考虑非点源影响的水库水质预测
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摘要
随着社会、经济的快速发展,水资源短缺造成的供需矛盾日益突出,尤其是“有水皆污”所带来的污染性缺水越来越严重,已经严重威胁到人类的饮用水安全。污染源及污染途径研究是从根本上解决水污染问题的基础,从污染来源分析,水库的入库污染负荷包括点源负荷和非点源负荷。近年来随着工业点源污染控制水平的提高,非点源污染已成为当今水环境污染的主要污染源。由于非点源本身的复杂性和难控制等特点,在水库水质预测时往往不考虑或是过于简化非点源的影响,严重影响水库水质预测的精度。因此,探讨非点源污染影响下的水库水质预测问题具有重要的现实意义和广阔的应用前景。
本文结合黑河金盆水库,具体分析非点源对水库BOD、DO及富营养化的影响,同时考虑了水温对BOD、DO的影响,并结合前人提出的不同非点源治理措施对水库水质改善程度进行研究,主要内容及结论如下：
1.水库水温垂向分布预测。采用一维垂向水温模型对水库2007年垂向水温分布进行预测,模型中考虑了热传导、入流及出流对水温分布影响,结果显示水库水温分布具有明显的季节性分层现象,表层水温受气温及入流水温影响较大,底层水温变化不大；
2.非点源对水库BOD、DO影响。采用一维垂向BOD-DO及水温耦合模型对水库2007年BOD、DO垂向分布进行预测,并将入库BOD、DO分为“只考虑点源”和“点源与非点源同时考虑”两种情况考虑非点源的影响,结果显示水库BOD、DO也具有明显的季节性分层现象,非点源水库DO影响不大,而BOD在考虑非点源影响下部分月份浓度成倍增加,受影响程度较大,DO模型在没有考虑底泥影响情况下70m以下底层水体DO模拟结果不理想；
3.非点源对水库富营养化影响预测。总磷、总氮是水体富营养化的主要因素,因此仅考虑非点源负荷中总磷、总氮对水库的影响,利用Vollenweider模型对水库丰、平、枯水年水库富营养化情况进行预测,入库总氮、总磷分为“只考虑点源”和“同时考虑点源和非点源”两种情况考虑非点源的影响,结果显示非点源影响较大,在不考虑非点源影响情况下,各水平年水库总磷、总氮浓度达到Ⅰ类水质标准,且处在贫营养状态,但考虑非点源影响时部分月份出现富营养化；
4.非点源控制措施研究。利用Vollenweider模型对黑河流域采用不同治理措施对水库水质改善程度进行预测,结果显示全部退耕还林情况下非点源控制措施最有效。
With the fast development of society and economy, contradiction between supply and damand has become increasingly conspicuous.Especially the situation caused by pollution is more and more serious, that has become a threat to human safety of drinking water. Study to sources and ways of pollution is the foundation of solving water pollution form fundament. Analysis from the sources, the pollution load contains point source and nonpoint source. At present, with the effective control of industry point source pollution, the nonpoint pollution has already been main pollution source. Because of complexity and refractory, nonpoint is often ignored or oversimplification, that has an effect on the prediction of reservoir water quality. So the research about the prediction of reservoir water quality, that considers the influence of nonpoint source, has practical significance and applicable prospects.
This research takes Hei River Reservoir as exemple,analysis of the influence of nonpoint source on BOD、DO and eutrophication of reservoir. At the same time, the water temperature structure and influence is considered. At last, this research analysis the effect to reservoir water quality form different of nonpoint source treament measures. The main content and achievement are as follow:
1. Vertical distribution of reservoir water temperature. Using the Vertical 1-dimensional water temperature model,which includes the items of heat conduct,inflow and outflow, results show that structure of water temperature has obviously seasonal stratified, surface water temperature is influence easily by air temperature and inflow temperture, bottom temperature only has a little change.
2. Nonpoint source effects on BOD and DO of reservoir. Using the coupling model of Vertical 1-dimensional water temperature model, BOD and DO model, this study predicts the situation of 2007. To consider the influence of nonpoint source, the inflow BOD and DO are divided into two groups, which include only point source and coupling point with nonpointsource. Results show that the structure of BOD and DO also have obviously seasonal stratified. Considering the influence of npoint source, the concentration of BOD double increase, but DO has a little change. The big error in bottom layer over 70 meters may result from model of DO without considering sedition.
3. Nonpoint source effects on eutrophication of reservoir. Eutrophication mainly results from TP and TN, so this research only considers TP and TN of nonpoint source. Prediction the situation of different hydrological years uses model of Vollenwider. The inflow TP and TN are divided into two groups, which include only point source and coupling point with nonpointsource. Results show that the water quality of reservoir can reaches first class standard without considering nonpoint source, but another situation is different, because some months appear eutrophication.
4. The research about nonpoint source treament measures. Prediction the effect of using different of nonpoint source treament measures show that returning farmland to forestland of all areas of this region is the best ways.
本文结合黑河金盆水库,具体分析非点源对水库BOD、DO及富营养化的影响,同时考虑了水温对BOD、DO的影响,并结合前人提出的不同非点源治理措施对水库水质改善程度进行研究,主要内容及结论如下：
1.水库水温垂向分布预测。采用一维垂向水温模型对水库2007年垂向水温分布进行预测,模型中考虑了热传导、入流及出流对水温分布影响,结果显示水库水温分布具有明显的季节性分层现象,表层水温受气温及入流水温影响较大,底层水温变化不大；
2.非点源对水库BOD、DO影响。采用一维垂向BOD-DO及水温耦合模型对水库2007年BOD、DO垂向分布进行预测,并将入库BOD、DO分为“只考虑点源”和“点源与非点源同时考虑”两种情况考虑非点源的影响,结果显示水库BOD、DO也具有明显的季节性分层现象,非点源水库DO影响不大,而BOD在考虑非点源影响下部分月份浓度成倍增加,受影响程度较大,DO模型在没有考虑底泥影响情况下70m以下底层水体DO模拟结果不理想；
3.非点源对水库富营养化影响预测。总磷、总氮是水体富营养化的主要因素,因此仅考虑非点源负荷中总磷、总氮对水库的影响,利用Vollenweider模型对水库丰、平、枯水年水库富营养化情况进行预测,入库总氮、总磷分为“只考虑点源”和“同时考虑点源和非点源”两种情况考虑非点源的影响,结果显示非点源影响较大,在不考虑非点源影响情况下,各水平年水库总磷、总氮浓度达到Ⅰ类水质标准,且处在贫营养状态,但考虑非点源影响时部分月份出现富营养化；
4.非点源控制措施研究。利用Vollenweider模型对黑河流域采用不同治理措施对水库水质改善程度进行预测,结果显示全部退耕还林情况下非点源控制措施最有效。
With the fast development of society and economy, contradiction between supply and damand has become increasingly conspicuous.Especially the situation caused by pollution is more and more serious, that has become a threat to human safety of drinking water. Study to sources and ways of pollution is the foundation of solving water pollution form fundament. Analysis from the sources, the pollution load contains point source and nonpoint source. At present, with the effective control of industry point source pollution, the nonpoint pollution has already been main pollution source. Because of complexity and refractory, nonpoint is often ignored or oversimplification, that has an effect on the prediction of reservoir water quality. So the research about the prediction of reservoir water quality, that considers the influence of nonpoint source, has practical significance and applicable prospects.
This research takes Hei River Reservoir as exemple,analysis of the influence of nonpoint source on BOD、DO and eutrophication of reservoir. At the same time, the water temperature structure and influence is considered. At last, this research analysis the effect to reservoir water quality form different of nonpoint source treament measures. The main content and achievement are as follow:
1. Vertical distribution of reservoir water temperature. Using the Vertical 1-dimensional water temperature model,which includes the items of heat conduct,inflow and outflow, results show that structure of water temperature has obviously seasonal stratified, surface water temperature is influence easily by air temperature and inflow temperture, bottom temperature only has a little change.
2. Nonpoint source effects on BOD and DO of reservoir. Using the coupling model of Vertical 1-dimensional water temperature model, BOD and DO model, this study predicts the situation of 2007. To consider the influence of nonpoint source, the inflow BOD and DO are divided into two groups, which include only point source and coupling point with nonpointsource. Results show that the structure of BOD and DO also have obviously seasonal stratified. Considering the influence of npoint source, the concentration of BOD double increase, but DO has a little change. The big error in bottom layer over 70 meters may result from model of DO without considering sedition.
3. Nonpoint source effects on eutrophication of reservoir. Eutrophication mainly results from TP and TN, so this research only considers TP and TN of nonpoint source. Prediction the situation of different hydrological years uses model of Vollenwider. The inflow TP and TN are divided into two groups, which include only point source and coupling point with nonpointsource. Results show that the water quality of reservoir can reaches first class standard without considering nonpoint source, but another situation is different, because some months appear eutrophication.
4. The research about nonpoint source treament measures. Prediction the effect of using different of nonpoint source treament measures show that returning farmland to forestland of all areas of this region is the best ways.
引文
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[2]Novotny V. Diffuse pollution from agriculture-a worldwide outlook. Water[J], Science and Technology,1999,39(3):1-13.
[3]JingSheng Chen,Dawei He,etal Characteristics of and Human Influences on Nitrogen Contamination in Yellow River System,China Environment Monitoring and Assessment,2004
[4]Smith R.A. etal Water-quality trends in the nation's rivers Science,1987,235:1607-1615.
[5]Carpenter S.R. etal. Nonpoint pollution of surface waters with phosphorus and nitrogen Ecological Applications,1998,8:559-568.
[6]Knisel, W.G CREAM:A Field-scale Model for Chemicals Runoff and Erosion from Agricultural Management System. Proc.13th Conf.Moding and simulation,1982,4
[7]Beasley,D.B. Applying Distributed Parameter Modeling Techniques to Watershed Hydrology and Nonpoint Source Pollution.13th Conf.Molding and simulation,1982,4
[8]Young,R.A.etal. AGNPS:A Nonpoint Source Pollution Modeling for Evaluation Agricultural Watersheds. J.of Soil and Water Conservation,1989
[9]Soranno P.A. etal. Phosphorus loads to surface waters:a simple model to account for special pattern of land use. Ecological Applications,1996,6:865-878.
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[11]Schilling K.E.& Libra R.D. The relationship of nitrogen concentrations in streams to row crop land use in Iowa. Journal of Environmental Quality,2000,29:1846-1851.
[12]Lek S. etal. Producing stream nitrogen concentration from watershed features using neural networks Water Research,1999,33(16):3469-3478.
[13]王勇,董亮水环境非点源污染模型研究[J]江苏环境科技,2005,18：73-75
[14]唐莲,白丹等 农业活动非点源污染与地下水的污染与防治[J]水土保持研究,2003,10(4)：212-214
[15]Ritter W.F., Shirmohammadi A. Agricultural nonpoint source pollution:watershed management and hydrology. Lewis Publishers,2001
[16]Thornton J.A.. Assessment and control of nonpoint source pollution of aquatic ecosystems:a practical approach. The Parthenon Publishing Group,1999
[17]朱丹丹,马永胜,时秋月人工湿地对农业非点源污染中几种污染元素的控制[J]东北农业大学学报,2008,39(2)
[18]余晓燕,齐实,李林英等美国的生物缓冲带[J]水土保持应用技术,2007,(6)
[19]昆明市环境科学研究所编著滇池富营养化调查研究[M]云南科技出版社,1992
[20]李怀恩,沈晋著非点源污染数学模型[M]西北工业大学出版社,1996
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