英汉重音对比
|
摘要
重音是音系学上的一个重要特征。它对于帮助理解句法,语义,和语用等方面都有着重要的作用。本文从三个方面来研究重音。首先,从重音的声学特征出发,对比英语重音和汉语重音的声学特征。其次,本文讨论英语重音和汉语重音的语法作用。本文系统地分析英语重音和汉语重音的音系规则、语法作用和语义辨义的作用。最后,本文对英语重音和汉语重音的异同进行一个详细的梳理,突出英汉重音的异同之处。本文采取描写和解释相结合的方法,对英汉重音做一个细致的比较。
本文共包含五章。第一章介绍了前人的研究。第二章主要讨论了英语重音,尤其是讨论了英语重音的声学特征、词重音的特点、规则和语法作用,句重音的分类、分布以及句重音和句法,和韵律的关系。第三章主要讨论了汉语重音的声学特征,轻音的语法、语义等方面的作用,以及句重音与句法之间的关系。第四章主要从声学特征,词重音的作用,句重音的规则及其语法作用等方面对比了英汉重音的异同。第五章是对全文分析的总结。
Stress is an important feature of the phonology and it is a significant clue in understanding the syntactic structure, semantic structure and pragmatic structure of a language. It is also a helpful means to express the grammatical meanings. In this thesis, the study of the stress in English and Chinese will be made from three aspects. Firstly, the present analysis explains the phonetic realization of stress in English and Chinese in that stress is an important phonetic phenomenon cross-linguistically. Secondly, the present analysis examines the grammatical functions of stress in English and Chinese. A detailed description in the introduction of the stress in English and Chinese is followed by a systematic explanation of the phonological rules, grammatical functions and semantic meanings of the stress in English and Chinese. Thirdly, the present analysis focuses on the comparison of stress between English and Chinese, exploring the similarities and differences in stress between the two languages. With these three aspects, the present study in the thesis is largely based on the analysis of relevant literature and is made in light of contemporary phonological theories of stress and by means of a combination of description and explanation.
This thesis consists of five chapters. In the first chapter, attention is paid to the discussion of the related studies of stress at home and abroad. The second chapter dwells on the discussion of English stress. In this chapter, the acoustic features of English stress, the characteristics of English stress, the rules of word stress, the rules of stress of English compound-words and grammatical functions of English stress are discussed in detail. Besides the above discussion, the types of sentence stress in English, the rules of sentence stress distribution, the relation between English stress and syntactic structure, as well as the relation between English stress and rhythm, are also included in the discussion. In the third chapter, the Chinese stress is delved into, and in this chapter the acoustic features of Chinese stress, neutral tone in Chinese, the rules of word stress of Chinese and the semantic functions of neutral tone in the lexicalization are brought into discussion. Moreover, the phonological rules of sentence stress of Chinese and the relation between stress and syntactic structure are further studied in the third chapter. The fourth chapter discusses the comparison between English stress and Chinese stress in details, including the acoustic features between English and Chinese stress, the functions of word stress between English and Chinese, sentence stress between English and Chinese, sentence stress rules between English and Chinese as well as the grammatical functions of sentence stress between English and Chinese. The fifth chapter draws a conclusion based on the analyses made in the previous chapters.
本文共包含五章。第一章介绍了前人的研究。第二章主要讨论了英语重音,尤其是讨论了英语重音的声学特征、词重音的特点、规则和语法作用,句重音的分类、分布以及句重音和句法,和韵律的关系。第三章主要讨论了汉语重音的声学特征,轻音的语法、语义等方面的作用,以及句重音与句法之间的关系。第四章主要从声学特征,词重音的作用,句重音的规则及其语法作用等方面对比了英汉重音的异同。第五章是对全文分析的总结。
Stress is an important feature of the phonology and it is a significant clue in understanding the syntactic structure, semantic structure and pragmatic structure of a language. It is also a helpful means to express the grammatical meanings. In this thesis, the study of the stress in English and Chinese will be made from three aspects. Firstly, the present analysis explains the phonetic realization of stress in English and Chinese in that stress is an important phonetic phenomenon cross-linguistically. Secondly, the present analysis examines the grammatical functions of stress in English and Chinese. A detailed description in the introduction of the stress in English and Chinese is followed by a systematic explanation of the phonological rules, grammatical functions and semantic meanings of the stress in English and Chinese. Thirdly, the present analysis focuses on the comparison of stress between English and Chinese, exploring the similarities and differences in stress between the two languages. With these three aspects, the present study in the thesis is largely based on the analysis of relevant literature and is made in light of contemporary phonological theories of stress and by means of a combination of description and explanation.
This thesis consists of five chapters. In the first chapter, attention is paid to the discussion of the related studies of stress at home and abroad. The second chapter dwells on the discussion of English stress. In this chapter, the acoustic features of English stress, the characteristics of English stress, the rules of word stress, the rules of stress of English compound-words and grammatical functions of English stress are discussed in detail. Besides the above discussion, the types of sentence stress in English, the rules of sentence stress distribution, the relation between English stress and syntactic structure, as well as the relation between English stress and rhythm, are also included in the discussion. In the third chapter, the Chinese stress is delved into, and in this chapter the acoustic features of Chinese stress, neutral tone in Chinese, the rules of word stress of Chinese and the semantic functions of neutral tone in the lexicalization are brought into discussion. Moreover, the phonological rules of sentence stress of Chinese and the relation between stress and syntactic structure are further studied in the third chapter. The fourth chapter discusses the comparison between English stress and Chinese stress in details, including the acoustic features between English and Chinese stress, the functions of word stress between English and Chinese, sentence stress between English and Chinese, sentence stress rules between English and Chinese as well as the grammatical functions of sentence stress between English and Chinese. The fifth chapter draws a conclusion based on the analyses made in the previous chapters.
引文
Abercrombine, D.1967. Elements of General Phonetics. Edinburgh:Edinburgh University Press.
Adams, C.1979. English Speech Rhythm and the Foreign Learner. The Hague: Mouton Publishers.
Bybee, Joan,2001. Phonology and Language Use. Cambridge, CUP.
Chomsky, N.& Halle, M.1968. The Sound Pattern of English. New York:Harper and Row.
Clark, J.& Yallop, C.2000. An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Crystal, D.1969. Prosodic System and Intonation in English. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Crystal, D.1969. Prosodic Systems and Intonation in English. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Dauer, R.M.1983. Stress Timing and Syllable-Timing Reanalyzed. Journal of Phonetics,11,51-62.
Ellis, R.1985. Understanding Second Language Acquisition. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Fry, D.B.1958. Experiments in the Perception of Stress, Language and Speech, vol.1,pp.126-52.
Giegerich, H. J.1992. English Phonology-An Introduction. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Gussenhoven, C.& Jacobs, H.2001. Understanding Phonology. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press & Edward Arnold.
Halle, Morris and Jean-Roger Vergnaud 1987. An Essay on Stress. Cambridge, Mass., MIT Press.
Hayes, B.1985. A Metrical Thoery of Stress Rules. MIT. Distributed by Indiana University Linguistics Club.
Hayes, B.1991. Metrical stress theory:principle and case studies, UCLA.
Hayes, Bruce,1995. Metrical Stress Theory:principles and case studies. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
Hogg, R & McCully, C.B.1991. Metrical Phonology:a Course Book. New York: Cambridge University.
Jensen, T.J.1993. English Phonology. Philadelphia:John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Liberman, M.& A. Prince,1977. On stress and Linguistic Rhythm. Linguistic Inquiry. 8:199-286
Newman, S.1946. On the Stress System of English. World,2,171-187.
Pierrehumbert, J.1980. The Phonology and phonetics of English intonation. MIT.
Roach, P.J.1982, On the Distinction between "Stress-Timed" and "Syllable-Timed"
Languages, in D.Crystal(ed.), Linguistic Controversies, London:Edward Arnold.
Roach, P.2000. English Phonetics and Phonology:A Practical Course. Beijing: .Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Roach,P.2003.Phonetics.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Taylor, David.1991. Compound Word Stress. London & New York:Cassell.
Tench, P.1996. The Intonation System of English. London & New York:Cassell.
陈虎(Chen Hu),2003,自然语言的重音分布及其语义解释——西方研究综述,《现代外语》第1期。
曹剑芬(Cao Jianfen),1986,普通话轻声音节特性分析,《应用声学》第5卷。
端木三(Duanmu San),1999,重音理论和汉语的词长选择,《中国语文》第4期。
端木三(Duanmu San),2000,汉语的节奏,《当代语言学》第4期。
桂灿昆(Gui Cankun),1985,《美国英语应用语音学》,上海：上海外语教育出版社。
冯胜利(Feng Shengli),1997,《汉语的韵律,词法与句法》,北京大学出版社。
冯胜利(Feng Shengli),2000,《汉语韵律句法学》,上海教育出版社。
克里斯特尔,戴维编,沈家煊译,《现代语言学词典》,商务印书馆,2000。
郭沫若(Guo Moruo),1926,论节奏,《创造月刊》第1卷第1期。
何善芬(He Shanfen).,1999,英汉轻重音对比研究,《外语与外语教学》第12期。
何善芬(He Shanfen),2002,《英汉语言对比研究》,上海：上海外语教育出版社。
胡明扬(Hu Mingyang),2000,《语言学概论》,北京：语文出版社。
黄月圆(Huang Yueyuan),1995,复合词研究,《国外语言学》第2期。
高名凯,石安石(Gao Mingkai & Shi Anshi),1963,《语言学概论》,中华书局。
高桥洋(Gao Qiaoyang),1984,汉语普通话的语法重音,《语言教学与研究》第2期。
梁华祥(Liang Huaxiang),1996,句子重音研究,《广西大学学报》第3期。
林茂灿等(Lin Maocan),1980,普通话二字组变调的实验研究,《中国语文》第1期。
林茂灿,颜景助,孙国华(Lian Maocan & Yan Jingzhu & Sun Guohua),1984,北京话二字组正常重音的初步实验,《方言》第一期。
林焘(Lin Tao),1985,探讨北京话轻音性质的初步实验,北京语音实验录。北京：北京大学出版社。
林焘,王理嘉(Lin Tao & Wang Lijia),1992,《语音学教程》,北京：北京大学出版社。
刘现强(Liu Xianqiang),2006,现代汉语节奏支点初探,第七届中国语音学学术会议暨语音学前沿问题国际论坛。
刘现强(Liu Xianqiang),2007,《现代汉语节奏研究》,北京：北京语言大学出版社。
罗常培,王均(Wang Jun & Luo Changpei),1957,《普通语音学纲要》,科学出版社。
罗常培,王均(Wang Jun & Luo Changpei),2002,《普通语音学纲要》,北京：商务印书馆。
罗宾斯R.H著,许宝德等译,1997,《简明语言学史》,中国社会科学出版社。
厉为民(Li Weimin),1981,试论轻声和重音,《中国语文》第1期。
马秋武(Mao Qiuwu),2006,音系学综观：历史与现状《中国外语》(2)。
孟宪忠(Meng Xianzong),2002,《英语语音学》,上海：华东师范大学出版社。
斯托克,哈特曼.著,黄长著等译,1981,《语言与语言学词典》,上海辞书出版社。
特拉斯克,R.L.编,2000,《语音学和音系学词典》编译组译,《语音学和音系学词典》,语文出版社。
王洪君(Wang Hongjun),1996,汉语语音词的韵律类型,《中国语文》第3期。
王洪君(Wang Hongjun),1999,《汉语非线性音系学》,北京大学出版社。
王洪君(Wang Hongjun),2000,汉语的韵律词和韵律短语,《中国语文》第6期。
王洪君(Wang Hongjun),2001,音节单双、音域展敛(重音)与语法结构类型和成分次序,《当代语言学》第3卷第4期。
王洪君(Wang Hongjun),2002,普通话中节律边界与节律模式,语法,语用的关联,《语言学从论》第26辑,商务印书馆。
王嘉龄(Wang Jialing),1997,从音系学到语音学,外语教学与研究第4期。
王嘉龄(Wang Jialing),2000,音系学百年回顾,外语教学与研究第1期。
王晶,王理嘉(Wang Jing & Wang Lijia),1993,普通话多音节词音节时长分布模式,《中国语文》第2期。
吴洁敏,朱宏达(Wu Jiemin & Zhu Hongda),2001,《汉语节律学》,语文出版社。
吴为善(Wu Weishan),2003,汉语节律的自然特征,《上海师范大学学报》第1
期。
吴为善(Wu Weishan),2003,平仄律,轻重音和汉语节律结构中“弱重位”的确认,《语言研究》第3期。
徐世荣(Xu Shirong),1956,双音缀词的重音规律,《中国语文》第2期。
徐世荣(Xu Shirong),1961,意群重音和语法的关系,《中国语文》第2期。
许曦明(Xu Ximing),2008,《英语重音动态研究》,上海：上海交通大学出版社,2008。
许天福,虞小梅(Xu Tianfu& Yu Xiaomei),1985,《现代英语语音学》,陕西人民出版社。
叶军(Ye Jun),2001,汉语语句韵律的语法功能,上海：华东师范大学出版社。
杨云升(Yang Yunsheng),2006,英语重音研究,上海：复旦大学出版社。
杨鑫南(Yang Xinnan),1986,当代英语变迁,北京：外语教学与研究出版社。
殷作炎(Yin Zuoyan),1982,关于普通话双音节常用词轻重音的初步考察,《中国
语文》第3期。
张凤桐(Zhang Fengtong),1996,英国英语语音学和音系学,成都：四川大学出版社。
张彦昌等(Zhang Yanchang),1993,音系学导论,长春：吉林大学出版社。
赵元任(Zhao Yuanren),1979,汉语口语语法,吕叔湘译,北京：商务印书馆。
赵元任(Zhao Yuanren),1980,语言问题,北京：商务印书馆。
赵德梅(Zhao Demei),1995,英汉比较语音学,青岛市：青岛海洋大学出版社。
赵忠德(Zhao Zhonde),2006,音系学,上海：上海：外语教育出版社。
周树军(Zhou Shujun),2003,汉语调对比研究,《商丘师范学院学报》第1期。
邹世诚(Zou Shicheng),1983,实用英语语音,南宁：广西人民出版社。
《语言学百科词典》,上海辞书出版社,1993。
Adams, C.1979. English Speech Rhythm and the Foreign Learner. The Hague: Mouton Publishers.
Bybee, Joan,2001. Phonology and Language Use. Cambridge, CUP.
Chomsky, N.& Halle, M.1968. The Sound Pattern of English. New York:Harper and Row.
Clark, J.& Yallop, C.2000. An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Crystal, D.1969. Prosodic System and Intonation in English. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Crystal, D.1969. Prosodic Systems and Intonation in English. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Dauer, R.M.1983. Stress Timing and Syllable-Timing Reanalyzed. Journal of Phonetics,11,51-62.
Ellis, R.1985. Understanding Second Language Acquisition. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Fry, D.B.1958. Experiments in the Perception of Stress, Language and Speech, vol.1,pp.126-52.
Giegerich, H. J.1992. English Phonology-An Introduction. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Gussenhoven, C.& Jacobs, H.2001. Understanding Phonology. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press & Edward Arnold.
Halle, Morris and Jean-Roger Vergnaud 1987. An Essay on Stress. Cambridge, Mass., MIT Press.
Hayes, B.1985. A Metrical Thoery of Stress Rules. MIT. Distributed by Indiana University Linguistics Club.
Hayes, B.1991. Metrical stress theory:principle and case studies, UCLA.
Hayes, Bruce,1995. Metrical Stress Theory:principles and case studies. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
Hogg, R & McCully, C.B.1991. Metrical Phonology:a Course Book. New York: Cambridge University.
Jensen, T.J.1993. English Phonology. Philadelphia:John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Liberman, M.& A. Prince,1977. On stress and Linguistic Rhythm. Linguistic Inquiry. 8:199-286
Newman, S.1946. On the Stress System of English. World,2,171-187.
Pierrehumbert, J.1980. The Phonology and phonetics of English intonation. MIT.
Roach, P.J.1982, On the Distinction between "Stress-Timed" and "Syllable-Timed"
Languages, in D.Crystal(ed.), Linguistic Controversies, London:Edward Arnold.
Roach, P.2000. English Phonetics and Phonology:A Practical Course. Beijing: .Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Roach,P.2003.Phonetics.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Taylor, David.1991. Compound Word Stress. London & New York:Cassell.
Tench, P.1996. The Intonation System of English. London & New York:Cassell.
陈虎(Chen Hu),2003,自然语言的重音分布及其语义解释——西方研究综述,《现代外语》第1期。
曹剑芬(Cao Jianfen),1986,普通话轻声音节特性分析,《应用声学》第5卷。
端木三(Duanmu San),1999,重音理论和汉语的词长选择,《中国语文》第4期。
端木三(Duanmu San),2000,汉语的节奏,《当代语言学》第4期。
桂灿昆(Gui Cankun),1985,《美国英语应用语音学》,上海：上海外语教育出版社。
冯胜利(Feng Shengli),1997,《汉语的韵律,词法与句法》,北京大学出版社。
冯胜利(Feng Shengli),2000,《汉语韵律句法学》,上海教育出版社。
克里斯特尔,戴维编,沈家煊译,《现代语言学词典》,商务印书馆,2000。
郭沫若(Guo Moruo),1926,论节奏,《创造月刊》第1卷第1期。
何善芬(He Shanfen).,1999,英汉轻重音对比研究,《外语与外语教学》第12期。
何善芬(He Shanfen),2002,《英汉语言对比研究》,上海：上海外语教育出版社。
胡明扬(Hu Mingyang),2000,《语言学概论》,北京：语文出版社。
黄月圆(Huang Yueyuan),1995,复合词研究,《国外语言学》第2期。
高名凯,石安石(Gao Mingkai & Shi Anshi),1963,《语言学概论》,中华书局。
高桥洋(Gao Qiaoyang),1984,汉语普通话的语法重音,《语言教学与研究》第2期。
梁华祥(Liang Huaxiang),1996,句子重音研究,《广西大学学报》第3期。
林茂灿等(Lin Maocan),1980,普通话二字组变调的实验研究,《中国语文》第1期。
林茂灿,颜景助,孙国华(Lian Maocan & Yan Jingzhu & Sun Guohua),1984,北京话二字组正常重音的初步实验,《方言》第一期。
林焘(Lin Tao),1985,探讨北京话轻音性质的初步实验,北京语音实验录。北京：北京大学出版社。
林焘,王理嘉(Lin Tao & Wang Lijia),1992,《语音学教程》,北京：北京大学出版社。
刘现强(Liu Xianqiang),2006,现代汉语节奏支点初探,第七届中国语音学学术会议暨语音学前沿问题国际论坛。
刘现强(Liu Xianqiang),2007,《现代汉语节奏研究》,北京：北京语言大学出版社。
罗常培,王均(Wang Jun & Luo Changpei),1957,《普通语音学纲要》,科学出版社。
罗常培,王均(Wang Jun & Luo Changpei),2002,《普通语音学纲要》,北京：商务印书馆。
罗宾斯R.H著,许宝德等译,1997,《简明语言学史》,中国社会科学出版社。
厉为民(Li Weimin),1981,试论轻声和重音,《中国语文》第1期。
马秋武(Mao Qiuwu),2006,音系学综观：历史与现状《中国外语》(2)。
孟宪忠(Meng Xianzong),2002,《英语语音学》,上海：华东师范大学出版社。
斯托克,哈特曼.著,黄长著等译,1981,《语言与语言学词典》,上海辞书出版社。
特拉斯克,R.L.编,2000,《语音学和音系学词典》编译组译,《语音学和音系学词典》,语文出版社。
王洪君(Wang Hongjun),1996,汉语语音词的韵律类型,《中国语文》第3期。
王洪君(Wang Hongjun),1999,《汉语非线性音系学》,北京大学出版社。
王洪君(Wang Hongjun),2000,汉语的韵律词和韵律短语,《中国语文》第6期。
王洪君(Wang Hongjun),2001,音节单双、音域展敛(重音)与语法结构类型和成分次序,《当代语言学》第3卷第4期。
王洪君(Wang Hongjun),2002,普通话中节律边界与节律模式,语法,语用的关联,《语言学从论》第26辑,商务印书馆。
王嘉龄(Wang Jialing),1997,从音系学到语音学,外语教学与研究第4期。
王嘉龄(Wang Jialing),2000,音系学百年回顾,外语教学与研究第1期。
王晶,王理嘉(Wang Jing & Wang Lijia),1993,普通话多音节词音节时长分布模式,《中国语文》第2期。
吴洁敏,朱宏达(Wu Jiemin & Zhu Hongda),2001,《汉语节律学》,语文出版社。
吴为善(Wu Weishan),2003,汉语节律的自然特征,《上海师范大学学报》第1
期。
吴为善(Wu Weishan),2003,平仄律,轻重音和汉语节律结构中“弱重位”的确认,《语言研究》第3期。
徐世荣(Xu Shirong),1956,双音缀词的重音规律,《中国语文》第2期。
徐世荣(Xu Shirong),1961,意群重音和语法的关系,《中国语文》第2期。
许曦明(Xu Ximing),2008,《英语重音动态研究》,上海：上海交通大学出版社,2008。
许天福,虞小梅(Xu Tianfu& Yu Xiaomei),1985,《现代英语语音学》,陕西人民出版社。
叶军(Ye Jun),2001,汉语语句韵律的语法功能,上海：华东师范大学出版社。
杨云升(Yang Yunsheng),2006,英语重音研究,上海：复旦大学出版社。
杨鑫南(Yang Xinnan),1986,当代英语变迁,北京：外语教学与研究出版社。
殷作炎(Yin Zuoyan),1982,关于普通话双音节常用词轻重音的初步考察,《中国
语文》第3期。
张凤桐(Zhang Fengtong),1996,英国英语语音学和音系学,成都：四川大学出版社。
张彦昌等(Zhang Yanchang),1993,音系学导论,长春：吉林大学出版社。
赵元任(Zhao Yuanren),1979,汉语口语语法,吕叔湘译,北京：商务印书馆。
赵元任(Zhao Yuanren),1980,语言问题,北京：商务印书馆。
赵德梅(Zhao Demei),1995,英汉比较语音学,青岛市：青岛海洋大学出版社。
赵忠德(Zhao Zhonde),2006,音系学,上海：上海：外语教育出版社。
周树军(Zhou Shujun),2003,汉语调对比研究,《商丘师范学院学报》第1期。
邹世诚(Zou Shicheng),1983,实用英语语音,南宁：广西人民出版社。
《语言学百科词典》,上海辞书出版社,1993。