UV光聚合制备有机—无机纳米复合材料
|
摘要
UV光聚合制备有机-无机纳米复合材料结合了光聚合与纳米复合材料的优点。本论文主要从光聚合体系的核心组份——光引发剂入手,利用光聚合技术制备出有机-无机相通过化学交联的蒙脱土/聚合物复合材料。本论文的主要工作如下:
1、利用酸碱中和反应将高效的自由基型光引发剂BDMB(369)季铵化,然后插层引入蒙脱土层间,制备得到可光引发聚合的活性有机土。制备得到的改性有机土与自由基光聚合树脂体系共混后,通过光聚合制备了有机-无机纳米复合材料。实时红外(RT-FTIR)表明制备的可光引发聚合的活性有机土具有较高的引发活性,甚至以1/100(w/w)的活性土在30mW/cm~2的光强下转化率也能达到83%。XRD及TEM研究表明改性有机土以有序剥离和无序剥离的形态分散在聚氨酯丙烯酸树脂聚合物基体中。
2、利用合成的三乙氧基硅丙基氨甲酰氧基乙基三甲基碘化铵(APS)与2959IPS的溶胶-凝胶反应将光引发剂2959活性官能团通过阳离子交换插入蒙脱土层间,制备得到可光引发聚合的活性有机土,有机土具有较大的层间距,可达到2.01nm-2.72nm。改性有机土与自由基光聚合体系共混后,通过光聚合制备了有机-无机纳米复合材料。实时红外(RT-FTIR)表明随着2959IPS量的增加,改性有机土具有较快的引发速率和类似的最终转化率,最终转化率可达到89%。XRD和TEM研究表明改性蒙脱土以有序剥离的形式分散在聚氨酯丙烯酸树脂聚合物基体中,制备的蒙脱土/聚合物纳米复合材料具有优异的耐热性能。
Preparation of organic/inorganic nanocomposites by UV photopolymerization combines the advantages of both nanocomposites and the UV photopolymerization. Different purposes based on the different UV photopolymerization components in the thesis, and the organic/inorganic components were bonded together through chemical bond. The main results were emphasized.
1. A quaternized ammonium photoinitiator (BDMBAC) was synthesized by facile neutralization of BDMB and hydrochloric acid, then ion-exchanged with montmorillonite (MMT). An ordered swollen structure of the intercalated montmorillonite was evidenced by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). The intercalated montmorillonite also had high photoinitiation efficiency, even only 1/100(w/w) modifled-clay could initiate the radical polymerization with the 83% acrylate conversion on 30mW/cm~2 exposure. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that the modified montmorillonite layers were uniformly dispersed in the PUA matrix. Thermal properties of the resultant nanocomposites were studied by TGA.
2. Photoinitiator 2959IPS was intercalated into the montmorillonite (MMT) clay minerals through sol-gel reaction of triethoxysilanepropylamineformylethyl trimethyl ammonium iodide (APS) and 2959IPS. XRD indicated that the d spacing of the modified clay was enlarged to 2.01-2.72nm. The modified montmorillonite was then mixed with urethaneacylate oligomer and MMT/polyurethane nanocomposites were prepared by photopolymerization. Real-time FTIR (RTIR) results showed the system had different final conversion with different ratios of APS/2959IPS modified montmorillonite. XRD and TEM results showed that the modified-montmorillonite was exfoliated and dispersed in parallelly alignments as multilayers in the organic matrix.
1、利用酸碱中和反应将高效的自由基型光引发剂BDMB(369)季铵化,然后插层引入蒙脱土层间,制备得到可光引发聚合的活性有机土。制备得到的改性有机土与自由基光聚合树脂体系共混后,通过光聚合制备了有机-无机纳米复合材料。实时红外(RT-FTIR)表明制备的可光引发聚合的活性有机土具有较高的引发活性,甚至以1/100(w/w)的活性土在30mW/cm~2的光强下转化率也能达到83%。XRD及TEM研究表明改性有机土以有序剥离和无序剥离的形态分散在聚氨酯丙烯酸树脂聚合物基体中。
2、利用合成的三乙氧基硅丙基氨甲酰氧基乙基三甲基碘化铵(APS)与2959IPS的溶胶-凝胶反应将光引发剂2959活性官能团通过阳离子交换插入蒙脱土层间,制备得到可光引发聚合的活性有机土,有机土具有较大的层间距,可达到2.01nm-2.72nm。改性有机土与自由基光聚合体系共混后,通过光聚合制备了有机-无机纳米复合材料。实时红外(RT-FTIR)表明随着2959IPS量的增加,改性有机土具有较快的引发速率和类似的最终转化率,最终转化率可达到89%。XRD和TEM研究表明改性蒙脱土以有序剥离的形式分散在聚氨酯丙烯酸树脂聚合物基体中,制备的蒙脱土/聚合物纳米复合材料具有优异的耐热性能。
Preparation of organic/inorganic nanocomposites by UV photopolymerization combines the advantages of both nanocomposites and the UV photopolymerization. Different purposes based on the different UV photopolymerization components in the thesis, and the organic/inorganic components were bonded together through chemical bond. The main results were emphasized.
1. A quaternized ammonium photoinitiator (BDMBAC) was synthesized by facile neutralization of BDMB and hydrochloric acid, then ion-exchanged with montmorillonite (MMT). An ordered swollen structure of the intercalated montmorillonite was evidenced by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). The intercalated montmorillonite also had high photoinitiation efficiency, even only 1/100(w/w) modifled-clay could initiate the radical polymerization with the 83% acrylate conversion on 30mW/cm~2 exposure. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that the modified montmorillonite layers were uniformly dispersed in the PUA matrix. Thermal properties of the resultant nanocomposites were studied by TGA.
2. Photoinitiator 2959IPS was intercalated into the montmorillonite (MMT) clay minerals through sol-gel reaction of triethoxysilanepropylamineformylethyl trimethyl ammonium iodide (APS) and 2959IPS. XRD indicated that the d spacing of the modified clay was enlarged to 2.01-2.72nm. The modified montmorillonite was then mixed with urethaneacylate oligomer and MMT/polyurethane nanocomposites were prepared by photopolymerization. Real-time FTIR (RTIR) results showed the system had different final conversion with different ratios of APS/2959IPS modified montmorillonite. XRD and TEM results showed that the modified-montmorillonite was exfoliated and dispersed in parallelly alignments as multilayers in the organic matrix.
引文
[1] A. Sayari, S. Hamoudi. Periodic Mesoporous Silica-Based Organic-Inorganic Nanocomposite Materials [J]. Chemistry of Materials, 2001, 13: 3151-3168.
[2] P. Gomez-Romero. Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Materials - In Search of Synergic Activity [J]. Advanced Materials, 2001, 13: 163-174.
[3] J.D. Mackenzie and E.P. Bescher. Structures, Properties and Potential Applications of Onnosils [J]. Journal of Sol-Gel Science Technology, 1998, 13: 371-377.
[4] J.Y. Wen and G.L.Wilkes. Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Network Materials by the Sol-Gel Approach [J]. Chemistry of Materials, 1996, 8:1667-1681.
[5] H. Althues, J. Henle, S. Kaskel. Functional inorganic nanofillers for transparent polymers [J]. Chemical Society Reviews, 2007, 36: 1454-1465.
[6] Z. Hui, Z. Zhong, F. Klaus, E. Christian. Property improvements of in situ epoxy nanocomposites with reduced interparticle distance at high nanosilica content [J]. Acta Materialia, 2006, 54: 1833 - 1842.
[7] M. Chuanbin, L.Hengde, C.Fuzhai, F.Qinglin, M. Chunlai . The functionalization of titanium with EDTA to induce biomimetic mineralization of hydroxyapatite [J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 1999, 9: 2573-2582.
[8] X.Xu, J.T.Han, K.Cho. Formation of Amorphous Calcium Carbonate Thin Films and Their Role in Biomineralization [J]. Chem. Mater. 2004, 6: 1740-1746.
[9] O.Grassmann, G. Muller, P. Lobmann. Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Structure of Calcite Crystalline Assemblies Grown in a Gelatin Hydrogel Matrix: Relevance to Biomineralization [J]. Chem. Mater., 2002, 14(11): 4530-4535.
[10] C.Daxiang and G. Huajian, Advance and Prospect of Bionanomaterials [J]. Biotechnology Progress, 2003, 19: 683-692.
[11] J. Pyun, K. Matyjaszewski. Synthesis of Nanocomposite Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Materials Using Controlled/"Living" Radical Polymerization [J]. Chem. Mater., 2001, 13(10):3436-3448.
[12] Mosbach K, Nicholls I A, Ramstrom O. Use of molecularly imprinted polymers for stereo and region-selective synthesis [P]. PCT Patent, WO 9414835. 1995-11-14
[13] S. Gerhard. Hybrid Sol-Gel-Derived Polymers: Applications of Multifunctional Materials [J]. Chemistry of Materials, 2001,13:3422-3435.
[14] C. Sanche, Blebeau, F. Ribot and M. In. Molecular Design of Sol-Gel Derived Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Nanocomposites [J]. Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology, 2000, 19:31-38.
[15] E. I. Mayo, E.J. Lochner, A.E. Stiegman. Use of Photoreactive Sol-Gel Interfaces To Form Robust Low-Surface-Energy Flroropolymer-Silica Nanocomposite Coatings [J]. J. Phys. Chem. B., 1999, 103 (44): 9383-9386.
[16] S. Cheng, Y. Wei, Q. Feng, K.Y. Qiu, J.B .Pang, S.A. Jansen. Facile Synthesis of Mesoporous Gold-Silica Nanocomposite Materials via Sol-Gel Process with Nonsurfactant Templates [J]. Chem. Mater. 2003, 15(7): 1560-1566.
[17] J. Lizhong, W. Wencai, Xiaowei Wei, Dezhen Wu, Riguang Jin. Effects of water on the preparation, morphology, and properties of polyimide/silica nanocomposite films prepared by sol-gel process [J]. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2007, 104:1579-1586.
[18] Wu, Z., Han, H., Han, W., Kim, B., Ahn, K. H., K. Lee. Controlling the Hydrophobicity of Submicrometer Silica Spheres via Surface Modification for Nanocomposite Applications [J]. Langmuir, 2007, 23(14):7799-7803.
[19] Ying-Ling Liu, Chih-Yuan Hsu and Keh-Ying Hsu. Poly(methylmethacrylate)- silica nanocomposites films from surface-functionalized silica nanoparticles [J]. Polymer, 2005, 46: 1851-1856.
[20] Yan, Y., Zhang, M., Gong, K., Su, L., Guo, Z., Mao, L..Adsorption of Methylene Blue Dye onto Carbon Nanotubes: A Route to an Electrochemically Functional Nanostructure and Its Layer-by-Layer Assembled Nanocomposite [J]. Chem. Mater., 2005, 17(13):3457-3463.
[21] Hong, X., Li, J., Wang, M., Xu, J., Guo, W., Li, J., Bai, Y., Li, T. Fabrication of Magnetic Luminescent Nanocomposites by a Layer-by-Layer Self-assembly Approach [J]. Chem. Mater., 2004, 16(21):4022-4027.
[22] Kim, D. W., Blumstein, A., Kumar, J., Tripathy, S. K. Layered Aluminosilicate/ Chromophore Nanocomposites and Their Electrostatic Layer-by-Layer Assembly [J]. Chem. Mater., 2001, 13(2): 243-2
[23] Levy D, Esquivias L. Sol-gel processing of optical and electrooptical materials [J]. Adv. Mater., 1995,7,120-129.
[24] Dong Tian, Philippe Dubois, Christian Grandfils, and Robert Jér(?)me, A novel Biodegradable and Biocompatible Ceramer Prepared by the Sol-Gel Process [J]. Chem. Mater., 1997, 9: 871-874.
[25] Ging-Ho Hsiue, Wen-Jang Kuo, Yuan-Pin Huang, Ru-Jong Jeng. Microstructural and morphological characteristics of PS - SiO2 nanocomposites [J]. Polymer, 2000, 41:2813-2825.
[26] P. Hajji, L. David, J. F. Gerard, J. P. Pascault, G. Vigier. Synthesis, structure, and morphology of polymer-silica hybrid nanocomposites based on hydroxyethyl methacrylate [J]. J Poly Sci Part B, 1999, 37: 3172-3187.
[27] Wen-Chang Liaw and Kuan-Pin Chen. Preparation and characterization of poly(imide siloxane) (PIS)/titania(TiO_2) hybrid nanocomposites by sol - gel processes [J]. European Polymer Journal, 2007,43, 6: 2265-2278.
[28] Daniel Fragiadakis, Polycarpos Pissis. Glass transition and segmental dynamics in poly(dimethylsiloxane)/silica nanocomposites studied by various techniques [J]. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 2007, 353: 4344 - 4352.
[29] S. Smitha, P. Mukundan, P. Krishna Pillai and KG.K. Warrier. Silica - gelatin bio-hybrid and transparent nano-coatings through sol - gel technique [J]. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 2007, 103:318-322.
[30] Liu, Q., Xu, Z., Finch, J. A., Egerton, R. A Novel Two-Step Silica-Coating Process for Engineering Magnetic Nanocomposites [J]. Chem. Mater., 1998, 10(12): 3936-3940.
[31] T.M.Eillotson, A.E.Gssh,R.L. Simpson, L.W.Hrubesh, J.H.Satcher Jr., J.F.Poco. Nanostructured energetic materials using sol-gel methodologies [J]. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 2001, 285: 338-348.
[32] Joseph Lik Hang Chau, Yu-Ming Lin, Ai-Kang Li, Wei-Fang Su, Kuo-Shin Chang, Steve Lien-Chung Hsu, Tung-Lin Li. Transparent high refractive index nanocomposite thin films [J]. Materials Letters, 2007, 61: 2908-2910.
[33] Mirko Saric, Hervé Dietsch and Peter Schurtenberger. In situ polymerisation as a route towards transparent nanocomposites: Time-resolved light and neutron scattering experiments [J]. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2006,291: 110-116.
[34] Xiangling Ji, J. Eric Hampsey, Qingyuan Hu, Jibao He, Zhengzhong Yang, Yunfeng Lu. Mesoporous Silica-Reinforced Polymer Nanocomposites [J]. Chem. Mater., 2003, 15: 3656-3662.
[35] Christine J. T. Landry, Bradley K. Coltrain, Jeffrey A. Wesson, Nicholas Zumbulyadis. In situ polymerization of tetraethoxysilane in polymers: chemical nature of the interactions [J]. Polymer, 1992, 33: 1496-1506.
[36] Cuiming Wu, Tongwen Xu, Ming Gong, Weihua Yang, Multi-step sol - gel process and its effect on the morphology of polyethylene oxide (PEO)/SiO_2 anion-exchange hybrid materials [J]. European Polymer Journal, 2007,43: 1573-1579.
[37] Robert J. P. Corriu, Joel J. E. Moreau, Philippe Thepot. Hybrid Silica Gels Containing 1, 3-Butadiyne Bridging Units. Thermal and Chemical Reactivity of the Organic Fragment [J]. Chem. Mater., 1996, 8: 100-106.
[38] M. Sangermano, G. Malucelli, E. Amerio, A. Priola, E. Billi, G. Rizza. Photopolymerization of epoxy coatings containing silica nanoparticles [J], Progress in Organic Coatings, 2005, 54:134 - 138.
[39] Sankaraiah Subramani, Jung Min Lee, Jun-Young Lee. Synthesis and properties of room temperature curable trimethoxysilane- terminated polyurethane and their dispersions [J]. Polym. Adv. Technol. 2007, 18: 601 - 609.
[40] Eli Ruckenstein and Liang Hong. Oxide-Carbon Composites and Porous Metal Oxides Prepared via Water-Swellable Polymer Networks [J]. Chem. Mater., 1996, 8: 546 -553.
[41] H.L. Ching, C.F. Chen, Y.H. Ting. Preparation, thennal properties, morphology, and microstructure of phosphorus-containing epoxy/SiO_2 and polyimide/SiO_2 nanocomposites [J]. European Polymer Journal, 2007,43: 725 - 742.
[42] K.A. Ashok and C.Yoshiki. Synthesis of Organic-Inorganic Polymer Hybrids Controlled by Diels-Alder Reaction [J]. Macromolecules, 2004, 37: 9793-9797.
[43] R. Palkovits, H. Althues, A. Rumplecker, B. Tesche, A. Dreier, U. Holle, G. Fink, C. H. Cheng. Polymerization of w/o Microemulsions for the Preparation of Transparent SiO_2/PMMA Nanocomposites [J]. Langmuir, 2005, 21: 6048-6053.
[44] C.Sanchez, G.J.D.A.Soler-lllia, F.R.ibot, T.Lalot, C.R.Mayer and V.Cabuil. Designed Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Nanocomposites from Functional Nanobuilding Blocks [J]. Chemistry of Materials, 2001, 13: 3061-3083.
[45] Trabelsi, A.Janke, R.Hassler, N.E.Zafeiropoulos, G.Fornasieri, S.Bocchini. Novel Organo-Functional itanium-oxo- cluster-Based Hybrid Materials with Enhanced Thermomechanical and Thermal Properties [J]. Macromolecules, 2005, 38: 6068-6078.
[46] O. Kameneva, A.I. Kuznestov, L.A. Smirnova, L. Rozes, C.S. anchez, A. Alexandrov, N.Bityurin. New photoactive hybrid organic-inorganic materials based on titanium-oxo-PHEMA nanocomposites exhibiting mixed valence properties [J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 2005,15:3380-3383.
[47] Fomasieri, L.Rozes, S.LeCalve, B.Alonso, D.Massiot, M.N.Rager, M.Evain, K.Boubekeur. Reactivity of Titanium Oxo Ethoxo Cluster, Ti_(16)O_(16)(OEt)_(32)]. Versatile Precursor of Nanobuilding Block-Based Hybrid Materials [J]. Journal of the American Chemistrical Society, 2005, 127: 4869-4878.
[48] Maria Mikhaylova, Do Kyung Kim, Natalia Bobrysheva, Mikhail Osmolowsky, Valentin Semenov. Superparamagnetism of Magnetite Nanoparticles: Dependence on Surface Modification [J]. Langmuir, 2004, 20: 2472- 2477.
[49] Min Chen, Limin Wu, Shuxue Zhou, and Bo You. Synthesis of Raspberry-like PMMA/SiO_2 Nanocomposite Particles via a Surfactant-Free Method [J]. Macromolecules, 2004, 37: 9613-9619.
[50] J. I. Amalvy, M. J. Percy, and S. P. Armes. Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Film-Forming Vinyl Polymer/Silica Colloidal Nanocomposites [J]. Langmuir, 2001, 17: 4770-4778.
[51] Franca Tiarks, Katharina Landfester, and Markus Antonietti. Silica Nanoparticles as Surfactants and Fillers for Latexes Made by Miniemulsion Polymerization [J]. Langmuir, 2001,17:5775-5780.
[52] Norio Tsubokawaa, Masato Kobayashib, Tomoaki Ogasawarab. Graft polymerization of vinyl monomers initiated by azo groups introduced onto organic pigment surface [J]. Progress in Organic Coatings, 1999, 36: 39-44.
[53] Norio Tsubokawa, Shinji Hayashi, Junichi Nishimur. Grafting of hyperbranched polymers onto ultrafine silica: postgraft polymerization of vinyl monomers initiated by pendant azo groups of grafted polymer chains on the surface [J]. Progress in Organic Coatings, 2002, 44: 69 - 74.
[54] Jun Ueda, Shimpei Satoa, Asako Tsunokawa, Takeshi Yamauchi, Norio Tsubokawa. Scale-up synthesis of vinyl polymer-grafted nano-sized silica by radical polymerization of vinyl monomers initiated by surface initiating groups in the solvent-free dry-system [J]. European Polymer Journal 2005,41: 93-200.
[55] Sachio Yoshikawa, Toshiya Satoha, Norio Tsubokawa. Post-grafting of polymer with controlled molecular weight onto silica surface by termination of living polymer cation with terminal amino groups of dendrimer-grafted ultrafine silica [J]. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physiochemical and Engineering Aspects, 1999, 153: 395-399.
[56] Yukio Shirai, Kumi Shirai, Norio Tsubokawa. Effective grafting of polymers onto ultrafine silica surface: Photopolymerization of vinyl monomers initiated by the system consisting of trichloroacetyl groups on the surface and Mn_2(CO)_(10) [J]. Journal of Polymer Science: Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 2001, 39: 2157 - 2163.
[57] Rainer Jordan, Nuki West, Abraham Ulman,Yen-Ming Chou. Nanocomposites by Surface-Initiated Living Cationic Polymerization of 2-Oxazolines on Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles [J]. Macromolecules, 2001, 34: 1606-1611.
[58]Mariana Rusa,James K.Whitesell,and Marye Anne Fox.Controlled Fabrication of Gold/Polymer Nanocomposites with a Highly Structured Poly(N-acylethyl-enimine) Shell [J].Macromolecules,2004,37:2766-2774.
[59]Wang,J.Y.,Chen,W.,Liu,A.-H.,Lu,G.,Zhang,G.,Zhang,J.-H.,Yang,B..Controlled Fabrication of Cross-Linked Nanoparticles/Polymer Composite Thin Films through the Combined Use of Surface-Initiated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization and Gas/Solid Reaction[J].J.Am.Chem.Soc.,2002,124(45):13358-13359.
[60]Costa,R.O.R.,Vasconcelos,W.L.,Tamaki,R.,Laine,R.M.,Organic/Inorganic Nanocomposite Star Polymers via Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate Using Octafunctional Silsesquioxane Cores[J].Macromolecules,2001,34(16):5398-5407.
[61]Xiaowu Fan,Lijun Lin and Phillip B.Messersmith.Surface-initiated polymerization from TiO_2 nanoparticle surfaces through a biomimetic initiator:A new route toward polymer-matrix nanocomposites[J].Composites Science and Technology,2006,66:1198-1204.
[62]Yun-Pu Wang,Xiao-Wei Pei,Kun Yuan.Reverse ATRP grafting from silica surface to prepare well-defined organic/inorganic hybrid nanocomposite[J].Materials Letters,2005,59:520-523.
[63]Shengpei Su,David D.Jiang,Charles A.Wilkie.Poly(methyl methacrylate),polypropylene and polyethylene nanocomposite formation by melt blending using novel polymerically-modified clays[J].Polymer Degradation and Stability,2004,83:321-331.
[64]Wang Shaofeng,Hua Yuan,Wang Zhengzhou,Yong Tang,Chen Zuyao,Weicheng Fan.Synthesis and characterization of polycarbonate/ABS/montmorillonite nanocomposites [J].Polymer Degradation and Stability,2003,80:157-161.
[65]张秀青,邱化玉,蒙脱土的改性及其在造纸中的应用[J].造纸化学品,2007,19 No.5,20-24.
[66]A.H.Gemeay,1 A.S.El-Sherbiny,and A.B.Zaki.Adsorption and Kinetic Studies of the Intercalation of Some Organic Compounds onto Na~+-Montmor-illonite[J].Journal of Colloid and Interface Science,2002,245:116-125.
[67]Wang Li and Wang Aiqin.Adsorption characteristics of Congo Red onto the chitosan/montmorillonite nanocomposite[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2007,147,3:979-985.
[68]Tyan Horng-Long,Liu Yau-Cheng,and Wei Kung-Hwa,Thermally and Mechanically Enhanced Clay/Polyimide Nanocomposite via Reactive Organoclay[J].Chem.Mater.,1999,11:1942-1947.
[69]D.R.Paul,Q.H.Zeng,A.B.Yu,G.Q.Lu,The interlayer swelling and molecular packing in organoclays[J].Journal of Colloid and Interface Science,2005,292:462-468
[70]M.Arroyo,M.A.Lo' pez-Manchado,B.Herrero,Organo-montmorillonite as substitute of carbon black in natural rubber compounds[J].Polymer,2003,44:2447-2453.
[71]Lei Songa,Yuan Hua,Yong Tang,Rui Zhang,Zuyao Chena,Weicheng Fan,Study on the properties of flame retardant polyurethane/organoclay nanocomposit[J].Polymer Degradation and Stability,2005,87:111-116.
[72]Hsu Steve Lien-Chung,Wang Ulin,King Jinn-Shing,Jeng Jyh-Long.Photosensitive poly(amic acid)/organoclay nanocomposites[J].Polymer,2003,44:5533-5540.
[73]Machael Alexandre,Philippe Dubois.Polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites:preparation,properties and uses of a new class of material[J].Mater.Sci.Eng.reports.,2000,28:1-63.
[74]漆宗能.聚合物/层状硅酸盐纳米复合材料理论与实践[M].北京:化学工业出版社.2002,5.
[75]Austin Samakande,Patrice C.Hartmann,Valeska Cloete and Ronald D.Sanderson.Use of acrylic based surfmers for the preparation of exfoliated polystyrene-clay nanocomposites[J].Polymer,2007 48,(6,8):1490-1499.
[76]T.D.Fornes,P.J.Yoon,D.L.Hunter,H.Keskkula,D.R.Paula.Effect of organoclay structure on nylon 6 nanocomposite morphology and properties[J].Polymer,2002,43:5915-5933.
[77]Maged A.Osman,Michael Ploetze,and Peter Skrabal.Structure and Properties of Alkylammonium Monolayers Self-Assembled on Montmorillonite Platelets [J]. J. Phys. Chem. B, 2004,108:2580-2588.
[78] Peter C. LeBaron, Zhen Wang, Thomas J. Pinnavaia. Polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites: an overview [J]. Applied Clay Science, 1999, 15: 11-29.
[79] S.I. Marras, A. Tsimpliaraki, I. Zuburtikudis, C. Panayiotou. Thermal and colloidal behavior of amine-treated clays: The role of amphiphilic organic cation concentration [J]. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2007, 315: 520-527.
[80] Petr Praus, Martina Turicová, Sona (?)tudentovd, Michal Ritz. Study of cetyltrimethylammonium and cetylpyridinium adsorption on montmorillonite [J]. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2006, 304: 29-36.
[81] Pascal Viville, Roberto Lazzaroni, Eric Pollet, Michae ¨ l Alexandre and Philippe Dubois. Controlled Polymer Grafting on Single Clay Nanoplatelets [J]. J. Am. Chem. Soc, 2004, 126,29:9008.
[82] Hwan-Man Park, Xuemei Liang, Amar K. Mohanty, Manjusri Misra, and Lawrence T. Drzal. Effect of Compatibilizer on Nanostructure of the Biodegradable Cellulose Acetate/Organoclay Nanocomposites [J]. Macromole- cules, 2004, 37, 9076-9082.
[83] Horng-Long Tyan, Chyi-Ming Leu, and Kung-Hwa Wei. Effect of Reactivity of Organics-Modified Montmorillonite on the Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Montmorillonite/Polyimide Nanocomposites [J]. Chem. Mater., 2001, 13: 222-226.
[84] Jun Ma, Zhong-Zhen Yu, Qing-Xin Zhang, Xiao-Lin Xie, Yiu-Wing Mai, and Ian Luck. A Novel Method for Preparation of Disorderly Exfoliated Epoxy/Clay Nanocomposite [J]. Chem. Mater., 2004, 16,5: 757-759.
[85] Horng-Long Tyan, Chyi-Ming Leu, and Kung-Hwa Wei. Effect of Reactivity of Organics-Modified Montmorillonite on the Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Montmorillonite/Polyimide Nanocomposites [J]. Chem. Mater., 2001,13: 222-226.
[86] X.Kornmann. L.A.Berglund, J.Sterte. Nanocomposites based on montmorillonite and unsaturated polyester [J]. Polym.Eng.and Sci.,1998, 38(8): 1351-358.
[87] Ahmet Gultek, Turgay Seckin, Yunus Onal, etal. Preparation and phenol captivating properties of polyvinylpyrolidone montmorillonite hybrid materials [J]. J. Appli. Polym. Sci., 2001, 81(2):512-519.
[88] Boyd Mary K., G.Rohert. Loyola University of Chicago. Silane-modified clay [P]. USA patent 5824226, 1998, 10.
[89] X. Kornmann, L. A. Berglund, J. Sterte, E. P. Giannelis, Nanocomposites based on montmorillonite and unsaturated polyester [J]. Polym. Eng. Sci., 1998 38(8): 1351-1358.
[90] Ke Wang, Lei Wang, Jingshen Wu, Ling Chen, and Chaobin He. Preparation of Highly Exfoliated Epoxy/Clay Nanocomposites by "Slurry Compounding": Process and Mechanisms [J]. Langmuir, 2005, 21: 3613-3618.
[91] A. Usuki, Y. Kojima, M. Kawasumi, A. Okada, Y. Fukushima, T. Kurauchi, O. Kamigaito. Synthesis of nylon 6-clay hybrid [J]. J. Mater. Res., 1993, 8,1179.
[92] Y. Kojima, A. Usuki, M. Kawasumi, A. Okada, T. Kurauchi, O. Kamigaito. Synthesis of nylon 6-clay hybrid by montmorillonite intercalated with 3-caprolactam [J]. J. Polym. Sci.: Part A Polym. Chem., 1993, 31: 983.
[93] Yuan Hu, Shaofeng Wang, Zhihua Ling, Yonglong Zhuang, Zuyao Chen, Weicheng Fan, Preparation and Combustion Properties of Flame Retardant Nylon 6/Montmorillonite Nanocomposite [J]. Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, 2003, 288(3):272-276.
[94] Zhong-Zhen Yu, Guo-Hua Hu, Joel Varlet, Aravind Dasari, Yiu-Wing Mai. Water-assisted melt compounding of nylon-6/pristine montmorillonite nanocomposites [J]. Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, 2005,43(9): 1100-1112.
[95] Qinghong Kong, Yuan Hu, Lei Song, Yinling Wang, Zuyao Chen, Weicheng Fan. Influence of Fe-MMT on crosslinking and thermal degradation in silicone rubber/clay nanocomposites [J]. Polymers for Advanced Technologies, 2006, 17(6): 463-467.
[96] X. Kornmann, H. Lindberg and L. A. Berglund. Synthesis of epoxy - clay nanocomposites: influence of the nature of the clay on structure [J]. Polymer, 2001, 42: 1303-1310.
[97] Muh S. Wang, Thomas J. Pinnavaia. Clay-Polymer Nanocomposites Formed from Acidic Derivatives of Montmorillonite and an Epoxy Resin [J]. Chem. Mater., 1994, 6(4): 468-474.
[98] X. Kornmann, H. Lindberg and L. A. Berglund. Synthesis of epoxy - clay nanocomposites: influence of the nature of the clay on structure [J]. Polymer, 2001, 42 (4):1303-1310.
[99] Zhang Wei'an, Li Yu, Wei Luo and Fang Yue'e. In situ intercalative polymerization of poly (methyl methacrylate)/clay nanocomposites by Y -ray irradiation [J]. Materials Letters, 2003, 57(22-23): 3366-3370.
[100] K. Samba Sivudu, Saji Thomas and D. Shailaja. Synthesis and characterization of poly (4vp-co-dvb)/montmorillonite nanocomposites by in situ intercalative polymerization. Applied Clay Science, 2007, 37(1-2):185-192.
[101] Zhiqi Shen, George P. Simon and Yi-Bing Cheng. Comparison of solution intercalation and melt intercalation of polymer - clay nanocomposites [J]. Polymer, 2002, 43(15): 4251-4260.
[102] Behzad Pourabas, Vahid Raeesi. Preparation of ABS/montmorillonite nanocomposite using a solvent/non-solvent method [J]. Polymer, 2005,46: 5533 - 5540.
[103] M. Modesti, S. Besco, A. Lorenzetti, V. Causin, C. Marega, J.W. Gilman. ABS/clay nanocomposites obtained by a solution technique: Influence of clay organic modifiers [J]. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 2007, 92: 2206-2213.
[104] J. Xu, R.K.Y. Li, Y.Z. Meng and Y-.W. Mai. Biodegradable poly (propylene carbonate)/montmorillonite nanocomposites prepared by direct melt intercalation [J]. Materials Research Bulletin,2006,41 : 244-252.
[105] Wu Shishan, Jiang Dingjun, Ouyang Xiaodong, Wu Fen, Shen Jian. The structure and properties of PA6/MMT nanocomposites prepared by melt compounding [J]. Polymer Engineering and Science, 2004,44 (11): 2070-2074.
[106] Dean Shi, Wei Yu, Robert K.Y. Li, Zhuo Ke and Jinghua Yin. An investigation on the dispersion of montmorillonite (MMT) primary particles in PP matrix [J]. European Polymer Journal, 2007,43: 3250-3257.
[107 Lili Cui and D.R. Paul. Evaluation of amine functionalized polypropylenes as compatibilizers for polypropylene nanocomposites [J]. Polymer, 2007,48: 1632-1640.
[108] Yimin Wang, Junpeng Gao. Yunqian Ma. Study on mechanical properties, thermal stability and crystallization behavior of PET/MMT nanocomposites [J]. Composites Part B: Engineering, 2006, 37: 399-407.
[109] A. Stein, B. J. Melde, R. C. Schroden. Hybrid Inorganic-Organic Mesoporous Silicates Nanoscopic Reactors Coming of Age [J]. Adv. Mater., 2000, 12: 1403-1419.
[110] Stein A. Advances in Microporous and Mesoporous Solids Highlights of Recent Progress [J]. Adv.Mater., 2003, 15: 763 -775.
[110] C.P. Jaroniec, M. Kruk, M. Jaroniec, and A. Sayari. Tailoring Surface and Structural Properties of MCM-41 Silicas by Bonding Organosilanes [J]. J.Phys. Chem.B, 1998, 102:5503-5510.
[111] C. P. Jaroniec, M. Kruk, M. Jaroniec, and A. Sayari. Tailoring Surface and Structural Properties of MCM-41 Silicas by Bonding Organosilanes [J]. J.Phys. Chem.B, 1998, 102:5503-5510.
[112] Qihua Yang, Ying Li, Lei Zhang, Jie Yang, Jian Liu, and Can Li. Hydrothermal Stability and Catalytic Activity of Aluminum-Containing Mesoporous Ethane-Silicas [J]. J. Phys. Chem.B, 2004, 108: 7934 -7937.
[113] Brian J. Melde, Brian T. Holland, etc.. Mesoporous Sieves with Unified Hybrid Inorganic/Organic Frameworks [J]. Chem. Mater., 1999, 11: 3302-3308.
[114] Akat H. , etc.. Synthesis and characterization of polymer/clay nanocomposites by intercalated chain transfer agent [J]. European Polymer Journal. European Polymer Journal 2008, Volume 44, Issue 7, Pages 1949-1954.
[115] Akane Okada. Twenty Years of Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites [J]. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 2006, 291, 1449- 1476.
[2] P. Gomez-Romero. Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Materials - In Search of Synergic Activity [J]. Advanced Materials, 2001, 13: 163-174.
[3] J.D. Mackenzie and E.P. Bescher. Structures, Properties and Potential Applications of Onnosils [J]. Journal of Sol-Gel Science Technology, 1998, 13: 371-377.
[4] J.Y. Wen and G.L.Wilkes. Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Network Materials by the Sol-Gel Approach [J]. Chemistry of Materials, 1996, 8:1667-1681.
[5] H. Althues, J. Henle, S. Kaskel. Functional inorganic nanofillers for transparent polymers [J]. Chemical Society Reviews, 2007, 36: 1454-1465.
[6] Z. Hui, Z. Zhong, F. Klaus, E. Christian. Property improvements of in situ epoxy nanocomposites with reduced interparticle distance at high nanosilica content [J]. Acta Materialia, 2006, 54: 1833 - 1842.
[7] M. Chuanbin, L.Hengde, C.Fuzhai, F.Qinglin, M. Chunlai . The functionalization of titanium with EDTA to induce biomimetic mineralization of hydroxyapatite [J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 1999, 9: 2573-2582.
[8] X.Xu, J.T.Han, K.Cho. Formation of Amorphous Calcium Carbonate Thin Films and Their Role in Biomineralization [J]. Chem. Mater. 2004, 6: 1740-1746.
[9] O.Grassmann, G. Muller, P. Lobmann. Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Structure of Calcite Crystalline Assemblies Grown in a Gelatin Hydrogel Matrix: Relevance to Biomineralization [J]. Chem. Mater., 2002, 14(11): 4530-4535.
[10] C.Daxiang and G. Huajian, Advance and Prospect of Bionanomaterials [J]. Biotechnology Progress, 2003, 19: 683-692.
[11] J. Pyun, K. Matyjaszewski. Synthesis of Nanocomposite Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Materials Using Controlled/"Living" Radical Polymerization [J]. Chem. Mater., 2001, 13(10):3436-3448.
[12] Mosbach K, Nicholls I A, Ramstrom O. Use of molecularly imprinted polymers for stereo and region-selective synthesis [P]. PCT Patent, WO 9414835. 1995-11-14
[13] S. Gerhard. Hybrid Sol-Gel-Derived Polymers: Applications of Multifunctional Materials [J]. Chemistry of Materials, 2001,13:3422-3435.
[14] C. Sanche, Blebeau, F. Ribot and M. In. Molecular Design of Sol-Gel Derived Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Nanocomposites [J]. Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology, 2000, 19:31-38.
[15] E. I. Mayo, E.J. Lochner, A.E. Stiegman. Use of Photoreactive Sol-Gel Interfaces To Form Robust Low-Surface-Energy Flroropolymer-Silica Nanocomposite Coatings [J]. J. Phys. Chem. B., 1999, 103 (44): 9383-9386.
[16] S. Cheng, Y. Wei, Q. Feng, K.Y. Qiu, J.B .Pang, S.A. Jansen. Facile Synthesis of Mesoporous Gold-Silica Nanocomposite Materials via Sol-Gel Process with Nonsurfactant Templates [J]. Chem. Mater. 2003, 15(7): 1560-1566.
[17] J. Lizhong, W. Wencai, Xiaowei Wei, Dezhen Wu, Riguang Jin. Effects of water on the preparation, morphology, and properties of polyimide/silica nanocomposite films prepared by sol-gel process [J]. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2007, 104:1579-1586.
[18] Wu, Z., Han, H., Han, W., Kim, B., Ahn, K. H., K. Lee. Controlling the Hydrophobicity of Submicrometer Silica Spheres via Surface Modification for Nanocomposite Applications [J]. Langmuir, 2007, 23(14):7799-7803.
[19] Ying-Ling Liu, Chih-Yuan Hsu and Keh-Ying Hsu. Poly(methylmethacrylate)- silica nanocomposites films from surface-functionalized silica nanoparticles [J]. Polymer, 2005, 46: 1851-1856.
[20] Yan, Y., Zhang, M., Gong, K., Su, L., Guo, Z., Mao, L..Adsorption of Methylene Blue Dye onto Carbon Nanotubes: A Route to an Electrochemically Functional Nanostructure and Its Layer-by-Layer Assembled Nanocomposite [J]. Chem. Mater., 2005, 17(13):3457-3463.
[21] Hong, X., Li, J., Wang, M., Xu, J., Guo, W., Li, J., Bai, Y., Li, T. Fabrication of Magnetic Luminescent Nanocomposites by a Layer-by-Layer Self-assembly Approach [J]. Chem. Mater., 2004, 16(21):4022-4027.
[22] Kim, D. W., Blumstein, A., Kumar, J., Tripathy, S. K. Layered Aluminosilicate/ Chromophore Nanocomposites and Their Electrostatic Layer-by-Layer Assembly [J]. Chem. Mater., 2001, 13(2): 243-2
[23] Levy D, Esquivias L. Sol-gel processing of optical and electrooptical materials [J]. Adv. Mater., 1995,7,120-129.
[24] Dong Tian, Philippe Dubois, Christian Grandfils, and Robert Jér(?)me, A novel Biodegradable and Biocompatible Ceramer Prepared by the Sol-Gel Process [J]. Chem. Mater., 1997, 9: 871-874.
[25] Ging-Ho Hsiue, Wen-Jang Kuo, Yuan-Pin Huang, Ru-Jong Jeng. Microstructural and morphological characteristics of PS - SiO2 nanocomposites [J]. Polymer, 2000, 41:2813-2825.
[26] P. Hajji, L. David, J. F. Gerard, J. P. Pascault, G. Vigier. Synthesis, structure, and morphology of polymer-silica hybrid nanocomposites based on hydroxyethyl methacrylate [J]. J Poly Sci Part B, 1999, 37: 3172-3187.
[27] Wen-Chang Liaw and Kuan-Pin Chen. Preparation and characterization of poly(imide siloxane) (PIS)/titania(TiO_2) hybrid nanocomposites by sol - gel processes [J]. European Polymer Journal, 2007,43, 6: 2265-2278.
[28] Daniel Fragiadakis, Polycarpos Pissis. Glass transition and segmental dynamics in poly(dimethylsiloxane)/silica nanocomposites studied by various techniques [J]. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 2007, 353: 4344 - 4352.
[29] S. Smitha, P. Mukundan, P. Krishna Pillai and KG.K. Warrier. Silica - gelatin bio-hybrid and transparent nano-coatings through sol - gel technique [J]. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 2007, 103:318-322.
[30] Liu, Q., Xu, Z., Finch, J. A., Egerton, R. A Novel Two-Step Silica-Coating Process for Engineering Magnetic Nanocomposites [J]. Chem. Mater., 1998, 10(12): 3936-3940.
[31] T.M.Eillotson, A.E.Gssh,R.L. Simpson, L.W.Hrubesh, J.H.Satcher Jr., J.F.Poco. Nanostructured energetic materials using sol-gel methodologies [J]. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 2001, 285: 338-348.
[32] Joseph Lik Hang Chau, Yu-Ming Lin, Ai-Kang Li, Wei-Fang Su, Kuo-Shin Chang, Steve Lien-Chung Hsu, Tung-Lin Li. Transparent high refractive index nanocomposite thin films [J]. Materials Letters, 2007, 61: 2908-2910.
[33] Mirko Saric, Hervé Dietsch and Peter Schurtenberger. In situ polymerisation as a route towards transparent nanocomposites: Time-resolved light and neutron scattering experiments [J]. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2006,291: 110-116.
[34] Xiangling Ji, J. Eric Hampsey, Qingyuan Hu, Jibao He, Zhengzhong Yang, Yunfeng Lu. Mesoporous Silica-Reinforced Polymer Nanocomposites [J]. Chem. Mater., 2003, 15: 3656-3662.
[35] Christine J. T. Landry, Bradley K. Coltrain, Jeffrey A. Wesson, Nicholas Zumbulyadis. In situ polymerization of tetraethoxysilane in polymers: chemical nature of the interactions [J]. Polymer, 1992, 33: 1496-1506.
[36] Cuiming Wu, Tongwen Xu, Ming Gong, Weihua Yang, Multi-step sol - gel process and its effect on the morphology of polyethylene oxide (PEO)/SiO_2 anion-exchange hybrid materials [J]. European Polymer Journal, 2007,43: 1573-1579.
[37] Robert J. P. Corriu, Joel J. E. Moreau, Philippe Thepot. Hybrid Silica Gels Containing 1, 3-Butadiyne Bridging Units. Thermal and Chemical Reactivity of the Organic Fragment [J]. Chem. Mater., 1996, 8: 100-106.
[38] M. Sangermano, G. Malucelli, E. Amerio, A. Priola, E. Billi, G. Rizza. Photopolymerization of epoxy coatings containing silica nanoparticles [J], Progress in Organic Coatings, 2005, 54:134 - 138.
[39] Sankaraiah Subramani, Jung Min Lee, Jun-Young Lee. Synthesis and properties of room temperature curable trimethoxysilane- terminated polyurethane and their dispersions [J]. Polym. Adv. Technol. 2007, 18: 601 - 609.
[40] Eli Ruckenstein and Liang Hong. Oxide-Carbon Composites and Porous Metal Oxides Prepared via Water-Swellable Polymer Networks [J]. Chem. Mater., 1996, 8: 546 -553.
[41] H.L. Ching, C.F. Chen, Y.H. Ting. Preparation, thennal properties, morphology, and microstructure of phosphorus-containing epoxy/SiO_2 and polyimide/SiO_2 nanocomposites [J]. European Polymer Journal, 2007,43: 725 - 742.
[42] K.A. Ashok and C.Yoshiki. Synthesis of Organic-Inorganic Polymer Hybrids Controlled by Diels-Alder Reaction [J]. Macromolecules, 2004, 37: 9793-9797.
[43] R. Palkovits, H. Althues, A. Rumplecker, B. Tesche, A. Dreier, U. Holle, G. Fink, C. H. Cheng. Polymerization of w/o Microemulsions for the Preparation of Transparent SiO_2/PMMA Nanocomposites [J]. Langmuir, 2005, 21: 6048-6053.
[44] C.Sanchez, G.J.D.A.Soler-lllia, F.R.ibot, T.Lalot, C.R.Mayer and V.Cabuil. Designed Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Nanocomposites from Functional Nanobuilding Blocks [J]. Chemistry of Materials, 2001, 13: 3061-3083.
[45] Trabelsi, A.Janke, R.Hassler, N.E.Zafeiropoulos, G.Fornasieri, S.Bocchini. Novel Organo-Functional itanium-oxo- cluster-Based Hybrid Materials with Enhanced Thermomechanical and Thermal Properties [J]. Macromolecules, 2005, 38: 6068-6078.
[46] O. Kameneva, A.I. Kuznestov, L.A. Smirnova, L. Rozes, C.S. anchez, A. Alexandrov, N.Bityurin. New photoactive hybrid organic-inorganic materials based on titanium-oxo-PHEMA nanocomposites exhibiting mixed valence properties [J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 2005,15:3380-3383.
[47] Fomasieri, L.Rozes, S.LeCalve, B.Alonso, D.Massiot, M.N.Rager, M.Evain, K.Boubekeur. Reactivity of Titanium Oxo Ethoxo Cluster, Ti_(16)O_(16)(OEt)_(32)]. Versatile Precursor of Nanobuilding Block-Based Hybrid Materials [J]. Journal of the American Chemistrical Society, 2005, 127: 4869-4878.
[48] Maria Mikhaylova, Do Kyung Kim, Natalia Bobrysheva, Mikhail Osmolowsky, Valentin Semenov. Superparamagnetism of Magnetite Nanoparticles: Dependence on Surface Modification [J]. Langmuir, 2004, 20: 2472- 2477.
[49] Min Chen, Limin Wu, Shuxue Zhou, and Bo You. Synthesis of Raspberry-like PMMA/SiO_2 Nanocomposite Particles via a Surfactant-Free Method [J]. Macromolecules, 2004, 37: 9613-9619.
[50] J. I. Amalvy, M. J. Percy, and S. P. Armes. Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Film-Forming Vinyl Polymer/Silica Colloidal Nanocomposites [J]. Langmuir, 2001, 17: 4770-4778.
[51] Franca Tiarks, Katharina Landfester, and Markus Antonietti. Silica Nanoparticles as Surfactants and Fillers for Latexes Made by Miniemulsion Polymerization [J]. Langmuir, 2001,17:5775-5780.
[52] Norio Tsubokawaa, Masato Kobayashib, Tomoaki Ogasawarab. Graft polymerization of vinyl monomers initiated by azo groups introduced onto organic pigment surface [J]. Progress in Organic Coatings, 1999, 36: 39-44.
[53] Norio Tsubokawa, Shinji Hayashi, Junichi Nishimur. Grafting of hyperbranched polymers onto ultrafine silica: postgraft polymerization of vinyl monomers initiated by pendant azo groups of grafted polymer chains on the surface [J]. Progress in Organic Coatings, 2002, 44: 69 - 74.
[54] Jun Ueda, Shimpei Satoa, Asako Tsunokawa, Takeshi Yamauchi, Norio Tsubokawa. Scale-up synthesis of vinyl polymer-grafted nano-sized silica by radical polymerization of vinyl monomers initiated by surface initiating groups in the solvent-free dry-system [J]. European Polymer Journal 2005,41: 93-200.
[55] Sachio Yoshikawa, Toshiya Satoha, Norio Tsubokawa. Post-grafting of polymer with controlled molecular weight onto silica surface by termination of living polymer cation with terminal amino groups of dendrimer-grafted ultrafine silica [J]. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physiochemical and Engineering Aspects, 1999, 153: 395-399.
[56] Yukio Shirai, Kumi Shirai, Norio Tsubokawa. Effective grafting of polymers onto ultrafine silica surface: Photopolymerization of vinyl monomers initiated by the system consisting of trichloroacetyl groups on the surface and Mn_2(CO)_(10) [J]. Journal of Polymer Science: Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 2001, 39: 2157 - 2163.
[57] Rainer Jordan, Nuki West, Abraham Ulman,Yen-Ming Chou. Nanocomposites by Surface-Initiated Living Cationic Polymerization of 2-Oxazolines on Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles [J]. Macromolecules, 2001, 34: 1606-1611.
[58]Mariana Rusa,James K.Whitesell,and Marye Anne Fox.Controlled Fabrication of Gold/Polymer Nanocomposites with a Highly Structured Poly(N-acylethyl-enimine) Shell [J].Macromolecules,2004,37:2766-2774.
[59]Wang,J.Y.,Chen,W.,Liu,A.-H.,Lu,G.,Zhang,G.,Zhang,J.-H.,Yang,B..Controlled Fabrication of Cross-Linked Nanoparticles/Polymer Composite Thin Films through the Combined Use of Surface-Initiated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization and Gas/Solid Reaction[J].J.Am.Chem.Soc.,2002,124(45):13358-13359.
[60]Costa,R.O.R.,Vasconcelos,W.L.,Tamaki,R.,Laine,R.M.,Organic/Inorganic Nanocomposite Star Polymers via Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate Using Octafunctional Silsesquioxane Cores[J].Macromolecules,2001,34(16):5398-5407.
[61]Xiaowu Fan,Lijun Lin and Phillip B.Messersmith.Surface-initiated polymerization from TiO_2 nanoparticle surfaces through a biomimetic initiator:A new route toward polymer-matrix nanocomposites[J].Composites Science and Technology,2006,66:1198-1204.
[62]Yun-Pu Wang,Xiao-Wei Pei,Kun Yuan.Reverse ATRP grafting from silica surface to prepare well-defined organic/inorganic hybrid nanocomposite[J].Materials Letters,2005,59:520-523.
[63]Shengpei Su,David D.Jiang,Charles A.Wilkie.Poly(methyl methacrylate),polypropylene and polyethylene nanocomposite formation by melt blending using novel polymerically-modified clays[J].Polymer Degradation and Stability,2004,83:321-331.
[64]Wang Shaofeng,Hua Yuan,Wang Zhengzhou,Yong Tang,Chen Zuyao,Weicheng Fan.Synthesis and characterization of polycarbonate/ABS/montmorillonite nanocomposites [J].Polymer Degradation and Stability,2003,80:157-161.
[65]张秀青,邱化玉,蒙脱土的改性及其在造纸中的应用[J].造纸化学品,2007,19 No.5,20-24.
[66]A.H.Gemeay,1 A.S.El-Sherbiny,and A.B.Zaki.Adsorption and Kinetic Studies of the Intercalation of Some Organic Compounds onto Na~+-Montmor-illonite[J].Journal of Colloid and Interface Science,2002,245:116-125.
[67]Wang Li and Wang Aiqin.Adsorption characteristics of Congo Red onto the chitosan/montmorillonite nanocomposite[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2007,147,3:979-985.
[68]Tyan Horng-Long,Liu Yau-Cheng,and Wei Kung-Hwa,Thermally and Mechanically Enhanced Clay/Polyimide Nanocomposite via Reactive Organoclay[J].Chem.Mater.,1999,11:1942-1947.
[69]D.R.Paul,Q.H.Zeng,A.B.Yu,G.Q.Lu,The interlayer swelling and molecular packing in organoclays[J].Journal of Colloid and Interface Science,2005,292:462-468
[70]M.Arroyo,M.A.Lo' pez-Manchado,B.Herrero,Organo-montmorillonite as substitute of carbon black in natural rubber compounds[J].Polymer,2003,44:2447-2453.
[71]Lei Songa,Yuan Hua,Yong Tang,Rui Zhang,Zuyao Chena,Weicheng Fan,Study on the properties of flame retardant polyurethane/organoclay nanocomposit[J].Polymer Degradation and Stability,2005,87:111-116.
[72]Hsu Steve Lien-Chung,Wang Ulin,King Jinn-Shing,Jeng Jyh-Long.Photosensitive poly(amic acid)/organoclay nanocomposites[J].Polymer,2003,44:5533-5540.
[73]Machael Alexandre,Philippe Dubois.Polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites:preparation,properties and uses of a new class of material[J].Mater.Sci.Eng.reports.,2000,28:1-63.
[74]漆宗能.聚合物/层状硅酸盐纳米复合材料理论与实践[M].北京:化学工业出版社.2002,5.
[75]Austin Samakande,Patrice C.Hartmann,Valeska Cloete and Ronald D.Sanderson.Use of acrylic based surfmers for the preparation of exfoliated polystyrene-clay nanocomposites[J].Polymer,2007 48,(6,8):1490-1499.
[76]T.D.Fornes,P.J.Yoon,D.L.Hunter,H.Keskkula,D.R.Paula.Effect of organoclay structure on nylon 6 nanocomposite morphology and properties[J].Polymer,2002,43:5915-5933.
[77]Maged A.Osman,Michael Ploetze,and Peter Skrabal.Structure and Properties of Alkylammonium Monolayers Self-Assembled on Montmorillonite Platelets [J]. J. Phys. Chem. B, 2004,108:2580-2588.
[78] Peter C. LeBaron, Zhen Wang, Thomas J. Pinnavaia. Polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites: an overview [J]. Applied Clay Science, 1999, 15: 11-29.
[79] S.I. Marras, A. Tsimpliaraki, I. Zuburtikudis, C. Panayiotou. Thermal and colloidal behavior of amine-treated clays: The role of amphiphilic organic cation concentration [J]. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2007, 315: 520-527.
[80] Petr Praus, Martina Turicová, Sona (?)tudentovd, Michal Ritz. Study of cetyltrimethylammonium and cetylpyridinium adsorption on montmorillonite [J]. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2006, 304: 29-36.
[81] Pascal Viville, Roberto Lazzaroni, Eric Pollet, Michae ¨ l Alexandre and Philippe Dubois. Controlled Polymer Grafting on Single Clay Nanoplatelets [J]. J. Am. Chem. Soc, 2004, 126,29:9008.
[82] Hwan-Man Park, Xuemei Liang, Amar K. Mohanty, Manjusri Misra, and Lawrence T. Drzal. Effect of Compatibilizer on Nanostructure of the Biodegradable Cellulose Acetate/Organoclay Nanocomposites [J]. Macromole- cules, 2004, 37, 9076-9082.
[83] Horng-Long Tyan, Chyi-Ming Leu, and Kung-Hwa Wei. Effect of Reactivity of Organics-Modified Montmorillonite on the Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Montmorillonite/Polyimide Nanocomposites [J]. Chem. Mater., 2001, 13: 222-226.
[84] Jun Ma, Zhong-Zhen Yu, Qing-Xin Zhang, Xiao-Lin Xie, Yiu-Wing Mai, and Ian Luck. A Novel Method for Preparation of Disorderly Exfoliated Epoxy/Clay Nanocomposite [J]. Chem. Mater., 2004, 16,5: 757-759.
[85] Horng-Long Tyan, Chyi-Ming Leu, and Kung-Hwa Wei. Effect of Reactivity of Organics-Modified Montmorillonite on the Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Montmorillonite/Polyimide Nanocomposites [J]. Chem. Mater., 2001,13: 222-226.
[86] X.Kornmann. L.A.Berglund, J.Sterte. Nanocomposites based on montmorillonite and unsaturated polyester [J]. Polym.Eng.and Sci.,1998, 38(8): 1351-358.
[87] Ahmet Gultek, Turgay Seckin, Yunus Onal, etal. Preparation and phenol captivating properties of polyvinylpyrolidone montmorillonite hybrid materials [J]. J. Appli. Polym. Sci., 2001, 81(2):512-519.
[88] Boyd Mary K., G.Rohert. Loyola University of Chicago. Silane-modified clay [P]. USA patent 5824226, 1998, 10.
[89] X. Kornmann, L. A. Berglund, J. Sterte, E. P. Giannelis, Nanocomposites based on montmorillonite and unsaturated polyester [J]. Polym. Eng. Sci., 1998 38(8): 1351-1358.
[90] Ke Wang, Lei Wang, Jingshen Wu, Ling Chen, and Chaobin He. Preparation of Highly Exfoliated Epoxy/Clay Nanocomposites by "Slurry Compounding": Process and Mechanisms [J]. Langmuir, 2005, 21: 3613-3618.
[91] A. Usuki, Y. Kojima, M. Kawasumi, A. Okada, Y. Fukushima, T. Kurauchi, O. Kamigaito. Synthesis of nylon 6-clay hybrid [J]. J. Mater. Res., 1993, 8,1179.
[92] Y. Kojima, A. Usuki, M. Kawasumi, A. Okada, T. Kurauchi, O. Kamigaito. Synthesis of nylon 6-clay hybrid by montmorillonite intercalated with 3-caprolactam [J]. J. Polym. Sci.: Part A Polym. Chem., 1993, 31: 983.
[93] Yuan Hu, Shaofeng Wang, Zhihua Ling, Yonglong Zhuang, Zuyao Chen, Weicheng Fan, Preparation and Combustion Properties of Flame Retardant Nylon 6/Montmorillonite Nanocomposite [J]. Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, 2003, 288(3):272-276.
[94] Zhong-Zhen Yu, Guo-Hua Hu, Joel Varlet, Aravind Dasari, Yiu-Wing Mai. Water-assisted melt compounding of nylon-6/pristine montmorillonite nanocomposites [J]. Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, 2005,43(9): 1100-1112.
[95] Qinghong Kong, Yuan Hu, Lei Song, Yinling Wang, Zuyao Chen, Weicheng Fan. Influence of Fe-MMT on crosslinking and thermal degradation in silicone rubber/clay nanocomposites [J]. Polymers for Advanced Technologies, 2006, 17(6): 463-467.
[96] X. Kornmann, H. Lindberg and L. A. Berglund. Synthesis of epoxy - clay nanocomposites: influence of the nature of the clay on structure [J]. Polymer, 2001, 42: 1303-1310.
[97] Muh S. Wang, Thomas J. Pinnavaia. Clay-Polymer Nanocomposites Formed from Acidic Derivatives of Montmorillonite and an Epoxy Resin [J]. Chem. Mater., 1994, 6(4): 468-474.
[98] X. Kornmann, H. Lindberg and L. A. Berglund. Synthesis of epoxy - clay nanocomposites: influence of the nature of the clay on structure [J]. Polymer, 2001, 42 (4):1303-1310.
[99] Zhang Wei'an, Li Yu, Wei Luo and Fang Yue'e. In situ intercalative polymerization of poly (methyl methacrylate)/clay nanocomposites by Y -ray irradiation [J]. Materials Letters, 2003, 57(22-23): 3366-3370.
[100] K. Samba Sivudu, Saji Thomas and D. Shailaja. Synthesis and characterization of poly (4vp-co-dvb)/montmorillonite nanocomposites by in situ intercalative polymerization. Applied Clay Science, 2007, 37(1-2):185-192.
[101] Zhiqi Shen, George P. Simon and Yi-Bing Cheng. Comparison of solution intercalation and melt intercalation of polymer - clay nanocomposites [J]. Polymer, 2002, 43(15): 4251-4260.
[102] Behzad Pourabas, Vahid Raeesi. Preparation of ABS/montmorillonite nanocomposite using a solvent/non-solvent method [J]. Polymer, 2005,46: 5533 - 5540.
[103] M. Modesti, S. Besco, A. Lorenzetti, V. Causin, C. Marega, J.W. Gilman. ABS/clay nanocomposites obtained by a solution technique: Influence of clay organic modifiers [J]. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 2007, 92: 2206-2213.
[104] J. Xu, R.K.Y. Li, Y.Z. Meng and Y-.W. Mai. Biodegradable poly (propylene carbonate)/montmorillonite nanocomposites prepared by direct melt intercalation [J]. Materials Research Bulletin,2006,41 : 244-252.
[105] Wu Shishan, Jiang Dingjun, Ouyang Xiaodong, Wu Fen, Shen Jian. The structure and properties of PA6/MMT nanocomposites prepared by melt compounding [J]. Polymer Engineering and Science, 2004,44 (11): 2070-2074.
[106] Dean Shi, Wei Yu, Robert K.Y. Li, Zhuo Ke and Jinghua Yin. An investigation on the dispersion of montmorillonite (MMT) primary particles in PP matrix [J]. European Polymer Journal, 2007,43: 3250-3257.
[107 Lili Cui and D.R. Paul. Evaluation of amine functionalized polypropylenes as compatibilizers for polypropylene nanocomposites [J]. Polymer, 2007,48: 1632-1640.
[108] Yimin Wang, Junpeng Gao. Yunqian Ma. Study on mechanical properties, thermal stability and crystallization behavior of PET/MMT nanocomposites [J]. Composites Part B: Engineering, 2006, 37: 399-407.
[109] A. Stein, B. J. Melde, R. C. Schroden. Hybrid Inorganic-Organic Mesoporous Silicates Nanoscopic Reactors Coming of Age [J]. Adv. Mater., 2000, 12: 1403-1419.
[110] Stein A. Advances in Microporous and Mesoporous Solids Highlights of Recent Progress [J]. Adv.Mater., 2003, 15: 763 -775.
[110] C.P. Jaroniec, M. Kruk, M. Jaroniec, and A. Sayari. Tailoring Surface and Structural Properties of MCM-41 Silicas by Bonding Organosilanes [J]. J.Phys. Chem.B, 1998, 102:5503-5510.
[111] C. P. Jaroniec, M. Kruk, M. Jaroniec, and A. Sayari. Tailoring Surface and Structural Properties of MCM-41 Silicas by Bonding Organosilanes [J]. J.Phys. Chem.B, 1998, 102:5503-5510.
[112] Qihua Yang, Ying Li, Lei Zhang, Jie Yang, Jian Liu, and Can Li. Hydrothermal Stability and Catalytic Activity of Aluminum-Containing Mesoporous Ethane-Silicas [J]. J. Phys. Chem.B, 2004, 108: 7934 -7937.
[113] Brian J. Melde, Brian T. Holland, etc.. Mesoporous Sieves with Unified Hybrid Inorganic/Organic Frameworks [J]. Chem. Mater., 1999, 11: 3302-3308.
[114] Akat H. , etc.. Synthesis and characterization of polymer/clay nanocomposites by intercalated chain transfer agent [J]. European Polymer Journal. European Polymer Journal 2008, Volume 44, Issue 7, Pages 1949-1954.
[115] Akane Okada. Twenty Years of Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites [J]. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 2006, 291, 1449- 1476.