden, B. A. Transformation of the cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans 6301 with the Escherichia coli plasmid pBR322. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1986. 83: 2546-2550.
168． Davies, J. P., Grossman, A. R. Sequences controlling transcription of the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii β2-tubulin gene after deflagellation and during the cell cycle. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1994. 14: 5165-5174.
169． Davies, J. P., Weeks, D. P., Grossman, A. R. Expression of the arylsulfatase gene from the b2-tubulin promoter in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Nucleic Acids Res. 1992. 20: 2959-2965.
170． Davies, J. P., Yildiz, F., Grossman, A. R. Mutants of Chlamydomonas with aberant responses to sulfur deprivation. Plant Cell. 1994. 6: 53-63.
171． Dawson, H. N., Burlingame, R., Cannons, A. C. Stable transformation of Chlorella: rescue of nitrate reductase-deficient mutants with the nitrate reductase gene. Curr. Microbiology 1997. 35: 356-362.
172． Day, A., Debuchy, R., van Dillewijn, J. et al. Studies on the maintenance and expression of cloned DNA fragments in the nuclear genome of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Physiol. Plant 1990. 78: 254-260.
173． Debuchy, R., Purton, S., Rochaix, J. D. The argininosuccinate lyase gene of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: an important tool for nuclear transformation and for correlating the genetic and molecular maps of the ARG7 locus. EMBO J. 1989. 8: 2803-2809.
174． Delzkalns, V. A., Owens, G. G., Bogorad, L. Chloroplast promoter driven expression of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene in a cyanobacterium. Nucl. Acids. Res. 1984. 23: 8917-8925.
175． Devilly, C. I., Houghton, J. A. A study of genetic transformation in Gloeocapsa alpicola. J. Gen. Microbiol. 1977. 98: 277-280.
176． Diener, D. R., Curry, A. M., Johnson, K. A. et al. Rescue of a paralyzed-flagella mutant of Chlamydomonas by transformation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1990. 87: 5739-5743.
177． Dogan, B., Mason, H. S., Richter, L. et al. Process options in hepatitis B surface antigen extraction from transgenic potato. Biotechnol Prog. 2000. 16: 435-441.
178． Douglas, S. E. Unusual organization of a ribosomal-protein operon in the plastid genome of Cryptomonas Φ: evolutionary considerations. Current Genetics 1991. 19: 289-294.
179． Douglas, S. E., Penny, S. L. The plastid genome of the Cryptophyte alga, Guillardia theta: complete sequence and conserved synteny groups confirm its common ancestry with red algae. J. Mol. Evol. 1999. 48: 236-244.
180． Drocourt, D., Calmels, T., Reynes, J. P. et al. Cassettes of the streptoalloteichus hindustanus ble gene for transformation of lower and higher eukaryotes. Nucleic Acids Res.1990. 18: 4009.
181． Dunahay, T. G. Transformation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with silicon carbide whiskers. BioTechniques 1993. 15: 452-460.
182． Dunahay, T. G., Jarvis, E. E., Roessler, P. G. Genetic transformation of the diatoms Cyclotella cryptica and Navicula saprophila. J. Phycol. 1995. 31: 1004-1012.
183． Dunahay, T. G., Jarvis, E. E., Dais, S. S. et al. Manipulation of microalgal lipid production using genetic engineering. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 1996. 57/58: 223-231.
184． Dunahay, T. G., Jarvis, E. E., Zeiler, K. G. et al. Genetice engineering of microalgae for fuel production. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 1992. 35: 331-339.
185． Dzelzkalns, V., Bogorad, L. Stable transformation of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 induced by UV irradiation. J. Bacteriol. 1986. 165: 964-971.
Elhai, J. Genetic techniques appropriate for the biotechnological exploitation of cyanobacteria. J.
186． Appl. Phycol. 1994. 6: 177-186.
187． Elhai, J. Vepritskiy, A., Muro-Pastor, A. M. et al. Reduction of conjugal transfer efficiency by three restriction activities of Anabaena sp. Strain PCC 7120. J. Bacteriol.1997. 179: 1998-2005.
188． Elhai, J. Wolk, C. P. Conjugal transfer of DNA to cyanobacteria. Methods. Enzymol. 1988. 167: 747-754.
189． Erbe, J. L., Adams, A. C., Taylor, K. B. et al. Cyanobacteria carrying an smt-lux transcriptional fusion as biosensors for the detection of heavy metal cations. J. Industrial Microbiology 1996a. 17: 80-83.
190． Erbe, J. L., Taylor, K. B., Hall, L. M. Expression of mouse metallothionein in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus PCC 7942. J. Industrial Microbiology 1996b. 17: 41-46.
191． Erickson, J. M. Chloroplast transformation: current results and future prospects. In: Ort, D. R., Yocum, C. F. [Eds.] Oxygenic Photosynthesis: The Light Reaction. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrechtm, The Netherlands, 1996. pp: 589-619.
192． Ertl, H. C. J., Xiang, Z. Q. Novel vaccine approaches. J. Immunology 1996. 156: 3579-3582.
193． Falciatore, A., Bowler, C. Revealing the molecular secrets of marine diatoms. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 2002. 53: 109-130.
194． Falciatore, A., Casotti, R., Leblanc, C. et al. Transformation of nonselectable reporter genes in marine diatoms. Mar. Biotechnol. 1999. 1: 239-251.
195． Fang, T. C. Some genetic features revealed from culturing the haploid cells of kelps. Hydrobiologia 1984. 116/117: 317-318.
196． Fang, Z. X. A summary of the genetic studies of Laminaria japonica in China. In: Tseng, C. K. [ed.] Proceedings of the Joint China-U.S. Phycology Symposium. Science Press, Beijing, 1983. pp: 123-136.
197． Fennel, A., Hauptmann, R. Electroporation and PEG delivery of DNA into maize microspores. Plant Cell Rep. 1992. 11: 567-570.
198． Ferris, P. J. Localization of the nic-7, ac-29 and thi-10 genes within the mating-type locus of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Genetics 1995. 141: 543-549.
199． Fischer, H., Robl, I., Sumper, M. et al. Targeting and covalent modification of cell wall and membrane proteins heterologously expressed in the diatom Cylindrotheca fusiformis (Bacillariophyceae). J. Phycol. 1999. 35: 113-120.
200． Fogg, G. E. Algae as experimental organisms. In: Cresswell, R. C., Rees, T. A. V., Shah, N. [Eds.] Algal and Cyanobacteial Biotechnology. Longman Scientefic and Technical, Essex, 1989. pp: 28-49.
201． Fromm, M. E., Taylor, L. P., Walbot, V. Stable transformation of maize after gene transfer by electroporation. Nature 1986. 319: 791-793.
202． Fukuoka, H., Ogawa, T., Matsuoka, M. et al. Direct gene delivery into isolated microspores of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) and the production of fertile transgenic plants. Plant Cell Reports 1998. 17: 323-328.
203． Gatignol, A., Durand, H., Tiraby, G. Bleomycin resistance conferred by a drug-binding protein. FEBS Lett. 1988. 230: 171-175.
204． Geil, K. M., Mondoli, D. F. Development of mass transformation in Acetabularia acetabulum. J.Phycol. 1996. 32(Suppl.): 17-18.
205． Giddings, G. Transgenic plants as protein factories. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 2001. 12: 450-454.
206． Goff, L. J., Coleman, A. W. Red algal plasmids. Curr. Genet. 1990. 18: 557-565.
207． Goldschmidt-Clermont, M. Transgenic expression of aminoglycoside adenyl transferase in the chloroplast: a selectable marker for site-directed transformation of Chlamydomonas. Nucleic Acids Res. 1991. 19: 4083-4089.
208． Grossman, A. R. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and photosynthesis: genetics to genomics. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 2000. 3: 132-137.
209． Gruber, M. Y., Glick, B. R., Thompson, J. E. et al. In vitro expression of a cyanobacterial plasmid. Curr. Microbiol. 1987. 15: 265-268.
210． Guda, C., Lee, S. -B., Daniell, H. Stable expression of a biodegradable protein-based polymer in tobacco chloroplasts. Plant Cell Reports 2000. 19: 257-262.
211． Gumpel, N. J., Ralley, L., Girard-Bascou, J. et al. Nuclear mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii defective in the biogenesis of the cytochrome b6f complex. Plant Mol. Biol. 1995. 29: 921-932.
212． Gumpel, N. J., Rochaix, J. D., Purton, S. Studies on homologous recombination in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Curr. Genet. 1994. 26: 438-442.
213． Hall, L. M., Taglor, K. B., Jones, D. D. Expression of a foreign gene in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Gene 1993. 124: 75-81.
214． Hallmann, A., Rappel, A. Genetic engineering of the multicellular green alga Volvox: a modified and multiplied bacterial antibiotic resistance gene as a dominantselectable marker. The Plant Journal 1998. 17: 99-109.
215． Hallmann, A., Sumper, M. Reporter genes and highly regulated promoters as tools for transformation experiments in Volvox carteri. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1994. 91: 11562-11566.
216． Hamilton, D. A., Schwarz, Y. H., Rueda, J. et al. Comparison of transient and stable expression by a pollen-specific promoter: the transformation results do not always agree. Sex. Plant Reprod. 2000. 12: 292-295.
217． Haq, T. A., Mason, H. S., Clements, J. D. et al. Oral immunization with a recombinant bacterial antigen produced in transgenic plants. Science 1995. 268: 714-716.
218． Harker, M., Hirschberg, J. Biosynthesis of ketocarotenoids in transgenic cyanobacteria expressing the algal gene for beta-C-4-oxygenase, crtO. FEBS Letters 1997. 404: 129-134.
219． Harris, E. H. The Chlamydomonas sourrcebook: a comprehensive guide to biology and laboratory use. Academic Press, San Diego, California, 1989.
220． Hasnain, S. E., Manvathu, E. K., Leung, W. C. DNA-mediated transformation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells: use of aminoglycoside 3'-phosphotransferase as a selectable marker. Mol. Cell Biol. 1985. 5: 3647-3650.
221． Hawkins, R. L., Nakamura, M. Expression of human growth hormone by the eukaryotic alga, Chlorella. Curr. Microbiology 1999. 38: 335-341.
222． He, P., Yao, Q., Chen, Q. et al. Transferring and expression of glucose oxidase gene-gluc in Porphyra yezoensis. J. Phycol. 2001. 37(3) (suppl.): 22.
223． Heifetz, P. B. Genetic engineering of the chloroplast. Biochimie. 2000. 82: 655-666.
224． Herry, E. C., Cole, K. M. Ultrastructure of swarmers in the Laminariales (Phaeophyceae). II. Sperm. J. Phycol. 1982. 18: 570-579.
225． Henry, E. C., Meints, R. H. Recombinant viruses as transformation vectors of marine macroalgae. J. Appl. Phycol. 1994. 6: 247-253.
226． Hildebrand, M., Corey, D. K., Ludwig, J. R. et al. Plasmids in diatom species. J. Bacteriol. 1991. 173: 5924-5927.
227． Hildebrand, M., Hasegawa, P., Ord, R. W. et al. Nucleotide sequence of diatom plasmids: identification of open reading frames with similarity to site-specific recombinases. Plant Molecular Biology 1992. 19: 759-770.
228． Hu, D., Fiedler, H. R., Golan, T. et al. Catalytic properties and sensitivity to tentoxin of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii ATP synthases changed in codon 83 of atpB by site-directed mutagenesis. J. Biol. Chem. 1997. 272: 5457-5463.
229． Huang, X., Weber, J. C., Hinson, T. K. et al. Transient expression of the GUS reporter gene in the protoplasts and partially digested cells of Ulva lactuca L. (Chlorophyta). Bot. Mar. 1996. 39: 467-474.
230． Inoue, K., Dreyfuss, B. W., Kindle, K. L. et al. Ccs1, a nuclear gene required for the post-translational assembly of chloroplast c-type cytochromes. J. Biol. Chem. 1997. 272: 31747-31754.
Jacobs, J. D., Ludwig, J. R., Hildebrand, M. et al. Characterization of 2 circular plasmids from
231． the marine diatom Cylindrotheca fusiformis: plasmids hybridize to chloroplast and nuclear DNA. Mol. Gen. Genet. 1992. 233: 302-310.
232． Jardinaud, M. F., Souvré, A., Beckert, M. et al. Optimization of DNA transfer and transient β-glucuronidase expression in electroporated maize (Zea mays L.) microspores. Plant Cell Rep. 1995. 15: 55-58.
233． Jarvis, E. E., Brown, L. M. Transient expression of firefly luciferase in protoplasts of the green alga Chlorella ellipsoidea. Curr. Genet. 1991. 19: 317-321.
234． Jarvis, E. E., Dunahay, T. G., Brown, L. M. DNA nucleoside composition and methylation in several species of microalgae. J. Phycol. 1992. 28: 356-362.
235． Jarvis, E. E., Dunahay, T. G., Roessler P. G. Genetic engineering of microalgae for enhanced biodiesel fuel production. In: ITIT symposium microalgal biotechnology basics and applications. Osaka, 1996. pp: 20-28.
236． J?hne, A., Becker, D., Brettschneider, R. et al. Regeneration of transgenic, microspore-derived, fertile barley. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1994. 89: 525-533.
237． Jefferson, R. A., Kavanagh, T. A., Bevan, M. W. GUS fusions: β-glucuronidase as a sensitive and versatile gene fusion marker in higher plants. EMBO J. 1987. 6: 3901-3907.
238． Jensen, A. Present and future needs for algae and algal products. Hydrobiologia 1993. 260/261: 15-23.
239． Kaeppler, H. F., Gu, W., Somers, D. A. et al. Silicon carbide fiber-mediated DNA delivery into plant cells. Plant Cell Rep. 1990. 9: 415-418.
240． Kawata, Y., Yamano, N., Kojima, H. et al. Expression of salmon growth hormone in the cyanobacterium Agmenellum quadruplicatum. Biotechnology Letters 1991. 13: 851-856.
241． Kawata, Y. Yano, S. Kojima, H. Transformation of Spirulina platensis by chromosomal integration. In: Proceedings of 6th International Conference on Applied Algology. Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic, 1993. pp.72.
242． Khrebtukova, I., Spreitzer, R. J. Elimination of the Chlamydomonas gene family that encodes the small subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1996. 93: 13689-13693.
243． Kim, D. H., Kim, Y. T., Cho, J. J. et al. Stable integration and functional expression of flounder growth hormone gene in transformed microalga, Chlorella ellipsoidea. Mar. Biotechnol. 2002. 4: 63-73.
244． Kindle, K. L. High-frequency nuclear transformation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1990. 87: 1228-1232.
245． Kindle, K. I., Richards, K. L., Stern, D. B. Engineering the chloroplast genome: Techniques and capabilities for chloroplast transformation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1991. 88: 1721-1725.
246． Kindle, K. L., Schnell, R. A., Fernandez, E. et al. Stable nuclear transformation of Chlamydomonas using the Chlamydomonas gene for nitrate reductase. J. Cell. Biol. 1989. 109: 2589-2601.
247． Kindle, K. I., Sodeinde, O. A. Nuclear and chloroplast transformation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: strategies for genetic manipulation and gene expression. J. Appl. Phycol. 1994. 6: 231-238.
248． Kirk, M. M., Stark, K., Miller, S. M. et al. regA, a Volvox gene that plays a central role in germ-soma differentiation, encodes a novel regulatory protein. Development 1999. 126: 639-647.
249． Klein, T. M., Wolf, E. D., Wu, R. et al. High-velocity microprojectiles for delivering nucleic acids into living cells. Nature 1987, 327: 70-73.
250． Kojima, H. Kawata, Y., Yano, S. Bioreactors of recombinant blue-green algae. In: Proceedings of ITIT symposium microalgal biotechnology basics and applications. Osaka, 1996. pp. 81-87.
251． Kojima, H., Qin, S., Kawata, Y. et al. The allophycocyanin genes from the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis and evolutionary relatedness to cyanobacterial hemoglobins. Russian J. Plant Physiology 2000. 47: 593-597.
252． Kojima, H., Qin, S., Kumar, T. A. et al. Transposable genetic elements in Spirulina and potential applications for genetic engineering. Chin. J. Oceanol. Limnol. 1998. 16 (Suppl.): 30-39.
253． Koksharova, O. A., Wolk, C. P. Genetic tools for cyanobacteria. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2002. 58: 123-137.
254． Kong, Q., Richter, L., Yang, Y. F. et al. Oral immunization with hepatitis B surface antigen expressed in transgenic plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001. 98: 11539-11544.
255． Kowallik, K. V. Molecular aspects and phylogenetic implications of plastid genome of certain chromophytes. In: The chromophyte algae: problems and perspectives. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1989. pp: 101-124.
256． Kozminski, K. G., Diener, D. R., Rosenbaum, J. L. High level expression of nonacetylatable alpha-tubulin in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 1993. 25: 158-170.
257． Kr?ger, Dr. N. The sweetness of diatom molecular engineering. J. Phycol. 2001. 37: 657-658.
258． Kuang, M., Wang, S. J., Li, Y. et al. Transient expression of exogenous GUS gene in Porphyra yezoensis (Rhodophyta). Chin. J.Oceanol. Limnol. 1998. 16 (Suppl.): 56-61.
259． Kuhlemeier, C. J., Hardon, E. M., van Arkel, G. A. et al. Self-cloning in the cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans R2: fate of a cloned gene after reintroduction. Plasmid 1985. 14: 200-208.
260． Kuhsel, M., Kowallik, K. V. The plastome of a brown alga, Dictyota dichotoma. II. Location of structural genes coding for ribosomal RNAs, the large subunit of ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase and for polypeptides of photosystems I and II. Mol. Gen. Genet. 1987. 207: 361-368.
261． Kurtzman, A. M., Cheney, D. P. Direct gene transfer and transient expression in a marine red alga using the biolistic method. J. Phycol. 1991. 27(Suppl.): 42.
262． Kübler, J. E., Minocha, S. C., Mathieson, A. C. Transient expression of the GUS reporter gene in protoplast of Porphyra miniata (Rhodophyta). J. Mar. Biotechnol. 1994. 1: 165-169.
263． Labarre, J., Chauvat, F., Thuriaux, P. Insertional mutagenesis by random cloning of antibiotic resistence genes into the genome of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis strain PCC 6803. J. Bacteriol. 1989. 171: 3449-3457.
264． Lambert, D., Bryant, D., Stirewalt, V. et al. Gene map for the Cyauophora paradoxa cyanelle genome. J. Bacteriol. 1985. 164: 659-664.
265． Lau, R. H., Sapienza, C., Doolittle, W. F. Cyanobacterial plasmids: their widespread occurance, and the existence of regions of homology between plasmids in the same and different species. Mol. Gen. Genet. 1980. 178: 203-211.
266． Lavitrano, M., Camaioni, A., Fazio, V. M. et al. Sperm cells as vectors for introducing foreign DNA into eggs: Genetic transformation of mice. Cell 1989. 57: 717-723.
267． Lee, E. K., Seo, S. B., Kim, T. H. et al. Analysis of expressed sequence tags of Porphyra yezoensis. Molecules and Cells 2000. 10: 338-342.
268． Lee, M. A., Russell, D. W. Analysis of two mitochondrially-associated linear plasmids from the red alga Porphyra spp (Bangiales, Rhodophyceae). Plant Science 1995. 106: 99-105.
269． Levy, I. Biolistics: potential application to seaweed improvement. In: Proceedings of a COST-48 Workshop. Spain, 1991. pp: 49-57.
270． Lewis, R. J., Jiang, B. Y., Neushul, M. et al. Haploid parthenogenetic sporophytes of Laminaria japonica (Phaeophyceae). J. Phycol. 1993. 29: 363-369.
271． Li, D. P., Zhou, Z. G., Liu, H. H. et al. A new method of Laminaria japonica strain selection and sporeling raising by the use of gametophyte clones. Hydrobiologia 1999. 398/399: 473-476.
272． Li, Y., Tremblay, F. M., Séguin, A. Transient transformation of pollen and embryogenic tissues of white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench.) Voss) resulting from microprojectile bombardment. Plant Cell Rep. 1994. 13: 661-665.
273． Lin, C. M., Larsen, J., Yarish, C. et al. A novel gene transfer in Porphyra. J. Phycol. 2001. 37(3) (suppl.): 31.
274． Linne,von Berg K. H., Kowallik, K. V. Structural organization and evolution of the plastid genome of Vaucheria sessilis (Xanthophyceae). BioSystems 1988. 21: 239-247.
275． Lisitsky, I., Rott, R., Schuster, G. Insertion of polydeoxyadenosine-rich sequences into an intergenic region increases transcription in Chlamydonomas reinhardtii chloroplast. Planta 2001. 212: 851-857.
276． Liu, Q. Y., van der Meer, J. P., Reith, M. E. Isolation and characterization of phase-specific complementary DNAs from sporophytes and gametophytes of Porphyra purpurea (Rhodophyta) using subtracted complementary DNA libraries. J. Phycol. 1994. 30: 513-520.
277． Loeb, T. A., Thomas, L. R. Transient expression of the uidA gene in pollen embryoids of wheat following microprojectile bombardment. Plant Science 11994. 104: 81-91.
278． Loiseaux-de Go?r, S., Markowicz, Y., Dalmon, Y. et al. Physical maps of the two circular plastid DNA molecules of the brown alga Pylaiella littoralis (L.) Kjellm. Curr. Genet. 1988. 14: 155-162.
279． Lowe, K., Bowen, B., Hoerster, G. et al. Germline transformation of maize following manipulation of chimeric shoot meristems. Bio/Technology. 1995. 13: 677-682.
280． Lumbreras, V., Stevens, D. R., Purton, S. Efficient foreign gene expression in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mediated by an endogenous intron. Plant J. 1998. 14: 441-447.
281． Lumbreas, V., Stevens, D. R., Purton, S. Factors influenceing trans-gene expression in Chamydomonas. Phycologia 1997. 36(Suppl.): 67.
282． Luo, Z. X., Wu, R. A simple method for the transformation of rice via the pollen-tube pathway. Plant Mol. Biol. Rep. 1989. 7: 69-77.
283． Maerz, M., Wolters, J., Hofmann, C. J. B. et al., Plastid DNA from Pyrenomonas salina (Cryptophyceae): Physical map, genes, and evolutionary implications. Curr. Genet. 1992. 21: 73-81.
284． Maier, I., Müller, D. G. Antheridium fine structure and spermatozoid release in Laminaria digitata. Phycologia 1982. 21: 1-8.
285． Manhart, J. R., Kelly, K., Dudock, B. S. et al. Unusual characteristics of Codium fragile chloroplast DNA revealed by physical and gene mapping. Mol. Gen. Genet. 1989. 216: 417-421.
286． Manhart, J. R., Hoshaw, R. W., Palmer, J. D. Unique chloroplast genome in Spirogyra maxima (Chlorophyta) revealed by physical and gene mapping. J. Phycol. 1990. 26: 490-494.
287． Mann, N. H., Novac, N., Mullineaux, C. W. et al. Involvement of an FtsH homologue in the assembly of functional photosystem I in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp PCC 6803. FEBS Letters 2000. 479: 72-77.
288． Marraccini, P., Bulteau, S., Cassierchauvat, C. et al. A conjugative plasmid vector for promoter analysis in several cyanobacteria of the genera Synechococcus and Synechocystis. Plant Molecular Biology 1993. 23: 905-909.
289． Martin, T., Whner, R. V., Hummel, S. et al. The GUS Gene Reporter system as a tool to study plant gene expression. In: Gallagher, S. R. [ed]. GUS protocols: using the GUS gene as a reporter of gene expression. Academic Press, San Diego, 1992. pp: 23-43.
290． Maruyama, M., Horakova, I., Honda, H. et al. Introduction of foreign DNA into Chlorella saccharophila by electroporation. Biotechnol. Tech. 1994. 8: 821-826.
291． Mason, H. S., Arntzen, C. J. Transgenic plants as vaccine production systems. Trends Biotechnol. 1995. 13: 388-392.
292． Mason, H. S., Ball, J. M., Shi, J. J. et al. Expression of Norwalk virus capsid protein in transgenic tobacco and potato and its oral immunogenicity in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996. 93: 5335-5340.
293． Mason, H. S., Haq, T. A., Clements, J. D. et al. Edible vaccine protects mice against Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LT): potatoes expressing a synthestic LT-B gene. Vaccine. 1998. 16: 1336-1343.
294． Mason, H. S., Lam, D. M. K., Arntzen, C. J. Expression of hepatitis B surface antigen in transgenic plants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1992. 89: 11745-11749.
Mason, H. S., Mullet, J. E. Expression of two soybean vegetative storage protein genes during
295． development and in response to water deficit, wounding, and jasmonic acid. Plant Cell 1990. 2: 569-579.
296． Matsunaga, T., Sakaguchi, T., Tadokoro, F. Magnetite formation by a magnetic bacterium capable of growing aerobically. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1991. 35: 651-655.
297． Matsunaga, T., Takeyama, H. Genetic engineering in marine cyanobacteria. J. Appl. Phycol. 1995. 7: 77-84.
298． Matsunaga, T., Takeyama, H., Nakamura, N. Characterization of cryptic plasmids from marine cyanobacteria and construction of a hybrid plasmid potentially capable of transformation of marine cyanobacterium, Synechococcus sp., and its transformation. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 24/25: 151-160.
299． Mayes, C., Saunders, G. W., Tan, I. H. et al. DNA extraction methods for kelp (Laminariales) tissue. J. Phycol. 1992. 28: 712-716.
300． Mayfield, S. P. Over-expression of the oxygen-evolving enhancer 1 protein and its consequences on photosystem II accumulation. Planta 1991. 185: 105-110.
301． Mayfeild, S. P., Kindle, K. L. Stable nuclear transformation of Chlomydomonas reinhardtii by using a C. reinhardtii gene as the selectable marker. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1990. 87: 2087-2091.
302． McHugh, J. P., Spanier, J. G. Isolation of a cadmium sensitive mutants in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by transformation/insertional mutagenesis. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 1994. 124: 239-244.
303． Meints, R. H. Algal viruses as potential transformation vectors. J. Phycol. 1993. 29 (3 suppl.): 19.
304． Mermet-Bouvier, P., Cassierchauvat, C., Marraccini, P. et al. Transfer and replication of rsf1010-derived plasmids in several cyanobacteria of the general Synechocystis and Synechococcus. Current Microbiology 1993. 27: 323-327.
305． Mermet-Bouvier, P., Chauvat, F. A conditional expression vector for the cyanobacteria Synechocystis sp strains PCC6803 and PCC6714 or Synechococcus sp strains PCC7942 and PCC6301. Current Microbiology 1994. 28: 145-148.
306． Michaelis, G., Vahrenholz, C., Pratje, E. Mitochondrial DNA of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: the gene for apocytochrome b and the complete functional map of the 15.8 kb DNA. Mol. Gen. Genet. 1990. 223: 211-216.
307． Miller, P. W., Russell, B. L., Schmidt, R. R. Transcription initiation site of a NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase gene and potential use of its promoter region to express foreign genes in ammonium-cultured Chlorella sorokiniana cells. J. Appl. Phycol. 1994. 6: 211-223.
308． Miller, S. M., Kirk, D. L. glsA, a Volvox gene required for asymmetric division and germ cell specification, encodes a chaperone-like protein. Development 1999. 126: 649-658.
309． Minko, I., Holloway, S. P., Nikaido, S. et al. Renilla luciferase as a vital reporter for chloroplast gene expression in Chlamydomonas. Mol. Gen. Genet. 1999. 262: 421-425.
310． Minocha, S. C. Genetic engineering in marine algae Ulva lactuca (Chlorophyta) and Porphyta miniata (Rhodophyta). In: Abstracts of the 2nd Asia-Pacific Marine Biotechnology Conference and 3rd Asia-Pacific Conference on Algal Biotechnology. National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA) Building, Bangkok, Thailand, 1997. pp: 77.
311． Mitchell, D. R., Kang, Y. Identification of oda6 as a Chlamydomonas dynein mutant by rescue with the wild-type gene. J. Cell Biol. 1991. 113: 835-842.
312． Miyake, M., Asada, Y. Efficient transformation of a thermophilic cyanobacterium, Synechococcus elongatus. J. Marine Biotech. 1996. 4: 64-67.
313． Miyoshi, H., Usami, T., Tanaka, I. High level of GUS gene expression driven by pollen-specific promoters in electroporated lily pollen protoplasts. Sex. Plant Reprod. 1995. 8: 205-209.
314． Moffat, A. S. Exploring transgenic plants as a new vaccine source. Science 1995. 268: 658-660.
315． Moon, D. A., Goff, L. J. Molecular characterization of two large DNA plasmids in the red alga Porphyra pulchra. Curr. Genet. 1997. 32: 132-138.
Motomura, T., Sakai, Y. Ultrastructural studies of gametogenesis in Laminaria angustata
316． (Laminariales, Pheaophyta) regulated by iron concentration in the medium. Phycologia 1984. 23: 331-343.
317． Muller, F., Ivics, Z., Erdelyi, F. et al. Introducing foreign genes into fish eggs with electroporated sperm as a carrier. 1992. Mol. Mar. Biol. Biotechnol. 1: 276-281.
318． Murakami, M., Ikenouchi, M. The biological CO2 fixation and utilization project RITE (2): screening and breeding of microalgae with high capability in fixing CO2. Energy Conversion And Management 1997. 38(suppl.) 493-497.
319． Muro-Pastor, A. M., Kuritz, T., Flores, E. et al. Transfer of a genetic marker from a megaplasmid of Anabaena sp strain PCC 7120 to a megaplasmid of a different Anabaena strain. J. Bacteriol. 1994. 176: 1093-1098.
320． Murphy, R. C., Stevens, Jr. S. E. Cloning and expression of the cryIVD gene of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis in the cyanobacterium Agmenellum quadruplicatum PR-6 and its resulting larvicidal activity. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1992. 58: 1650-1655.
321． Nelson, J. A. E., Lefebvre, P. A. Targeted disruption of the NIT8 gene in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Mol. Cell Biol. 1995. 15: 5762-5769.
322． Nelson, J. A. E., Lefebvre, P. A. Transformation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Methods Cell Biol. 1995. 47: 513-517.
323． Nelson, J. A. E., Savereide, P. B., Lefebvre, P. A. The CRY1 gene in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: structure and use as a dominant selectable marker for nuclear transformation. Mol. Cell Biol. 1994. 14: 4011-4019.
324． Neuhaus, G., Neuhaus-Url, G., de Groot, E. J. et al. High yield and stable transformation of the unicellular green alga Acetabularia by microinjection of SV40 DNA and pSV2neo. EMBO J. 1986. 5: 1437-1444.
325． Nikaido, I., Asamizu, E., Nakajima, M. et al. Generation of 10154 expressed sequence tags from a leafy gametophytes of a marine red alga, Porphyra yezoensis. DNA Research 2000. 7: 223-227.
326． Nishihara, M., Seki, M., Kyo, M. et al. Transgenic haploid plants of Nicotiana rustica produced by bombardment-mediated transformation of pollen. Transgenic Res. 1995. 4: 341-348.
327． Notoya, M., Nagashima, M., Aruga, Y. Influence of light intensity and temprature on callus development in young sporophytes of four species of Laminariales (Phaeophyta). Kor. J. Phycol. 1992. 7: 101-107.
328． Ohresser, M., Matagne, R. F., Loppes, R. Expression of the arylsulphatase reporter gene under the control of the nit1 promoter in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Current Genetics 1997. 31: 264-271.
329． Old, R. W., Primrose, S. B. Principles of Gene Manipulation. 5th ed. Blackwell, Oxford, 1994.
330． Ono, Y., Onda, H., Sasada, R. et al. The complete nucleotide sequence of the cloned heptitis B Virus DNA: subtype adr and adw. Nucleic Acids Research 1983. 11: 1747-1757.
331． Oudot-Le Secq, M. P., Fontaine, J. M., Rousvoal, S. et al. The complete sequence of a brown algal mitochondrial genome, the Ectocarpale Pylaiella littoralis (L.) Kjellm. J. Mol. Evol. 2001. 53: 80-88.
332． Oudot-le Secq, M. P., Kloareg, B., Loiseaux-de Go?r, S. The mitochondrial genome of the brown alga Laminaria digitata: a comparative analysis. Eur. J. Phycol. 2002. 37: 163-172.
333． Parzour, G. J., Sineshchekov, O. A., Witman, G. B. Mutational analysis of the phototransduction pathway of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. J. Cell Biol. 1995. 131: 427-440.
334． Patil, J. G., Khoo, H. W. Nuclear internalization of foreign DNA by zebrafish spermatozoa and its enhancement by electroporation. J. Exp. Zool. 1996. 274: 121-129.
335． Perez, P., Tiraby, G., Kallerhoff, J., Perret, J. Phleomycin resistance as a dominant selectable marker for plant cell transformation. Plant Mol. Biol. 1989. 13: 365-373.
336． Polle, J. E. W., Benemann, J. R., Tanaka, A. et al. Photosynthetic apparatus organization and function in the wild type and a chlorophyll b-less mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Dependence on carbon source. Planta 2000. 211: 335-344.
337． Polne-Fuller, M., Gibor, A. Developmental studies in Porphyra. I. Blade differentiation in Porphyra perforata as expressed by morphology, enzymatic digestion, and protoplast regeneration. J. Phycol. 1984. 20: 609-616.
338． Polne-Fuller, M., Gibor, A. Developmental studies in Porphyra (Rhdophyceae).Ⅲ. Effect of culture conditions on wall regeneration and differentiation of protoplasts. J. Phycol. 1990. 26: 674-682.
339． Porath, J. B., Gokhman, I., Lers, A. et al. Developing a transformation system in Dunaliella. Phycologia 1997. 36(suppl.): 89.
340． Porsch, P., Merkelbach, S., Gehlen, J. et al. The nonradioactive chloramphenicol acetyltransferase-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test is suited for promoter activity studies in plant protoplasts. Analytical Biochemistry 1993. 211: 113-116.
341． Porter, R. D. Transformation in cyanobacteria. Crc. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 1986. 13: 111-132.
342． Prieto, R., Pardo, J. M., Niu, X. et al. Salt-sensitive mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii isolated after insertional tagging. Plant Physiol. 1996.112: 99-104.
343． Purton, S. The chloroplast genome of Chlamydomonas. Sci. Prog. 1995. 78: 205-216.
344． Purton, S., Rochaix, J. D. Complementation of a Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mutant using a genomic cosmid library. Plant Mol. Biol. 1994. 24: 533-537.
345． Purton, S., Rochaix, J. D. Characterisation of the ARG7 gene of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and its application to nuclear transformation. Eur. J. Phycol. 1995. 30: 141-148.
346． Qin, S., Jiang, P., Li, X. P. et al. A transformation model for Laminaria japonica (Phaeophyta, Laminariales). Chin. J. Oceanol. Limnol. 1998a. 16(Suppl.): 50-55.
347． Qin, S., Jiang, P., Li, X. P. et al. The expression of lacZ in regenerated sporophytes of parhenogenetic Laminaria japonica. In: Menasveta, P., Tanticharoen, M. [eds]. Proceedings of the 2nd Asia-Pacific Marine Biotechnology Conference and 3rd Asia-Pacific Conference on Algal Biotechnology. National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA) Building, Bangkok, Thailand, 1998b. pp: 205-208.
348． Qin, S., Kojima, H., Kawata, Y. et al., Cloning and sequencing of the allophycocyanin genes from Spirulina maxima (Cyanophyta). Chin. J. Oceanol. Limnol. 1998d. 16(Suppl.): 6-11.
349． Qin, S., Sun, G. Q., Jiang, P. et al. Review of genetic engineering of Laminaria japonica (Laminariales, Phaeophyta) in China. Hydrobiologia 1999. 398/399: 469-472.
350． Qin, S., Wu, J. Q., Wang, X. H. et al. The expression of foreign genes in Laminaria japonica (Laminariales: Phaeophyta). In: Morton, B. [ed]. The marine biology of the South China Sea. Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong, 1998c. pp: 209-217.
351． Qin, S., Zou, L. H., Jiang, P., Dou, C. G., Kojima, H. Production of useful substances from recombinant microalgae by using genetic engineering. Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 2001. 8(4): 230-233.
352． Randolph-Anderson, B. L., Boynton, J. E., Gillham, N. W. et al. Further characterization of the respiratory deficient dum-1 mutation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and its use as a recipient for mitochondrial transformation. Mol. Gen. Genet. 1993. 236: 235-244.
353． Reddy, A. S., Nuccio, M. L., Gross, L. M. et al. Isolation of a △6-desaturase gene from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp strain PCC 6803 by gain-of-function expression in Anabaena sp strain PCC 7120. Plant Molecular Biology 1993. 22: 293-300.
354． Reddy, C. R. K., Migita, S., Fujita, Y. Protoplast isolation and regeneration of three species of Ulva in axenic culture. Bot. Mar. 1989. 32: 483-490.
355． Reith, M. A β-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase III gene (fab H) is encoded on the chloroplast genome of the red alga Porphyra umbilicalis. Plant Mol. Biol. 1993. 21: 185-189.
356． Reith, M., Cattolico, R. A. Inverted repeat of Olisthodiscus luteus chloroplast DNA contains genes for both subunits of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase and the 32,000-dalton ?B protein: phylogenetic implications. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1986. 83: 8599-8603.
Reith, M., Munholland, J. A high-resolution gene map of the chloroplast genome of the red alga
357． Porphyra purpurea. Plant Cell 1993. 5: 465-475.
358． Ren, L., Shi, D. J., Dai, J. X. et al. Expression of the mouse metallothionein-I gene conferring cadium resistance in a transgenic cyanobacterium. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 1998. 158: 127-132.
359． Renn, D. Biotechnology and the red seaweed polysaccharide industry: status, needs and prospects. Trends Biotechnol. 1997. 15: 9-14.
360． Richter, L. J., Mason, H. S., Arntzen, C. J. Transgenic plants created for oral immunization against diarrheal diseases. J Travel Med. 1996. 3: 52-56.
361． Richter, L. J., Thanavala, Y., Arntzen, C. J. et al. Production of hepatitis B surface antigen in transgenic plants for oral immunization. Nat Biotechnol. 2000. 18: 1167-1171.
362． Rochaix, J. -D. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as the photosynthetic yeast. Annu. Rev. Genet. 1995. 29: 209-230.
363． Rochaix, J. -D. Molecular genetics of chloroplasts and mitochondria in the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 1987. 46: 13-34.
364． Rochaix, J. -D. Organization, function and expression of the chloroplast DNA of Chlamydomonas reinhardii. Experientia 1981. 37: 323-332.
365． Rochaix, J. -D. The three genomes of Chlamydomonas. Photosynthesis Research 2002. 73: 285-293.
366． Rochaix, J. -D., van Dillewijn, J. Transformation of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardii with yeast DNA. Nature 1982. 296: 70-72.
367． Roessler, P. G. Effects of silicon deficiency on lipid composition and metabolism in the diatom Cyclotella cryptica. J. Phycol. 1988. 24: 394-400.
368． Roessler, P. G., Ohlrogge, J. B. Cloning and characterization of the gene that encodes acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase in the alga Cyclotella cryptica. J. Biological Chemistry 1993. 268: 19254-19259.
369． Rott, R., Drager, R. G., Stern, D. B. et al. The 3' untranslated regions of chloroplast genes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii do not serve as efficient transcriptional terminators. Mol. Gen. Genet. 1996. 252: 676-683.
370． Rubinelli, P., Siripornadulsil, S., Gao-Rubinelli, F. et al. Cadmium-and iron-stress-inducible gene expression in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: evidence for H43 protein function in iron assimilation. Planta 2002. 215: 1-13.
371． Saga, N., Uchida, T., Sakai, Y. Clone Laminaria from single isolated cell. Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish. 1978. 44: 87.
372． Saga, N., Sakai, Y. Isolation of protoplasts from Laminaria and Porphyra. Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish. 1984. 50: 1085.
373． Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E. F., Maniatis, T. Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. Second edition. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989.
374． Sanford, J. C., Smith, F. D., Russell, J. A. Optimizing the biolistic process for different biological applications. Methods Enzymol. 1993. 217: 483-509.
375． Sangthongpitag, K., Penfold, R. J., Delaney, S. F. et al. Cloning and expression of the Bacillus sphaericus 2362 mosquitocidal genes in a non-toxic unicellular cyanobacterium, Synechococcus PCC6301. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1997. 47: 379-384.
376． Saunders, G. W. Gel purification of red algal genomic DNA: an inexpensive and rapid method for the isolation of Polymerase Chain Reaction-friendly DNA. J. Phycol. 1993. 29: 251-254.
377． Sawabe, T., Ezura, Y. Regeneration from Laminaria japonica Areschoug (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae) protoplasts isolated with bacterial alginase. Plant Cell Reports 1996. 15: 892-895.
378． Sawabe, T., Ezura, Y., Yamamoto, H. Plant regeneration from protoplasts of Laminaria japonica Areschoug (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae) in a continuous-flow culture system. Plant Cell Reports 1997. 17: 109-112.
Schiedlmeier, B., Schmitt, R., Mueller, W. et al. Nuclear transformation of Volvox carteri. Proc.
379． Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1994. 91: 5080-5084.
380． Schmetterer, G., Wolk, C. P., Elhai, J. Expression of luciferases from Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio fischeri in filamentous cyanobacteria. J. Bacteriol. 1986. 167: 411-414.
381． Schnell, R. A., Lefebvre, P. A. Isolation of the Chlamydomonas regulatory gene nit2 by transposon tagging. Genetics 1993. 134: 737-747.
382． Shah, D. M., Horsch, R. B., Klee, H. J. et al. Engineering herbicide tolerance in transgenic plants. Science 1986. 233: 478-481.
383． Shestakov, S. V., Khuyen, N. T. Evidence for genetic transformation in blue-green alga Anacystis nidulans. Mol.Gen.Genet. 1970. 107: 372-375.
384． Shivji, M. S. Organization of the chloroplast genome in the red alga Porphyra yezoensis. Curr. Genet. 1991. 19: 49-54.
385． Shivji, M. S., Li, N., Cattolico, R. A. Structure and organization of rhodophyte and chromophyte plastid genomes: Implications for the ancestry of plastids. Mol. Gen. Genet. 1992. 232: 65-73.
386． Sizova, I. A., Lapina, T. V., Frolova, O. N. et al. Stable nuclear transformation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with a Streptomyces rimosus gene as the selective marker. Gene 1996. 181: 13-18.
387． Smart, E. J., Selman, B. R. Complementation of a Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mutant defective in the nuclear gene encoding the chloroplast coupling factorⅠ(CF1) gamma-subunit (atpC). J. Bioenerg. Biomembr. 1993. 25: 275-284.
388． Sode, K., Tatara, M., Ogawa, S. et al. Maintenance of broad host range vector pKT230 in marine unicellular cyanobacteria. FEMS Microbiology Letters 1992. 99: 73-78.
389． Sode, K., Tatara, M., Takeyama, H. et al. Conjugative gene transfer in marine cyanobacteria: Synechococcus sp., Synechocystis sp. and Pseudanabaena sp. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1992. 37: 369-373.
390． Sodeinde, O. A., Kindel, K. L. Homologous recombination in the nucear genome of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1993. 90: 9199-9203.
391． Soltes-Rak, E., Kushner, D. J., Williams, D. D. et al. Factors regulating cryIVB expression in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus PCC-7942. Mol. Gen. Genet. 1995. 246: 301-308.
392． Stabile, J. E., Gallagher, J. C., Wurtzel, E. T. Colinearity of chloroplast genomes in divergent ecotypes of the marine diatom Skeletonema costatum (Bacillariophyta). J. Phycol. 1995. 31: 795-800.
393． Stevens, D. R., Purton, S. Expression of foreign genes in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. J. Exp. Bot. 1994. 45(Suppl): 20.
394． Stevens, D. R., Purton, S. Genetic engineering of eukarotic algae: progress and prospects. J. Phycol. 1997. 33: 713-722.
395． Stevens, D. R., Rochaix, J. -D., Purton, S. The bacterial phleomycin resistance gene ble as a dominant selectable marker in Chlamydomonas. Mol. Gen. Genet. 1996. 251: 23-30.
396． Stevens, S. E., Porter, R. D. Transformation in Agmenellum quadruplicatum. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1980. 77: 6052-6056.
397． Stevens, S. E., Murphy, R. C., Lamoreaux, W. J. et al. A genetically engineered mosquitocidal cyanobacterium. J. Appl. Phycol. 1994. 6: 187-197.
398． St?ger, E., Fink, C., Pfosser, M. et al. Plant transformation by particle bombardment of embryogenic pollen. Plant Cell Rep. 1995. 14: 273-278.
399． Sun, X., Yang, G. P., Mao, Y. X. et al. Analysis of expressed sequence tags of a marine red alga, Gracilaria lemaneiformis. Progress in Natural Science 2002. 12: 518-523.
400． Suzuki, T., Miyake, M., Tokiwa, Y. et al. A recombinant cyanobacterium that accumulates poly-(hydroxybutyrate). Biotechnol. Lett. 1996. 18: 1047-1050.
401． Tacket, C. O., Mason, H. S. A review of oral vaccination with transgenic vegetables. Microbes and Infection. 1999. 1: 777-783.
Tacket, C. O., Mason, H. S., Losonsky, G. et al. Immunogenicity in humans of a recombinant
402． bacterial antigen delivered in a transgenic potato. Nat. Med. 1998. 4: 607-609.
403． Tacket, C. O., Mason, H. S., Losonsky, G. et al. Human immune responses to a novel norwalk virus vaccine delivered in transgenic potatoes. J. Infect. Dis. 2000. 182: 302-305.
404． Takahashi, Y., Goldschmidt-Clermont, M., Soen, S. Y. et al. Directed chloroplast transformation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: Insertional inactivation of the psaC gene encoding the iron sulfur protein destabilizes photosystem I. EMBO J. 1991. 10: 2033-2040.
405． Takeshima, Y., Takatsugu, N., Sugiura, M. et al. High-level expression of human superoxide dismutase in the cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans 6301. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1994. 91: 9685-9689.
406． Takeyama, H., Takeda, D., Yazawa, K. et al. Expression of the eicosapentaenoic acid synthesis gene cluster from Shewanella sp. in a transgenic marine cyanobacterium, Synechococcus sp. Microbiology 1997. 143: 2725-2731.
407． Tam, L. W., Lefebvre, P. A. Cloning of flagellar genes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by DNA insertional mutagenesis. Genetics 1993. 135: 375-384.
408． Tandeau de Marsac, N., de la Torre, F., Szulmajster, J. Expression of the larvicidal gene of Bacillus sphaericus 1593M in the cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans R2. Mol. Gen. Genet. 1987. 209: 396-398.
409． Teeri, T. H., Lehvaslaiho, H., Franck, M. et al. Gene fusions to lacZ reveal new expression patterns of chimeric genes in transgenic plants. EMBO J. 1989. 8: 343-350.
410． Thanavala, Y., Yang Y. F., Lyons, P. et al. Immunogenicity of transgenic plant-derived hepatitis B surface antigen. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1995. 92: 3358-3361.
411． Thiel, T. Genetic analysis of cyanobacteria. In: Bryant, D. A. [ed.] The molecular biology of cyanobacteria, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London, 1994. pp: 582-611.
412． Thiel, T., Poo, H. Transformation of a filamentous cyanobacterium by electroporation. J. Bacteriol. 1989. 171: 5743-5746.
413． Tian, L. N., Charest, P. J., Séguin, A. et al. Hygromycin resistance is an effective selectable marker for biolistic transformation of black spruce (Picea mariana). Plant Cell Reports 2000. 19: 358-362.
414． Tseng, C. K. ed., Proceedings of the Join China—U.S. Phycology Symposium. Science Press, Beijing, 1983.
415． Tseng, C. K. The theory and practice of phycoculture in China. In: Rajarao, V. N. [ed]. Perspectives in phycology. Today and Tomorrow's Printers and Publishers, New Delhi, India, 1990. pp: 227-246.
416． Tseng, C. K. Some remarks on marine biotechnology in China. In: Current topics in marine biotechnology. Fuji Technology Press Ltd., 1989. pp: 59-62.
417． Tseng, C. K., Qin, S. Marine algal biotechnolgy in China. In: Proceedings of international symposium on biotechnology of salt ponds. 1991. pp: 61-68.
418． Tseng, C. K., Qin, S. Mariculture and genetic transformation of Laminaria japonoca in China. In: Xu, H. S., Colwell, R. R. [Eds.] Proceedings of international symposium on progress and prospect of marine biotechnology. China Ocean Press, Beijing, China, 1999. pp. 11-16.
419． Turmel, M., Lemieux, C., Burger, G. et al. The complete mitochondrial DNA sequences of Nephroselmis olivacea and Pedinomonas minor. Two radically different evolutionary patterns within green algae. Plant Cell 1999a. 11: 1717-1729.
420． Turmel, M., Otis, C., Lemieux, C. The chloroplast and mitochondrial genome sequences of the charophyte Chaetosphaeridium globosum: Insights into the timing of the events that restructured organelle DNAs within the green algal lineage that led to land plants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2002. 99: 11275-11280.
Turmel, M., Otis, C., Lemieux, C. The complete chloroplast DNA sequence of the green alga Nephroselmis olivacea: Insights into the architecture of ancestral chloroplast genomes. Proc. Natl. Acad.
421． Sci. USA 1999b. 96: 10248-10253.
422． Turner, M., Gumpel, N., Ralley, L. et al. Biogenesis of the electron transfer complexes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 1996. 24: 733-738.
423． Twell, D., Klein, T. M., Fromm, M. E. et al. Transient expression of chimeric genes delivered into pollen by microprojectile bombardment. Plant Physiol. 1989. 91: 1270-1274.
424． Vachhani, A. K., Iyer, R. K., Tuli, R. A mobilizable shuttle vector for the cyanobacterium Plectonema boryanum. J. General Microbiology 1993. 139: 569-573.
425． Vashishtha, M., Segil, G., Hall, J. L. Direct complementation of Chlamydomonas mutants with amplified YAC DNA. Genomics 1996. 36: 459-467.
426． Villemur, R. The DNA sequence and structural organization of the GC2 plasmid from the red alga Gracilaria chilensis. Plant Mol. Biol. 1990. 15: 237-243.
427． Wada, H., Gombos, Z., Murata, N. Enhancement of chilling tolerance of a cyanobacterium by genetic manipulation of fatty acid desaturation. Nature 1990. 347: 200-203.
428． Walmsley, A. M., Arntzen, C. J. Plants for delivery of edible vaccines. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 2000. 11: 126-129.
429． Wang, J., Shi, H. Z., Zhou, C. et al. β-Glucuronidase gene and green fluorescent protein gene expression in de-exined pollen of Nicotiana tabacum by microprojectile bombardment. Sex. Plant Reprod. 1998. 11: 159-162.
430． Wang, K., Drayton, P., Frame, B. et al. Whisker-mediated plant transformation: an alternative technology. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. Plant 1995. 31: 101-104.
431． Wang, X. H., Qin, S., Li, X. P. et al. Effects of ultrasonic treatment on female gametophytes of Laminaria japonica (Phaeophyta). Chin. J. Oceanol. Limnol. 1998a. 16(Suppl.): 62-66.
432． Wang, X. H., Qin, S., Li, X. P. et al. High efficiency induction of callus and regeneration of sporophytes of Laminaria japonica (Phaeophyta). Chin. J. Oceanol. Limnol. 1998b. 16(Suppl.): 67-74.
433． Wang, Z. Y., Takamizo, T., Iglesias, V. A., Osusky, M., Nagel, J., Potrykus, I., Spangenberg, G. Transgenic plants of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) obtained by direct gene transfer to protoplasts. Bio/Tech. 1992. 10: 691-696.
434． Waterbury, J. B., Valois, F. W. Resistance to cooccurring phages enables marine Synechococcus communities to coexist with cyanophages abundant in seawater. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1993. 59: 3393-3399.
435． Wee, J. L., Chesnick, J., Cattolico, R. A. Partial characterization of the chloroplast genome from the chromophytic alga Synura petersenii (Synurophyceae). J. Phycol. 1993. 29: 96-99.
436． Whitelegge, J. P., Koo, D., Diner, B. et al. The effect of site-directed mutations altering aspartic-acid 170 of the d1-polypeptide of photosystem-ii upon oxygen evolution in Chlamydomonas. Photosynthesis Research 1992. 34: 140.
437． Wittpoth, C., Kroth, P. G., Weyrauch, K. et al. Functional characterization of isolated plastids from two marine diatoms. Planta 1998. 206: 79-85.
438． Wolk, C. P., Vonshak, A., Kehoe, P. et al. Construction of shuttle vectors capable of conjugative transfer from Escherichia coli to nitrogen-fixing filamentous cyanobacteria. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1984. 81: 1561-1565.
439． Wu, X. Q., Vennison, S. J., Liu, H. R. et al. Mosquito larvicidal activity of transgenic Anabaena strain PCC 7120 expressing combinations of genes from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Israelensis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1997. 63: 4971-4974.
440． Xiao, W. Stability of cloned Brassica napus chloroplast DNA fragments in the cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans R2. Mol. Gen. Genet.1988. 214: 307-312.
441． Xu, X. D., Kong, R. Q., Hu, Y. X. High larvicidal activity of intact recombinant cyanobacterium Anabaena sp PCC 7120 expressing gene 51 and gene 42 of Bacillus sphaericus sp 2297. FEMS Microbiology Letters 1993. 107: 247-250.
Yamashita, T., Lida, A., Morikawa, H. Evidence that more than 90% of
442． β-glucuronidase-expressing cells after particle bombardment directly recieve the foreign gene in their nucleus. Plant Physiol. 1991. 97: 829-831.
443． Yan, Z. M. Studies on tissue culture of Laminaria japonica and Undaria pinnanatifida. Hydrobiologia 1984. 116/117: 314-316.
444． Yang, Z. Y., Zhang, Q. Q., Jiao, X. Z. et al. Construction of a genomic DNA library of Dunaliella salina. Acta Phytophysiologica Sinica 2000. 26: 75-78.
445． Yano, S. I., Kawata, Y., Kojima, H. Extracellular release of beta lactamase by osmotic shock in Synechococcus transformant. Chin. J. Oceanol. Limnol. 1998. 16(Suppl.): 105-108.
446． Zaslavskaia, L. A., Lippmeier, J. C., Kroth, P. G. et al. Transformation of the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Bacillariophyceae) with a variety of selectable marker and reporter genes. J. Phycol. 2000. 36: 379-386.
447． Zaslavskaia, L. A., Lippmeier, J. C., Shih, C. et al. Trophic conversion of an obligate photoautotrophic organism through metabolic engineering. Science 2001. 292: 2073-2075.
448． Zeng, C. K. Phycological research in the development of the Chinese seaweed industry. Hydrobiologia 1984. 116/117: 7-18
449． Zhang, H., Herman, P. L., Weeds, D. P. Gene isolation through genomic complementation using an indexed library of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii DNA. Plant Mol. Biol. 1994. 24: 663-672.
450． Zhang, J., Wu, Q. J., Lou, S. L. Construction of a new gene integration platform system for the Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942. Chin. J. Oceanol. Limnol. 1998. 16(Suppl.): 40-46.
2． 曹军平, 费志清, 刘必谦等. 金藻基因工程选择标记的研究. 海洋科学, 2001. 25: 6-8.
3． 陈兰英, 方福德. 转基因研究的现状. 生命的化学, 1996. 16: 7-9.
4． 陈曦, 沈桂芳. 衣藻叶绿体遗传转化的研究. 生物技术通报, 1998. 6: 7-13.
5． 陈章良, 潘乃穟. 植物基因工程的现状、前景及问题. 生物工程进展, 1989. 9: 20-29.
6． 陈颖, 李文彬, 张利明等. 小球藻对5种常用基因工程抗生素的敏感性研究. 海洋与湖沼, 1999. 30: 500-505.
7． 戴激, 高华方, 张大伟等. 人表皮生长因子基因穿梭表达载体的构建和在蓝藻中的表达. 中国藻类学会第五届会员大会暨第十次学术讨论会论文摘要集, 1999. pp.18.
8． 戴继勋, 崔竞进, 欧毓麟等. 海带孤雌生殖和染色体自然加倍的研究. 海洋学报, 1992. 14: 105-107.
9． 戴继勋, 方宗熙. 海带孤雌生殖的初步观察. 遗传学报, 1976. 3: 32-38.
10． 董云洲. 超声波对烟草花粉的生物学效应及其诱导外源基因向烟草花粉的转移. 应用基础与工程科学学报, 1999. 7: 393-398.
11． 董云洲, 段胜军, 赵连元等. 用基因枪转化花粉获得转基因谷子和玉米. 中国农业科学, 1999. 32: 9-13.
12． 董云洲, 贾士荣. 基因枪在植物遗传转化上的应用. 生物工程进展, 1993. 14: 15-18.
13． 董志峰, 李新萍, 秦松, 曾呈奎. 基因工程与海洋药物研究. 海洋科学, 1998. 1: 16-20.
14． 范国昌, 苏宁, 张中林等. 同源重组置换衣藻叶绿体chlL基因及其同质化鉴定. 中国生物化学与分子生物学报, 2000. 16: 72-76.
15． 范国昌, 苏宁, 张中林等. 衣藻叶绿体表达体系的建立. 科学通报, 1999. 44: 1301-1306.
16． 范国昌, 张中林, 钱凯先等. 外源基因在叶绿体中表达的研究. 生物化学与生物物理进展, 1998. 25: 293-295.
17． 方宗熙, 戴继勋, 崔竞进等. 海带雌性孢子体的首次记录. 科学通报, 1978. 23: 43-44.
18． 方宗熙, 欧毓麟, 崔竞进等. 海带配子体无性生殖系培育成功. 科学通报, 1978. 23: 115-116.
19． 方宗熙, 阎祚美, 王宗诚. 海带和裙带菜组织培养的初步观察. 科学通报, 1982. 27: 690-691.
20． 费修绠, 鲍鹰, 卢山. 海藻栽培——传统方式及其改造途径. 海洋与湖沼, 2000, 31: 575-580.
21． 耿德贵, 王义琴, 李文彬等. 杜氏盐藻基因工程选择标记的研究. 生物技术, 2001. 11: 1-3.
22． 耿德贵, 王义琴, 李文彬等. GUS基因在杜氏盐藻细胞中的瞬间表达. 高技术通讯, 2002. 2: 35-39.
23． 郭宝太, 毕玉平, 单雷等. 条斑紫菜高纯度总DNA及其质粒状DNA的提取. 海洋学报, 2000. 22: 87-91.
24． 郭祥学, 赵晖, 施定基等. 小鼠金属硫蛋白在丝状体蓝藻中的表达及对重金属抗性的提高. 植物学报, 1998a. 40: 320-324.
25． 郭祥学, 赵晖, 施定基等. 小鼠金属硫蛋白在聚胞藻中的金属诱导表达与纯化. 生物工程学报, 1998b. 14: 405-411.
26． 郭秀洋, 周泽扬, 冯丽春. 利用精子介导法向蚕卵导入外源基因的研究. 生物化学与生物物理进展, 2001. 28: 423-425.
27． 何家菀, 王业勤, 黎尚豪. 鱼腥藻7120的DNA转化作用. 遗传学报, 1984. 11: 100-105.
28． 侯学文, 姜悦, 郭勇. 转基因植物中的标记基因. 生物学通报, 1997, 32: 19-21.
29． 黄健, 唐学玺, 宫相忠等. 海洋微藻基因工程的选择标记. 植物学报, 2000. 42: 841-844.
30． 纪明侯, 张燕霞. 我国经济褐藻的化学成分研究I. 各种经济褐藻的主要化学成分. 海洋与湖沼, 1962. 4: 161-168.
31． 贾士荣. 转基因植物食品中标记基因的安全性评价. 中国农业科学, 1997. 30: 1-15.
32． 贾士荣. 转基因植物研究的十年进展. 中国生物工程十年进展. 1996. pp: 44-57.
33． 姜鹏, 秦松, 曾呈奎. 海藻基因工程进展（I）. 海洋科学, 1998. 2: 27-30.
34． 姜鹏, 秦松, 曾呈奎. 海藻基因工程进展（II）. 海洋科学, 1998. 6: 23-25.
35． 金万枚, 巩振辉, 李桂荣等. 植物遗传转化方法和转基因植株的鉴定. 陕西农业科学, 2000, (1): 24-29.
36． 荆玉祥. 植物基因工程. 生物工程进展, 1988. 3: 1-10.
37． 康明, 韩继刚, 刘平芳等. 小球藻病毒基因调控序列在大肠杆菌和真核藻中的调控活性研究. 生物工程学报, 2000. 16: 443-446.
38． 匡梅. 大型红藻外源基因导入和中国几种常见紫菜的RAPD研究. 1997. 中科院海洋所博士学位论文.
39． 李庆顺. 蓝藻的抗药性及其诱导与质粒关系. 厦门大学学报（自然科学版）, 1991. 30: 198-203.
40． 李伟新, 朱仲嘉, 刘凤贤, 主编. 海藻学概论. 上海: 上海科学技术出版社, 1982.
41． 李新萍, 秦松, 曾呈奎. 孤雌生殖海带对氯霉素和潮霉素的敏感性研究. 海洋与湖沼, 1999. 30: 186-190.
42． 李竹红, 刘德培等. 靶向整合研究进展. 生物化学与生物物理学报, 1999. 31: 1-4.
43． 刘凤龙, 张宏斌, 施定基等. 人肿瘤坏死因子α基因穿梭表达载体的构建和在鱼腥藻7120中的表达. 中国科学（C辑）. 1999. 29: 217-224.
44． 刘红林, 陈宜峰. 精子介导外源DNA转移的研究进展. 生物工程进展, 1997. 17: 27-30.
45． 刘涛, 崔竞进, 戴继勋等. 海带配子体克隆的培养及其应用. 青岛海洋大学学报, 2000. 30: 203-206.
46． 刘祥林, 印莉萍, 吴燕川等. 满江红鱼腥藻glnA启动区的克隆及在烟草中的活性表达. 水生生物学报, 2000. 24: 369-373.
47． 刘玉乐, 王晋芳, 邱并生等. 人乙肝病毒表面抗原基因在转基因烟草中的表达. 中国科学 (B辑), 1993. 23: 252-255.
48． 卢雄斌, 龚祖埙. 植物转基因方法及进展. 生命科学, 1998. 10: 125-131.
49． 罗娜, 宁叶, 施定基等. 人尿激酶原基因在聚球藻7002中的克隆和表达. 植物学报, 2000. 42: 931-935.
50． 罗娜, 宁叶, 施定基等. 人小肠三叶因子（hITF）在蓝细菌Anabaena sp strain PCC 7120中的表达. 中国藻类学会第五届会员大会暨第十次学术讨论会论文摘要集, 1999. pp.83.
51． 茅云翔, 王高歌, 张宝红等. 建立螺旋藻转基因体系初报. 青岛海洋大学学报, 2000. 30(2)II: 13-18.
52． 秦松. 藻胆蛋白分子生物学研究进展及基因工程前景. 《海洋科学进展论文集(一)》. 北京: 科学出版社, 1996. pp: 1-5.
53． 秦松, 姜鹏, 白逢伟等. 海带蛋白质改良基因工程技术. 经济海藻种质种苗生物学. 济南: 山东科技出版社, 曾呈奎, 主编. 1999. pp: 1-26.
54． 秦松, 姜鹏, 吴韵等. 中国藻类基因工程研究: 历史、现状和问题. 中国藻类学研究. 武汉: 武汉出版社, 刘永定, 范晓, 胡征宇主编. 2001. pp: 223-235.
55． 秦松, 童顺, 崔武等. 红藻真江蓠质粒的发现. 海洋与湖沼, 1994b. 25: 349-352.
56． 秦松, 王希华, 姜鹏, 李新萍, 曾呈奎. 能生产活性重组藻胆蛋白的微生物及其制备方法. 中国国家发明专利, ZL96120236.X.
57． 秦松, 王希华, 李新萍, 姜鹏, 曾呈奎. 生产转基因海带的方法. 中国国家发明专利, ZL 96120235.1, 59153.
58． 秦松, 王希华, 童顺等. 海带雌性原生质体的分离与培养. 海洋与湖沼, 1995. 26: 126-129.
59． 秦松, 王希华, 曾呈奎. 藻类的遗传转化.《植物遗传转化技术》. 中国科学技术出版社, 1994a. pp: 79-82.
60． 秦松, 严小军, 曾呈奎. 藻类分子生物技术两年评——基因工程及其上游——分子遗传学. 海洋与湖沼, 1996. 27: 103-111.
61． 秦松, 曾呈奎. 藻类分子遗传学和基因工程研究的现状和展望（I）. 海洋科学, 1993. 1: 34-37.
62． 秦松, 曾呈奎. 藻类分子遗传学和基因工程研究的现状和展望（II）. 海洋科学, 1993. 2: 24-29.
63． 秦松, 曾呈奎. 藻类基因、载体及表达系统. 生物工程进展, 1996. 16(6): 9-12.
秦松, 曾呈奎. 藻类基因工程. 海洋生物技术新进展. 范晓, 张士璀, 秦松, 严小军, 编著. 北京:
64． 海洋出版社, 1999. pp. 58-81.
65． 秦松, 张健, 李文彬等. 用基因枪将GUS基因导入褐藻细胞中表达. 海洋与湖沼, 1994c. 25: 353-356.
66． 邱并生, 裴美云, 逯好英等. 乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原基因在杆状病毒载体与昆虫细胞体系中的表达. 微生物学报, 1989. 29: 101-106.
67． 邵宁, 林晨, 施定基等. 鱼腥藻7120中重组TNF-α的急性毒性. 中国藻类学会第五届会员大会暨第十次学术讨论会论文摘要集, 1999. pp. 12-13.
68． 邵宁, 林晨, 施定基等. 鱼腥藻7120中重组TNF-α的药效. 中国藻类学会第五届会员大会暨第十次学术讨论会论文摘要集, 1999. pp. 13.
69． 施华中, 王劲, 杨弘远等. 烟草脱外壁花粉的电激基因转移. 植物学报, 1996. 38: 626-630.
70． 宋凌云, 施定基, 宁叶等. 用同源重组法将人肝金属硫蛋白突变体ββ基因整合在集胞藻6803中表达. 植物学报, 2001. 43: 399-404.
71． 苏少泉. 除草剂作用机制的生物化学与生物技术的应用. 生物工程进展, 1993. 14: 30-34.
72． 隋正红, 张学成. 藻红蛋白基因部分序列的克隆和顺序分析. 青岛海洋大学学报, 1999. 29: 81-86.
73． 隋正红, 张学成, 孔杰. 龙须菜藻红蛋白亚基基因的克隆及监测. 海洋科学, 2000. 24: 9-11.
74． 孙军, 金苹, 施定基等. 小鼠金属硫蛋-I基因在蓝藻中的克隆和表达. 生物工程进展, 1994. 14: 39-42.
75． 唐延林. 用酶法分离紫菜营养细胞和原生质体获得成功. 海洋通报, 1982. 1: 94-96.
76． 汪进兴, 薛龄鹤. 渡夏种海带在低温室内产生孢子囊的观察. 植物学报, 1959. 8: 259-261.
77． 王春梅, 施定基, 田波等. 黄瓜花叶病毒外壳蛋白（CMV-CP）在集胞藻6803中的克隆和表达. 中国藻类学会第五届会员大会暨第十次学术讨论会论文摘要集, 1999. pp.16.
78． 王高歌, 臧晓南, 张宝红等. 螺旋藻对六种抗生素的敏感性研究. 高技术通讯, 2001. 7: 6-12.
79． 王关林, 方宏筠, 主编. 植物基因工程原理与技术. 北京: 科学出版社, 1998.
80． 王捷, 刘凤龙, 吴锦银等. 转基因蓝藻制备α型重组人肿瘤坏死因子衍生物. 中国海洋药物, 1998. 1: 4-6.
81． 王劲, 施华中, 周嫦等. 用基因枪法将GUS基因导入烟草脱外壁花粉及其瞬间表达. 植物研究, 1998. 18: 422-427.
82． 王素娟, 主编. 海藻生物技术. 上海: 上海科学技术出版社, 1994.
83． 王素娟, 李晖, 李瑶. 电穿孔法诱导GUS基因在坛紫菜原生质体中的瞬间表达. 上海水产大学学报, 1994. 3: 145-150.
84． 王素娟, 张小平, 徐志东等. 坛紫菜营养细胞和原生质体培养的研究I. 海洋与湖沼, 1986. 17(3): 217-221.
85． 王希华, 秦松. 褐藻愈伤组织研究. 海洋科学, 1995. 3: 17-20.
86． 王义琴, 陈颖, 白琴华等. 以小球藻为载体生产兔防御素的研究. 高技术通讯, 2001. 9: 1-5.
87． 王业勤, 徐旭东, 黎尚豪. 蓝藻分子遗传学十年研究进展. 水生生物学报, 1991. 15: 356-367.
88． 王跃驹, 李刚强, 刘德虎. 利用转基因植物生产乙肝口服疫苗. 生物技术通报, 1997. 5: 21-25.
89． 吴韵. GUS基因在优化海带表达系统中的应用. 2001. 中科院海洋所硕士学位论文.
90． 吴韵, 邹立红, 姜鹏等. 孤雌生殖海带对草丁膦的敏感性. 海洋与湖沼, 2001. 32: 19-22.
91． 武建秋. 海带基因工程选择标记的确立及外源基因在海带中的表达. 1996. 中科院海洋所硕士学位论文.
92． 武建秋, 王希华, 秦松等. 海带基因工程选择标记的研究. 海洋科学, 1995. 5: 42-45.
93． 武建秋, 秦松, 邓田等. 氯霉素乙酰转移酶（CAT）基因在海带中的表达. 海洋与湖沼, 1999. 30: 28-32.
94． 徐淑平, 卫志明. 基因枪的使用方法介绍. 植物生理学通讯, 1998. 34: 41-43.
95． 徐旭东. 基因工程杀蚊幼蓝藻研究的由来和发展. 水生生物学报, 2001. 25: 76-82.
96． 杨金水, 王光清. 植物转基因的失活与沉默. 生物工程进展, 1995. 15: 41-45.
97． 杨毅, 刘国琴, 阎隆飞. 衣藻肌动蛋白-绿色荧光蛋白的融合基因在烟草悬浮细胞中的表达及融合蛋白的体外聚合. 科学通报, 2001. 46: 461-466.
杨志勇, 张庆琪, 许政恺. 利用电击法将外源DNA导入盐藻. 中国藻类学会第五届会员大会暨第
98． 十次学术讨论会论文摘要集. 1999. 宁波, pp: 175.
99． 于道展. 裙带菜遗传转化模型的建立. 2002. 中科院海洋所硕士学位论文.
100． 于道展, 秦松, 曾呈奎. β-半乳糖苷酶基因 (lacZ) 在大型经济海藻裙带菜中的瞬间表达. 高技术通讯, 2002. 12: 93-95.
101． 于建康, 阎维, 张玉廉等. 精子介导鱼类基因转移和聚合酶链反应检测技术. 动物学报, 1994. 40: 96-99.
102． 曾呈奎, 任国忠, 吴超元. 关于海带配子体的排卵和排精现象及精子形态. 科学通报, 1959. 4: 129-130.
103． 曾呈奎, 王素娟, 刘思俭, 编著. 海藻栽培学. 上海: 上海科学技术出版社. 1985.
104． 曾呈奎, 吴超元, 主编. 海带养殖学. 北京: 科学出版社, 1962.
105． 曾君祉, 王东江, 吴有强等. 用花粉管途径获得小麦转基因植株. 中国科学(B)辑, 1993. 23: 256-262.
106． 张贵星, 许培荣, 郑合明等. 盐藻对除草剂草丁膦的抗性研究. 生命科学研究, 2002. 6: 92-94.
107． 张晓宁, 万由衷, 林长发等. 盐胁迫下盐藻特异表达基因片段的克隆. 复旦学报 (自然科学版), 2001. 40: 500-503.
108． 张晓宁, 王昊, 陈火英等. 盐藻启动子活性片段的克隆及序列分析. 复旦学报(自然科学版), 2002. 41: 227-229.
109． 张亚萍, 于文功, 戴继勋等. 条斑紫菜叶状体细胞的抗生素敏感性研究. 青岛海洋大学学报, 2002. 32: 245-250.
110． 章军, 宋新强, 徐虹等. 利用同源重组质粒pUTK转化蓝藻Synechococcus sp. PCC7942及胸腺素α1的表达. 海洋科学, 2001. 25: 1-4.
111． 周志刚, 吴超元. 海带无性繁殖系的形成及孢子体诱导. 生物工程学报, 1998. 14: 109-111.
112． Adam, M., Lentz, K. E., Loppes, R., Insertional mutagenesis to isolate acetate-requiring mutants in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 1993. 110: 265-268.
113． Adam, M., Loppes, R. Use of the ARG7 gene as an insertional mutagen to clone PHON 24, a gene required for derepressible neutral phosphatase activity in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Mol. Gen. Genet. 1998. 258: 123-132.
114． Alwen, A., Eller, N., Kastler, M. et al. Potential of in vitro pollen maturation for gene transfer. Physiologia Plantarum 1990. 79: 194-196.
115． Angsuthanasombat, C., Panym, S. Biosynthesis of 130-kilodalton mosquito larvicide in the cyanobacterium Agmenellum quadruplicatum PR-6. Appl. Environment. Microbiol. 1989. 55: 2428-2430.
116． Aoyama, K., Miyake, M., Yamada, J. et al. Application of vector pKE4-9 carring a strong promoter to the expression of foreign proteins in Synechococcus PCC 7942. J. Mar. Biotechnol. 1996. 4: 64-67.
117． Apt, K. E., Bhaya, D., Grossman, A. R. Characterization of genes encoding the light-harvesting proteins in diatoms: biogenesis of the fucoxanthin chlorophyll a/c protein complex. J. Appl. Phycol. 1994. 6: 225-230.
118． Apt, K. E., Kroth-Pancic, P. G., Grossman, A. R. Stable nuclear transformation of the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Mol. Gen. Genet. 1996. 252: 572-579.
119． Arezzo, F. Sea urchin sperm as a vector of foreign genetic information. Cell Biol. Int. Rep. 1989.13: 391-404.
120． Arntzen, C. J. High-tech herbal medicine: plant-based vaccines. Nat. Biotechnol. 1997. 15: 221-222.
121． Arntzen, C. J. Pharmaceutical foodstuffs--oral immunization with transgenic plants. Nat. Med. 1998. 4(5 Suppl): 502-503.
122． Asada, Y., Miyake, M., Miyake, J. Production of bioplastics and hydrogen gas by photosynthetic microorganisms. Chin. J. Oceanol. Limnol. 1998. 16(suppl): 91-104.
Asato, Y., Ginoza, H. S. Seperation of small circular DNA molecules from the blue-green alga
123． Anacystis nidulans. Nature New Biol. 1973. 244: 132-133.
124． Bancroft, I., Wolk, C. P., Oren, E. V. Physical and genetic maps of the heterocyst-forming cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120. J. Bacteriol. 1989. 171: 5940-5948.
125． Bateman, J. M., Purton, S. Tools for chloroplast transformation in Chlamydomonas: expression vectors and a new dominant selectable marker. Mol. Gen. Genet. 2000. 263: 404-410.
126． Bazin, M. J. Sexuality in a blue-green alga: genetic recombination in Anacystis nidulans. Nature 1968. 218: 282-283.
127． Bergh, ?., B?rsheim, K. Y., Bratbak, G. et al. High abundance of viruses found in aquatic environments. Nature 1989. 340: 467-468.
128． Bingham, S. E., Xu, R., Webber, A. N. Expression of foreign DNA in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 1989. 65: 77-82.
129． Bingham, S. E., Webber, A. N. Maintenance and expression of heterologous genes in chloroplast of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. J. Appl. Phycol. 1994. 6: 239-245.
130． Birnstiel, M. L., Busslinger, M. Dangerous liaisons: Spermatozoa as natural vectors for foreign DNA? Cell 1989. 57: 701-702.
131． Bose, S. G., Carmichael, W. W. Plasmid distribution among unicellular and filamentous toxic cyanobacteria. J. Appl. Phycol. 1990. 2: 131-136.
132． Boudreau, E., Otis, C., Turmel, M. Conserved gene clusters in the highly rearranged chloroplast genomes of Chlamydomonas moewusii and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Plant Molecular Biology 1994. 24: 585-602.
133． Bourne, C. M., Palmer, J. D., Stoermer, E. F. Organization of the chloroplast genome of the freshwater centric diatom Cyclotella meneghiniana. J. Phycol. 1992. 28: 347-355.
134． Boyen, C., Leblanc, C., Kloareg, B. et al. Physical map and gene organization of the mitochondrial genome of Chondrus crispus (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales). Plant Mol. Biol. 1994. 26 (2): 691-697.
135． Boynton, J. E., Gillham, N. W. Chloroplast transformation in Chlamydomonas. Methods Enzymol. 1993. 217: 510-536.
136． Boynton, J. E., Gillham, N. W., Harris, E. H. et al. Chloroplast transformation in Chlamydomonas with high velocity microprojectiles. Science 1988. 240: 1534-1538.
137． Brackett, B. G., Baranska, W., Sawicki, W. et al. Uptake of heterologous genome by mammalian spermatozoa and its transfer to ova through fertilization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1971. 68: 353-357.
138． Bradford, M. M. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal. Biochem. 1976. 72: 248-254.
139． Brown, L. E., Sprecher, S. L., Keller, L. R. Introduction of exogenous DNA into Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by electroporation. Molecular and Cellular Biology 1991. 11: 2328-2332.
140． Bruss, V., Ganem, D. The role of envelope proteins in hepatitis B virus assembly. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1991. 88: 1059-1063.
141． Burger, G., Saint-Louis, D., Gray, M. W. et al. Complete sequence of the mitochondrial DNA of the red alga Porphyra purpurea: cyanobacterial introns and shared ancestry of red and green algae. Plant Cell 1999. 11: 1675-1694.
142． Butanaev, A. M. Hygromycin phosphotransferase gene as a dominant selective marker for transformation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Mol. Biol. 1994. 28: 682-686.
143． Butler, D. M., ?stgaard, K., Boyen, C. et al. Isolation conditions for high yields of protoplasts from Laminaria saccharina and L. digita. J. Exp. Bot. 1989. 40: 1237-1246.
144． Buzby, J. S., Porter, R. D., Stevens, S. E. Expression of the Escherichia coli lacZ gene on a plasmid vector in a cyanobacterium. Science 1985. 230: 805-807.
145． Buzby, J. S., Porter, R. D., Stevens, S. E. Plasmid transformation in Agmenellum quadruplicatum PR-6: construction of biphasic plasmids and characterization of their transformation properties. J. Bacteriol. 1983. 154: 1446-1450.
146． Casotti, R., Ribera-d'-Alcala, M., Bowler, C. A molecular approach to the study of photoadaptation in phytoplankton. Genetic transformation of marine diatoms. Biol. Mar. Mediterr. 1997. 4: 24-29.
147． Cattolico, R. A., Loiseaux-de Go?r, S. Analysis of chloroplast evolution and phylogeny: a molecular approach. In: The Chromophyte Algae: Problems and Perspectives. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1989. pp: 85-100.
148． Cerutti, H., Johnson, A. M., Gillham, N. W. et al. A eubacterial gene conferring spectinomycin resistance on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: integration into the nuclear and gene expression. Genetics 1997a. 145: 97-110.
149． Cerutti, H., Johnson, A. M., Gillham, N. W. et al. Epigenetic silencing of a foreign gene in nuclear transformation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Plant Cell 1997b. 9: 925-945.
150． Chauvat, F., Rouet, P., Bottin, H. et al. Mutagenesis by random cloning of an Escherichia coli kanamycin resistance gene into the genome of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803: selection of mutants defective in photosynthesis. Mol. Gen. Genet. 1989. 216: 51-59.
151． Chen, X., Widger, W. R. Physical genome map of the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. Strain PCC 7002. J. Bacteriol. 1993. 175: 5106-5116.
152． Chen, Y., Li, W. B., Bai, Q. H. et al. Study on transient expression of GUS gene in Chlorella ellipsoidea (Chlorophyta) by using biolistic particle delivery system. Chin. J. Oceanol. Limnol. 1998. 16(Suppl.): 47-49.
153． Chen, Y., Wang, Y. Q., Sun, Y. R. et al. Highly efficient expression of rabbit Neutrophil peptide-1 gene in Chlorella ellipsoidea cells. Curr. Genet. 2001. 39: 365-370.
154． Chen, Z., Ren, L., Shao, Q. et al. Expression of mammalian metallothionein-I gene in cyanobacteria to enhance heavy metal resistance. Marine Pollution Bulletin 1999. 39: 155-158.
155． Cheney, D. P., Kurtzman, A. L. Progress in protoplast fusion and gene transfer in red alga. In: Abstract of XIVth International Seaweed Symposium, Brittany, France, 1992. No.061.
156． Cheney, D., Metz, B., Stiller, J. Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation in the macroscopic marine red alga Porphyra yezoensis. J. Phycol. 2001. 37(3) (suppl.): 11.
157． Chiang, G. G., Schaefer, M. R., Grossman, A. R. Transformation of the filamentous cyanobacterium Fremyella diplosiphon by conjugation or electroporation. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 1992. 30: 315-325.
158． Choquet, Y., Rahire, M., Girard-Bascou, J. et al. A chloroplast gene is required for the light-independent accumulation of chlorophyll in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. EMBO J. 1992. 11: 1697-1704.
159． Chow, K. C., Tung, W. L. Electrotransformation of Chlorella vulgaris. Plant Cell Reports 1999. 18: 778-780.
160． Christopher, D. A., Shen, Y. X., Dudley, P. et al. Expression of a higher-plant chloroplast psbD promoter in a cyanobacterium (Synechococcus sp. strain PCC7942) reveals a conserved cis-element, designated PGT, that differentially interacts with sequence-specific binding factors during leaf development. Curr. Genet. 1999. 35: 657-666.
161． Chungjatupornchai, W. Expression of the mosquitocidal-protein genes of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis and the herbicide-resistance gene bar in Synechocystis PCC6803. Curr. Microbiol. 1990. 21: 283-288.
162． Chungjatupornchai, W., Senawong, T., Panyim, S. Isolation and characterization of Synechococcus PCC7942 promoters: tRNApro gene functions as a promoter. Current Microbiology 1999. 38: 210-216.
163． Coleman, A. W., Goff, L. J. DNA analysis of eukaryotic algal species. J. Phycol. 1991. 27: 463-473.
164． Couzin, J. NSF's ark draws alligators, algae, and wasps. Science 2002. 297: 1638-1639.
Craig, R., Reichelt, B. Y., Reichelt, J. L. Genetic engineering of micro-algae. In: Boborowizka, L.
165． J. [Eds.]. Micro-algal Biolechnology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1988. pp: 415-455.
166． Crepineau, F., Roscoe, T., Kaas, R. et al. Characterisation of complementary DNAs from the expressed sequence tag analysis of life cycle stages of Laminaria digitata (Phaeophyceae). Plant Molecular Biology 2000. 43: 503-513.
167． Daniell, H., Sarojini, G., McFadden, B. A. Transformation of the cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans 6301 with the Escherichia coli plasmid pBR322. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1986. 83: 2546-2550.
168． Davies, J. P., Grossman, A. R. Sequences controlling transcription of the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii β2-tubulin gene after deflagellation and during the cell cycle. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1994. 14: 5165-5174.
169． Davies, J. P., Weeks, D. P., Grossman, A. R. Expression of the arylsulfatase gene from the b2-tubulin promoter in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Nucleic Acids Res. 1992. 20: 2959-2965.
170． Davies, J. P., Yildiz, F., Grossman, A. R. Mutants of Chlamydomonas with aberant responses to sulfur deprivation. Plant Cell. 1994. 6: 53-63.
171． Dawson, H. N., Burlingame, R., Cannons, A. C. Stable transformation of Chlorella: rescue of nitrate reductase-deficient mutants with the nitrate reductase gene. Curr. Microbiology 1997. 35: 356-362.
172． Day, A., Debuchy, R., van Dillewijn, J. et al. Studies on the maintenance and expression of cloned DNA fragments in the nuclear genome of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Physiol. Plant 1990. 78: 254-260.
173． Debuchy, R., Purton, S., Rochaix, J. D. The argininosuccinate lyase gene of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: an important tool for nuclear transformation and for correlating the genetic and molecular maps of the ARG7 locus. EMBO J. 1989. 8: 2803-2809.
174． Delzkalns, V. A., Owens, G. G., Bogorad, L. Chloroplast promoter driven expression of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene in a cyanobacterium. Nucl. Acids. Res. 1984. 23: 8917-8925.
175． Devilly, C. I., Houghton, J. A. A study of genetic transformation in Gloeocapsa alpicola. J. Gen. Microbiol. 1977. 98: 277-280.
176． Diener, D. R., Curry, A. M., Johnson, K. A. et al. Rescue of a paralyzed-flagella mutant of Chlamydomonas by transformation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1990. 87: 5739-5743.
177． Dogan, B., Mason, H. S., Richter, L. et al. Process options in hepatitis B surface antigen extraction from transgenic potato. Biotechnol Prog. 2000. 16: 435-441.
178． Douglas, S. E. Unusual organization of a ribosomal-protein operon in the plastid genome of Cryptomonas Φ: evolutionary considerations. Current Genetics 1991. 19: 289-294.
179． Douglas, S. E., Penny, S. L. The plastid genome of the Cryptophyte alga, Guillardia theta: complete sequence and conserved synteny groups confirm its common ancestry with red algae. J. Mol. Evol. 1999. 48: 236-244.
180． Drocourt, D., Calmels, T., Reynes, J. P. et al. Cassettes of the streptoalloteichus hindustanus ble gene for transformation of lower and higher eukaryotes. Nucleic Acids Res.1990. 18: 4009.
181． Dunahay, T. G. Transformation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with silicon carbide whiskers. BioTechniques 1993. 15: 452-460.
182． Dunahay, T. G., Jarvis, E. E., Roessler, P. G. Genetic transformation of the diatoms Cyclotella cryptica and Navicula saprophila. J. Phycol. 1995. 31: 1004-1012.
183． Dunahay, T. G., Jarvis, E. E., Dais, S. S. et al. Manipulation of microalgal lipid production using genetic engineering. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 1996. 57/58: 223-231.
184． Dunahay, T. G., Jarvis, E. E., Zeiler, K. G. et al. Genetice engineering of microalgae for fuel production. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 1992. 35: 331-339.
185． Dzelzkalns, V., Bogorad, L. Stable transformation of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 induced by UV irradiation. J. Bacteriol. 1986. 165: 964-971.
Elhai, J. Genetic techniques appropriate for the biotechnological exploitation of cyanobacteria. J.
186． Appl. Phycol. 1994. 6: 177-186.
187． Elhai, J. Vepritskiy, A., Muro-Pastor, A. M. et al. Reduction of conjugal transfer efficiency by three restriction activities of Anabaena sp. Strain PCC 7120. J. Bacteriol.1997. 179: 1998-2005.
188． Elhai, J. Wolk, C. P. Conjugal transfer of DNA to cyanobacteria. Methods. Enzymol. 1988. 167: 747-754.
189． Erbe, J. L., Adams, A. C., Taylor, K. B. et al. Cyanobacteria carrying an smt-lux transcriptional fusion as biosensors for the detection of heavy metal cations. J. Industrial Microbiology 1996a. 17: 80-83.
190． Erbe, J. L., Taylor, K. B., Hall, L. M. Expression of mouse metallothionein in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus PCC 7942. J. Industrial Microbiology 1996b. 17: 41-46.
191． Erickson, J. M. Chloroplast transformation: current results and future prospects. In: Ort, D. R., Yocum, C. F. [Eds.] Oxygenic Photosynthesis: The Light Reaction. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrechtm, The Netherlands, 1996. pp: 589-619.
192． Ertl, H. C. J., Xiang, Z. Q. Novel vaccine approaches. J. Immunology 1996. 156: 3579-3582.
193． Falciatore, A., Bowler, C. Revealing the molecular secrets of marine diatoms. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 2002. 53: 109-130.
194． Falciatore, A., Casotti, R., Leblanc, C. et al. Transformation of nonselectable reporter genes in marine diatoms. Mar. Biotechnol. 1999. 1: 239-251.
195． Fang, T. C. Some genetic features revealed from culturing the haploid cells of kelps. Hydrobiologia 1984. 116/117: 317-318.
196． Fang, Z. X. A summary of the genetic studies of Laminaria japonica in China. In: Tseng, C. K. [ed.] Proceedings of the Joint China-U.S. Phycology Symposium. Science Press, Beijing, 1983. pp: 123-136.
197． Fennel, A., Hauptmann, R. Electroporation and PEG delivery of DNA into maize microspores. Plant Cell Rep. 1992. 11: 567-570.
198． Ferris, P. J. Localization of the nic-7, ac-29 and thi-10 genes within the mating-type locus of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Genetics 1995. 141: 543-549.
199． Fischer, H., Robl, I., Sumper, M. et al. Targeting and covalent modification of cell wall and membrane proteins heterologously expressed in the diatom Cylindrotheca fusiformis (Bacillariophyceae). J. Phycol. 1999. 35: 113-120.
200． Fogg, G. E. Algae as experimental organisms. In: Cresswell, R. C., Rees, T. A. V., Shah, N. [Eds.] Algal and Cyanobacteial Biotechnology. Longman Scientefic and Technical, Essex, 1989. pp: 28-49.
201． Fromm, M. E., Taylor, L. P., Walbot, V. Stable transformation of maize after gene transfer by electroporation. Nature 1986. 319: 791-793.
202． Fukuoka, H., Ogawa, T., Matsuoka, M. et al. Direct gene delivery into isolated microspores of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) and the production of fertile transgenic plants. Plant Cell Reports 1998. 17: 323-328.
203． Gatignol, A., Durand, H., Tiraby, G. Bleomycin resistance conferred by a drug-binding protein. FEBS Lett. 1988. 230: 171-175.
204． Geil, K. M., Mondoli, D. F. Development of mass transformation in Acetabularia acetabulum. J.Phycol. 1996. 32(Suppl.): 17-18.
205． Giddings, G. Transgenic plants as protein factories. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 2001. 12: 450-454.
206． Goff, L. J., Coleman, A. W. Red algal plasmids. Curr. Genet. 1990. 18: 557-565.
207． Goldschmidt-Clermont, M. Transgenic expression of aminoglycoside adenyl transferase in the chloroplast: a selectable marker for site-directed transformation of Chlamydomonas. Nucleic Acids Res. 1991. 19: 4083-4089.
208． Grossman, A. R. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and photosynthesis: genetics to genomics. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 2000. 3: 132-137.
209． Gruber, M. Y., Glick, B. R., Thompson, J. E. et al. In vitro expression of a cyanobacterial plasmid. Curr. Microbiol. 1987. 15: 265-268.
210． Guda, C., Lee, S. -B., Daniell, H. Stable expression of a biodegradable protein-based polymer in tobacco chloroplasts. Plant Cell Reports 2000. 19: 257-262.
211． Gumpel, N. J., Ralley, L., Girard-Bascou, J. et al. Nuclear mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii defective in the biogenesis of the cytochrome b6f complex. Plant Mol. Biol. 1995. 29: 921-932.
212． Gumpel, N. J., Rochaix, J. D., Purton, S. Studies on homologous recombination in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Curr. Genet. 1994. 26: 438-442.
213． Hall, L. M., Taglor, K. B., Jones, D. D. Expression of a foreign gene in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Gene 1993. 124: 75-81.
214． Hallmann, A., Rappel, A. Genetic engineering of the multicellular green alga Volvox: a modified and multiplied bacterial antibiotic resistance gene as a dominantselectable marker. The Plant Journal 1998. 17: 99-109.
215． Hallmann, A., Sumper, M. Reporter genes and highly regulated promoters as tools for transformation experiments in Volvox carteri. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1994. 91: 11562-11566.
216． Hamilton, D. A., Schwarz, Y. H., Rueda, J. et al. Comparison of transient and stable expression by a pollen-specific promoter: the transformation results do not always agree. Sex. Plant Reprod. 2000. 12: 292-295.
217． Haq, T. A., Mason, H. S., Clements, J. D. et al. Oral immunization with a recombinant bacterial antigen produced in transgenic plants. Science 1995. 268: 714-716.
218． Harker, M., Hirschberg, J. Biosynthesis of ketocarotenoids in transgenic cyanobacteria expressing the algal gene for beta-C-4-oxygenase, crtO. FEBS Letters 1997. 404: 129-134.
219． Harris, E. H. The Chlamydomonas sourrcebook: a comprehensive guide to biology and laboratory use. Academic Press, San Diego, California, 1989.
220． Hasnain, S. E., Manvathu, E. K., Leung, W. C. DNA-mediated transformation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells: use of aminoglycoside 3'-phosphotransferase as a selectable marker. Mol. Cell Biol. 1985. 5: 3647-3650.
221． Hawkins, R. L., Nakamura, M. Expression of human growth hormone by the eukaryotic alga, Chlorella. Curr. Microbiology 1999. 38: 335-341.
222． He, P., Yao, Q., Chen, Q. et al. Transferring and expression of glucose oxidase gene-gluc in Porphyra yezoensis. J. Phycol. 2001. 37(3) (suppl.): 22.
223． Heifetz, P. B. Genetic engineering of the chloroplast. Biochimie. 2000. 82: 655-666.
224． Herry, E. C., Cole, K. M. Ultrastructure of swarmers in the Laminariales (Phaeophyceae). II. Sperm. J. Phycol. 1982. 18: 570-579.
225． Henry, E. C., Meints, R. H. Recombinant viruses as transformation vectors of marine macroalgae. J. Appl. Phycol. 1994. 6: 247-253.
226． Hildebrand, M., Corey, D. K., Ludwig, J. R. et al. Plasmids in diatom species. J. Bacteriol. 1991. 173: 5924-5927.
227． Hildebrand, M., Hasegawa, P., Ord, R. W. et al. Nucleotide sequence of diatom plasmids: identification of open reading frames with similarity to site-specific recombinases. Plant Molecular Biology 1992. 19: 759-770.
228． Hu, D., Fiedler, H. R., Golan, T. et al. Catalytic properties and sensitivity to tentoxin of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii ATP synthases changed in codon 83 of atpB by site-directed mutagenesis. J. Biol. Chem. 1997. 272: 5457-5463.
229． Huang, X., Weber, J. C., Hinson, T. K. et al. Transient expression of the GUS reporter gene in the protoplasts and partially digested cells of Ulva lactuca L. (Chlorophyta). Bot. Mar. 1996. 39: 467-474.
230． Inoue, K., Dreyfuss, B. W., Kindle, K. L. et al. Ccs1, a nuclear gene required for the post-translational assembly of chloroplast c-type cytochromes. J. Biol. Chem. 1997. 272: 31747-31754.
Jacobs, J. D., Ludwig, J. R., Hildebrand, M. et al. Characterization of 2 circular plasmids from
231． the marine diatom Cylindrotheca fusiformis: plasmids hybridize to chloroplast and nuclear DNA. Mol. Gen. Genet. 1992. 233: 302-310.
232． Jardinaud, M. F., Souvré, A., Beckert, M. et al. Optimization of DNA transfer and transient β-glucuronidase expression in electroporated maize (Zea mays L.) microspores. Plant Cell Rep. 1995. 15: 55-58.
233． Jarvis, E. E., Brown, L. M. Transient expression of firefly luciferase in protoplasts of the green alga Chlorella ellipsoidea. Curr. Genet. 1991. 19: 317-321.
234． Jarvis, E. E., Dunahay, T. G., Brown, L. M. DNA nucleoside composition and methylation in several species of microalgae. J. Phycol. 1992. 28: 356-362.
235． Jarvis, E. E., Dunahay, T. G., Roessler P. G. Genetic engineering of microalgae for enhanced biodiesel fuel production. In: ITIT symposium microalgal biotechnology basics and applications. Osaka, 1996. pp: 20-28.
236． J?hne, A., Becker, D., Brettschneider, R. et al. Regeneration of transgenic, microspore-derived, fertile barley. Theor. Appl. Genet. 1994. 89: 525-533.
237． Jefferson, R. A., Kavanagh, T. A., Bevan, M. W. GUS fusions: β-glucuronidase as a sensitive and versatile gene fusion marker in higher plants. EMBO J. 1987. 6: 3901-3907.
238． Jensen, A. Present and future needs for algae and algal products. Hydrobiologia 1993. 260/261: 15-23.
239． Kaeppler, H. F., Gu, W., Somers, D. A. et al. Silicon carbide fiber-mediated DNA delivery into plant cells. Plant Cell Rep. 1990. 9: 415-418.
240． Kawata, Y., Yamano, N., Kojima, H. et al. Expression of salmon growth hormone in the cyanobacterium Agmenellum quadruplicatum. Biotechnology Letters 1991. 13: 851-856.
241． Kawata, Y. Yano, S. Kojima, H. Transformation of Spirulina platensis by chromosomal integration. In: Proceedings of 6th International Conference on Applied Algology. Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic, 1993. pp.72.
242． Khrebtukova, I., Spreitzer, R. J. Elimination of the Chlamydomonas gene family that encodes the small subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1996. 93: 13689-13693.
243． Kim, D. H., Kim, Y. T., Cho, J. J. et al. Stable integration and functional expression of flounder growth hormone gene in transformed microalga, Chlorella ellipsoidea. Mar. Biotechnol. 2002. 4: 63-73.
244． Kindle, K. L. High-frequency nuclear transformation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1990. 87: 1228-1232.
245． Kindle, K. I., Richards, K. L., Stern, D. B. Engineering the chloroplast genome: Techniques and capabilities for chloroplast transformation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1991. 88: 1721-1725.
246． Kindle, K. L., Schnell, R. A., Fernandez, E. et al. Stable nuclear transformation of Chlamydomonas using the Chlamydomonas gene for nitrate reductase. J. Cell. Biol. 1989. 109: 2589-2601.
247． Kindle, K. I., Sodeinde, O. A. Nuclear and chloroplast transformation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: strategies for genetic manipulation and gene expression. J. Appl. Phycol. 1994. 6: 231-238.
248． Kirk, M. M., Stark, K., Miller, S. M. et al. regA, a Volvox gene that plays a central role in germ-soma differentiation, encodes a novel regulatory protein. Development 1999. 126: 639-647.
249． Klein, T. M., Wolf, E. D., Wu, R. et al. High-velocity microprojectiles for delivering nucleic acids into living cells. Nature 1987, 327: 70-73.
250． Kojima, H. Kawata, Y., Yano, S. Bioreactors of recombinant blue-green algae. In: Proceedings of ITIT symposium microalgal biotechnology basics and applications. Osaka, 1996. pp. 81-87.
251． Kojima, H., Qin, S., Kawata, Y. et al. The allophycocyanin genes from the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis and evolutionary relatedness to cyanobacterial hemoglobins. Russian J. Plant Physiology 2000. 47: 593-597.
252． Kojima, H., Qin, S., Kumar, T. A. et al. Transposable genetic elements in Spirulina and potential applications for genetic engineering. Chin. J. Oceanol. Limnol. 1998. 16 (Suppl.): 30-39.
253． Koksharova, O. A., Wolk, C. P. Genetic tools for cyanobacteria. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2002. 58: 123-137.
254． Kong, Q., Richter, L., Yang, Y. F. et al. Oral immunization with hepatitis B surface antigen expressed in transgenic plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001. 98: 11539-11544.
255． Kowallik, K. V. Molecular aspects and phylogenetic implications of plastid genome of certain chromophytes. In: The chromophyte algae: problems and perspectives. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1989. pp: 101-124.
256． Kozminski, K. G., Diener, D. R., Rosenbaum, J. L. High level expression of nonacetylatable alpha-tubulin in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 1993. 25: 158-170.
257． Kr?ger, Dr. N. The sweetness of diatom molecular engineering. J. Phycol. 2001. 37: 657-658.
258． Kuang, M., Wang, S. J., Li, Y. et al. Transient expression of exogenous GUS gene in Porphyra yezoensis (Rhodophyta). Chin. J.Oceanol. Limnol. 1998. 16 (Suppl.): 56-61.
259． Kuhlemeier, C. J., Hardon, E. M., van Arkel, G. A. et al. Self-cloning in the cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans R2: fate of a cloned gene after reintroduction. Plasmid 1985. 14: 200-208.
260． Kuhsel, M., Kowallik, K. V. The plastome of a brown alga, Dictyota dichotoma. II. Location of structural genes coding for ribosomal RNAs, the large subunit of ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase and for polypeptides of photosystems I and II. Mol. Gen. Genet. 1987. 207: 361-368.
261． Kurtzman, A. M., Cheney, D. P. Direct gene transfer and transient expression in a marine red alga using the biolistic method. J. Phycol. 1991. 27(Suppl.): 42.
262． Kübler, J. E., Minocha, S. C., Mathieson, A. C. Transient expression of the GUS reporter gene in protoplast of Porphyra miniata (Rhodophyta). J. Mar. Biotechnol. 1994. 1: 165-169.
263． Labarre, J., Chauvat, F., Thuriaux, P. Insertional mutagenesis by random cloning of antibiotic resistence genes into the genome of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis strain PCC 6803. J. Bacteriol. 1989. 171: 3449-3457.
264． Lambert, D., Bryant, D., Stirewalt, V. et al. Gene map for the Cyauophora paradoxa cyanelle genome. J. Bacteriol. 1985. 164: 659-664.
265． Lau, R. H., Sapienza, C., Doolittle, W. F. Cyanobacterial plasmids: their widespread occurance, and the existence of regions of homology between plasmids in the same and different species. Mol. Gen. Genet. 1980. 178: 203-211.
266． Lavitrano, M., Camaioni, A., Fazio, V. M. et al. Sperm cells as vectors for introducing foreign DNA into eggs: Genetic transformation of mice. Cell 1989. 57: 717-723.
267． Lee, E. K., Seo, S. B., Kim, T. H. et al. Analysis of expressed sequence tags of Porphyra yezoensis. Molecules and Cells 2000. 10: 338-342.
268． Lee, M. A., Russell, D. W. Analysis of two mitochondrially-associated linear plasmids from the red alga Porphyra spp (Bangiales, Rhodophyceae). Plant Science 1995. 106: 99-105.
269． Levy, I. Biolistics: potential application to seaweed improvement. In: Proceedings of a COST-48 Workshop. Spain, 1991. pp: 49-57.
270． Lewis, R. J., Jiang, B. Y., Neushul, M. et al. Haploid parthenogenetic sporophytes of Laminaria japonica (Phaeophyceae). J. Phycol. 1993. 29: 363-369.
271． Li, D. P., Zhou, Z. G., Liu, H. H. et al. A new method of Laminaria japonica strain selection and sporeling raising by the use of gametophyte clones. Hydrobiologia 1999. 398/399: 473-476.
272． Li, Y., Tremblay, F. M., Séguin, A. Transient transformation of pollen and embryogenic tissues of white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench.) Voss) resulting from microprojectile bombardment. Plant Cell Rep. 1994. 13: 661-665.
273． Lin, C. M., Larsen, J., Yarish, C. et al. A novel gene transfer in Porphyra. J. Phycol. 2001. 37(3) (suppl.): 31.
274． Linne,von Berg K. H., Kowallik, K. V. Structural organization and evolution of the plastid genome of Vaucheria sessilis (Xanthophyceae). BioSystems 1988. 21: 239-247.
275． Lisitsky, I., Rott, R., Schuster, G. Insertion of polydeoxyadenosine-rich sequences into an intergenic region increases transcription in Chlamydonomas reinhardtii chloroplast. Planta 2001. 212: 851-857.
276． Liu, Q. Y., van der Meer, J. P., Reith, M. E. Isolation and characterization of phase-specific complementary DNAs from sporophytes and gametophytes of Porphyra purpurea (Rhodophyta) using subtracted complementary DNA libraries. J. Phycol. 1994. 30: 513-520.
277． Loeb, T. A., Thomas, L. R. Transient expression of the uidA gene in pollen embryoids of wheat following microprojectile bombardment. Plant Science 11994. 104: 81-91.
278． Loiseaux-de Go?r, S., Markowicz, Y., Dalmon, Y. et al. Physical maps of the two circular plastid DNA molecules of the brown alga Pylaiella littoralis (L.) Kjellm. Curr. Genet. 1988. 14: 155-162.
279． Lowe, K., Bowen, B., Hoerster, G. et al. Germline transformation of maize following manipulation of chimeric shoot meristems. Bio/Technology. 1995. 13: 677-682.
280． Lumbreras, V., Stevens, D. R., Purton, S. Efficient foreign gene expression in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mediated by an endogenous intron. Plant J. 1998. 14: 441-447.
281． Lumbreas, V., Stevens, D. R., Purton, S. Factors influenceing trans-gene expression in Chamydomonas. Phycologia 1997. 36(Suppl.): 67.
282． Luo, Z. X., Wu, R. A simple method for the transformation of rice via the pollen-tube pathway. Plant Mol. Biol. Rep. 1989. 7: 69-77.
283． Maerz, M., Wolters, J., Hofmann, C. J. B. et al., Plastid DNA from Pyrenomonas salina (Cryptophyceae): Physical map, genes, and evolutionary implications. Curr. Genet. 1992. 21: 73-81.
284． Maier, I., Müller, D. G. Antheridium fine structure and spermatozoid release in Laminaria digitata. Phycologia 1982. 21: 1-8.
285． Manhart, J. R., Kelly, K., Dudock, B. S. et al. Unusual characteristics of Codium fragile chloroplast DNA revealed by physical and gene mapping. Mol. Gen. Genet. 1989. 216: 417-421.
286． Manhart, J. R., Hoshaw, R. W., Palmer, J. D. Unique chloroplast genome in Spirogyra maxima (Chlorophyta) revealed by physical and gene mapping. J. Phycol. 1990. 26: 490-494.
287． Mann, N. H., Novac, N., Mullineaux, C. W. et al. Involvement of an FtsH homologue in the assembly of functional photosystem I in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp PCC 6803. FEBS Letters 2000. 479: 72-77.
288． Marraccini, P., Bulteau, S., Cassierchauvat, C. et al. A conjugative plasmid vector for promoter analysis in several cyanobacteria of the genera Synechococcus and Synechocystis. Plant Molecular Biology 1993. 23: 905-909.
289． Martin, T., Whner, R. V., Hummel, S. et al. The GUS Gene Reporter system as a tool to study plant gene expression. In: Gallagher, S. R. [ed]. GUS protocols: using the GUS gene as a reporter of gene expression. Academic Press, San Diego, 1992. pp: 23-43.
290． Maruyama, M., Horakova, I., Honda, H. et al. Introduction of foreign DNA into Chlorella saccharophila by electroporation. Biotechnol. Tech. 1994. 8: 821-826.
291． Mason, H. S., Arntzen, C. J. Transgenic plants as vaccine production systems. Trends Biotechnol. 1995. 13: 388-392.
292． Mason, H. S., Ball, J. M., Shi, J. J. et al. Expression of Norwalk virus capsid protein in transgenic tobacco and potato and its oral immunogenicity in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996. 93: 5335-5340.
293． Mason, H. S., Haq, T. A., Clements, J. D. et al. Edible vaccine protects mice against Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LT): potatoes expressing a synthestic LT-B gene. Vaccine. 1998. 16: 1336-1343.
294． Mason, H. S., Lam, D. M. K., Arntzen, C. J. Expression of hepatitis B surface antigen in transgenic plants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1992. 89: 11745-11749.
Mason, H. S., Mullet, J. E. Expression of two soybean vegetative storage protein genes during
295． development and in response to water deficit, wounding, and jasmonic acid. Plant Cell 1990. 2: 569-579.
296． Matsunaga, T., Sakaguchi, T., Tadokoro, F. Magnetite formation by a magnetic bacterium capable of growing aerobically. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1991. 35: 651-655.
297． Matsunaga, T., Takeyama, H. Genetic engineering in marine cyanobacteria. J. Appl. Phycol. 1995. 7: 77-84.
298． Matsunaga, T., Takeyama, H., Nakamura, N. Characterization of cryptic plasmids from marine cyanobacteria and construction of a hybrid plasmid potentially capable of transformation of marine cyanobacterium, Synechococcus sp., and its transformation. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 24/25: 151-160.
299． Mayes, C., Saunders, G. W., Tan, I. H. et al. DNA extraction methods for kelp (Laminariales) tissue. J. Phycol. 1992. 28: 712-716.
300． Mayfield, S. P. Over-expression of the oxygen-evolving enhancer 1 protein and its consequences on photosystem II accumulation. Planta 1991. 185: 105-110.
301． Mayfeild, S. P., Kindle, K. L. Stable nuclear transformation of Chlomydomonas reinhardtii by using a C. reinhardtii gene as the selectable marker. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1990. 87: 2087-2091.
302． McHugh, J. P., Spanier, J. G. Isolation of a cadmium sensitive mutants in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by transformation/insertional mutagenesis. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 1994. 124: 239-244.
303． Meints, R. H. Algal viruses as potential transformation vectors. J. Phycol. 1993. 29 (3 suppl.): 19.
304． Mermet-Bouvier, P., Cassierchauvat, C., Marraccini, P. et al. Transfer and replication of rsf1010-derived plasmids in several cyanobacteria of the general Synechocystis and Synechococcus. Current Microbiology 1993. 27: 323-327.
305． Mermet-Bouvier, P., Chauvat, F. A conditional expression vector for the cyanobacteria Synechocystis sp strains PCC6803 and PCC6714 or Synechococcus sp strains PCC7942 and PCC6301. Current Microbiology 1994. 28: 145-148.
306． Michaelis, G., Vahrenholz, C., Pratje, E. Mitochondrial DNA of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: the gene for apocytochrome b and the complete functional map of the 15.8 kb DNA. Mol. Gen. Genet. 1990. 223: 211-216.
307． Miller, P. W., Russell, B. L., Schmidt, R. R. Transcription initiation site of a NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase gene and potential use of its promoter region to express foreign genes in ammonium-cultured Chlorella sorokiniana cells. J. Appl. Phycol. 1994. 6: 211-223.
308． Miller, S. M., Kirk, D. L. glsA, a Volvox gene required for asymmetric division and germ cell specification, encodes a chaperone-like protein. Development 1999. 126: 649-658.
309． Minko, I., Holloway, S. P., Nikaido, S. et al. Renilla luciferase as a vital reporter for chloroplast gene expression in Chlamydomonas. Mol. Gen. Genet. 1999. 262: 421-425.
310． Minocha, S. C. Genetic engineering in marine algae Ulva lactuca (Chlorophyta) and Porphyta miniata (Rhodophyta). In: Abstracts of the 2nd Asia-Pacific Marine Biotechnology Conference and 3rd Asia-Pacific Conference on Algal Biotechnology. National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA) Building, Bangkok, Thailand, 1997. pp: 77.
311． Mitchell, D. R., Kang, Y. Identification of oda6 as a Chlamydomonas dynein mutant by rescue with the wild-type gene. J. Cell Biol. 1991. 113: 835-842.
312． Miyake, M., Asada, Y. Efficient transformation of a thermophilic cyanobacterium, Synechococcus elongatus. J. Marine Biotech. 1996. 4: 64-67.
313． Miyoshi, H., Usami, T., Tanaka, I. High level of GUS gene expression driven by pollen-specific promoters in electroporated lily pollen protoplasts. Sex. Plant Reprod. 1995. 8: 205-209.
314． Moffat, A. S. Exploring transgenic plants as a new vaccine source. Science 1995. 268: 658-660.
315． Moon, D. A., Goff, L. J. Molecular characterization of two large DNA plasmids in the red alga Porphyra pulchra. Curr. Genet. 1997. 32: 132-138.
Motomura, T., Sakai, Y. Ultrastructural studies of gametogenesis in Laminaria angustata
316． (Laminariales, Pheaophyta) regulated by iron concentration in the medium. Phycologia 1984. 23: 331-343.
317． Muller, F., Ivics, Z., Erdelyi, F. et al. Introducing foreign genes into fish eggs with electroporated sperm as a carrier. 1992. Mol. Mar. Biol. Biotechnol. 1: 276-281.
318． Murakami, M., Ikenouchi, M. The biological CO2 fixation and utilization project RITE (2): screening and breeding of microalgae with high capability in fixing CO2. Energy Conversion And Management 1997. 38(suppl.) 493-497.
319． Muro-Pastor, A. M., Kuritz, T., Flores, E. et al. Transfer of a genetic marker from a megaplasmid of Anabaena sp strain PCC 7120 to a megaplasmid of a different Anabaena strain. J. Bacteriol. 1994. 176: 1093-1098.
320． Murphy, R. C., Stevens, Jr. S. E. Cloning and expression of the cryIVD gene of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis in the cyanobacterium Agmenellum quadruplicatum PR-6 and its resulting larvicidal activity. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1992. 58: 1650-1655.
321． Nelson, J. A. E., Lefebvre, P. A. Targeted disruption of the NIT8 gene in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Mol. Cell Biol. 1995. 15: 5762-5769.
322． Nelson, J. A. E., Lefebvre, P. A. Transformation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Methods Cell Biol. 1995. 47: 513-517.
323． Nelson, J. A. E., Savereide, P. B., Lefebvre, P. A. The CRY1 gene in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: structure and use as a dominant selectable marker for nuclear transformation. Mol. Cell Biol. 1994. 14: 4011-4019.
324． Neuhaus, G., Neuhaus-Url, G., de Groot, E. J. et al. High yield and stable transformation of the unicellular green alga Acetabularia by microinjection of SV40 DNA and pSV2neo. EMBO J. 1986. 5: 1437-1444.
325． Nikaido, I., Asamizu, E., Nakajima, M. et al. Generation of 10154 expressed sequence tags from a leafy gametophytes of a marine red alga, Porphyra yezoensis. DNA Research 2000. 7: 223-227.
326． Nishihara, M., Seki, M., Kyo, M. et al. Transgenic haploid plants of Nicotiana rustica produced by bombardment-mediated transformation of pollen. Transgenic Res. 1995. 4: 341-348.
327． Notoya, M., Nagashima, M., Aruga, Y. Influence of light intensity and temprature on callus development in young sporophytes of four species of Laminariales (Phaeophyta). Kor. J. Phycol. 1992. 7: 101-107.
328． Ohresser, M., Matagne, R. F., Loppes, R. Expression of the arylsulphatase reporter gene under the control of the nit1 promoter in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Current Genetics 1997. 31: 264-271.
329． Old, R. W., Primrose, S. B. Principles of Gene Manipulation. 5th ed. Blackwell, Oxford, 1994.
330． Ono, Y., Onda, H., Sasada, R. et al. The complete nucleotide sequence of the cloned heptitis B Virus DNA: subtype adr and adw. Nucleic Acids Research 1983. 11: 1747-1757.
331． Oudot-Le Secq, M. P., Fontaine, J. M., Rousvoal, S. et al. The complete sequence of a brown algal mitochondrial genome, the Ectocarpale Pylaiella littoralis (L.) Kjellm. J. Mol. Evol. 2001. 53: 80-88.
332． Oudot-le Secq, M. P., Kloareg, B., Loiseaux-de Go?r, S. The mitochondrial genome of the brown alga Laminaria digitata: a comparative analysis. Eur. J. Phycol. 2002. 37: 163-172.
333． Parzour, G. J., Sineshchekov, O. A., Witman, G. B. Mutational analysis of the phototransduction pathway of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. J. Cell Biol. 1995. 131: 427-440.
334． Patil, J. G., Khoo, H. W. Nuclear internalization of foreign DNA by zebrafish spermatozoa and its enhancement by electroporation. J. Exp. Zool. 1996. 274: 121-129.
335． Perez, P., Tiraby, G., Kallerhoff, J., Perret, J. Phleomycin resistance as a dominant selectable marker for plant cell transformation. Plant Mol. Biol. 1989. 13: 365-373.
336． Polle, J. E. W., Benemann, J. R., Tanaka, A. et al. Photosynthetic apparatus organization and function in the wild type and a chlorophyll b-less mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Dependence on carbon source. Planta 2000. 211: 335-344.
337． Polne-Fuller, M., Gibor, A. Developmental studies in Porphyra. I. Blade differentiation in Porphyra perforata as expressed by morphology, enzymatic digestion, and protoplast regeneration. J. Phycol. 1984. 20: 609-616.
338． Polne-Fuller, M., Gibor, A. Developmental studies in Porphyra (Rhdophyceae).Ⅲ. Effect of culture conditions on wall regeneration and differentiation of protoplasts. J. Phycol. 1990. 26: 674-682.
339． Porath, J. B., Gokhman, I., Lers, A. et al. Developing a transformation system in Dunaliella. Phycologia 1997. 36(suppl.): 89.
340． Porsch, P., Merkelbach, S., Gehlen, J. et al. The nonradioactive chloramphenicol acetyltransferase-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test is suited for promoter activity studies in plant protoplasts. Analytical Biochemistry 1993. 211: 113-116.
341． Porter, R. D. Transformation in cyanobacteria. Crc. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 1986. 13: 111-132.
342． Prieto, R., Pardo, J. M., Niu, X. et al. Salt-sensitive mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii isolated after insertional tagging. Plant Physiol. 1996.112: 99-104.
343． Purton, S. The chloroplast genome of Chlamydomonas. Sci. Prog. 1995. 78: 205-216.
344． Purton, S., Rochaix, J. D. Complementation of a Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mutant using a genomic cosmid library. Plant Mol. Biol. 1994. 24: 533-537.
345． Purton, S., Rochaix, J. D. Characterisation of the ARG7 gene of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and its application to nuclear transformation. Eur. J. Phycol. 1995. 30: 141-148.
346． Qin, S., Jiang, P., Li, X. P. et al. A transformation model for Laminaria japonica (Phaeophyta, Laminariales). Chin. J. Oceanol. Limnol. 1998a. 16(Suppl.): 50-55.
347． Qin, S., Jiang, P., Li, X. P. et al. The expression of lacZ in regenerated sporophytes of parhenogenetic Laminaria japonica. In: Menasveta, P., Tanticharoen, M. [eds]. Proceedings of the 2nd Asia-Pacific Marine Biotechnology Conference and 3rd Asia-Pacific Conference on Algal Biotechnology. National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA) Building, Bangkok, Thailand, 1998b. pp: 205-208.
348． Qin, S., Kojima, H., Kawata, Y. et al., Cloning and sequencing of the allophycocyanin genes from Spirulina maxima (Cyanophyta). Chin. J. Oceanol. Limnol. 1998d. 16(Suppl.): 6-11.
349． Qin, S., Sun, G. Q., Jiang, P. et al. Review of genetic engineering of Laminaria japonica (Laminariales, Phaeophyta) in China. Hydrobiologia 1999. 398/399: 469-472.
350． Qin, S., Wu, J. Q., Wang, X. H. et al. The expression of foreign genes in Laminaria japonica (Laminariales: Phaeophyta). In: Morton, B. [ed]. The marine biology of the South China Sea. Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong, 1998c. pp: 209-217.
351． Qin, S., Zou, L. H., Jiang, P., Dou, C. G., Kojima, H. Production of useful substances from recombinant microalgae by using genetic engineering. Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 2001. 8(4): 230-233.
352． Randolph-Anderson, B. L., Boynton, J. E., Gillham, N. W. et al. Further characterization of the respiratory deficient dum-1 mutation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and its use as a recipient for mitochondrial transformation. Mol. Gen. Genet. 1993. 236: 235-244.
353． Reddy, A. S., Nuccio, M. L., Gross, L. M. et al. Isolation of a △6-desaturase gene from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp strain PCC 6803 by gain-of-function expression in Anabaena sp strain PCC 7120. Plant Molecular Biology 1993. 22: 293-300.
354． Reddy, C. R. K., Migita, S., Fujita, Y. Protoplast isolation and regeneration of three species of Ulva in axenic culture. Bot. Mar. 1989. 32: 483-490.
355． Reith, M. A β-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase III gene (fab H) is encoded on the chloroplast genome of the red alga Porphyra umbilicalis. Plant Mol. Biol. 1993. 21: 185-189.
356． Reith, M., Cattolico, R. A. Inverted repeat of Olisthodiscus luteus chloroplast DNA contains genes for both subunits of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase and the 32,000-dalton ?B protein: phylogenetic implications. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1986. 83: 8599-8603.
Reith, M., Munholland, J. A high-resolution gene map of the chloroplast genome of the red alga
357． Porphyra purpurea. Plant Cell 1993. 5: 465-475.
358． Ren, L., Shi, D. J., Dai, J. X. et al. Expression of the mouse metallothionein-I gene conferring cadium resistance in a transgenic cyanobacterium. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 1998. 158: 127-132.
359． Renn, D. Biotechnology and the red seaweed polysaccharide industry: status, needs and prospects. Trends Biotechnol. 1997. 15: 9-14.
360． Richter, L. J., Mason, H. S., Arntzen, C. J. Transgenic plants created for oral immunization against diarrheal diseases. J Travel Med. 1996. 3: 52-56.
361． Richter, L. J., Thanavala, Y., Arntzen, C. J. et al. Production of hepatitis B surface antigen in transgenic plants for oral immunization. Nat Biotechnol. 2000. 18: 1167-1171.
362． Rochaix, J. -D. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as the photosynthetic yeast. Annu. Rev. Genet. 1995. 29: 209-230.
363． Rochaix, J. -D. Molecular genetics of chloroplasts and mitochondria in the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 1987. 46: 13-34.
364． Rochaix, J. -D. Organization, function and expression of the chloroplast DNA of Chlamydomonas reinhardii. Experientia 1981. 37: 323-332.
365． Rochaix, J. -D. The three genomes of Chlamydomonas. Photosynthesis Research 2002. 73: 285-293.
366． Rochaix, J. -D., van Dillewijn, J. Transformation of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardii with yeast DNA. Nature 1982. 296: 70-72.
367． Roessler, P. G. Effects of silicon deficiency on lipid composition and metabolism in the diatom Cyclotella cryptica. J. Phycol. 1988. 24: 394-400.
368． Roessler, P. G., Ohlrogge, J. B. Cloning and characterization of the gene that encodes acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase in the alga Cyclotella cryptica. J. Biological Chemistry 1993. 268: 19254-19259.
369． Rott, R., Drager, R. G., Stern, D. B. et al. The 3' untranslated regions of chloroplast genes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii do not serve as efficient transcriptional terminators. Mol. Gen. Genet. 1996. 252: 676-683.
370． Rubinelli, P., Siripornadulsil, S., Gao-Rubinelli, F. et al. Cadmium-and iron-stress-inducible gene expression in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: evidence for H43 protein function in iron assimilation. Planta 2002. 215: 1-13.
371． Saga, N., Uchida, T., Sakai, Y. Clone Laminaria from single isolated cell. Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish. 1978. 44: 87.
372． Saga, N., Sakai, Y. Isolation of protoplasts from Laminaria and Porphyra. Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish. 1984. 50: 1085.
373． Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E. F., Maniatis, T. Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. Second edition. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989.
374． Sanford, J. C., Smith, F. D., Russell, J. A. Optimizing the biolistic process for different biological applications. Methods Enzymol. 1993. 217: 483-509.
375． Sangthongpitag, K., Penfold, R. J., Delaney, S. F. et al. Cloning and expression of the Bacillus sphaericus 2362 mosquitocidal genes in a non-toxic unicellular cyanobacterium, Synechococcus PCC6301. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1997. 47: 379-384.
376． Saunders, G. W. Gel purification of red algal genomic DNA: an inexpensive and rapid method for the isolation of Polymerase Chain Reaction-friendly DNA. J. Phycol. 1993. 29: 251-254.
377． Sawabe, T., Ezura, Y. Regeneration from Laminaria japonica Areschoug (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae) protoplasts isolated with bacterial alginase. Plant Cell Reports 1996. 15: 892-895.
378． Sawabe, T., Ezura, Y., Yamamoto, H. Plant regeneration from protoplasts of Laminaria japonica Areschoug (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae) in a continuous-flow culture system. Plant Cell Reports 1997. 17: 109-112.
Schiedlmeier, B., Schmitt, R., Mueller, W. et al. Nuclear transformation of Volvox carteri. Proc.
379． Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1994. 91: 5080-5084.
380． Schmetterer, G., Wolk, C. P., Elhai, J. Expression of luciferases from Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio fischeri in filamentous cyanobacteria. J. Bacteriol. 1986. 167: 411-414.
381． Schnell, R. A., Lefebvre, P. A. Isolation of the Chlamydomonas regulatory gene nit2 by transposon tagging. Genetics 1993. 134: 737-747.
382． Shah, D. M., Horsch, R. B., Klee, H. J. et al. Engineering herbicide tolerance in transgenic plants. Science 1986. 233: 478-481.
383． Shestakov, S. V., Khuyen, N. T. Evidence for genetic transformation in blue-green alga Anacystis nidulans. Mol.Gen.Genet. 1970. 107: 372-375.
384． Shivji, M. S. Organization of the chloroplast genome in the red alga Porphyra yezoensis. Curr. Genet. 1991. 19: 49-54.
385． Shivji, M. S., Li, N., Cattolico, R. A. Structure and organization of rhodophyte and chromophyte plastid genomes: Implications for the ancestry of plastids. Mol. Gen. Genet. 1992. 232: 65-73.
386． Sizova, I. A., Lapina, T. V., Frolova, O. N. et al. Stable nuclear transformation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with a Streptomyces rimosus gene as the selective marker. Gene 1996. 181: 13-18.
387． Smart, E. J., Selman, B. R. Complementation of a Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mutant defective in the nuclear gene encoding the chloroplast coupling factorⅠ(CF1) gamma-subunit (atpC). J. Bioenerg. Biomembr. 1993. 25: 275-284.
388． Sode, K., Tatara, M., Ogawa, S. et al. Maintenance of broad host range vector pKT230 in marine unicellular cyanobacteria. FEMS Microbiology Letters 1992. 99: 73-78.
389． Sode, K., Tatara, M., Takeyama, H. et al. Conjugative gene transfer in marine cyanobacteria: Synechococcus sp., Synechocystis sp. and Pseudanabaena sp. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1992. 37: 369-373.
390． Sodeinde, O. A., Kindel, K. L. Homologous recombination in the nucear genome of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1993. 90: 9199-9203.
391． Soltes-Rak, E., Kushner, D. J., Williams, D. D. et al. Factors regulating cryIVB expression in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus PCC-7942. Mol. Gen. Genet. 1995. 246: 301-308.
392． Stabile, J. E., Gallagher, J. C., Wurtzel, E. T. Colinearity of chloroplast genomes in divergent ecotypes of the marine diatom Skeletonema costatum (Bacillariophyta). J. Phycol. 1995. 31: 795-800.
393． Stevens, D. R., Purton, S. Expression of foreign genes in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. J. Exp. Bot. 1994. 45(Suppl): 20.
394． Stevens, D. R., Purton, S. Genetic engineering of eukarotic algae: progress and prospects. J. Phycol. 1997. 33: 713-722.
395． Stevens, D. R., Rochaix, J. -D., Purton, S. The bacterial phleomycin resistance gene ble as a dominant selectable marker in Chlamydomonas. Mol. Gen. Genet. 1996. 251: 23-30.
396． Stevens, S. E., Porter, R. D. Transformation in Agmenellum quadruplicatum. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1980. 77: 6052-6056.
397． Stevens, S. E., Murphy, R. C., Lamoreaux, W. J. et al. A genetically engineered mosquitocidal cyanobacterium. J. Appl. Phycol. 1994. 6: 187-197.
398． St?ger, E., Fink, C., Pfosser, M. et al. Plant transformation by particle bombardment of embryogenic pollen. Plant Cell Rep. 1995. 14: 273-278.
399． Sun, X., Yang, G. P., Mao, Y. X. et al. Analysis of expressed sequence tags of a marine red alga, Gracilaria lemaneiformis. Progress in Natural Science 2002. 12: 518-523.
400． Suzuki, T., Miyake, M., Tokiwa, Y. et al. A recombinant cyanobacterium that accumulates poly-(hydroxybutyrate). Biotechnol. Lett. 1996. 18: 1047-1050.
401． Tacket, C. O., Mason, H. S. A review of oral vaccination with transgenic vegetables. Microbes and Infection. 1999. 1: 777-783.
Tacket, C. O., Mason, H. S., Losonsky, G. et al. Immunogenicity in humans of a recombinant
402． bacterial antigen delivered in a transgenic potato. Nat. Med. 1998. 4: 607-609.
403． Tacket, C. O., Mason, H. S., Losonsky, G. et al. Human immune responses to a novel norwalk virus vaccine delivered in transgenic potatoes. J. Infect. Dis. 2000. 182: 302-305.
404． Takahashi, Y., Goldschmidt-Clermont, M., Soen, S. Y. et al. Directed chloroplast transformation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: Insertional inactivation of the psaC gene encoding the iron sulfur protein destabilizes photosystem I. EMBO J. 1991. 10: 2033-2040.
405． Takeshima, Y., Takatsugu, N., Sugiura, M. et al. High-level expression of human superoxide dismutase in the cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans 6301. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1994. 91: 9685-9689.
406． Takeyama, H., Takeda, D., Yazawa, K. et al. Expression of the eicosapentaenoic acid synthesis gene cluster from Shewanella sp. in a transgenic marine cyanobacterium, Synechococcus sp. Microbiology 1997. 143: 2725-2731.
407． Tam, L. W., Lefebvre, P. A. Cloning of flagellar genes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by DNA insertional mutagenesis. Genetics 1993. 135: 375-384.
408． Tandeau de Marsac, N., de la Torre, F., Szulmajster, J. Expression of the larvicidal gene of Bacillus sphaericus 1593M in the cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans R2. Mol. Gen. Genet. 1987. 209: 396-398.
409． Teeri, T. H., Lehvaslaiho, H., Franck, M. et al. Gene fusions to lacZ reveal new expression patterns of chimeric genes in transgenic plants. EMBO J. 1989. 8: 343-350.
410． Thanavala, Y., Yang Y. F., Lyons, P. et al. Immunogenicity of transgenic plant-derived hepatitis B surface antigen. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1995. 92: 3358-3361.
411． Thiel, T. Genetic analysis of cyanobacteria. In: Bryant, D. A. [ed.] The molecular biology of cyanobacteria, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London, 1994. pp: 582-611.
412． Thiel, T., Poo, H. Transformation of a filamentous cyanobacterium by electroporation. J. Bacteriol. 1989. 171: 5743-5746.
413． Tian, L. N., Charest, P. J., Séguin, A. et al. Hygromycin resistance is an effective selectable marker for biolistic transformation of black spruce (Picea mariana). Plant Cell Reports 2000. 19: 358-362.
414． Tseng, C. K. ed., Proceedings of the Join China—U.S. Phycology Symposium. Science Press, Beijing, 1983.
415． Tseng, C. K. The theory and practice of phycoculture in China. In: Rajarao, V. N. [ed]. Perspectives in phycology. Today and Tomorrow's Printers and Publishers, New Delhi, India, 1990. pp: 227-246.
416． Tseng, C. K. Some remarks on marine biotechnology in China. In: Current topics in marine biotechnology. Fuji Technology Press Ltd., 1989. pp: 59-62.
417． Tseng, C. K., Qin, S. Marine algal biotechnolgy in China. In: Proceedings of international symposium on biotechnology of salt ponds. 1991. pp: 61-68.
418． Tseng, C. K., Qin, S. Mariculture and genetic transformation of Laminaria japonoca in China. In: Xu, H. S., Colwell, R. R. [Eds.] Proceedings of international symposium on progress and prospect of marine biotechnology. China Ocean Press, Beijing, China, 1999. pp. 11-16.
419． Turmel, M., Lemieux, C., Burger, G. et al. The complete mitochondrial DNA sequences of Nephroselmis olivacea and Pedinomonas minor. Two radically different evolutionary patterns within green algae. Plant Cell 1999a. 11: 1717-1729.
420． Turmel, M., Otis, C., Lemieux, C. The chloroplast and mitochondrial genome sequences of the charophyte Chaetosphaeridium globosum: Insights into the timing of the events that restructured organelle DNAs within the green algal lineage that led to land plants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2002. 99: 11275-11280.
Turmel, M., Otis, C., Lemieux, C. The complete chloroplast DNA sequence of the green alga Nephroselmis olivacea: Insights into the architecture of ancestral chloroplast genomes. Proc. Natl. Acad.
421． Sci. USA 1999b. 96: 10248-10253.
422． Turner, M., Gumpel, N., Ralley, L. et al. Biogenesis of the electron transfer complexes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 1996. 24: 733-738.
423． Twell, D., Klein, T. M., Fromm, M. E. et al. Transient expression of chimeric genes delivered into pollen by microprojectile bombardment. Plant Physiol. 1989. 91: 1270-1274.
424． Vachhani, A. K., Iyer, R. K., Tuli, R. A mobilizable shuttle vector for the cyanobacterium Plectonema boryanum. J. General Microbiology 1993. 139: 569-573.
425． Vashishtha, M., Segil, G., Hall, J. L. Direct complementation of Chlamydomonas mutants with amplified YAC DNA. Genomics 1996. 36: 459-467.
426． Villemur, R. The DNA sequence and structural organization of the GC2 plasmid from the red alga Gracilaria chilensis. Plant Mol. Biol. 1990. 15: 237-243.
427． Wada, H., Gombos, Z., Murata, N. Enhancement of chilling tolerance of a cyanobacterium by genetic manipulation of fatty acid desaturation. Nature 1990. 347: 200-203.
428． Walmsley, A. M., Arntzen, C. J. Plants for delivery of edible vaccines. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 2000. 11: 126-129.
429． Wang, J., Shi, H. Z., Zhou, C. et al. β-Glucuronidase gene and green fluorescent protein gene expression in de-exined pollen of Nicotiana tabacum by microprojectile bombardment. Sex. Plant Reprod. 1998. 11: 159-162.
430． Wang, K., Drayton, P., Frame, B. et al. Whisker-mediated plant transformation: an alternative technology. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. Plant 1995. 31: 101-104.
431． Wang, X. H., Qin, S., Li, X. P. et al. Effects of ultrasonic treatment on female gametophytes of Laminaria japonica (Phaeophyta). Chin. J. Oceanol. Limnol. 1998a. 16(Suppl.): 62-66.
432． Wang, X. H., Qin, S., Li, X. P. et al. High efficiency induction of callus and regeneration of sporophytes of Laminaria japonica (Phaeophyta). Chin. J. Oceanol. Limnol. 1998b. 16(Suppl.): 67-74.
433． Wang, Z. Y., Takamizo, T., Iglesias, V. A., Osusky, M., Nagel, J., Potrykus, I., Spangenberg, G. Transgenic plants of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) obtained by direct gene transfer to protoplasts. Bio/Tech. 1992. 10: 691-696.
434． Waterbury, J. B., Valois, F. W. Resistance to cooccurring phages enables marine Synechococcus communities to coexist with cyanophages abundant in seawater. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1993. 59: 3393-3399.
435． Wee, J. L., Chesnick, J., Cattolico, R. A. Partial characterization of the chloroplast genome from the chromophytic alga Synura petersenii (Synurophyceae). J. Phycol. 1993. 29: 96-99.
436． Whitelegge, J. P., Koo, D., Diner, B. et al. The effect of site-directed mutations altering aspartic-acid 170 of the d1-polypeptide of photosystem-ii upon oxygen evolution in Chlamydomonas. Photosynthesis Research 1992. 34: 140.
437． Wittpoth, C., Kroth, P. G., Weyrauch, K. et al. Functional characterization of isolated plastids from two marine diatoms. Planta 1998. 206: 79-85.
438． Wolk, C. P., Vonshak, A., Kehoe, P. et al. Construction of shuttle vectors capable of conjugative transfer from Escherichia coli to nitrogen-fixing filamentous cyanobacteria. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1984. 81: 1561-1565.
439． Wu, X. Q., Vennison, S. J., Liu, H. R. et al. Mosquito larvicidal activity of transgenic Anabaena strain PCC 7120 expressing combinations of genes from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Israelensis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1997. 63: 4971-4974.
440． Xiao, W. Stability of cloned Brassica napus chloroplast DNA fragments in the cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans R2. Mol. Gen. Genet.1988. 214: 307-312.
441． Xu, X. D., Kong, R. Q., Hu, Y. X. High larvicidal activity of intact recombinant cyanobacterium Anabaena sp PCC 7120 expressing gene 51 and gene 42 of Bacillus sphaericus sp 2297. FEMS Microbiology Letters 1993. 107: 247-250.
Yamashita, T., Lida, A., Morikawa, H. Evidence that more than 90% of
442． β-glucuronidase-expressing cells after particle bombardment directly recieve the foreign gene in their nucleus. Plant Physiol. 1991. 97: 829-831.
443． Yan, Z. M. Studies on tissue culture of Laminaria japonica and Undaria pinnanatifida. Hydrobiologia 1984. 116/117: 314-316.
444． Yang, Z. Y., Zhang, Q. Q., Jiao, X. Z. et al. Construction of a genomic DNA library of Dunaliella salina. Acta Phytophysiologica Sinica 2000. 26: 75-78.
445． Yano, S. I., Kawata, Y., Kojima, H. Extracellular release of beta lactamase by osmotic shock in Synechococcus transformant. Chin. J. Oceanol. Limnol. 1998. 16(Suppl.): 105-108.
446． Zaslavskaia, L. A., Lippmeier, J. C., Kroth, P. G. et al. Transformation of the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Bacillariophyceae) with a variety of selectable marker and reporter genes. J. Phycol. 2000. 36: 379-386.
447． Zaslavskaia, L. A., Lippmeier, J. C., Shih, C. et al. Trophic conversion of an obligate photoautotrophic organism through metabolic engineering. Science 2001. 292: 2073-2075.
448． Zeng, C. K. Phycological research in the development of the Chinese seaweed industry. Hydrobiologia 1984. 116/117: 7-18
449． Zhang, H., Herman, P. L., Weeds, D. P. Gene isolation through genomic complementation using an indexed library of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii DNA. Plant Mol. Biol. 1994. 24: 663-672.
450． Zhang, J., Wu, Q. J., Lou, S. L. Construction of a new gene integration platform system for the Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942. Chin. J. Oceanol. Limnol. 1998. 16(Suppl.): 40-46.