高寒草场优势毒草箭叶橐吾的化感作用研究
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摘要
箭叶橐吾(ligularia sagitta mattf)是一种广布于青藏高原东部退化草场的菊科杂草,含有毒乳汁,在草场常形成斑块状分布,严重危害草场安全。
本实验研究了箭叶橐吾对九种牧草的化感作用,旨在揭示箭叶橐吾入侵草场的机理,为抗化感牧草品种的筛选,草场植被恢复,杂草防治提供科学依据。实验以箭叶橐吾不同部位(叶,根)的水浸液为供体,以与其同域生长的七种牧草垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)、中华羊茅(Festuca sinensis)、大雀麦(Bromusmagn-us)、早熟禾(Poa annua)、羊茅(Festuca ovina)、扁穗冰草(Agropyroncristatum L.)、无芒雀麦(Bromas inerms)和异域生长的两种牧草鸭茅(Daclylisglomera-te)、岷山猫尾草(Phieum pratense L Cy‘Minshan')为受体,研究了箭叶橐吾对牧草种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。试验还利用硅胶柱层析技术,波谱学方法,对箭叶橐吾的化感物质进行分离,鉴定。试验结果表明:
箭叶橐吾在草场大面积蔓延与草场退化,克隆生长和化感作用有关。草场退化使箭叶橐吾克隆生长能力得以释放。强大的克隆生长能力是箭叶橐吾在草场形成斑块状分布的原因之一。对伴生牧草的化感抑制作用又降低了牧草的竞争能力。化感作用对草场退化有重要影响。毒草大量入侵,引发新一轮草场退化。
箭叶橐吾对受试牧草的萌发和生长有明显化感抑制效应。其化感物质释放途径为雨雾淋溶,叶面挥发;箭叶橐吾地下部分的化感作用明显强于地上部分;化感物质的抑制效应与浓度呈正相关。0.2 FW·mL~(-1)的水浸液对牧草萌发及生长的影响达到最大值,浓度下降其作用效果减弱。箭叶橐吾化感物质可以减小受试牧草的萌发率,降低受试牧草的萌发指数,使牧草的萌发期延长,且对萌发指数的影响最为显著,因此认为萌发指数是判断化感作用最敏感指标。箭叶橐吾化感物质还可以抑制牧草幼苗根系发育,使幼苗根伸长受阻,侧根发育迟缓。进而影响根对水分和矿物质的吸收能力。最终表现为幼苗生长缓慢,干物质积累减少。
化感物质对不同牧草的影响程度因种而异,对扁穗冰草,大雀麦,披碱草,早熟禾,鸭茅种子的萌发影响显著。对岷山猫尾草,中华羊茅和无芒雀麦的萌发抑制作用微弱;因此扁穗冰草,大雀麦,鸭茅不适宜做为橐吾生长地的补种牧草。
从箭叶橐吾根中分离到的一种化感物质为倍半萜类化合物,1-Hydroxy-13-nor-6,9-eremophi ladiene-8,11-dione,分子式C_(14)H_(18)O_3.具很强的化感作用,极低(10~(-6)浓度下,对牧草种子萌发有明显抑制作用。
综合文献资料,箭叶橐吾植物体内含多种萜类物质,萜类物质可作为生物除草剂,生物杀虫剂和生物药物有广泛的应用潜力。
Ligularia sagitta mattf,a compositae noxious weed,distributed widely in psychro-grassland in the east of Qinghai-Tibet plateau of China.In retrogressive grassland,They formed monodominant species community.For contants toxinic succ-us and uneatable.Seriouslly hamful to pasture..In this thesis,allelopathy of L. sagitta mattf has been studied,The possible chemical relationship between the successful invasion of L.sagitta and the actuality of psychro-grasslands degeneration was investigated,We hope some anti-allelopathic pasture plants kinds can be selected. And the results will provide valuable information for recovery of retrogressive grassland.In our research,the donor material is aqueous extracts from different parts (root,leaf)of L.sagitta mattf and the receptors are 9 kinds of pasture plants.They are Elymus nutans,Festuca sinensis,Bromus magnus,Poa annua,Festuca ovina, Agropyron cristatum L,Bromas inermis.These seven kinds of plants distributed in the same area with L.sagitta,and Daclylis glomerate,Phieum pratense L cv 'Minshan'.These are distributed in the different area with L.sagitta.In these material the effect of L.sagitta on receptor seeds germination and seeding growth were studied. We want to find the possible chemical relationship between the successful invasion of L.sagitta and the actuality of psychro grasslands degeneration.Allelochemical of L. sagitta in root also have been isolated by silica chromatogram technique and identified with spectroscopy.The main results are as follows:
The overrun of L.sagitta in retrogressive grassland is related to clone and allelopathy.The strong ability of clone makes the L.sagitta form monodominant species community.And allelopathic effect decrease the competition ability of pasture plants.Allelopathy,overpasture,drought and rats' destroy made the grasslands degeneration more serious,Then noxious weeds invaded into pasturage,New degeneration would began.
Both seed germination and seedling growth of all tested pasture plants were inhibited to different extent by aqueous extracts from L.sagitta.Volatilization, eluviation and root system and rhizomes exudation were three ways which L.sagitta released allelochemicals to surroundings;The inhibitory effects of aqueous extracts of L.sagitta from underground part was stronger than from aerial part(leaves),which might be related to the competition of the underground resources in natural grassland;Seed germinative stage of tested plants was more obvious to be affected by the allelopathy of L.sagitta than seedling growth stage.During seed germination,the germination index was more sensitive to allelochemicals than germination rate.So the germination index may be the most sensitive criterion to judge allelopathy;Alleiopathy effect was concentration dependent,Inhibition effect decreased while the concentration of aqueous extracts decreased.Root development of tested seedings were also inhibited by L.sagitta,It showed the longth of root became shorter than normal,and the development of lateral root became slower.So the ability of absorption deceased too,and the growth of th tested plants be harmful.
Different studied pasture plants has different sensitivity to aqueous extracts of L. sagitta.The inhibitory effects of aqueous extracts to germination from L.virgaurea on Agropyron cristatum.L,Elymus nutans,Daclylis glomerate,Poa annua,Festuca ovina was significant but on Phieum pratense L.cv 'Minshan',Festuca sinensis,Bromus magnus was not very sensitive.Accordingly,Phieum pratense L.cv 'Minshan',Festuca sinensis,Bromus magnus could be used as preference during vegetation recovery course of psychro-grasslands.
From the root of L.sagitta.A kind of sesquiterpene compound has been isolated, spectroscopy identify showed it is 1-Hydroxy-13-nor-6,9-eremophiladiene-8,11-dione,F.M C_(14)H_(18)O_3.
Accordly references,sagitta contents many kinds of penecompound,so it has great potentiality as bio-insecticide,bio-herbcide and folk medicine.
本实验研究了箭叶橐吾对九种牧草的化感作用,旨在揭示箭叶橐吾入侵草场的机理,为抗化感牧草品种的筛选,草场植被恢复,杂草防治提供科学依据。实验以箭叶橐吾不同部位(叶,根)的水浸液为供体,以与其同域生长的七种牧草垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)、中华羊茅(Festuca sinensis)、大雀麦(Bromusmagn-us)、早熟禾(Poa annua)、羊茅(Festuca ovina)、扁穗冰草(Agropyroncristatum L.)、无芒雀麦(Bromas inerms)和异域生长的两种牧草鸭茅(Daclylisglomera-te)、岷山猫尾草(Phieum pratense L Cy‘Minshan')为受体,研究了箭叶橐吾对牧草种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。试验还利用硅胶柱层析技术,波谱学方法,对箭叶橐吾的化感物质进行分离,鉴定。试验结果表明:
箭叶橐吾在草场大面积蔓延与草场退化,克隆生长和化感作用有关。草场退化使箭叶橐吾克隆生长能力得以释放。强大的克隆生长能力是箭叶橐吾在草场形成斑块状分布的原因之一。对伴生牧草的化感抑制作用又降低了牧草的竞争能力。化感作用对草场退化有重要影响。毒草大量入侵,引发新一轮草场退化。
箭叶橐吾对受试牧草的萌发和生长有明显化感抑制效应。其化感物质释放途径为雨雾淋溶,叶面挥发;箭叶橐吾地下部分的化感作用明显强于地上部分;化感物质的抑制效应与浓度呈正相关。0.2 FW·mL~(-1)的水浸液对牧草萌发及生长的影响达到最大值,浓度下降其作用效果减弱。箭叶橐吾化感物质可以减小受试牧草的萌发率,降低受试牧草的萌发指数,使牧草的萌发期延长,且对萌发指数的影响最为显著,因此认为萌发指数是判断化感作用最敏感指标。箭叶橐吾化感物质还可以抑制牧草幼苗根系发育,使幼苗根伸长受阻,侧根发育迟缓。进而影响根对水分和矿物质的吸收能力。最终表现为幼苗生长缓慢,干物质积累减少。
化感物质对不同牧草的影响程度因种而异,对扁穗冰草,大雀麦,披碱草,早熟禾,鸭茅种子的萌发影响显著。对岷山猫尾草,中华羊茅和无芒雀麦的萌发抑制作用微弱;因此扁穗冰草,大雀麦,鸭茅不适宜做为橐吾生长地的补种牧草。
从箭叶橐吾根中分离到的一种化感物质为倍半萜类化合物,1-Hydroxy-13-nor-6,9-eremophi ladiene-8,11-dione,分子式C_(14)H_(18)O_3.具很强的化感作用,极低(10~(-6)浓度下,对牧草种子萌发有明显抑制作用。
综合文献资料,箭叶橐吾植物体内含多种萜类物质,萜类物质可作为生物除草剂,生物杀虫剂和生物药物有广泛的应用潜力。
Ligularia sagitta mattf,a compositae noxious weed,distributed widely in psychro-grassland in the east of Qinghai-Tibet plateau of China.In retrogressive grassland,They formed monodominant species community.For contants toxinic succ-us and uneatable.Seriouslly hamful to pasture..In this thesis,allelopathy of L. sagitta mattf has been studied,The possible chemical relationship between the successful invasion of L.sagitta and the actuality of psychro-grasslands degeneration was investigated,We hope some anti-allelopathic pasture plants kinds can be selected. And the results will provide valuable information for recovery of retrogressive grassland.In our research,the donor material is aqueous extracts from different parts (root,leaf)of L.sagitta mattf and the receptors are 9 kinds of pasture plants.They are Elymus nutans,Festuca sinensis,Bromus magnus,Poa annua,Festuca ovina, Agropyron cristatum L,Bromas inermis.These seven kinds of plants distributed in the same area with L.sagitta,and Daclylis glomerate,Phieum pratense L cv 'Minshan'.These are distributed in the different area with L.sagitta.In these material the effect of L.sagitta on receptor seeds germination and seeding growth were studied. We want to find the possible chemical relationship between the successful invasion of L.sagitta and the actuality of psychro grasslands degeneration.Allelochemical of L. sagitta in root also have been isolated by silica chromatogram technique and identified with spectroscopy.The main results are as follows:
The overrun of L.sagitta in retrogressive grassland is related to clone and allelopathy.The strong ability of clone makes the L.sagitta form monodominant species community.And allelopathic effect decrease the competition ability of pasture plants.Allelopathy,overpasture,drought and rats' destroy made the grasslands degeneration more serious,Then noxious weeds invaded into pasturage,New degeneration would began.
Both seed germination and seedling growth of all tested pasture plants were inhibited to different extent by aqueous extracts from L.sagitta.Volatilization, eluviation and root system and rhizomes exudation were three ways which L.sagitta released allelochemicals to surroundings;The inhibitory effects of aqueous extracts of L.sagitta from underground part was stronger than from aerial part(leaves),which might be related to the competition of the underground resources in natural grassland;Seed germinative stage of tested plants was more obvious to be affected by the allelopathy of L.sagitta than seedling growth stage.During seed germination,the germination index was more sensitive to allelochemicals than germination rate.So the germination index may be the most sensitive criterion to judge allelopathy;Alleiopathy effect was concentration dependent,Inhibition effect decreased while the concentration of aqueous extracts decreased.Root development of tested seedings were also inhibited by L.sagitta,It showed the longth of root became shorter than normal,and the development of lateral root became slower.So the ability of absorption deceased too,and the growth of th tested plants be harmful.
Different studied pasture plants has different sensitivity to aqueous extracts of L. sagitta.The inhibitory effects of aqueous extracts to germination from L.virgaurea on Agropyron cristatum.L,Elymus nutans,Daclylis glomerate,Poa annua,Festuca ovina was significant but on Phieum pratense L.cv 'Minshan',Festuca sinensis,Bromus magnus was not very sensitive.Accordingly,Phieum pratense L.cv 'Minshan',Festuca sinensis,Bromus magnus could be used as preference during vegetation recovery course of psychro-grasslands.
From the root of L.sagitta.A kind of sesquiterpene compound has been isolated, spectroscopy identify showed it is 1-Hydroxy-13-nor-6,9-eremophiladiene-8,11-dione,F.M C_(14)H_(18)O_3.
Accordly references,sagitta contents many kinds of penecompound,so it has great potentiality as bio-insecticide,bio-herbcide and folk medicine.
引文
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