水热和溶胀预处理及铁催化剂对神华煤加氢液化的影响
|
摘要
我国煤炭资源丰富,一直是主要的能源和化工原料,煤炭直接液化是解决石油短缺、保障能源供应安全的有效途径之一。提高煤的液化反应活性、缓和液化条件和增加油收率已成为当今煤直接液化领域的研究热点。本文以神华煤为原料,利用间歇式高压反应器考察了离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([BMIM][BF4])、1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑三氟甲基磺酸盐([BMIM][TFO])和其他溶剂对神华煤的热处理、水热处理、溶胀处理对神华煤液化性能的影响,并对铁系催化剂和助催化剂S的作用进行了考察。
通过热重分析得出神华原煤最大失重速率在430℃左右,铁基催化剂明显促进了神华煤热解,使其总失重率由35%提高到60%,并且最大失重范围加宽。热处理时加入纳米Fe可以有效的减少煤中羟基形成的非共价键力,抑制循环油的热解缩合反应。
预处理结果表明,热处理和水热处理能在一定程度上改变煤分子间的交联作用,尤其是非共价键作用形式和强度；伴随脱挥发分和热解反应,煤分子间产生了新的非共价键和共价键交联,适当温度的水热处理提高了煤液化转化率,如250℃水处理煤液化转化率较原煤提高了2.2%。溶胀作用改变了煤的结构,使煤中大分子骨架的网络结构交联缔合度降低,结构变得疏松。溶胀增加了神华煤的热解活性,NMP溶胀处理后煤的液化转化率提高了10.8%。使用1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸([BMIM][BF4])对神华煤的预处理,可以有效改变煤的结构,提高神华煤热解活性,并且在低神华煤温液化的条件下,[BMIM][BF4]作为溶剂或催化剂的载体都可以生成更多的小分子液体产物。
铁基催化剂在煤液化过程中促进了氢在反应体系中的转移,有效地增加了油产率和煤液化转化率。当以氢气为液化反应气氛时,催化剂对氢转移的作用是促进气相氢到溶剂的转移和溶剂氢到煤上的转移；而助催化剂S更有利于氢从气相到液相的转移,增加了活性氢的供给,提高了煤的液化转化率,促进重质产物向油的转化。
At present it has been a main research issue to improve the liquefaction reactivity of coal to moderate the liquefaction conditions and increase the oil yield. In this paper, the experiments were carried out in an autoclave to investigate the effects of pretreatment by 1-Butyl-3-Methyl-Imidazolium Tetrafluoroborate ([BMIM][BF4]), 1-Butyll-3-Methyl-Imidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate([BMIM][TFO]) and some other solvents on direct liquefaction of Shenhua coal as well as the iron, sulfur role in the process of liquefaction.
TG/DTG curves show that Shenhua coal exhibits its maximum weight loss rate at about 430℃, and the existance of Fe catalyst increases the weight loss of SH coal pyrolysis from 35% to 60% and widen its major decomposition range. Addition of Fe in coal during the thermal treatment is benefit to break the hydrogen bond and other non-covalent bonds. Fe can also restrains regressive reaction occurs from oil.
Results of The thermal and hydrothermal pretreatments of Shenhua coal change the cross-linking structure of Shenhua coal, especially the strength and distribution of non-covalent bonds such as hydrogen bond. The conversion increased by 2% after thermal treatment at 250℃due to the formation of new non-covalent and covalent bond cross link in the process of thermal treatment under higher temperature, in which the devolatilization and the pyrolysis occur obviously. Solvent swollen coals have much lower pyrolysis activation energies than raw coal. The liquefaction conversion of NMP swollen coal enhanced 10.8%. [BMIM][BF4] can effectively promote the reactivity of coal by changing the coal structure after thermal and swelling treatment. Much more light liquid products can be obtained at less severe liquefaction condition when [BMIM][BF4] serves as solvent or catalyst.
The major role of the iron in coal liquefaction is promoting the formation of activated hydrogen and increasing the oil yield and coal conversion. The main sources of activated hydrogen include thermal and catalytic cracking of solvent and H2. The major transfer approach of activated hydrogen is from molecular hydrogen to solvent and then from solvent to coal. Sulfue has significantly positive effect on the liquefaction process. Addition of sulfur is helpful for converting heavy product to oil. Sulfur has also a favorable role in supplying more activated hydrogen from gas to liquid products.
通过热重分析得出神华原煤最大失重速率在430℃左右,铁基催化剂明显促进了神华煤热解,使其总失重率由35%提高到60%,并且最大失重范围加宽。热处理时加入纳米Fe可以有效的减少煤中羟基形成的非共价键力,抑制循环油的热解缩合反应。
预处理结果表明,热处理和水热处理能在一定程度上改变煤分子间的交联作用,尤其是非共价键作用形式和强度；伴随脱挥发分和热解反应,煤分子间产生了新的非共价键和共价键交联,适当温度的水热处理提高了煤液化转化率,如250℃水处理煤液化转化率较原煤提高了2.2%。溶胀作用改变了煤的结构,使煤中大分子骨架的网络结构交联缔合度降低,结构变得疏松。溶胀增加了神华煤的热解活性,NMP溶胀处理后煤的液化转化率提高了10.8%。使用1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸([BMIM][BF4])对神华煤的预处理,可以有效改变煤的结构,提高神华煤热解活性,并且在低神华煤温液化的条件下,[BMIM][BF4]作为溶剂或催化剂的载体都可以生成更多的小分子液体产物。
铁基催化剂在煤液化过程中促进了氢在反应体系中的转移,有效地增加了油产率和煤液化转化率。当以氢气为液化反应气氛时,催化剂对氢转移的作用是促进气相氢到溶剂的转移和溶剂氢到煤上的转移；而助催化剂S更有利于氢从气相到液相的转移,增加了活性氢的供给,提高了煤的液化转化率,促进重质产物向油的转化。
At present it has been a main research issue to improve the liquefaction reactivity of coal to moderate the liquefaction conditions and increase the oil yield. In this paper, the experiments were carried out in an autoclave to investigate the effects of pretreatment by 1-Butyl-3-Methyl-Imidazolium Tetrafluoroborate ([BMIM][BF4]), 1-Butyll-3-Methyl-Imidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate([BMIM][TFO]) and some other solvents on direct liquefaction of Shenhua coal as well as the iron, sulfur role in the process of liquefaction.
TG/DTG curves show that Shenhua coal exhibits its maximum weight loss rate at about 430℃, and the existance of Fe catalyst increases the weight loss of SH coal pyrolysis from 35% to 60% and widen its major decomposition range. Addition of Fe in coal during the thermal treatment is benefit to break the hydrogen bond and other non-covalent bonds. Fe can also restrains regressive reaction occurs from oil.
Results of The thermal and hydrothermal pretreatments of Shenhua coal change the cross-linking structure of Shenhua coal, especially the strength and distribution of non-covalent bonds such as hydrogen bond. The conversion increased by 2% after thermal treatment at 250℃due to the formation of new non-covalent and covalent bond cross link in the process of thermal treatment under higher temperature, in which the devolatilization and the pyrolysis occur obviously. Solvent swollen coals have much lower pyrolysis activation energies than raw coal. The liquefaction conversion of NMP swollen coal enhanced 10.8%. [BMIM][BF4] can effectively promote the reactivity of coal by changing the coal structure after thermal and swelling treatment. Much more light liquid products can be obtained at less severe liquefaction condition when [BMIM][BF4] serves as solvent or catalyst.
The major role of the iron in coal liquefaction is promoting the formation of activated hydrogen and increasing the oil yield and coal conversion. The main sources of activated hydrogen include thermal and catalytic cracking of solvent and H2. The major transfer approach of activated hydrogen is from molecular hydrogen to solvent and then from solvent to coal. Sulfue has significantly positive effect on the liquefaction process. Addition of sulfur is helpful for converting heavy product to oil. Sulfur has also a favorable role in supplying more activated hydrogen from gas to liquid products.
引文
[1]中华人民共和国国家统计局.中国统计年鉴[M].北京：中国统计出版社,2008.
[2]中华人民共和国国家统计局.2009年国民经济和社会发展统计公报[EB／OL].(2010,2,25,)[2010,4,25]http://www. stats. gov. cn/tjgb/ndtjgb/qgndtjgb/t20100225_402622945. htm
[3]中华人民共和国国家统计局国际数据裤[EB／OL](2010,2,20)[2010,4,15]http://www. stats. gov. cn/tjsj/qtsj/gjsj/
[4]魏贤勇,宗志敏,秦志宏,等.煤液化化学[M].北京：科学出版社,2002.
[5]吴春来,舒歌平.中国煤的直接液化研究[J].煤炭科学技术.1996,24(4)：12-16.
[6]范传宏.煤直接液化工艺技术及工程应用[J].石油炼制与化工.2003,34(7)：20-24.
[7]ITOH H, HIRAIDE M, AKIRA K, et al. Simulator for coal liquefaction based on the NEDOL Process[J]. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.2001,40:210-217.
[8]高晋生,张德祥编著.煤液化技术[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2005
[9]盛清涛,凌开成,杜普安.氢气在煤液化中的作用[J].煤化工.2003,6：29-32.
[10]张银元,赵景联.煤直接液化技术的研究与开发[J].山西煤炭.2001,21(2)：32-36.
[11]崔之栋,李嘉路.煤炭液化[M].大连：大连理工大学出版社,1992.
[12]吕永平,赵鸣.宁武煤和废塑料的共处理液化研究[J].煤炭加工综合利用.2001,4：33-35.
[13]FRANCIS J. D, WHITEHURST D. D. Study of coal conversion in polycondensed aromatic compounds [J]. Fuel,1981,60(8):655-662.
[14]HORST R., MICHAEL A. W. Effects of in-situ mineral matter and a nickel-molybdenum catalyst on hydrogenation of Liddell coal [J].Fuel,1980,59 (3):175-180.
[15]OUCHI K, MAKABE M. Hydrogen transfer in the hydrogenation of model compounds [J].Fuel,1988,67(11):1536-1541.
[16]LONNIE W. V. Free radical chemistry of coal liquefaction:role of molecular hydrogen [J].Fuel,1980,59(2):102-106.
[17]GODO M., SAITO M., ISHIHARA A, et al. Elucidation of coal liquefaction mechanisms using a tritium tracer method:hydrogen exchange reaction of solvents with tritiated molecular hydrogen in the presence and absence of H2S [J].Fuel.1998, 77(10):947-952
[18]ATSUSHI ISHIHARA, PUTU SUTRISNA, TORU MIURA, et al. Elucidation of Hydrogen Transfer between Coal and Tritiated Organic Solvent [J]. Energy & Fuels,2002,16: 1490-1498
[19]LI XIAN, HU SHUXUN, JIN LIJUN, et al. Role of Iron-Based Catalyst and Hydrogen Transfer in Direct Coal Liquefaction [J]. Energy & Fuels,2008,22:1126-1129.
[20]LI XIAN, HU HAOQUAN, ZHU SHENGWEI, et al. Kinetics of coal liquefaction during heating-up and isothermal stages [J].Fuel,2008,7:508-513
[21]ISHIHARA A., NISHIGORI D., SAITO M, et al. Elucidation of Hydrogen Mobility in Functional Groups of Coals Using Tritium Tracer Methods [J]. Energy & Fuels,2002, 16(3):32-39.
[22]LEVENT ARTOK, HAROLD H, SCHOBERT, et al. Effects of Water and Molecular Hydrogen on Heat Treatment of Turkish Low-Rank Coals [J]. Energy & Fuels,1998,12:1200-1211
[23]虞继舜主编.煤化学[M].北京：冶金工业出版社,2000
[24]魏贤勇,宗志敏,秦志宏,陈茺编著.煤液化化学[M].北京：科学出版社(2002版)
[25]陈茺,许学敏,高晋生.氢键在煤大分子溶胀行为中的作用[J].燃料化学报,1997,5(6)：524
[26]E H SIMSEK,A KARADUMAN, S CALISKAN, et al. The Effect of Preswelling and/or Pre-treatment of Some Turkish Coals on the Supercritical Fluid Extract Yield[J]. Fuel,2002,81(4):503-506
[27]WISER W.H. proceeding of EPRI Conference on "Coal Catalysis" [C]. Santa Monica, California, USA.1973,3.
[28]GIVEN P. H., MARZEC A., BARTON W. A. et al. The concept of a mobile or molecular phase within the macromolecular network of coals:A debate[J]. Fuel.1986,65 (2):155-163.
[29]P. B. HIRSCH. Recent Infra-Red and X-Ray Studies of Coal [J]. Nature.1955,175:229-233
[30]许志华,煤炭加工利用概论[M].北京：中国矿业大学出版社
[31]谢崇禹.煤液化用煤种的选择研究[J].当代化工.2007,36(2)：189-191.
[32]GRAFF R A, BRANDES S D. Modification of coal by subcritical steam:pyrolysis and extraction yields[J]. Energy&Fuels.1987,1(1):84-88
[33]BRANDES S D, GRAFF R A, GORBATY M L, et al. Modification of coal by subcritical steam:an examination of modified Illinois No.6 coal[J]. Energy&Fuels.1989,3(4): 494-498
[34]KOMEIZI A, LI CHUN ZHU. Liquefaction of Victorian brown coal. (15) effect of hydrothe rmal treatment of Victorian brown coal[J]. SEKITAN KAGAKU KAIGI HAPPY RONBUNSHU.1994,31:131-134(in Japanese).
[35]BIENKOWSKI P R, NARAYAN R, GREENKORN R A, et al. Enhanced coal liquefaction with steam pretreatment[J]. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.1987,26(2):202-205.
[36]KHAN M R, W CHEN and E SUUBERG. Influence of steam pretreatment on coal composition and devolatilization[J]. Energy&Fuels,1989,3(2):223-230
[37]IINO M, TAKANOHASHI T, LI C, et al. Increase in Extraction Yields of Coals by Water Treatment[J]. Ene gy&Fuels.2004,18(5):1414-1418r
[38]MAPSTONE J 0. Effect of Hydrothermal Pretreatment on Coal Structure and the Mild Gasification Process[J]. Energy&Fuels.1991,5(5):695-700
[39]ROSS D S, HIRSCHON A. The effects of hydrothermal treatment on Wyodak coal[J]. Prepr. Pap.-Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Fuel Chem.1990,35:2199
[40]SERIO M A, KROO E, SOLOMON P R, et al. Liquefaction of water pretreated coal [J]. Prepr. Pap.-Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Fuel Chem.1992,37(1):432
[41]SERIO M A, KROO E, CHAPENEY S, et al. Improved liquefaction of low rank coals by reduction of retrogressive reactions[J]. Prepr. Pap.-Am. Chem. Soc.,Div. Fuel Chem.1993,38(3):1021
[42]SHUI H, WANG Z, WANG G, et al. Effect of hydrothermal treatment on the extraction of coal in the CS2/NMP mixed solvent [J]. Fuel.2006,85(12-13):1798-1802
[43]白金峰,王勇,胡浩权,等.溶胀对扎赉诺尔褐煤热解及液化性能的研究[J].煤炭转化.2000,23(4)：50-54.
[44]ARTOK L, DAVIS A, MITCHELL G D, e. Swelling Pretreatment of Coals for Improved Catalytic Temperature-Staged Liquefaction[J]. Energy&Fuels. 1993,7(1):61-71
[45]BRANNAN C J, CURTIS C W, CRONAUED C R, et al. Interaction of swelling solvents and catalyst precursors in coal liquefaction systems[J].Fuel Proc. Technol.1997,51(5):63-81
[46]RINCON J M and CRUZ S. Influence of preswelling on liquefaction of coal[J]. Fuel.1988,67(8):1162-1163
[47]JOSEPH J T. Beneficial effects of preswelling on conversion and catalytic activity during coal liquefaction[J]. Fuel.1991,70(3):459-464
[48]ARTOK L DAVIS, A, G MITCHELL D, et al. Swelling pretreatment of coals for improved catalytic liquefaction[J]. Fuel.1992,71(9):981-991
[49]HU H, SHA G, CHEG N. Effect of solvent swelling on liquefaction of Xinglong coal at less severe conditions[J]. Fuel Processing Technology.2000.68(1):33-43
[50]MIURA K, MAE K, ASAOKA S, et al. A new coal flash pyrolysis method utilizing effective radical transfer from solvent to coal[J]. Energy&Fuels.1991,5(2):340-346
[51]胡浩权,钱晖,郭树才.溶胀预处理改善煤超临界萃取研究[J].燃料化学学报.199725(3)：223-226
[52]NISHIOKA.M. The associated molecular nature of bituminous coal[J]. Fuel.1992, 71 (8):941-948
[53]BERGIUS F, BILLIVILLER J. Germany Patent[P].1919:301,231.
[54]HIRSCHON A S, WILSON R B. Highly dispersed coal liquefaction catalysts [J]. Fuel, 1992,71(9):1025-1031.
[55]SHIMIZU K, KARAMATSU H, IWAMI Y, et al. Solubilization of lignite with superacid (trifluoromethanesulfonicacid)/isopentane at the mild conditions[J]. Fuel Process Technol.1995,45(2):85.
[56]PRADHAN VR, TIERNEY JW, WENDER I, et al. Finely Dispersed Iron, Iron-Molybdenum, and Sulfated Iron Oxides as Catalysts for Coprocessing Reactions[J]. Energy & Fuels.1991,5(5):712-720.
[57]PRADHAN VR, HERICK DE, TIERNEY JW, et al. Catalysis in Direct Coal Liquefaction by Sulfated Metal Oxides. Energy Fuels,1991,5(3):497-507
[58]Farcasiu M, Smith C. MODELING COAL-LIQUEFACTION.1. DECOMPOSITION OF 4-(1-NAPHYTYLMETHYL)BIBENZYL CATALYZED BY CARBON-BLACK[J]. Energy&Fuels 1991,5:83.
[59]Matthias W. Haenel,* Janchig Narangerel, et al. The first liquefaction of high-rank bituminous coals by preceding hydrogenation with homogeneous borane or iodine catalysts[J]. ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION,2006,45(7):1061-1066.
[60]ZHICAI WANG, HENGFU SHUI, ZHANG D, et al. A Comparison of FeS, FeS+S and solid superacid catalytic properties for coal hydro-liquefaction [J]. Fuel, 2007,86:835-842.
[61]申峻,王志忠.煤直接液化催化剂研究的新进展[J].煤炭转化.1999,22(1)：6-9.
[62]BORAH D, BARUA M, BARUAH M K. Dependence of pyrite concentration on kinetics and thermodynamics of coal pyrolysis in non-isothermal systems[J]. Fuel Process Technol.2005,86:977-993.
[63]BAI J. F., WANG Y., HU H. Q. et al. Pyrolysis kinetic of coal in-situ in pregnated with Fe2S3[J]. Fuel Chem. Technol.2001,29:39-43.
[64]王村彦,朱晓苏,吴春来.煤直接液化催化剂及其高分散化[J].煤炭转化.1998,21(2)：14-16.
[65]KABE T, SAITO M, QIAN W. et al. Elucidation of hydrogen mobility in coal using a tritium pulse tracer method. Hydrogen exchange reaction of coal with tritiated gaseous hydrogen[J]. Fuel.2000,79:311-316.
[66]ISHIHARA A, NISHIGORI D, SAITO M. et al. Elucidation of Hydrogen Mobility in Functional Groups of Coals Using Tritium Tracer Methods[J]. Energy Fuels.2002, 16:32-39.
[67]TANABE K, HATTORI H, YAMAGUCHI T, et al. Effect of SO42+ on catalytic activity of Fe2O3 for hydrocracking coal[J]. Fuel.1982,61 (4):389-390
[68]FRANCIS J. D, WHITEHURST D. D. Study of coal conversion in polycondensed aromatic compounds[J]. Fuel.1981,60 (8):655-662.
[69]HORST R, MICHAEL A. W. Effects of in-situ mineral matter and a nickel - molybdenum catalyst on hydrogenation of Liddell coal[J]. Fuel.1980,59 (3):175-180.
[70]RAFFAELE G. R, DONALD C. C, DOUGLAS M. J. et al. Structural aspects of sub-bituminous coal deduced from solvation studies.2. Hydrophenanthrene solvents[J]. Fuel.1977,56 (1):25-32.
[71]OUCHI K, MAKABE M. Hydrogen transfer in the hydrogenation of model compounds [J]. Fuel.1988,67 (11):1536-1541.
[72]LONNIE W. V. Free radical chemistry of coal liquefaction:role of molecular hydrogen[J]. Fuel.1980,59 (2):102-106.
[73]SIMON J. C., MARK H., JACKSON W. R. et al. Evidence for direct interaction of hydrogen with brown coal in tin-catalysed reactions[J]. Fuel.1982,61 (9) 831-833.
[74]WEI X. Y, OGATA E, ZONG Z. M. et al. Effect of hydrogen pressure, sulfur and FeS2 on diphenylmethane hydrocracking[J]. Energy & Fuels.1992,6:868-869.
[75]KOTANIGAWA T, YOKOYAMA S, AMAMOTO M Y, et al. Behaviour of the Fe-O-S-H system under coal liquefaction conditions[J]. Fuel.1987,66(10):1452-1453.
[76]RAMESH K. S, JOHN W. Z, DADY B. D. et al. A Kinetic Scheme for Catalytic Coliquefaction of Coal and Waste Tire[J]. Energy & Fuels.1998,12:589-597.
[77]TOSHIAHIK, OSAMU N. Studies on hydrogen transfer mechanisms in coal liquefaction by means of 3H and 14C Tracer techniques[J]. Fuel Pro. Tech.1986,14:91
[78]YVONNE TRAA, Is a renaissance of coal imminent?-challenges for catalysis[J]. Chem. Commun.,2010,46:2175-2187
[79]薛永兵,凌开成,邹纲明.煤直接液化中溶剂的作用和种类[J].煤炭转化.1999,22(4)：1-4.
[80]张代钧,鲜学福.煤大分子结构研究的进展[J].重庆大学学报.1993,16(2)：58-62.
[81]GUIN J, TARRER A, TAYLOR L. et al. Mechanisms of Coal Particle Dissolution[J]. Ind. Eng. Chem. Proc. Des. Dev.1976,15 (4):490-494.
[82]TOMIC J, SCHOBERT H, Coal conversion with selected model compounds under noncatalytic, low solvent:coal ratio conditions[J]. Energy&Fuels.1996,10: 709-717.
[83]RINCON J.M, CRUZ S. Influence of preswelling on liquefaction of coal[J]. Fuel. 1988,7(8):1162-1163.
[84]HU H. Q., SHA G. Y., GUO S. C. et al. The 6th Japan-China Symposium on Coal and C1 chemistry proceedings[C]. Japan,13-17 October,1998:176-179.
[85]WEI X. Y, OGATA E, ZONG Z. M., etal. Advanees in the study of hydrogen Transfer to model compounds for coal liquefaction[J]. Fuel Pro. Tech.2000,62:103-107
[86]ISHIHARA A, MORITA S, KABEB T. Elucidation of hydrogen transfer mechanisms in coal liquefaction using a tritium tracer method:Effects of solvents on hydrogen exchange reactions of coals with tritiated molecular hydrogen[J]. Fuel.1995,74 (1):63-70.
[87]BELGIN GOZMEN, LEVENT ARTOK, GAYE ERBATUR, et al. Direct Liquefaction of High-Sulfur Coals:Effects of the Catalyst, the Solvent, and the Mineral Matter [J]. Energy & Fuels,2002.16(5):1040-1047.
[88]曾蒲君,王承宪,煤基合成燃料工艺学[M].北京：中国矿业大学出版社,1993
[89]VERNON L W. Free radical chemistry of coal liquefaction:Role of molecular Hydrogen[J]. Fule,1980,59(2):80-86
[90]盛清涛,凌开成,杜普安.氢气在煤液化中的作用[J].煤化工.2003,6：29-32.
[91]HULSTON C K, REDLICH P J, JACKSON W R, et. al. Effect of added transition metals and two-stage heating on reactions of sodium-aluminate-treated coals in water with CO, H2 and CO-H2 mixtures[J]. Fuel.1997,76 (3):247-256.
[92]ARTANTO Y, JACKSON W. R, REDLICH P. J. et al. Liquefaction studies of some Indonesian low rank coals [J]. Fuel.2000,79:1333-1340.
[93]HERMANN WEINGRTNER. Understanding Ionic Liquids at the Molecular Level:Facts, Problems, and Controversies[J]. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2008,47:654-670
[94]MARCOS A. P. MARTINS,* CLARISSA P. FRIZZO, et al. Ionic Liquids in Heterocyclic Synthesis[J].Chem. Rev.2008,108:2015-2050
[95]John S. Wilkes. A short history of ionic liquids-from molten salts to neoteric Solvents [J]. Green Chemistry,2002,4:73-80
[96]DUPONT J. On the solid, liquid and solution structural organization of imidazolium ionic liquids[J].Braz. Chem. Soc.2004,15,341.
[97]SchrNder C., Rudas T., Steinhauser O., Simulation studies of ionic liquids: Orientational correlations and static dielectric properties [J]. Chem. Phys.2006, 125:244506.
[98]CROWHURST L., MAWDSLEY P. R., PEREZ-ARLANDIS J. M., et al. Solvent-solute interactions in ionic liquids[J]. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.2003,5:2790
[99]BLANCHARD L. A., HANCU D., BECKMANN E. J., et al. Green processing using ionic liquids and CO2[J]. Nature 1999,399,28.
[100]JOHAN JACQUEMIN, GEMES C, MARGARIDA F. et al. Solubility of carbon dioxide, ethane, methane, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, argon, and carbon monoxide in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate between temperatures 283 K and 343 K and at pressures close to atmospheric[J]. J. Chem. Thermodynamics.2006,38:490-502
[101]BERGER A., DE SOUZA R. F., DELGADO M. R., et al. Ionic liquid-phase asymmetric catalytic hydrogenation:hydrogen concentration effects on enantioselectivity[J]. Tetrahedron:Asymmetry 12 (2001) 1825-1828.
[102]YAN HUO, SHUQIAN XIA,MA P. Solubility of Alcohols and Aromatic Compounds in Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids[J]. J. Chem. Eng. Data.2008,53:2535-2539
[103]RAHMATI-ROSTAMI M, GHOTBI C, HOSSEINI M, et al. Solubility of H2S in Ionic Liquids [bmim][PF6], [bmim] [BF4], and [bmim] [Tf2N] [J]. J. Chem. Eng. Data.2009, 54:1844-1849
[104]GLEDISON S. FONSECA, ALEXANDRE P. UMPIERRE, et al. The Use of Imidazolium Ionic Liquids for the Formation and Stabilization of Ir0 and Rh0 Nanoparticles: Efficient Catalysts for the Hydrogenation of Arenes[J]. Chem. Eur. J.2003,9: 3263-3269
[105]Jairton Dupont, Gledison S. Fonseca, UMPIERRE AP, et al. Transition-Metal Nanoparticles in Imidazolium Ionic Liquids:Recycable Catalysts for Biphasic Hydrogenation Reactions[J].9 J. AM. CHEM. SOC.2002,124:4228-4229
[106]SUAREZ PAZ, DULLIUS JEL, EINLOFT S, et al. Two phase catalytiec hydrogenation of Olefins by Ru(Ⅱ)and Co(Ⅱ) complexes dissolved in 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazoliu m tetrafluoroborate ionic liquid[J].Inorg. Chim. Aeta,1997,255:207-209.
[107]SUAREZPA Z, DULLIUS JEL, EINLOFT S, et al. The Use of New Ionic Liquids in Two-Phase Catalytic Hydrogenation Reaetion by Rhodium Complexes [J]. Polyhedron,1996,15: 1217-1219.
[108]SILVEIRA E T, UMPIERRE A P, DUPONT J. The partial hydrogenation of benzene to Eyelohexene by nanoscale ruthenium catalysts in imidazolium ionic liquids[J]. Chem. Eur. J,2004,10:3734-3740.
[109]Muller L A, Dupont J, de Souza R F, et al. Two-Phase Catalytic NBR Hydrogenation by RuHCI(CO) (PCy3)2 Immoblized in 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Tetrafluoroborate MoltenSalt[J]. Maeromol Rapid Commun,1998,19:409-411.
[110]PAUL PAINTER, RUVEYDA CETINER, PULATI N, et al. Dispersion of Liquefaction Catalysts in Coal Using Ionic Liquids[J]. Energy Fuels 2010,24:3086-3092
[111]LARSEN JW, SHAWVER S. Solvent Swelling Studies of 2 Low-Rank Coals[J]. Energy Fuels,1990,4(1):74
[112]W DING., J LIANG. LL ANDERSON. Kinetics of thermal and catalytic coal liquefaction with plastic-derived liquids as solvent[J]. Ind Eng Chem Res.1997,36:1444-1452.
[113]李文华,霍卫东,舒歌平等.马家塔煤及其显微组分的加氢液化特征[J].燃料化学学报.2001,29:104-107.
[114]HUANG L., SCHOBERT H. H., Comparison of temperature conditions in direct liquefaction of selected low-rank coals[J]. Energy & Fuels,2005,19:200-207.
[115]J O MAPSTONE. Effect of Hydrothermal Pretreatment on Coal Structure and the Mild Gasification Process[J]. Energy&Fuels.1991,5(5):695-700
[116]SONG C, SCHOBERT H H, HATCHER P G. Temperature-programmed Liquefaction of a Low-rank Coal[J]. Energy&Fuels.1992,6(3):326-328
[117]KHAN M R, W CHEN AND SUUBERG E. Influence of steam pretreatment on coal composition and devolatilization[J]. Energy&Fuels,1989,3(2):223-230
[118]IINO M, TAKANOHASHI T, LI C, et al. Increase in Extraction Yields of Coals by Water Treatment[J]. Ene gy&Fuels.2004,18(5):1414-1418
[119]SIMSEK E H, KARADUMAN A, CALISKAN S, et al. The Effect of Preswelling and/or Pre-treatment of Some Turkish Coals on the Supercritical Fluid Extract Yield[J].Fuel,2002,81(4):503-506
[120]PINTO F, GULYURTLU I, LOBO L S, et al. Effect of Coal Pre-treatment with Swelling Solvents on Coal Liquefaction[J].Fuel.1999,78(6):629-634
[121]SEDDON K R. J. Ionic Liquids for Clean Technology [J]. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol, 1997,68(4):351-356
[122]DUPONT J, DE SOUZA RF, SUAREZ PAZ, Ionic liquid phase organometallic catalysis[J]. Chem Rev,2002,102:3667-369
[123]魏莉,蒋景阳,金子林.离子液体两相过渡金属催化碳碳双键加氢反应进展[J].分子催化,2005,6：19
[124]MUKHERJEE D K, SENGUPTA A N, CHOUDHURY D P, et al. Effect of hydrothermal treatment of caking propensity of coal[J]. Fuel.1996,75(4):477-482
[125]CAI MF, SMART RB. Comparison of Seven West Virginia Coals with Their N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone-Soluble Extracts and Residues [J]. Energy Fuels,1994, 8:369.
[126]CHEN C, GAO J, YAN Y. Observation of the type of hydrogen bonds in coal by FTIR[J]. Energy Fuels,1998,12:446.
[127]BIENKOWSKI PR, NARAYAN R, GREENKORN RA, et al. ENHANCED COAL-LIQUEFACTION WITH STEAM PRETREATMENT[J]. Ind Eng Chem Re,1987:26-202.
[128]IINO M, TAKANOHASHI T, KUMAGAI H, et al. Increase in extraction yields of coals by water treatment[J]. Energy Fuels,2004,18:1414.
[129]陈茺,高晋生,魏贤勇.溶剂抽提与煤的净化[J].煤炭转化,1995,18(2)：14-18
[130]胡树勋.神华煤直接液化催化剂及液化激励的研究[D].大连：大连理工大学化工学院,2007.
[2]中华人民共和国国家统计局.2009年国民经济和社会发展统计公报[EB／OL].(2010,2,25,)[2010,4,25]http://www. stats. gov. cn/tjgb/ndtjgb/qgndtjgb/t20100225_402622945. htm
[3]中华人民共和国国家统计局国际数据裤[EB／OL](2010,2,20)[2010,4,15]http://www. stats. gov. cn/tjsj/qtsj/gjsj/
[4]魏贤勇,宗志敏,秦志宏,等.煤液化化学[M].北京：科学出版社,2002.
[5]吴春来,舒歌平.中国煤的直接液化研究[J].煤炭科学技术.1996,24(4)：12-16.
[6]范传宏.煤直接液化工艺技术及工程应用[J].石油炼制与化工.2003,34(7)：20-24.
[7]ITOH H, HIRAIDE M, AKIRA K, et al. Simulator for coal liquefaction based on the NEDOL Process[J]. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.2001,40:210-217.
[8]高晋生,张德祥编著.煤液化技术[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2005
[9]盛清涛,凌开成,杜普安.氢气在煤液化中的作用[J].煤化工.2003,6：29-32.
[10]张银元,赵景联.煤直接液化技术的研究与开发[J].山西煤炭.2001,21(2)：32-36.
[11]崔之栋,李嘉路.煤炭液化[M].大连：大连理工大学出版社,1992.
[12]吕永平,赵鸣.宁武煤和废塑料的共处理液化研究[J].煤炭加工综合利用.2001,4：33-35.
[13]FRANCIS J. D, WHITEHURST D. D. Study of coal conversion in polycondensed aromatic compounds [J]. Fuel,1981,60(8):655-662.
[14]HORST R., MICHAEL A. W. Effects of in-situ mineral matter and a nickel-molybdenum catalyst on hydrogenation of Liddell coal [J].Fuel,1980,59 (3):175-180.
[15]OUCHI K, MAKABE M. Hydrogen transfer in the hydrogenation of model compounds [J].Fuel,1988,67(11):1536-1541.
[16]LONNIE W. V. Free radical chemistry of coal liquefaction:role of molecular hydrogen [J].Fuel,1980,59(2):102-106.
[17]GODO M., SAITO M., ISHIHARA A, et al. Elucidation of coal liquefaction mechanisms using a tritium tracer method:hydrogen exchange reaction of solvents with tritiated molecular hydrogen in the presence and absence of H2S [J].Fuel.1998, 77(10):947-952
[18]ATSUSHI ISHIHARA, PUTU SUTRISNA, TORU MIURA, et al. Elucidation of Hydrogen Transfer between Coal and Tritiated Organic Solvent [J]. Energy & Fuels,2002,16: 1490-1498
[19]LI XIAN, HU SHUXUN, JIN LIJUN, et al. Role of Iron-Based Catalyst and Hydrogen Transfer in Direct Coal Liquefaction [J]. Energy & Fuels,2008,22:1126-1129.
[20]LI XIAN, HU HAOQUAN, ZHU SHENGWEI, et al. Kinetics of coal liquefaction during heating-up and isothermal stages [J].Fuel,2008,7:508-513
[21]ISHIHARA A., NISHIGORI D., SAITO M, et al. Elucidation of Hydrogen Mobility in Functional Groups of Coals Using Tritium Tracer Methods [J]. Energy & Fuels,2002, 16(3):32-39.
[22]LEVENT ARTOK, HAROLD H, SCHOBERT, et al. Effects of Water and Molecular Hydrogen on Heat Treatment of Turkish Low-Rank Coals [J]. Energy & Fuels,1998,12:1200-1211
[23]虞继舜主编.煤化学[M].北京：冶金工业出版社,2000
[24]魏贤勇,宗志敏,秦志宏,陈茺编著.煤液化化学[M].北京：科学出版社(2002版)
[25]陈茺,许学敏,高晋生.氢键在煤大分子溶胀行为中的作用[J].燃料化学报,1997,5(6)：524
[26]E H SIMSEK,A KARADUMAN, S CALISKAN, et al. The Effect of Preswelling and/or Pre-treatment of Some Turkish Coals on the Supercritical Fluid Extract Yield[J]. Fuel,2002,81(4):503-506
[27]WISER W.H. proceeding of EPRI Conference on "Coal Catalysis" [C]. Santa Monica, California, USA.1973,3.
[28]GIVEN P. H., MARZEC A., BARTON W. A. et al. The concept of a mobile or molecular phase within the macromolecular network of coals:A debate[J]. Fuel.1986,65 (2):155-163.
[29]P. B. HIRSCH. Recent Infra-Red and X-Ray Studies of Coal [J]. Nature.1955,175:229-233
[30]许志华,煤炭加工利用概论[M].北京：中国矿业大学出版社
[31]谢崇禹.煤液化用煤种的选择研究[J].当代化工.2007,36(2)：189-191.
[32]GRAFF R A, BRANDES S D. Modification of coal by subcritical steam:pyrolysis and extraction yields[J]. Energy&Fuels.1987,1(1):84-88
[33]BRANDES S D, GRAFF R A, GORBATY M L, et al. Modification of coal by subcritical steam:an examination of modified Illinois No.6 coal[J]. Energy&Fuels.1989,3(4): 494-498
[34]KOMEIZI A, LI CHUN ZHU. Liquefaction of Victorian brown coal. (15) effect of hydrothe rmal treatment of Victorian brown coal[J]. SEKITAN KAGAKU KAIGI HAPPY RONBUNSHU.1994,31:131-134(in Japanese).
[35]BIENKOWSKI P R, NARAYAN R, GREENKORN R A, et al. Enhanced coal liquefaction with steam pretreatment[J]. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.1987,26(2):202-205.
[36]KHAN M R, W CHEN and E SUUBERG. Influence of steam pretreatment on coal composition and devolatilization[J]. Energy&Fuels,1989,3(2):223-230
[37]IINO M, TAKANOHASHI T, LI C, et al. Increase in Extraction Yields of Coals by Water Treatment[J]. Ene gy&Fuels.2004,18(5):1414-1418r
[38]MAPSTONE J 0. Effect of Hydrothermal Pretreatment on Coal Structure and the Mild Gasification Process[J]. Energy&Fuels.1991,5(5):695-700
[39]ROSS D S, HIRSCHON A. The effects of hydrothermal treatment on Wyodak coal[J]. Prepr. Pap.-Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Fuel Chem.1990,35:2199
[40]SERIO M A, KROO E, SOLOMON P R, et al. Liquefaction of water pretreated coal [J]. Prepr. Pap.-Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Fuel Chem.1992,37(1):432
[41]SERIO M A, KROO E, CHAPENEY S, et al. Improved liquefaction of low rank coals by reduction of retrogressive reactions[J]. Prepr. Pap.-Am. Chem. Soc.,Div. Fuel Chem.1993,38(3):1021
[42]SHUI H, WANG Z, WANG G, et al. Effect of hydrothermal treatment on the extraction of coal in the CS2/NMP mixed solvent [J]. Fuel.2006,85(12-13):1798-1802
[43]白金峰,王勇,胡浩权,等.溶胀对扎赉诺尔褐煤热解及液化性能的研究[J].煤炭转化.2000,23(4)：50-54.
[44]ARTOK L, DAVIS A, MITCHELL G D, e. Swelling Pretreatment of Coals for Improved Catalytic Temperature-Staged Liquefaction[J]. Energy&Fuels. 1993,7(1):61-71
[45]BRANNAN C J, CURTIS C W, CRONAUED C R, et al. Interaction of swelling solvents and catalyst precursors in coal liquefaction systems[J].Fuel Proc. Technol.1997,51(5):63-81
[46]RINCON J M and CRUZ S. Influence of preswelling on liquefaction of coal[J]. Fuel.1988,67(8):1162-1163
[47]JOSEPH J T. Beneficial effects of preswelling on conversion and catalytic activity during coal liquefaction[J]. Fuel.1991,70(3):459-464
[48]ARTOK L DAVIS, A, G MITCHELL D, et al. Swelling pretreatment of coals for improved catalytic liquefaction[J]. Fuel.1992,71(9):981-991
[49]HU H, SHA G, CHEG N. Effect of solvent swelling on liquefaction of Xinglong coal at less severe conditions[J]. Fuel Processing Technology.2000.68(1):33-43
[50]MIURA K, MAE K, ASAOKA S, et al. A new coal flash pyrolysis method utilizing effective radical transfer from solvent to coal[J]. Energy&Fuels.1991,5(2):340-346
[51]胡浩权,钱晖,郭树才.溶胀预处理改善煤超临界萃取研究[J].燃料化学学报.199725(3)：223-226
[52]NISHIOKA.M. The associated molecular nature of bituminous coal[J]. Fuel.1992, 71 (8):941-948
[53]BERGIUS F, BILLIVILLER J. Germany Patent[P].1919:301,231.
[54]HIRSCHON A S, WILSON R B. Highly dispersed coal liquefaction catalysts [J]. Fuel, 1992,71(9):1025-1031.
[55]SHIMIZU K, KARAMATSU H, IWAMI Y, et al. Solubilization of lignite with superacid (trifluoromethanesulfonicacid)/isopentane at the mild conditions[J]. Fuel Process Technol.1995,45(2):85.
[56]PRADHAN VR, TIERNEY JW, WENDER I, et al. Finely Dispersed Iron, Iron-Molybdenum, and Sulfated Iron Oxides as Catalysts for Coprocessing Reactions[J]. Energy & Fuels.1991,5(5):712-720.
[57]PRADHAN VR, HERICK DE, TIERNEY JW, et al. Catalysis in Direct Coal Liquefaction by Sulfated Metal Oxides. Energy Fuels,1991,5(3):497-507
[58]Farcasiu M, Smith C. MODELING COAL-LIQUEFACTION.1. DECOMPOSITION OF 4-(1-NAPHYTYLMETHYL)BIBENZYL CATALYZED BY CARBON-BLACK[J]. Energy&Fuels 1991,5:83.
[59]Matthias W. Haenel,* Janchig Narangerel, et al. The first liquefaction of high-rank bituminous coals by preceding hydrogenation with homogeneous borane or iodine catalysts[J]. ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION,2006,45(7):1061-1066.
[60]ZHICAI WANG, HENGFU SHUI, ZHANG D, et al. A Comparison of FeS, FeS+S and solid superacid catalytic properties for coal hydro-liquefaction [J]. Fuel, 2007,86:835-842.
[61]申峻,王志忠.煤直接液化催化剂研究的新进展[J].煤炭转化.1999,22(1)：6-9.
[62]BORAH D, BARUA M, BARUAH M K. Dependence of pyrite concentration on kinetics and thermodynamics of coal pyrolysis in non-isothermal systems[J]. Fuel Process Technol.2005,86:977-993.
[63]BAI J. F., WANG Y., HU H. Q. et al. Pyrolysis kinetic of coal in-situ in pregnated with Fe2S3[J]. Fuel Chem. Technol.2001,29:39-43.
[64]王村彦,朱晓苏,吴春来.煤直接液化催化剂及其高分散化[J].煤炭转化.1998,21(2)：14-16.
[65]KABE T, SAITO M, QIAN W. et al. Elucidation of hydrogen mobility in coal using a tritium pulse tracer method. Hydrogen exchange reaction of coal with tritiated gaseous hydrogen[J]. Fuel.2000,79:311-316.
[66]ISHIHARA A, NISHIGORI D, SAITO M. et al. Elucidation of Hydrogen Mobility in Functional Groups of Coals Using Tritium Tracer Methods[J]. Energy Fuels.2002, 16:32-39.
[67]TANABE K, HATTORI H, YAMAGUCHI T, et al. Effect of SO42+ on catalytic activity of Fe2O3 for hydrocracking coal[J]. Fuel.1982,61 (4):389-390
[68]FRANCIS J. D, WHITEHURST D. D. Study of coal conversion in polycondensed aromatic compounds[J]. Fuel.1981,60 (8):655-662.
[69]HORST R, MICHAEL A. W. Effects of in-situ mineral matter and a nickel - molybdenum catalyst on hydrogenation of Liddell coal[J]. Fuel.1980,59 (3):175-180.
[70]RAFFAELE G. R, DONALD C. C, DOUGLAS M. J. et al. Structural aspects of sub-bituminous coal deduced from solvation studies.2. Hydrophenanthrene solvents[J]. Fuel.1977,56 (1):25-32.
[71]OUCHI K, MAKABE M. Hydrogen transfer in the hydrogenation of model compounds [J]. Fuel.1988,67 (11):1536-1541.
[72]LONNIE W. V. Free radical chemistry of coal liquefaction:role of molecular hydrogen[J]. Fuel.1980,59 (2):102-106.
[73]SIMON J. C., MARK H., JACKSON W. R. et al. Evidence for direct interaction of hydrogen with brown coal in tin-catalysed reactions[J]. Fuel.1982,61 (9) 831-833.
[74]WEI X. Y, OGATA E, ZONG Z. M. et al. Effect of hydrogen pressure, sulfur and FeS2 on diphenylmethane hydrocracking[J]. Energy & Fuels.1992,6:868-869.
[75]KOTANIGAWA T, YOKOYAMA S, AMAMOTO M Y, et al. Behaviour of the Fe-O-S-H system under coal liquefaction conditions[J]. Fuel.1987,66(10):1452-1453.
[76]RAMESH K. S, JOHN W. Z, DADY B. D. et al. A Kinetic Scheme for Catalytic Coliquefaction of Coal and Waste Tire[J]. Energy & Fuels.1998,12:589-597.
[77]TOSHIAHIK, OSAMU N. Studies on hydrogen transfer mechanisms in coal liquefaction by means of 3H and 14C Tracer techniques[J]. Fuel Pro. Tech.1986,14:91
[78]YVONNE TRAA, Is a renaissance of coal imminent?-challenges for catalysis[J]. Chem. Commun.,2010,46:2175-2187
[79]薛永兵,凌开成,邹纲明.煤直接液化中溶剂的作用和种类[J].煤炭转化.1999,22(4)：1-4.
[80]张代钧,鲜学福.煤大分子结构研究的进展[J].重庆大学学报.1993,16(2)：58-62.
[81]GUIN J, TARRER A, TAYLOR L. et al. Mechanisms of Coal Particle Dissolution[J]. Ind. Eng. Chem. Proc. Des. Dev.1976,15 (4):490-494.
[82]TOMIC J, SCHOBERT H, Coal conversion with selected model compounds under noncatalytic, low solvent:coal ratio conditions[J]. Energy&Fuels.1996,10: 709-717.
[83]RINCON J.M, CRUZ S. Influence of preswelling on liquefaction of coal[J]. Fuel. 1988,7(8):1162-1163.
[84]HU H. Q., SHA G. Y., GUO S. C. et al. The 6th Japan-China Symposium on Coal and C1 chemistry proceedings[C]. Japan,13-17 October,1998:176-179.
[85]WEI X. Y, OGATA E, ZONG Z. M., etal. Advanees in the study of hydrogen Transfer to model compounds for coal liquefaction[J]. Fuel Pro. Tech.2000,62:103-107
[86]ISHIHARA A, MORITA S, KABEB T. Elucidation of hydrogen transfer mechanisms in coal liquefaction using a tritium tracer method:Effects of solvents on hydrogen exchange reactions of coals with tritiated molecular hydrogen[J]. Fuel.1995,74 (1):63-70.
[87]BELGIN GOZMEN, LEVENT ARTOK, GAYE ERBATUR, et al. Direct Liquefaction of High-Sulfur Coals:Effects of the Catalyst, the Solvent, and the Mineral Matter [J]. Energy & Fuels,2002.16(5):1040-1047.
[88]曾蒲君,王承宪,煤基合成燃料工艺学[M].北京：中国矿业大学出版社,1993
[89]VERNON L W. Free radical chemistry of coal liquefaction:Role of molecular Hydrogen[J]. Fule,1980,59(2):80-86
[90]盛清涛,凌开成,杜普安.氢气在煤液化中的作用[J].煤化工.2003,6：29-32.
[91]HULSTON C K, REDLICH P J, JACKSON W R, et. al. Effect of added transition metals and two-stage heating on reactions of sodium-aluminate-treated coals in water with CO, H2 and CO-H2 mixtures[J]. Fuel.1997,76 (3):247-256.
[92]ARTANTO Y, JACKSON W. R, REDLICH P. J. et al. Liquefaction studies of some Indonesian low rank coals [J]. Fuel.2000,79:1333-1340.
[93]HERMANN WEINGRTNER. Understanding Ionic Liquids at the Molecular Level:Facts, Problems, and Controversies[J]. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2008,47:654-670
[94]MARCOS A. P. MARTINS,* CLARISSA P. FRIZZO, et al. Ionic Liquids in Heterocyclic Synthesis[J].Chem. Rev.2008,108:2015-2050
[95]John S. Wilkes. A short history of ionic liquids-from molten salts to neoteric Solvents [J]. Green Chemistry,2002,4:73-80
[96]DUPONT J. On the solid, liquid and solution structural organization of imidazolium ionic liquids[J].Braz. Chem. Soc.2004,15,341.
[97]SchrNder C., Rudas T., Steinhauser O., Simulation studies of ionic liquids: Orientational correlations and static dielectric properties [J]. Chem. Phys.2006, 125:244506.
[98]CROWHURST L., MAWDSLEY P. R., PEREZ-ARLANDIS J. M., et al. Solvent-solute interactions in ionic liquids[J]. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.2003,5:2790
[99]BLANCHARD L. A., HANCU D., BECKMANN E. J., et al. Green processing using ionic liquids and CO2[J]. Nature 1999,399,28.
[100]JOHAN JACQUEMIN, GEMES C, MARGARIDA F. et al. Solubility of carbon dioxide, ethane, methane, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, argon, and carbon monoxide in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate between temperatures 283 K and 343 K and at pressures close to atmospheric[J]. J. Chem. Thermodynamics.2006,38:490-502
[101]BERGER A., DE SOUZA R. F., DELGADO M. R., et al. Ionic liquid-phase asymmetric catalytic hydrogenation:hydrogen concentration effects on enantioselectivity[J]. Tetrahedron:Asymmetry 12 (2001) 1825-1828.
[102]YAN HUO, SHUQIAN XIA,MA P. Solubility of Alcohols and Aromatic Compounds in Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids[J]. J. Chem. Eng. Data.2008,53:2535-2539
[103]RAHMATI-ROSTAMI M, GHOTBI C, HOSSEINI M, et al. Solubility of H2S in Ionic Liquids [bmim][PF6], [bmim] [BF4], and [bmim] [Tf2N] [J]. J. Chem. Eng. Data.2009, 54:1844-1849
[104]GLEDISON S. FONSECA, ALEXANDRE P. UMPIERRE, et al. The Use of Imidazolium Ionic Liquids for the Formation and Stabilization of Ir0 and Rh0 Nanoparticles: Efficient Catalysts for the Hydrogenation of Arenes[J]. Chem. Eur. J.2003,9: 3263-3269
[105]Jairton Dupont, Gledison S. Fonseca, UMPIERRE AP, et al. Transition-Metal Nanoparticles in Imidazolium Ionic Liquids:Recycable Catalysts for Biphasic Hydrogenation Reactions[J].9 J. AM. CHEM. SOC.2002,124:4228-4229
[106]SUAREZ PAZ, DULLIUS JEL, EINLOFT S, et al. Two phase catalytiec hydrogenation of Olefins by Ru(Ⅱ)and Co(Ⅱ) complexes dissolved in 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazoliu m tetrafluoroborate ionic liquid[J].Inorg. Chim. Aeta,1997,255:207-209.
[107]SUAREZPA Z, DULLIUS JEL, EINLOFT S, et al. The Use of New Ionic Liquids in Two-Phase Catalytic Hydrogenation Reaetion by Rhodium Complexes [J]. Polyhedron,1996,15: 1217-1219.
[108]SILVEIRA E T, UMPIERRE A P, DUPONT J. The partial hydrogenation of benzene to Eyelohexene by nanoscale ruthenium catalysts in imidazolium ionic liquids[J]. Chem. Eur. J,2004,10:3734-3740.
[109]Muller L A, Dupont J, de Souza R F, et al. Two-Phase Catalytic NBR Hydrogenation by RuHCI(CO) (PCy3)2 Immoblized in 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Tetrafluoroborate MoltenSalt[J]. Maeromol Rapid Commun,1998,19:409-411.
[110]PAUL PAINTER, RUVEYDA CETINER, PULATI N, et al. Dispersion of Liquefaction Catalysts in Coal Using Ionic Liquids[J]. Energy Fuels 2010,24:3086-3092
[111]LARSEN JW, SHAWVER S. Solvent Swelling Studies of 2 Low-Rank Coals[J]. Energy Fuels,1990,4(1):74
[112]W DING., J LIANG. LL ANDERSON. Kinetics of thermal and catalytic coal liquefaction with plastic-derived liquids as solvent[J]. Ind Eng Chem Res.1997,36:1444-1452.
[113]李文华,霍卫东,舒歌平等.马家塔煤及其显微组分的加氢液化特征[J].燃料化学学报.2001,29:104-107.
[114]HUANG L., SCHOBERT H. H., Comparison of temperature conditions in direct liquefaction of selected low-rank coals[J]. Energy & Fuels,2005,19:200-207.
[115]J O MAPSTONE. Effect of Hydrothermal Pretreatment on Coal Structure and the Mild Gasification Process[J]. Energy&Fuels.1991,5(5):695-700
[116]SONG C, SCHOBERT H H, HATCHER P G. Temperature-programmed Liquefaction of a Low-rank Coal[J]. Energy&Fuels.1992,6(3):326-328
[117]KHAN M R, W CHEN AND SUUBERG E. Influence of steam pretreatment on coal composition and devolatilization[J]. Energy&Fuels,1989,3(2):223-230
[118]IINO M, TAKANOHASHI T, LI C, et al. Increase in Extraction Yields of Coals by Water Treatment[J]. Ene gy&Fuels.2004,18(5):1414-1418
[119]SIMSEK E H, KARADUMAN A, CALISKAN S, et al. The Effect of Preswelling and/or Pre-treatment of Some Turkish Coals on the Supercritical Fluid Extract Yield[J].Fuel,2002,81(4):503-506
[120]PINTO F, GULYURTLU I, LOBO L S, et al. Effect of Coal Pre-treatment with Swelling Solvents on Coal Liquefaction[J].Fuel.1999,78(6):629-634
[121]SEDDON K R. J. Ionic Liquids for Clean Technology [J]. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol, 1997,68(4):351-356
[122]DUPONT J, DE SOUZA RF, SUAREZ PAZ, Ionic liquid phase organometallic catalysis[J]. Chem Rev,2002,102:3667-369
[123]魏莉,蒋景阳,金子林.离子液体两相过渡金属催化碳碳双键加氢反应进展[J].分子催化,2005,6：19
[124]MUKHERJEE D K, SENGUPTA A N, CHOUDHURY D P, et al. Effect of hydrothermal treatment of caking propensity of coal[J]. Fuel.1996,75(4):477-482
[125]CAI MF, SMART RB. Comparison of Seven West Virginia Coals with Their N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone-Soluble Extracts and Residues [J]. Energy Fuels,1994, 8:369.
[126]CHEN C, GAO J, YAN Y. Observation of the type of hydrogen bonds in coal by FTIR[J]. Energy Fuels,1998,12:446.
[127]BIENKOWSKI PR, NARAYAN R, GREENKORN RA, et al. ENHANCED COAL-LIQUEFACTION WITH STEAM PRETREATMENT[J]. Ind Eng Chem Re,1987:26-202.
[128]IINO M, TAKANOHASHI T, KUMAGAI H, et al. Increase in extraction yields of coals by water treatment[J]. Energy Fuels,2004,18:1414.
[129]陈茺,高晋生,魏贤勇.溶剂抽提与煤的净化[J].煤炭转化,1995,18(2)：14-18
[130]胡树勋.神华煤直接液化催化剂及液化激励的研究[D].大连：大连理工大学化工学院,2007.