CdTe/CdS量子点的合成及在生物分析中的应用
|
摘要
量子点具有很多优异的性质,如紫外吸收范围宽;荧光激发范围宽而连续;荧光发射峰峰形对称,半峰宽窄;荧光发射波长可调;抗荧光漂白能力强;荧光寿命比有机荧光染料长;量子产率较高等。近年来,作为一种新型的荧光生物探针,量子点在生物分子和多色标记、生物组织和细胞的标记成像、免疫分析以及疾病诊断等领域的研究中取得了很大的进展。本项研究在水溶性CdTe/CdS量子点的合成及其作为生物探针对胰蛋白酶测定和细胞标记的应用研究方面做了一系列工作,得到一些创新性结果,主要内容如下:
首先提出用半胱氨酸作修饰剂,常见无机试剂为反应原料,将水浴法和水热法结合制备CdTe/CdS量子点的新方法。此法兼备水浴法和水热法的优点,合成周期短,条件温和,量子产率高。通过控制不同的条件合成出荧光发射波长分布范围宽(500～625 nm)的水溶性CdTe/CdS量子点。光学性能表征证明量子点的核壳结构,具备半峰宽窄、峰形对称等优异的光谱性能;结构性能表征表明量子点尺寸分布均匀,为近似球形颗粒。同时研究pH值、加热温度、加热时间等对晶体生长的影响。
其次,实验中对合成的量子点进行透析纯化,后利用外层包被的半胱氨酸的羧基实现了与胰蛋白酶的共价链接,链接后量子点的荧光强度明显增强,当胰蛋白酶浓度在0.02～50.0mg/L范围内时,量子点荧光强度的变化与胰蛋白酶浓度呈现良好的线性关系。线性方程为:ΔI=17.86+8.87 c(mg/L),相关系数为r=0.9993,检出限为3μg/L。对浓度为33.3 mg/L的胰蛋白酶标准溶液平行测定11次,得到的相对标准偏差为0.78%。此法简便,快速,样品不需要复杂的前处理,结果令人满意。
最后,基于与上述生物大分子的作用规律,利用量子点表面的羧基与抗体分子中氨基之间的作用,实现了CdTe/CdS量子点与兔抗人CEACAM8(CD67)抗体的共价结合,通过抗原-抗体之间的特异性反应,采用直接标记法成功地对宫颈癌上皮细胞HeLa细胞进行免疫标记与成像。结果表明,通过直接标记法可以成功实现对细胞的标记,有效减少量子点在细胞表面的非特异性吸附。与现有对HeLa细胞标记的报道相比,本方法简化了标记步骤,为量子点进一步用于癌细胞的检测提供了有益的参考。
Quantum dots(QDs),as novel inorganic fluorophores,have attracted more and more attentions.Compared with traditional organic fluorophores,QDs possess a number of advantages due to their excellent properties such as narrower and symmetric emission spectra, broad and continuous absorption spectra,adjustable fluorescence emission wavelength,good photostability,and higher quantum yield.Recently,QDs with excellent optical properties are more and more applied in the bio-analysis,environmental analysis and detection of clinical medicine,instead of organic fluorescent dyes.Therefore,it is the most important to prepare high-quality QDs with ideal optical properties,good biocompatibility and less cytotoxicity directly in aqueous medium.In this study,a great deal of work was done on preparing high-quality QDs,applying QDs as biological probes in bio-labeling and cell imaging.The main content is as follows:
The new method combining water-bathing and hydrothermal heating for the synthesis of a series of high-quality L-Cysteine(L-Cys) capped CdTe/CdS QDs was firstly introduced. This method possesses both advantages of water-bathing and hydrothermal methods to get high-quality QDs,such as markedly reduced synthesis time,higher quality of the QDs than water-bathing and better stability than a lone hydrothermal method.L-Cys was used as the stabilizer because it's less toxicity.In the study,the core/shell CdTe/CdS QDs with different emission wavelength(500～625 nm) were prepared with different reaction time.The fluorescence and UV-vis absorption spectra of QDs indicated that CdS shell was capped on the CdTe core and the fluorescence of CdTe/CdS QDs was enhanced by the CdS overcoating.The transmission electronic microscopy(TEM) and powder X-ray diffraction(XRD) of as prepared QDs indicated that QDs dispersed well in aquous solution and the shape was approximately spherical.Meanwhile,the effect of pH value,reaction tempreture,hydrothermal time etc on the growth of QDs was studied.
For the applications of QDs in analytical and biological fields,the as-prepared L-Cys capped CdTe/CdS QDs were conjugated with Trypsinase,in which the interactions rules between QDs and biological macromolecules such as proteins and enzymes were obtained. The as-prepared QDs were firstly purified by semipermeable merbrance.Then the as purified QDs were able to be conjuncted with trypsinase by the conjugation between the carboxylic groups on the surface of QDs and the amino groups on trypsinase,leading to the obvious enhancement in fluorescence intensity.The experimental results for the condition optimization suggested that the fluorescence of as prepared QDs responded selectively to trypsinase.A good linearity between the fluorescence intensity and the concentration of trypsinase in the range of 0.02～50.0 mg/L was obtained with a correlation coefficient of 0.9993 and the linear regression equation is△I=17.86+8.87 c(mg/L).The detection limit,calculated following the 3o IUPAC criteria,of 3μg/L was obtained with the RSD of 0.78%(33.3 mg/L,n=11).The method was relatively simple and sensitive.
Finally,the as-prepared QDs were conjugated with rabbit anti-CEACAM8(CD67) antibody with the similar linking method as described above.By the reaction between antibody and antigen,QDs-antibody probes were successfully used to label HeLa cells.Experimental results indicated that the non-specific adsorption was not observed in the direct labeling method.Compared with other methods,the direct labeling procedure was relatively simpler.It can be expected that the CdTe/CdS QDs prepared here could be used as probes to get further application in immuno-assay,immuno-labeling and other biological areas.
首先提出用半胱氨酸作修饰剂,常见无机试剂为反应原料,将水浴法和水热法结合制备CdTe/CdS量子点的新方法。此法兼备水浴法和水热法的优点,合成周期短,条件温和,量子产率高。通过控制不同的条件合成出荧光发射波长分布范围宽(500～625 nm)的水溶性CdTe/CdS量子点。光学性能表征证明量子点的核壳结构,具备半峰宽窄、峰形对称等优异的光谱性能;结构性能表征表明量子点尺寸分布均匀,为近似球形颗粒。同时研究pH值、加热温度、加热时间等对晶体生长的影响。
其次,实验中对合成的量子点进行透析纯化,后利用外层包被的半胱氨酸的羧基实现了与胰蛋白酶的共价链接,链接后量子点的荧光强度明显增强,当胰蛋白酶浓度在0.02～50.0mg/L范围内时,量子点荧光强度的变化与胰蛋白酶浓度呈现良好的线性关系。线性方程为:ΔI=17.86+8.87 c(mg/L),相关系数为r=0.9993,检出限为3μg/L。对浓度为33.3 mg/L的胰蛋白酶标准溶液平行测定11次,得到的相对标准偏差为0.78%。此法简便,快速,样品不需要复杂的前处理,结果令人满意。
最后,基于与上述生物大分子的作用规律,利用量子点表面的羧基与抗体分子中氨基之间的作用,实现了CdTe/CdS量子点与兔抗人CEACAM8(CD67)抗体的共价结合,通过抗原-抗体之间的特异性反应,采用直接标记法成功地对宫颈癌上皮细胞HeLa细胞进行免疫标记与成像。结果表明,通过直接标记法可以成功实现对细胞的标记,有效减少量子点在细胞表面的非特异性吸附。与现有对HeLa细胞标记的报道相比,本方法简化了标记步骤,为量子点进一步用于癌细胞的检测提供了有益的参考。
Quantum dots(QDs),as novel inorganic fluorophores,have attracted more and more attentions.Compared with traditional organic fluorophores,QDs possess a number of advantages due to their excellent properties such as narrower and symmetric emission spectra, broad and continuous absorption spectra,adjustable fluorescence emission wavelength,good photostability,and higher quantum yield.Recently,QDs with excellent optical properties are more and more applied in the bio-analysis,environmental analysis and detection of clinical medicine,instead of organic fluorescent dyes.Therefore,it is the most important to prepare high-quality QDs with ideal optical properties,good biocompatibility and less cytotoxicity directly in aqueous medium.In this study,a great deal of work was done on preparing high-quality QDs,applying QDs as biological probes in bio-labeling and cell imaging.The main content is as follows:
The new method combining water-bathing and hydrothermal heating for the synthesis of a series of high-quality L-Cysteine(L-Cys) capped CdTe/CdS QDs was firstly introduced. This method possesses both advantages of water-bathing and hydrothermal methods to get high-quality QDs,such as markedly reduced synthesis time,higher quality of the QDs than water-bathing and better stability than a lone hydrothermal method.L-Cys was used as the stabilizer because it's less toxicity.In the study,the core/shell CdTe/CdS QDs with different emission wavelength(500～625 nm) were prepared with different reaction time.The fluorescence and UV-vis absorption spectra of QDs indicated that CdS shell was capped on the CdTe core and the fluorescence of CdTe/CdS QDs was enhanced by the CdS overcoating.The transmission electronic microscopy(TEM) and powder X-ray diffraction(XRD) of as prepared QDs indicated that QDs dispersed well in aquous solution and the shape was approximately spherical.Meanwhile,the effect of pH value,reaction tempreture,hydrothermal time etc on the growth of QDs was studied.
For the applications of QDs in analytical and biological fields,the as-prepared L-Cys capped CdTe/CdS QDs were conjugated with Trypsinase,in which the interactions rules between QDs and biological macromolecules such as proteins and enzymes were obtained. The as-prepared QDs were firstly purified by semipermeable merbrance.Then the as purified QDs were able to be conjuncted with trypsinase by the conjugation between the carboxylic groups on the surface of QDs and the amino groups on trypsinase,leading to the obvious enhancement in fluorescence intensity.The experimental results for the condition optimization suggested that the fluorescence of as prepared QDs responded selectively to trypsinase.A good linearity between the fluorescence intensity and the concentration of trypsinase in the range of 0.02～50.0 mg/L was obtained with a correlation coefficient of 0.9993 and the linear regression equation is△I=17.86+8.87 c(mg/L).The detection limit,calculated following the 3o IUPAC criteria,of 3μg/L was obtained with the RSD of 0.78%(33.3 mg/L,n=11).The method was relatively simple and sensitive.
Finally,the as-prepared QDs were conjugated with rabbit anti-CEACAM8(CD67) antibody with the similar linking method as described above.By the reaction between antibody and antigen,QDs-antibody probes were successfully used to label HeLa cells.Experimental results indicated that the non-specific adsorption was not observed in the direct labeling method.Compared with other methods,the direct labeling procedure was relatively simpler.It can be expected that the CdTe/CdS QDs prepared here could be used as probes to get further application in immuno-assay,immuno-labeling and other biological areas.
引文
1.Rosenthal S J.Bar-coding biomolecules with fluorescenct nanocrystals[J],Nat Biotechnol,2001,19(7):621-622.
2.Ball P,Garwin L.Science at the atomic scale[J],Nature,1992,355(6363):761-763.
3.张立德,牟季美.纳米材料与纳米结构[M],北京:科学出版社,2001
4.Wang Y,Herron N.Nanometer-sized semiconductor clusters:materials synthesis,quantum size effects,and photophysical properties[J],J Phys Chem,1991,95(2):525-532.
5.Brus L.Electronic wave functions in semiconductor clusters:experiment and theory[J],J Phys Chem,1986,90(12):2555-2560.
6.Richard K,Claudia L,Rajesh K M.A Simple Colloidal Synthesis for Gram-Quantity Production of Water-Soluble ZnS Nanocrystal Powders[J],J Colloid Interface Sci,2000,227(2):561-566.
7.Wang J H,Wang H Q,Zhang H L,et al.Photoluminescence enhancement by coupling of ovalbumin and CdTe quantum dots and its application as protein probe[J],Colloids surf,A,2007,305:48-53.
8.秦元斌,杨曦,于俊生.巯基乙胺稳定的水溶性CdTe纳米粒子的合成与表征[J],无机化学学报,2006,22(5):851-855.
9.Lei Z L,Pang X L,Li N,et al.A novel two-step modifying process for preparation of chitosan-coated Fe3O4/SiO2 microspheres[J],J Mater Process Technol,2009,209(7):3218-3225.
10.Kong A G,Wang H W,Li J,et al.Preparation of super paramagnetic crystalline mesoporous γ-Fe2O3 with high surface[J],Mater Lett,2008,62(6-7):943-945.
11.林章碧,苏星光,张家骅,等.纳米粒子在生物分析中的应用[J],分析化学,2002,30(2):237-241.
12.徐海娥,闫翠娥.水溶性量子点的制备及应用[J],化学进展,2005,17(5):800-808.
13.谭翠燕,梁汝强,阮康城.量子点在生命科学中的应用[J],生物化学与生物物理学报,2004,34(1):1-5.
14.张臣.纳米材料的一颗新星-半导体量子点材料[J],纳米科技与产业,2003,114(11):65-69.
15.Murray C B,Norrid D J,Bawendi M G.Synthesis and characterization of nearly monodisperse CdE(E=sulfur,selenium,tellurium) semiconductor nan-crystallite[J],J Am Chem Soc,1993,115(19):8706-8715.
16.Qian H F,Li L,Ren J C.One-step and rapid synthesis of high quality alloyed quantum dots(CdSe-CdS) in aqueous phase by microwave irradiation with controllable temperature[J],Mater Res Bull,2005,40(10):1726-1736.
17.Yang D Z,Chen Q F,Xu S K.Synthesis of CdSe/CdS with a simple non-TOP-based route [J],J Lumin,2007,126(2):853-858.
18.Li J P,Wang M Q,Wang X H,et al.Preparation and optical properties of dispersible ZnSe nanocrystals synthesized by high energy ball milling[J],Ceram Int,2008,34(4):1077-1080.
19.Chen J L,Zhu C Q.Functionalized cadmium sulfide quantum dots as fluorescence probe for silver ion determination[J],Anal Chim Acta,2005,546(2):147-153.
20.Zhao D,He Z K,Chan W H,et al.Synthesis and characterization of high-quality water-soluble near-infrared-emitting CdTe/CdS quantum dots capped by N-acetyl-L-cysteine via hydrothermal method[J],J Phys Chem C,2009,113(4):1293-1300.
21.Wang X Y,Ma Q,Li B,et al.The preparation of CdTe nanoparticles and CdTe nanoparticle-labelled microspheres for biological applications[J],Luminescence,2007,22(1):1-8.
22.许荣辉,汪勇先,徐万帮,等.CdS纳米晶的制备及其荧光研究[J],人工晶体学报,2006,35(5):1007-1012.
23.Wu X Y,Liu H J,Liu J Q,et al.Immunofluorescent labeling of cancer marker Her2 and other cellular targets with semiconductor quantum dots[J],Nat Biotechnol,2003,21(1):41-46.
24.Wang L Y,Zhou Y Y,Wang L,et al.Synchronous fluorescence determination of protein with functionalized CdS nanoparticles as a fluorescence probe[J],Anal Chim Acta,2002,466(1):87-92.
25.杨冬芝,孙世安,陈启凡,等.CdSe量子点与蛋白质的作用研究[J],激光生物学报,2007,16(5):527-531.
26.Ma H L,Wang C L,Liu H Z,et al.NHS mediated CdTe quantum dots/album in conjugates and labeling C.elegans[J],Chem Res Chinese U,2006,22(2):181-184.
27.Burda C,Chen X,Narayanan R,et al.The chemistry and properties of nanocrystals of different shapes[J],Chem Rev,2005,105:1025-1102.
28.Xia Y S,Cao C,Zhu C Q.Two distinct photoluminescence responses of CdTe quantum dots to Ag(Ⅰ)[J],J Lumin,2008,128:166-172.
29.阮康成.量子点荧光光谱学与生命科学[J],生命科学,2003,15(2):84-87.
30.Talapin D V,Haubold S,Rogach A L,et al.A novel organometallic synthesis of highly luminescent CdTe nanocrystals[J],J Phys Chem B,2001,105(12):2260-2263.
31.Cao Y W,Banin U.Growth and Properties of semiconductor Core/Shell nanocrystals with InAs cores[J],J Am Chem Soc,2000,122(40):9692-9702.
32.Peng Z A,Peng X G.Formation of high-quality CdTe,CdSe,and CdS nanocrystals using CdO as precursor[J],J Am Chem Soc,2001,123(1):183-184.
33.Qu L H,Peng X G.Control of photoluminescence properties of CdSe nanocrystals in growth[J],J Am Chem Soc,2002,124(9):2049-2056.
34.Talapin D V,Rogach A L,Komowski A,et al.Highly luminescent monodisperse CdSe and CdSe/ZnS nanocrystals synthesized in a hexadecylamine-trioctylphosphine oxide-trioctylphospine mixture[J],Nano Lett,2001,1(4):207-211.
35.Talapin D V,Rogach A L,Mekis I,et al.Synthesis and surface modification of amino-stabilized CdSe,CdTe and InP nanocrystals[J],Colloids Surf A,2002,202(2-3):145-154.
36.Tortiglione C,Quarta A,Tino A,et al.Synthesis and biological assay of GSH functionalized fluorescent quantum dots for staining hydra wulgaris[J],Bioconjugate Chem,2007,18(3):829-835.
37.Wuister S F,Swart I,Driel F V,et al.Highly luminescent water-soluble CdTe quantum dots[J],Nano Lett,2003,3(4):503-507.
38.曲正,张福辰,王岩.水热法合成水溶性CdTe量子点及其光谱表征[J],辽东学院学报(自然科学版),2006,13(4):48-51.
39.Jiang C,Xu S K,Yang D Z,et al.Synthesis of glutathione-capped CdS quantum dots and preliminary studies on protein detection and cell fluorescence image[J],Luminescence,2007,22:430-437.
40.陈启凡,王文星,葛颖新,等.水热法合成CdTe量子点及其与蛋白质连接作为生物荧 光探针的研究[J],分析试验室,2007,26(3):1-5.
41.Zhnag H,Wang L P.Hydrothermal synthesis of high-quality CdTe nanocrystals[J],Adv mater,2003,15(20):1712-1715.
42.Ma J,Chen J Y,Zhang Y,et al.Photochemical instability of thiol-capped CdTe quantum dots in aqueous solution and living cells:process and mechanism[J],J Phys Chem B,2007,111:12012-12016.
43.Han H Y,Sheng Z H,Liang J L.Electrogenerated chemiluminescence from thiol-capped CdTe quantum dots and its sensing application in aqueous solution[J],Anal Chim Acta,2007,596(1):73-78.
44.尤晓刚,贺蓉,田红叶,等.水相中合成CdTe半导体量子点[J],上海交通大学学报,2007,41(10):1690-1694.
45.Chen J L,Gao Y C,Xu Z B,et al.A novel fluorescent array for mercury(Ⅱ) ion in aqueous solution with functionalized cadmium selenide nanoclusters[J],Anal Chim Acta,2006,577(1):77-84.
46.Chen J L,Zhu C Q.Functionalized cadmium sulfide quantum dots as fluorescence probe for silver ion determination[J],Anal Chim Acta,2005,546(2):147-153.
47.徐万帮,汪勇先,许荣辉,等.CdS量子点的优化合成及其在离子检测中的应用[J],功能材料,2007,8(38):1287-1291.
48.陈启凡,杨冬芝,徐淑坤,等.微波辐射法制备水溶性CdTe量子点及其光谱学研究[J],光谱学与光谱分析,2007,27(14):650-653.
49.陈启凡.CdTe量子点的制备及用于生物荧光探针的研究[D],沈阳东北大学,2007.
50.王辉,朱俊杰.液相微波介电加热法制备纳米粒子的研究进展[J],无机化学学报,2004,18(4):329-334.
51.Zhu J J,Zhu J M,Liao X H,et al.Rapid synthesis of nanocrystalline SnO_2 powders by microwave heating method[J],Mater Lett,2002,53(2-3):12-19.
52.邵庆辉,古国榜.纳米材料的合成与制备进展研究[J],兵器材料科学与工程,2002,25(4):59-63.
53.杨建军,张治军,金振声,等.非水溶剂中纳米粒子的制备研究[J],河南大学学报(自然科学版),1994,24(3):45-47.
54.Wang Y,Herron N.Optical properties of cadmium sulfide and lead(Ⅱ) sulfide clusters encapsulated in zeolites[J],J Phys Chem,1987,91(2):257-260.
55.徐莉,刘琴,祁欣等.溶胶—凝胶技术制备纳米材料的研究进展[J],南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2002,26(4):81-84.
56.李雄.CdS荧光量子点的合成及其表征[J],湖南工业职业技术学院学报,2007,7(2):24-25.
57.Sweeney R Y,Mao C B,Gao X X,et al.Bacterial biosynthesis of cadmium sulfide nanocrystals[J],Chem Biol,2004,11(11):1553-1559.
58.Peelle B R,Krauland E M,Wittrup K D,et al.Design criteria for engineering inorganic material-specific peptides[J],Langmuir,2005,21(15):6929-6933.
59.Huang Y,Chiang C Y,Lee S K,et al.Programmable assembly of nanoarchitectures using genetically engineered viruses[J],Nano Lett,2005,5(7):1429-1434.
60.Bruchez M J,Moronne M,Gin P,et al.Semiconductor nanocrystals as fluorescent biological labels[J],Science,1998,281(5385):2013-2015.
61.Chan W C W,Nie S M.Quantum dot bioconjugates for ultrasensitive nonisotopic detection[J],Science,1998,281(5385):2016-2018.
62.Xia Y S,Zhu C Q.Use of surface-modified CdTe quantum dots as fluorescent probes in sensing mercury(Ⅱ)[J],Talanta,2008,75(1):215-221.
63.Mohamed A E,Zheng Y G,Yu H H,et al.Ultrasensitive Pb~(2+) detection by glutathione-capped quantum dots[J],Anal Chem,2007,79(24):9452-9458.
64.Li J,Bao D S,Hong X,et al.Luminescent CdTe quantum dots and nanorods as metal ion probes[J],Colloids Surf,A,2005,257:267-271.
65.李梦莹,周华萌,董再蒸,等.半胱氨酸包覆的CdTe量子点作为荧光离子探针测定痕量汞(Ⅱ)[J],冶金分析,2008,28(12):7-11.
66.Wu H M,Liang J G,Han H Y.A novel method for the determination of Pb~(2+) based on the quenching of the fluorescence of CdTe quantum dots[J],Microchim Acta,2008,161(1-2):81-86.
67.王柯敏,王益林,李朝辉,等.CdTe量子点荧光猝灭法测定铜离子的研究[J],湖南大学学报,2005,32(3):1-5.
68.闫玉禧,牟颖,金钦汉.一种新型CdTe量子点关于测定铜离子的研究[J],生命科学仪器,2007,5(3):14-18.
69.Wei J J,Jose M C F,Rosario P,et al.Surface-modified CdSe quantum dots as luminescent probes for cyanide determination[J],Anal Chim Acta,2004,522(1):1-8.
70.Tomasulo M,Yildiz I,Raymo F M.PH-sensitive quantum dots[J],J Phys Chem B,2006,110(9):3853-3855.
71.Huang C P,Liu S W,Chen T M,et al.A new approach for quantitative determination of glucose by using CdSe/ZnS quantum dots[J],Sens Actuators B,2007,10(1):1016-1020.
72.王红丹,尚庆坤,单贵晔,等.CdTe纳米晶与苯丙氨酸相互作用的研究[J],分子科学学报,2006,22(4):251-255.
73.李鸿梅,房学迅,陈娟娟,等.量子点荧光标记应用于生物学的研究进展[J],国外医学生物医学分册,2004,27(5):281-285.
74.Idowu M,Lamprecht E,Nyokong T.Interaction of water-soluble thiol capped CdTe quantum dots and bovine serum albumin[J],J Photochem Photobiol A,2008,198(1):7-12.
75.Gerhards C,Schulz-Drost C,Sgobba V,et al.Conjugating luminescent CdTe quantum dots with biomolecules[J],J Phys Chem B,2008,112(46):14482-14491.
76.周华萌.L-半胱氨酸修饰的CdTe量子点作为荧光探针的应用研究[D].沈阳东北大学,2008.
77.庄红,张梅,孔祥贵,等.CdTe量子点标记铁蛋白的光谱研究[J],食品科学,2007,28(11):37-39.
78.张萍,卓淑娟,陈金龙,等.藉L-半胱氨酸包覆的ZnS纳米粒子的共振光散射定量分析蛋白质[J],分析试验室,2005,24(3):86-90.
79.Dai Z,Zhang J M,Dong Q X,et al.Adaptionof Au nanoparticles and CdTe quantum dots in DNA detection[J],Chin J Chem Eng,2007,15(6):791-794.
80.Wang Z P,Li J,Liu B,et al.CdTe nanocrystals sensitized chemiluminescence and the analytical application[J],Talanta,2009,77(3):1050-1056.
81.Li H,Qu F.Synthesis of CdTe quantum dots in sol-gel-derived composite silica spheres coated with calyx[4]arene as luminescent probes for pesticides[J],Chem Mater,2007,19(17):4148-4154.
82.Li M Y,Ge Y X,Chen Q F,et al.Hydrothermal synthesis of highly luminescent CdTe quantum dots by adjusting precursors' concentration and their conjunction with BSA as biological fluorescent probes[J],Talanta,2007,72(1):89-94.
83.Goldman E R,Anderson G P,Tran P T,et al.Conjugation of luminescent quantum dots with antibodies using an engineered adaptor protein to provide new reagents for fluoroimmunoassays[J],Anal Chem,2002,74(4):841-847.
84.李丹,严拯药.量子点的制备及其在生物分析中的应用[J],药物生物技术,2007,14(5):368-371.
85.Xie M,Liu H H,Chen P,et al.CdSe/ZnS-labeled carboxymethyl chitosan as a bioprobe for live cell imaging[J],Chem Commun,2005,28(44):5518-5520.
86.Wang C,Ma Q,Dou W C,et al.Synthesis of aqueous CdTe quantum dots embedded silica nanoparticles and their applications as fluorescence probes[J],Talanta,2009,77(4):1358-1364.
87.Ravindran S,Kim S,Martin R,et al.Quantum dots as bio-labels for the localization of a small plant adhesion protein[J],Nanotechnology,2005,16(1):1-4.
88.蒋茶.CdS量子点的合成及其在蛋白检测和细胞标记中的应用[D],沈阳东北大学,2007.
89.Akerman M E,Chan W C W,Laakkonen P.Nanocrystal targeting in vivo[J],P Natl Acad Sci USA,2002,99(20):12617-12621.
90.Zimmer J P,Kim S W,Ohnishi S,et al.Size series of small indium arsenide-zinc selenide core-shell nanocrystals and their application to in vivo imaging[J],J Am Chem Soc,2006,128(8):2526-2527
91.Fleming S,Mandal T K,Walt D R.Nanosphere-microsphere assembly methods for core-shell materials preparation[J],Chem Mater,2001,13(7):2210-2215.
92.Hines M A,Guyot-Sionnest P.Synthesis and characterization of strongly lumineseing ZnS-capped CdSe nanoerystals[J],J Phys Chem,1996,100(2):468-471.
93.Rosenthal S J,Tolinson I,Adkins E M.Targeting cell sruface receptors with ligand-conjugated nanocrystals[J],J Am Chem Soc,2002,124(17):4586-4594.
94.Larson D R,Zipfel W R,Williams R M.Water-soluble quantum dots for multiphoton fluorescence imaging in vivo[J],Science,2003,300(5624):1434-1436.
95.Scholps O,Thomas N L,Woggon U,et al.Recombination dynamics of CdTe/CdS core-shell nanocrystals[J],J Phys Chem B,2006,110(5):2074-2079
96.He Y,Lu H T,Sai L M,et al.Microwave-assisted growth and characterization of water-dispersed CdTe/CdS core-shell nanocrystals with high photoluminescence[J],J Phys Chem B,2006,110(27):13370-13374.
97.Farias P M A,Santos B S,Menezes F D,et al.Quantum dots as fluorescent bio-labels in cancer diagnostic [J], Phys Status Solidi, 2006, 3(11): 4001-4008.
98. Wang C L, Zhang H, Zhang J H, et al. Application of ultrasonic irradiation in aqueous synthesis of highly fluorescent CdTe/CdS core-shell nanocrystals [J], J Phys Chem C, 2007,111(6): 2465-2469.
99. Peng H, Zhang L J, Soeller C, et al. Preparation of water-soluble CdTe/CdS core/shell quantum dots with enhanced photostability [J], J Lumin, 2007, 127: 721-726.
100.Yu Y, Lai Y, Zheng X L, et al. Synthesis of functionalized CdTe/CdS QDs for spectrofluorimetric detection of BSA [J], Spectrochim Acta A, 2007, 68(5): 1356-1361.
101.De Farias P M A, Santos B S, Menezes F D, et al. Highly fluorescent semiconductor core-shell CdTe-CdS nanocrystals for monitoring living yeast cells activity [J], Appl Phys A, 2007, 89:957-961.
102.Zeng Q H, Kong X G, Sun Y J, et al. Synthesis and optical properties of type II CdTe/CdS core/shell quantum dots in aqueous solution via successive on layer adsorption and reaction [J], J Phys Chem C, 2008, 112(23): 8587-8593.
103.Santos B S, Farias P M A, Fontes A, et al. Semiconductor nanocrystals obtained by colloidal chemistry for biological applications [J], Appl Surf Sci, 2008, 255(3): 796-798.
104.Su Y Y, He Y, Lu H T, et al. The cytotoxicity of cadmium based, aqueous phase -Synthesized, quantum dots and its modulation by surface coating [J], Biomaterials, 2009, 30: 19-25.
105.Bae P K, Kim K N, Lee S J, et al. The modification of quantum dot probes used for the targeted imaging of his-tagged fusion proteins [J], Biomaterials, 2009, 30(5): 836-842.
106.Zhang Y H, Zhang H S, Ma M, et al. The influence of ligands on the preparation and optical properties of water-soluble CdTe quantum dots [J], Appl Surf Sci, 2009, 255(9): 4747-4753.
107.Cai Z X, Yang H, Zhang Y, et al. Preparation, characterization and evaluation of water-soluble 1-cysteine-capped-CdS nanoparticles as fluorescence probe for detection of Hg(II) in aqueous solution [J], Anal Chim Acta, 2006, 559(2): 234-239.
108.Li Y X, Chen J L, Zhu C Q, et al. Preparation and application of cysteine-capped ZnS nanoparticles as fluorescence probe in the determination of nucleic acids [J], Spectrochim Acta, Part A, 2004, 60(8-9): 1719-1724.
109.Feng B, Feng F, Wang A W, et al. Synthesis and optical properties of 1-cysteine hydrochloide-stabilised CdSe nanocrystals in a new alkali system[J],J Nanosci and Nanotechnol,2008,8(3):1178-1182.
110.Zhang Y H,Zhang H S,Guo X F,et al.L-Cysteine-coated CdSe/CdS core-shell quantum dots as selective fluorescence probe for copper(Ⅱ) determination[J],Microchem J,2008,89(2):142-147.
111.滕枫,唐爱伟,高银浩,等.水溶胶CdSe/CdS核/壳结构纳米晶制备及光学性质的研究[J],光谱学与光谱分析,2005,25(5):651-654.
112.Rajh T,Micic O I,Nozik A J.Synthesis and characterization of surface-modified colloidal CdTe quantum dots[J],J Phys Chem,1993,97:11999-12003.
113.Zhu J J,Zhou M G,Liao X H,et al.Prepartion of CdS and ZnS nanoparticles using microwave irradiation[J],Mater Lett,2001,47(1-2):25-29.
114.Ferreira R,Verzelen O,Bastard G..Optical properties of excitonic polarons in semiconductor quantum dots[J],Physica E,2004,21(2-4):164-170.
115.Kortan A R,Hull R,Opila R L,et al.Nucleation and growth of cadmium selendie on zinc sulfide quantum crystallite seeds,and vice versa,in inverse micelle media[J],J Am Chem Soc,1990,112(3):1327-1332.
116.Mekis I,Talapin D V,Kornowski A,et al.One-pot synthesis of highly luminescent CdSe/CdS core-shell nanocrystals via organometallic and "greener" chemical approaches [J],J Phys Chem B,2003,107(30):7454-7462.
117.Li M Y,Xu S K,Zhou H M.A novel method to synthesize high luminescent cysteine-stabilized CdTe quantum dots[J],CSI Xiamen,2007,556.
118.Hao E,Sun H P,Zhou Z,et al.Synthesis and optical properties of CdSe and CdSe/CdS nanoparticles[J],Chem Mater,1999,11(11):3096-3102.
2.Ball P,Garwin L.Science at the atomic scale[J],Nature,1992,355(6363):761-763.
3.张立德,牟季美.纳米材料与纳米结构[M],北京:科学出版社,2001
4.Wang Y,Herron N.Nanometer-sized semiconductor clusters:materials synthesis,quantum size effects,and photophysical properties[J],J Phys Chem,1991,95(2):525-532.
5.Brus L.Electronic wave functions in semiconductor clusters:experiment and theory[J],J Phys Chem,1986,90(12):2555-2560.
6.Richard K,Claudia L,Rajesh K M.A Simple Colloidal Synthesis for Gram-Quantity Production of Water-Soluble ZnS Nanocrystal Powders[J],J Colloid Interface Sci,2000,227(2):561-566.
7.Wang J H,Wang H Q,Zhang H L,et al.Photoluminescence enhancement by coupling of ovalbumin and CdTe quantum dots and its application as protein probe[J],Colloids surf,A,2007,305:48-53.
8.秦元斌,杨曦,于俊生.巯基乙胺稳定的水溶性CdTe纳米粒子的合成与表征[J],无机化学学报,2006,22(5):851-855.
9.Lei Z L,Pang X L,Li N,et al.A novel two-step modifying process for preparation of chitosan-coated Fe3O4/SiO2 microspheres[J],J Mater Process Technol,2009,209(7):3218-3225.
10.Kong A G,Wang H W,Li J,et al.Preparation of super paramagnetic crystalline mesoporous γ-Fe2O3 with high surface[J],Mater Lett,2008,62(6-7):943-945.
11.林章碧,苏星光,张家骅,等.纳米粒子在生物分析中的应用[J],分析化学,2002,30(2):237-241.
12.徐海娥,闫翠娥.水溶性量子点的制备及应用[J],化学进展,2005,17(5):800-808.
13.谭翠燕,梁汝强,阮康城.量子点在生命科学中的应用[J],生物化学与生物物理学报,2004,34(1):1-5.
14.张臣.纳米材料的一颗新星-半导体量子点材料[J],纳米科技与产业,2003,114(11):65-69.
15.Murray C B,Norrid D J,Bawendi M G.Synthesis and characterization of nearly monodisperse CdE(E=sulfur,selenium,tellurium) semiconductor nan-crystallite[J],J Am Chem Soc,1993,115(19):8706-8715.
16.Qian H F,Li L,Ren J C.One-step and rapid synthesis of high quality alloyed quantum dots(CdSe-CdS) in aqueous phase by microwave irradiation with controllable temperature[J],Mater Res Bull,2005,40(10):1726-1736.
17.Yang D Z,Chen Q F,Xu S K.Synthesis of CdSe/CdS with a simple non-TOP-based route [J],J Lumin,2007,126(2):853-858.
18.Li J P,Wang M Q,Wang X H,et al.Preparation and optical properties of dispersible ZnSe nanocrystals synthesized by high energy ball milling[J],Ceram Int,2008,34(4):1077-1080.
19.Chen J L,Zhu C Q.Functionalized cadmium sulfide quantum dots as fluorescence probe for silver ion determination[J],Anal Chim Acta,2005,546(2):147-153.
20.Zhao D,He Z K,Chan W H,et al.Synthesis and characterization of high-quality water-soluble near-infrared-emitting CdTe/CdS quantum dots capped by N-acetyl-L-cysteine via hydrothermal method[J],J Phys Chem C,2009,113(4):1293-1300.
21.Wang X Y,Ma Q,Li B,et al.The preparation of CdTe nanoparticles and CdTe nanoparticle-labelled microspheres for biological applications[J],Luminescence,2007,22(1):1-8.
22.许荣辉,汪勇先,徐万帮,等.CdS纳米晶的制备及其荧光研究[J],人工晶体学报,2006,35(5):1007-1012.
23.Wu X Y,Liu H J,Liu J Q,et al.Immunofluorescent labeling of cancer marker Her2 and other cellular targets with semiconductor quantum dots[J],Nat Biotechnol,2003,21(1):41-46.
24.Wang L Y,Zhou Y Y,Wang L,et al.Synchronous fluorescence determination of protein with functionalized CdS nanoparticles as a fluorescence probe[J],Anal Chim Acta,2002,466(1):87-92.
25.杨冬芝,孙世安,陈启凡,等.CdSe量子点与蛋白质的作用研究[J],激光生物学报,2007,16(5):527-531.
26.Ma H L,Wang C L,Liu H Z,et al.NHS mediated CdTe quantum dots/album in conjugates and labeling C.elegans[J],Chem Res Chinese U,2006,22(2):181-184.
27.Burda C,Chen X,Narayanan R,et al.The chemistry and properties of nanocrystals of different shapes[J],Chem Rev,2005,105:1025-1102.
28.Xia Y S,Cao C,Zhu C Q.Two distinct photoluminescence responses of CdTe quantum dots to Ag(Ⅰ)[J],J Lumin,2008,128:166-172.
29.阮康成.量子点荧光光谱学与生命科学[J],生命科学,2003,15(2):84-87.
30.Talapin D V,Haubold S,Rogach A L,et al.A novel organometallic synthesis of highly luminescent CdTe nanocrystals[J],J Phys Chem B,2001,105(12):2260-2263.
31.Cao Y W,Banin U.Growth and Properties of semiconductor Core/Shell nanocrystals with InAs cores[J],J Am Chem Soc,2000,122(40):9692-9702.
32.Peng Z A,Peng X G.Formation of high-quality CdTe,CdSe,and CdS nanocrystals using CdO as precursor[J],J Am Chem Soc,2001,123(1):183-184.
33.Qu L H,Peng X G.Control of photoluminescence properties of CdSe nanocrystals in growth[J],J Am Chem Soc,2002,124(9):2049-2056.
34.Talapin D V,Rogach A L,Komowski A,et al.Highly luminescent monodisperse CdSe and CdSe/ZnS nanocrystals synthesized in a hexadecylamine-trioctylphosphine oxide-trioctylphospine mixture[J],Nano Lett,2001,1(4):207-211.
35.Talapin D V,Rogach A L,Mekis I,et al.Synthesis and surface modification of amino-stabilized CdSe,CdTe and InP nanocrystals[J],Colloids Surf A,2002,202(2-3):145-154.
36.Tortiglione C,Quarta A,Tino A,et al.Synthesis and biological assay of GSH functionalized fluorescent quantum dots for staining hydra wulgaris[J],Bioconjugate Chem,2007,18(3):829-835.
37.Wuister S F,Swart I,Driel F V,et al.Highly luminescent water-soluble CdTe quantum dots[J],Nano Lett,2003,3(4):503-507.
38.曲正,张福辰,王岩.水热法合成水溶性CdTe量子点及其光谱表征[J],辽东学院学报(自然科学版),2006,13(4):48-51.
39.Jiang C,Xu S K,Yang D Z,et al.Synthesis of glutathione-capped CdS quantum dots and preliminary studies on protein detection and cell fluorescence image[J],Luminescence,2007,22:430-437.
40.陈启凡,王文星,葛颖新,等.水热法合成CdTe量子点及其与蛋白质连接作为生物荧 光探针的研究[J],分析试验室,2007,26(3):1-5.
41.Zhnag H,Wang L P.Hydrothermal synthesis of high-quality CdTe nanocrystals[J],Adv mater,2003,15(20):1712-1715.
42.Ma J,Chen J Y,Zhang Y,et al.Photochemical instability of thiol-capped CdTe quantum dots in aqueous solution and living cells:process and mechanism[J],J Phys Chem B,2007,111:12012-12016.
43.Han H Y,Sheng Z H,Liang J L.Electrogenerated chemiluminescence from thiol-capped CdTe quantum dots and its sensing application in aqueous solution[J],Anal Chim Acta,2007,596(1):73-78.
44.尤晓刚,贺蓉,田红叶,等.水相中合成CdTe半导体量子点[J],上海交通大学学报,2007,41(10):1690-1694.
45.Chen J L,Gao Y C,Xu Z B,et al.A novel fluorescent array for mercury(Ⅱ) ion in aqueous solution with functionalized cadmium selenide nanoclusters[J],Anal Chim Acta,2006,577(1):77-84.
46.Chen J L,Zhu C Q.Functionalized cadmium sulfide quantum dots as fluorescence probe for silver ion determination[J],Anal Chim Acta,2005,546(2):147-153.
47.徐万帮,汪勇先,许荣辉,等.CdS量子点的优化合成及其在离子检测中的应用[J],功能材料,2007,8(38):1287-1291.
48.陈启凡,杨冬芝,徐淑坤,等.微波辐射法制备水溶性CdTe量子点及其光谱学研究[J],光谱学与光谱分析,2007,27(14):650-653.
49.陈启凡.CdTe量子点的制备及用于生物荧光探针的研究[D],沈阳东北大学,2007.
50.王辉,朱俊杰.液相微波介电加热法制备纳米粒子的研究进展[J],无机化学学报,2004,18(4):329-334.
51.Zhu J J,Zhu J M,Liao X H,et al.Rapid synthesis of nanocrystalline SnO_2 powders by microwave heating method[J],Mater Lett,2002,53(2-3):12-19.
52.邵庆辉,古国榜.纳米材料的合成与制备进展研究[J],兵器材料科学与工程,2002,25(4):59-63.
53.杨建军,张治军,金振声,等.非水溶剂中纳米粒子的制备研究[J],河南大学学报(自然科学版),1994,24(3):45-47.
54.Wang Y,Herron N.Optical properties of cadmium sulfide and lead(Ⅱ) sulfide clusters encapsulated in zeolites[J],J Phys Chem,1987,91(2):257-260.
55.徐莉,刘琴,祁欣等.溶胶—凝胶技术制备纳米材料的研究进展[J],南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2002,26(4):81-84.
56.李雄.CdS荧光量子点的合成及其表征[J],湖南工业职业技术学院学报,2007,7(2):24-25.
57.Sweeney R Y,Mao C B,Gao X X,et al.Bacterial biosynthesis of cadmium sulfide nanocrystals[J],Chem Biol,2004,11(11):1553-1559.
58.Peelle B R,Krauland E M,Wittrup K D,et al.Design criteria for engineering inorganic material-specific peptides[J],Langmuir,2005,21(15):6929-6933.
59.Huang Y,Chiang C Y,Lee S K,et al.Programmable assembly of nanoarchitectures using genetically engineered viruses[J],Nano Lett,2005,5(7):1429-1434.
60.Bruchez M J,Moronne M,Gin P,et al.Semiconductor nanocrystals as fluorescent biological labels[J],Science,1998,281(5385):2013-2015.
61.Chan W C W,Nie S M.Quantum dot bioconjugates for ultrasensitive nonisotopic detection[J],Science,1998,281(5385):2016-2018.
62.Xia Y S,Zhu C Q.Use of surface-modified CdTe quantum dots as fluorescent probes in sensing mercury(Ⅱ)[J],Talanta,2008,75(1):215-221.
63.Mohamed A E,Zheng Y G,Yu H H,et al.Ultrasensitive Pb~(2+) detection by glutathione-capped quantum dots[J],Anal Chem,2007,79(24):9452-9458.
64.Li J,Bao D S,Hong X,et al.Luminescent CdTe quantum dots and nanorods as metal ion probes[J],Colloids Surf,A,2005,257:267-271.
65.李梦莹,周华萌,董再蒸,等.半胱氨酸包覆的CdTe量子点作为荧光离子探针测定痕量汞(Ⅱ)[J],冶金分析,2008,28(12):7-11.
66.Wu H M,Liang J G,Han H Y.A novel method for the determination of Pb~(2+) based on the quenching of the fluorescence of CdTe quantum dots[J],Microchim Acta,2008,161(1-2):81-86.
67.王柯敏,王益林,李朝辉,等.CdTe量子点荧光猝灭法测定铜离子的研究[J],湖南大学学报,2005,32(3):1-5.
68.闫玉禧,牟颖,金钦汉.一种新型CdTe量子点关于测定铜离子的研究[J],生命科学仪器,2007,5(3):14-18.
69.Wei J J,Jose M C F,Rosario P,et al.Surface-modified CdSe quantum dots as luminescent probes for cyanide determination[J],Anal Chim Acta,2004,522(1):1-8.
70.Tomasulo M,Yildiz I,Raymo F M.PH-sensitive quantum dots[J],J Phys Chem B,2006,110(9):3853-3855.
71.Huang C P,Liu S W,Chen T M,et al.A new approach for quantitative determination of glucose by using CdSe/ZnS quantum dots[J],Sens Actuators B,2007,10(1):1016-1020.
72.王红丹,尚庆坤,单贵晔,等.CdTe纳米晶与苯丙氨酸相互作用的研究[J],分子科学学报,2006,22(4):251-255.
73.李鸿梅,房学迅,陈娟娟,等.量子点荧光标记应用于生物学的研究进展[J],国外医学生物医学分册,2004,27(5):281-285.
74.Idowu M,Lamprecht E,Nyokong T.Interaction of water-soluble thiol capped CdTe quantum dots and bovine serum albumin[J],J Photochem Photobiol A,2008,198(1):7-12.
75.Gerhards C,Schulz-Drost C,Sgobba V,et al.Conjugating luminescent CdTe quantum dots with biomolecules[J],J Phys Chem B,2008,112(46):14482-14491.
76.周华萌.L-半胱氨酸修饰的CdTe量子点作为荧光探针的应用研究[D].沈阳东北大学,2008.
77.庄红,张梅,孔祥贵,等.CdTe量子点标记铁蛋白的光谱研究[J],食品科学,2007,28(11):37-39.
78.张萍,卓淑娟,陈金龙,等.藉L-半胱氨酸包覆的ZnS纳米粒子的共振光散射定量分析蛋白质[J],分析试验室,2005,24(3):86-90.
79.Dai Z,Zhang J M,Dong Q X,et al.Adaptionof Au nanoparticles and CdTe quantum dots in DNA detection[J],Chin J Chem Eng,2007,15(6):791-794.
80.Wang Z P,Li J,Liu B,et al.CdTe nanocrystals sensitized chemiluminescence and the analytical application[J],Talanta,2009,77(3):1050-1056.
81.Li H,Qu F.Synthesis of CdTe quantum dots in sol-gel-derived composite silica spheres coated with calyx[4]arene as luminescent probes for pesticides[J],Chem Mater,2007,19(17):4148-4154.
82.Li M Y,Ge Y X,Chen Q F,et al.Hydrothermal synthesis of highly luminescent CdTe quantum dots by adjusting precursors' concentration and their conjunction with BSA as biological fluorescent probes[J],Talanta,2007,72(1):89-94.
83.Goldman E R,Anderson G P,Tran P T,et al.Conjugation of luminescent quantum dots with antibodies using an engineered adaptor protein to provide new reagents for fluoroimmunoassays[J],Anal Chem,2002,74(4):841-847.
84.李丹,严拯药.量子点的制备及其在生物分析中的应用[J],药物生物技术,2007,14(5):368-371.
85.Xie M,Liu H H,Chen P,et al.CdSe/ZnS-labeled carboxymethyl chitosan as a bioprobe for live cell imaging[J],Chem Commun,2005,28(44):5518-5520.
86.Wang C,Ma Q,Dou W C,et al.Synthesis of aqueous CdTe quantum dots embedded silica nanoparticles and their applications as fluorescence probes[J],Talanta,2009,77(4):1358-1364.
87.Ravindran S,Kim S,Martin R,et al.Quantum dots as bio-labels for the localization of a small plant adhesion protein[J],Nanotechnology,2005,16(1):1-4.
88.蒋茶.CdS量子点的合成及其在蛋白检测和细胞标记中的应用[D],沈阳东北大学,2007.
89.Akerman M E,Chan W C W,Laakkonen P.Nanocrystal targeting in vivo[J],P Natl Acad Sci USA,2002,99(20):12617-12621.
90.Zimmer J P,Kim S W,Ohnishi S,et al.Size series of small indium arsenide-zinc selenide core-shell nanocrystals and their application to in vivo imaging[J],J Am Chem Soc,2006,128(8):2526-2527
91.Fleming S,Mandal T K,Walt D R.Nanosphere-microsphere assembly methods for core-shell materials preparation[J],Chem Mater,2001,13(7):2210-2215.
92.Hines M A,Guyot-Sionnest P.Synthesis and characterization of strongly lumineseing ZnS-capped CdSe nanoerystals[J],J Phys Chem,1996,100(2):468-471.
93.Rosenthal S J,Tolinson I,Adkins E M.Targeting cell sruface receptors with ligand-conjugated nanocrystals[J],J Am Chem Soc,2002,124(17):4586-4594.
94.Larson D R,Zipfel W R,Williams R M.Water-soluble quantum dots for multiphoton fluorescence imaging in vivo[J],Science,2003,300(5624):1434-1436.
95.Scholps O,Thomas N L,Woggon U,et al.Recombination dynamics of CdTe/CdS core-shell nanocrystals[J],J Phys Chem B,2006,110(5):2074-2079
96.He Y,Lu H T,Sai L M,et al.Microwave-assisted growth and characterization of water-dispersed CdTe/CdS core-shell nanocrystals with high photoluminescence[J],J Phys Chem B,2006,110(27):13370-13374.
97.Farias P M A,Santos B S,Menezes F D,et al.Quantum dots as fluorescent bio-labels in cancer diagnostic [J], Phys Status Solidi, 2006, 3(11): 4001-4008.
98. Wang C L, Zhang H, Zhang J H, et al. Application of ultrasonic irradiation in aqueous synthesis of highly fluorescent CdTe/CdS core-shell nanocrystals [J], J Phys Chem C, 2007,111(6): 2465-2469.
99. Peng H, Zhang L J, Soeller C, et al. Preparation of water-soluble CdTe/CdS core/shell quantum dots with enhanced photostability [J], J Lumin, 2007, 127: 721-726.
100.Yu Y, Lai Y, Zheng X L, et al. Synthesis of functionalized CdTe/CdS QDs for spectrofluorimetric detection of BSA [J], Spectrochim Acta A, 2007, 68(5): 1356-1361.
101.De Farias P M A, Santos B S, Menezes F D, et al. Highly fluorescent semiconductor core-shell CdTe-CdS nanocrystals for monitoring living yeast cells activity [J], Appl Phys A, 2007, 89:957-961.
102.Zeng Q H, Kong X G, Sun Y J, et al. Synthesis and optical properties of type II CdTe/CdS core/shell quantum dots in aqueous solution via successive on layer adsorption and reaction [J], J Phys Chem C, 2008, 112(23): 8587-8593.
103.Santos B S, Farias P M A, Fontes A, et al. Semiconductor nanocrystals obtained by colloidal chemistry for biological applications [J], Appl Surf Sci, 2008, 255(3): 796-798.
104.Su Y Y, He Y, Lu H T, et al. The cytotoxicity of cadmium based, aqueous phase -Synthesized, quantum dots and its modulation by surface coating [J], Biomaterials, 2009, 30: 19-25.
105.Bae P K, Kim K N, Lee S J, et al. The modification of quantum dot probes used for the targeted imaging of his-tagged fusion proteins [J], Biomaterials, 2009, 30(5): 836-842.
106.Zhang Y H, Zhang H S, Ma M, et al. The influence of ligands on the preparation and optical properties of water-soluble CdTe quantum dots [J], Appl Surf Sci, 2009, 255(9): 4747-4753.
107.Cai Z X, Yang H, Zhang Y, et al. Preparation, characterization and evaluation of water-soluble 1-cysteine-capped-CdS nanoparticles as fluorescence probe for detection of Hg(II) in aqueous solution [J], Anal Chim Acta, 2006, 559(2): 234-239.
108.Li Y X, Chen J L, Zhu C Q, et al. Preparation and application of cysteine-capped ZnS nanoparticles as fluorescence probe in the determination of nucleic acids [J], Spectrochim Acta, Part A, 2004, 60(8-9): 1719-1724.
109.Feng B, Feng F, Wang A W, et al. Synthesis and optical properties of 1-cysteine hydrochloide-stabilised CdSe nanocrystals in a new alkali system[J],J Nanosci and Nanotechnol,2008,8(3):1178-1182.
110.Zhang Y H,Zhang H S,Guo X F,et al.L-Cysteine-coated CdSe/CdS core-shell quantum dots as selective fluorescence probe for copper(Ⅱ) determination[J],Microchem J,2008,89(2):142-147.
111.滕枫,唐爱伟,高银浩,等.水溶胶CdSe/CdS核/壳结构纳米晶制备及光学性质的研究[J],光谱学与光谱分析,2005,25(5):651-654.
112.Rajh T,Micic O I,Nozik A J.Synthesis and characterization of surface-modified colloidal CdTe quantum dots[J],J Phys Chem,1993,97:11999-12003.
113.Zhu J J,Zhou M G,Liao X H,et al.Prepartion of CdS and ZnS nanoparticles using microwave irradiation[J],Mater Lett,2001,47(1-2):25-29.
114.Ferreira R,Verzelen O,Bastard G..Optical properties of excitonic polarons in semiconductor quantum dots[J],Physica E,2004,21(2-4):164-170.
115.Kortan A R,Hull R,Opila R L,et al.Nucleation and growth of cadmium selendie on zinc sulfide quantum crystallite seeds,and vice versa,in inverse micelle media[J],J Am Chem Soc,1990,112(3):1327-1332.
116.Mekis I,Talapin D V,Kornowski A,et al.One-pot synthesis of highly luminescent CdSe/CdS core-shell nanocrystals via organometallic and "greener" chemical approaches [J],J Phys Chem B,2003,107(30):7454-7462.
117.Li M Y,Xu S K,Zhou H M.A novel method to synthesize high luminescent cysteine-stabilized CdTe quantum dots[J],CSI Xiamen,2007,556.
118.Hao E,Sun H P,Zhou Z,et al.Synthesis and optical properties of CdSe and CdSe/CdS nanoparticles[J],Chem Mater,1999,11(11):3096-3102.