关中东部合阳地区土壤微形态对退耕还林的响应研究
|
摘要
本文通过研究合阳地区退耕前后两种土壤的微形态特征,试图探明土地利用方式变化后土壤微形态的变化规律,较科学地解读土壤微形态对土地利用变化的响应规律及指示意义,为土地退耕还林研究提供一些有价值的依据。本文在关中东部合阳地区选择退耕前典型农业耕作土壤(BMC_1)和退耕后花椒林地土壤(BMC_2)为研究对象,在对其详细野外研究基础上,在Leica-DMRX偏光显微镜下对土壤薄片进行了观察和描述,应用ACT-1系统采集了典型的土壤微形态数字图像,用SISC IAS V8.0图象分析软件对土壤微形态单元(如粗颗粒面积、周长、长度、宽度、长宽比、圆度、等圆直径等)进行了定量测量和分析,用Origin,Excel等数据处理软件对实验数据进行了后期处理。同时,对土壤水分、pH值、磁化率、粒度、TOC、土壤元素等理化性质进行了测量。通过对实验数据的综合分析,初步获得下列认识:
(1)退耕还林对土壤质量有明显的影响。这主要表现在20cm以上的表层,退耕后土壤A1层的保水性能高于退耕前土壤的Ap1层,TOC、土壤粘粒含量也高于退耕前土壤;退耕后土壤常量元素Ba、MgO、Sr、CaO的平均含量低于退耕前,Fe_2O_3、SiO_2、Ti、Na_2O、Al_2O_3、K_2O的含量高于退耕前;退耕后土壤微量元素Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Zn低于退耕前,Co高于退耕前土壤。
(2)在合阳地区,从旱作农业耕作土壤转变为林地土壤后,经过一段时间(大于10年),土壤剖面会产生一定影响,时间越长这种分异越明显。当从耕地转变为花椒林地后,土壤剖面由Ap1-Ap2-BC-Bt-C构型转变为A1-A2-BC-Bt-C构型。
(3)退耕还林作用对土壤Bt和BC层的粗颗粒(＞10μm)形态影响微弱,但对土壤表层(退耕前土壤的Ap层,退耕后土壤的A层)的粗颗粒形态分布有显著影响。在Bt和BC层中,退耕前后土壤粗颗粒形态均呈次棱角状-次圆状,能反映颗粒形态特征的参数分布范围也基本一致。在表层中,退耕前后土壤的颗粒都呈次圆-次棱角状形态,但是反映粗颗粒形态特征的参数分布范围明显不同,尤其是在退耕后土壤的A1层中,颗粒的平均面积、平均周长、平均长度、平均等圆直径明显大于退耕前土壤Ap1层,而平均圆度、平均长宽比值小于退耕前土壤。退耕还林作用对土壤粗颗粒的矿物组合影响不明显,仍主要以石英和长石为主,但是矿物组合比例发生了变化。
(4)退耕前后土壤形成物种类一致,都以粘土矿物为主,方解石和无定形Fe含量次之。退耕前后土壤形成物含量在Bt、BC层差别微小,但在表层却有非常显著的区别。在Bt层中,退耕前后均出现大量残积粘土,呈团块状连续分布,大多被铁锰浸染呈红色或褐色;在BC层中,退耕前后均出现一定数量的残积粘土,淀积粘土较少见。在退耕前土壤Ap2层和退耕后土壤A2层中均出现大量铁染残积粘土,但退耕后土壤出现残积粘土数量较退耕前更多,并且在退耕后土壤的A1层中,有淀积粘土出现,在退耕前土壤Ap1层中却没有发现。
(5)退耕前后土壤孔隙发生了明显变化,尤其是表层,孔隙在形状和分布等方面差别显著。当从农耕地退耕为花椒林地后,孔隙壁光滑程度和连通性变强,孔隙形态变得更为规则,孔隙率由18%～23%增加为20%～32%。
(6)有机质的类型在退耕前后土壤中是一致的,均明显可见植物残体,动物排泄物。在Bt和BC层中,退耕前后的有机物数量相近,都较少。但在土壤表层中有机物的数量有明显差别,尤其是退耕后土壤的A1层中,生物活动强烈,有机质含量显著增加,多于退耕前土壤Ap1层的含量。
The paper studied the soil micromorphology characteristics on land restored to forest and cultivational land, researched the relation of soil micromorphology land restored to forest and cultivational land, accurate interpretation of micromorphology to restored land change instructions, provided vital scientific theory on combating ecological problems and improving soil ecological functions . So, this study is important and significance. This paper chooses representative restored to forest (BMC_2) cultivational land (BMC_1)in Baimei village Heyang county which are research objects. This paper observed and described coarse grains characteristics, minerals assemblage, voids characteristics, the pedofeature using the Leica—DMRX polarizing microscope. High resolution digital images about typical micromorphology are collected and spliced by ACT-1. We analyzed and measured soil micromorphological characteristics using SISC IAS V8.0, and those characteristics including the area, perimeter, length, width, elongation, roundness, eqdiameter, orientation of the coarse grains. Besides, the paper also analyzes physical and chemical properties, for example humidity, PH, TOC, particle size, bulk density, magnetic susceptibility, soil element etc. By analyzing data synthesized, conclusions got in the study are as follows:
Using SISC IAS V8.0 analyzes and measures soil micromorphological characteristics : including the area, perimeter, length, width, elongation, roundness, eqdiameter, orientation. of the coarse grains . Bisides, the paper analyzes physical and chemical properties : including moisture, pH, TOC, particle size, bulk density, magnetic susceptibility, soil elementetc. By analyzing datas synthetically, conclusions drawn in the study are as follows:
(1) It has significantly effects to soil physical and chemical properties by restoring land what is restored land in A_1 outstanding mostly, water,TOC, clay and Fe_2O_3, SiO_2, Ti, Na_2O, Al_2O_3, K_2O is significantly higher than cultivational land, Ba, MgO, Sr, CaO is lower than cultivational land; Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn of restored land is not higher than cultivational land, but Co is higher.
(2)The land profile layered is worked on certainly by restoring in Baimei village Heyang county.The profile formation of restoed land to forest have changed from Apl-Ap2-BC-Bt-C to Al-A2-BC-Bt-C.The study implied that activity of people have a little influence in this changing.
(3) Comparison between the profile BMC_2 and BMC_1, restoring has obvious effect to characteristics of coarse particles. The coarse particles characteristics of two profiles are very similar at the Bt Horizon like hypo-pointednessand hypo-roundness, and parameter of the soil micromorphological characteristics are mostly consistently. Both profiles are hypo-roundness and hypo-pointedness. But parameters of the soil micromorphological characteristics are different. Especially, the area, perimeter, length, width, eqdiameter, orientation of the restored coarse grains is samller than cultivational land,roundness and elongation is higher. Restoring has no obvious effect to minerals assemblage about coarse grains. The minerals assemblage is very similar at profile BMC_2 and BMC_1. It is mainly composed of Quartz and Plagioclase and is occasionally composed of Hornblende. However, Restoring has effects to different relative proportion about minerals.
(4) There are clay mineral, secondary-calcite and formless iron in the soil. There are a great . deal of residual clay at Bt Horizon,.they is agglomerate and continuous, and present red and brown by iron dip-dye; There is to a certainty amount residual clay, there is almost little illuvial clay at BC Horizon. There is more residual clay by iron dip-dye at A2 Horizon; illuvial clay appear at A1 Horizon in restore land to forest.
(5) There is obviously change about voids morphography between restored land to forest and cultivational land. Especially It has evidently contrast about morphology and quantity of voids morphography between the profile BMC_2 and BMC_1. From cultivational land to the restored land, the simpleness piling voids morphography has become complex piling voids morphography, The voids have more regular and more smooth void walls comparativelyat profile BMC2, voids rate is from 18%—23% to 20%-32%.
(6) This is the same about the types of the organic constituents in the two profiles, The most important thing is the residues of plants and worm cast except morphology and quantity. The quantity of organic constituents is close and less. The quantity of organic Al Horizon in the profile BMC_2 is more than Ap1 Horizon the profile BMC_1 and biology is active.
(1)退耕还林对土壤质量有明显的影响。这主要表现在20cm以上的表层,退耕后土壤A1层的保水性能高于退耕前土壤的Ap1层,TOC、土壤粘粒含量也高于退耕前土壤;退耕后土壤常量元素Ba、MgO、Sr、CaO的平均含量低于退耕前,Fe_2O_3、SiO_2、Ti、Na_2O、Al_2O_3、K_2O的含量高于退耕前;退耕后土壤微量元素Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Zn低于退耕前,Co高于退耕前土壤。
(2)在合阳地区,从旱作农业耕作土壤转变为林地土壤后,经过一段时间(大于10年),土壤剖面会产生一定影响,时间越长这种分异越明显。当从耕地转变为花椒林地后,土壤剖面由Ap1-Ap2-BC-Bt-C构型转变为A1-A2-BC-Bt-C构型。
(3)退耕还林作用对土壤Bt和BC层的粗颗粒(＞10μm)形态影响微弱,但对土壤表层(退耕前土壤的Ap层,退耕后土壤的A层)的粗颗粒形态分布有显著影响。在Bt和BC层中,退耕前后土壤粗颗粒形态均呈次棱角状-次圆状,能反映颗粒形态特征的参数分布范围也基本一致。在表层中,退耕前后土壤的颗粒都呈次圆-次棱角状形态,但是反映粗颗粒形态特征的参数分布范围明显不同,尤其是在退耕后土壤的A1层中,颗粒的平均面积、平均周长、平均长度、平均等圆直径明显大于退耕前土壤Ap1层,而平均圆度、平均长宽比值小于退耕前土壤。退耕还林作用对土壤粗颗粒的矿物组合影响不明显,仍主要以石英和长石为主,但是矿物组合比例发生了变化。
(4)退耕前后土壤形成物种类一致,都以粘土矿物为主,方解石和无定形Fe含量次之。退耕前后土壤形成物含量在Bt、BC层差别微小,但在表层却有非常显著的区别。在Bt层中,退耕前后均出现大量残积粘土,呈团块状连续分布,大多被铁锰浸染呈红色或褐色;在BC层中,退耕前后均出现一定数量的残积粘土,淀积粘土较少见。在退耕前土壤Ap2层和退耕后土壤A2层中均出现大量铁染残积粘土,但退耕后土壤出现残积粘土数量较退耕前更多,并且在退耕后土壤的A1层中,有淀积粘土出现,在退耕前土壤Ap1层中却没有发现。
(5)退耕前后土壤孔隙发生了明显变化,尤其是表层,孔隙在形状和分布等方面差别显著。当从农耕地退耕为花椒林地后,孔隙壁光滑程度和连通性变强,孔隙形态变得更为规则,孔隙率由18%～23%增加为20%～32%。
(6)有机质的类型在退耕前后土壤中是一致的,均明显可见植物残体,动物排泄物。在Bt和BC层中,退耕前后的有机物数量相近,都较少。但在土壤表层中有机物的数量有明显差别,尤其是退耕后土壤的A1层中,生物活动强烈,有机质含量显著增加,多于退耕前土壤Ap1层的含量。
The paper studied the soil micromorphology characteristics on land restored to forest and cultivational land, researched the relation of soil micromorphology land restored to forest and cultivational land, accurate interpretation of micromorphology to restored land change instructions, provided vital scientific theory on combating ecological problems and improving soil ecological functions . So, this study is important and significance. This paper chooses representative restored to forest (BMC_2) cultivational land (BMC_1)in Baimei village Heyang county which are research objects. This paper observed and described coarse grains characteristics, minerals assemblage, voids characteristics, the pedofeature using the Leica—DMRX polarizing microscope. High resolution digital images about typical micromorphology are collected and spliced by ACT-1. We analyzed and measured soil micromorphological characteristics using SISC IAS V8.0, and those characteristics including the area, perimeter, length, width, elongation, roundness, eqdiameter, orientation of the coarse grains. Besides, the paper also analyzes physical and chemical properties, for example humidity, PH, TOC, particle size, bulk density, magnetic susceptibility, soil element etc. By analyzing data synthesized, conclusions got in the study are as follows:
Using SISC IAS V8.0 analyzes and measures soil micromorphological characteristics : including the area, perimeter, length, width, elongation, roundness, eqdiameter, orientation. of the coarse grains . Bisides, the paper analyzes physical and chemical properties : including moisture, pH, TOC, particle size, bulk density, magnetic susceptibility, soil elementetc. By analyzing datas synthetically, conclusions drawn in the study are as follows:
(1) It has significantly effects to soil physical and chemical properties by restoring land what is restored land in A_1 outstanding mostly, water,TOC, clay and Fe_2O_3, SiO_2, Ti, Na_2O, Al_2O_3, K_2O is significantly higher than cultivational land, Ba, MgO, Sr, CaO is lower than cultivational land; Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn of restored land is not higher than cultivational land, but Co is higher.
(2)The land profile layered is worked on certainly by restoring in Baimei village Heyang county.The profile formation of restoed land to forest have changed from Apl-Ap2-BC-Bt-C to Al-A2-BC-Bt-C.The study implied that activity of people have a little influence in this changing.
(3) Comparison between the profile BMC_2 and BMC_1, restoring has obvious effect to characteristics of coarse particles. The coarse particles characteristics of two profiles are very similar at the Bt Horizon like hypo-pointednessand hypo-roundness, and parameter of the soil micromorphological characteristics are mostly consistently. Both profiles are hypo-roundness and hypo-pointedness. But parameters of the soil micromorphological characteristics are different. Especially, the area, perimeter, length, width, eqdiameter, orientation of the restored coarse grains is samller than cultivational land,roundness and elongation is higher. Restoring has no obvious effect to minerals assemblage about coarse grains. The minerals assemblage is very similar at profile BMC_2 and BMC_1. It is mainly composed of Quartz and Plagioclase and is occasionally composed of Hornblende. However, Restoring has effects to different relative proportion about minerals.
(4) There are clay mineral, secondary-calcite and formless iron in the soil. There are a great . deal of residual clay at Bt Horizon,.they is agglomerate and continuous, and present red and brown by iron dip-dye; There is to a certainty amount residual clay, there is almost little illuvial clay at BC Horizon. There is more residual clay by iron dip-dye at A2 Horizon; illuvial clay appear at A1 Horizon in restore land to forest.
(5) There is obviously change about voids morphography between restored land to forest and cultivational land. Especially It has evidently contrast about morphology and quantity of voids morphography between the profile BMC_2 and BMC_1. From cultivational land to the restored land, the simpleness piling voids morphography has become complex piling voids morphography, The voids have more regular and more smooth void walls comparativelyat profile BMC2, voids rate is from 18%—23% to 20%-32%.
(6) This is the same about the types of the organic constituents in the two profiles, The most important thing is the residues of plants and worm cast except morphology and quantity. The quantity of organic constituents is close and less. The quantity of organic Al Horizon in the profile BMC_2 is more than Ap1 Horizon the profile BMC_1 and biology is active.
引文
[1]黄瑞采.土壤微形态学[M].上北京:高等教育出版社,1990.
[2]曹升庚,土壤微形态学的历史、进展和将来[J].土壤专报,1989,43:1-12.
[3]廖晓勇,陈治谏,刘邵权等.三峡库区小流域土地利用方式对土壤肥力的影响[J].生态环境,2005,14(1):99-101.
[4]Edoardo A.C.,Costantini,Pellegrini S.,Vignozzi N.and Barbetti R.Micromorphological characterization and monitoring of internal drainage in soils of vineyards and olive groves in central Italy.Geoderma,2006,131(3-4):388-403.
[5]Grieve I.C.,Davidson D.A.and Patricia M.C.B.Effects of liming on void space and aggregation in an upland grassland soil.Geoderma,2005,125(1-2):39-48.
[6]Uson A,Poch R.M.,Effects of tillage and management practices on soil crust morphology under a Mediterranean environment.Soil & Tillage Research,2001,54(3-4):191-196.
[7]庞奖励,黄春长,张旭.白鹿原人工果树林地土壤和农耕地土壤微形态对比研究[J].土壤学报,2007,44(5):792-800.
[8]吴发启,鲁向平,贾志宽等.陕西山川秀美工程实话方略探讨[J].水土保持研究,2000,(1):6-10.
[9]任海,彭少麟编.恢复生态学导论[M].北京:科学出版社,2001.
[10]彭德福.试谈我国土地资源持续利用的对策[J].中国土地科学,1995,9(6):22-26.
[11]王黎明等.基于GRID的坡耕地退耕压力模型研究[J].地理研究,2001,20(4).
[12]王继军.黄土高原商品型生态农业研究[J].生态经济,1999(4).
[13]程国栋,张志强,李锐.西部地区生态环境建设的若干问题与政策建议[J].地理科学,2000,20(6):503-509.
[14]胡鞍钢,王亚年华.西部开发应坚持可持续发展战略[J].中国人口资源与环境,2001,11(2):58-63.
[15]刘伯霞.西部农业退耕还林和生态环境建设研究综述[J].甘肃社会科学,2001,(3):69-72.
[16]袁龙盘.赫章县退耕还林存在的问题与对策[J].中国水土保持,2001,(3):14-15.
[17]赵世华.如何使退耕还林发挥长期效益[J].宁夏科技,2000,(2)14(4).
[18]查小春,唐克丽.黄土丘陵区林区开垦地土壤退化研究[J].干旱区地理,2001,24(4):359-364.
[19]Kubiena.W.L.Micropedology.Collegiate Press,lowa.1938.
[20]Bullock.P,Fedoroff,N,Jongerius,Handbook for Soil Thin Section Description [M].Wolverhampton.UK.WAINE Research Publications.1985.
[21]曹升赓.土壤微形态学,中国农业大百科全书一土壤卷[M].北京农业出版社,1996:390-392.
[22]黄瑞采.土壤微形态学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1990.
[23]Brewer,R.Fabric and Mineral Analysis of Soils[M].New York.John Wiley & Sons.1964.
[24]Stoops,G.,Guidelines for Analysis and Description of Soil and Regolith Thin sections[M].Madison,Hardbound.Soil Science Society of America,2003.
[25]Miedema R.CJ.Chartresetal.Soil micromorphology:towords analytical and quantitive tool for assessing anthropogenic influences on soils.Transations of 15th word congress of soil science.Mexico.1994,342-349.
[26]Jongerius.A,Rutherford.G.K.Glossary of Soil MicromorpHology[M].Wageningen,the Netherlands.Centre of Publication and Documentation.1979.
[27]Kubiena,W.L著.李连捷译.曹升赓校.土壤地理的微形态特征[M].北京:科学出版社,1979.
[28]E.H.帕尔芬诺娃等著.曹升赓译.土壤微形态研究指南[M].北京:农业出版社,1987.
[29]Smart.P,Tovey N.K,Electron Microscopy of Soils and Sediments-Techniques[M].Oxford.Oxford Univ.Press.1982.
[30]Douglas,L.A.,Soil Micromorphology:A Basic and Applied Science[A].Amsterdam:Elsevier,1990.
[31]FitzPatrick,E.A.,Soil Microscopy and Micromorphology[A]:Chichester.John Wiley and Sons.1993:304.
[32]A.R.Mermut,H.Eswaran,Some Major Developments in Soil Science Since the mid-1960s[J].Geoderma,2001,100:403-426.
[33]王家澄,张学珍,王玉杰.扫描电子显微镜在冻土研究中的应用[J].冰川冻土,1996,18(2):184-188.
[34]白冰,周健.扫描电子显微镜测试技术在岩土工程中的应用与进展[J].显微学报,2001,20(2):154-159.
[35]谢萍若等.应用扫描电镜对几种土壤特征层的微形态观察[J].土壤学报,1980,17(2):182-185.
[36]Tovey K.A digital computer technique for orientation analysis of micrographs of soil fabric [J].Journal of Microscopy,1990,102:303-315.
[37]FitzPatrick,E.A.,Soil Microscopy and Micromorphology[A].Chichester.John Wiley and Sons.1993:304.
[38]Bazant.Microplane model for creep of anisotropic clay[J].Jr of Engrg Mech Div,ASCE,1985,101(1):57-78.
[39]Hallaire V.Description of microcrack orientation in a clayey soil using image analysis[J].Proceedings of International Agricultural Mechanization Conference,1994.549-557.
[40]Carole Ampe,Roger Langohr,MorpHological characterization of humus forms in recent coastal dune ecosystems in Belgium and northern France[J].Catena,2003,54:363-383.
[41]H.Khademia,A.R.Mermut,MicromorpHology and classification of Argids and associated gypsiferous Aridisols from central Iran[J],Catena,2003,54:439-455.
[42]Feijtel T C,Jongmans A J,VanBreeman N,et al.Geoderma,1988,43:249-269.
[43]Dorroson C.Geoderma,1994,61:237-250.
[44]Lima H.V.,Silva A.P.,Santos M.Cet al.Micromorphology and image analysis of a hardsetting Ultisol(Argissolo) in the state of Ceara(Brazil).Geoderma,2006,132(3-4):416-426
[45]Sveistrup T.E.,Haraldsen T.K.,Langohr R.,Marcelino V.and Kv(?)rner J.Impact of land use and seasonal freezing on morphological and physical properties of silty Norwegian soils.Soil and Tillage Research,2005,81(1):39-56.
[46]Nagarajarao Y,JAYASREE.Effect of different long-term soil management practices on strength and swell-shrink characteristics,voids and microstructure[A].In:Transactions of 15th World Congress of Soil Science[C].Mexico.1994.
[47]董广辉,夏正楷,刘德成.青海喇家遗址内外的土壤微形态初步分析[J].水土保持研究,2005,12(4):5-6.
[48]唐克丽.古土壤的类型及其微形态特征的鉴别[J].土壤通报,1981,4:22-26.
[49]庞奖励,黄春长,陈宝群.黄土高原南部全新世土壤微结构及形成机理研究[J].地理研究2002,21(4):487-494
[50]Pang Jiangli,Huang Chunchang,Zhang Zhanping Variation of pedogenic environment in the southern Loess Plateau,China during the Holoence:evidence from micromorphological investigation.《Eurasian Soil Science》,vol.36.No.2,2003,136-148.
[51]Pang Jiangli,Huang Chunchang.Mid-Holocene soil formation and the impact of dust input in the middle reaches of the Yellow River,Northern China.Soil Science,2006,171(7):552-653.
[52]刘安娜,庞奖励,黄春长.甘肃庄浪全新世黄土-古土壤序列元素分布特征及意义[J].地球化学,2006,35(4):453-458.
[53]申朝润,庞奖励,黄春长.泾河中游古耕作土壤的微形态特征研究[J].中国沙漠,2007,27(2):273-277.
[54]庞奖励,黄春长,刘安娜等.黄土高原南部全新世黄土-古土壤序列若干元素分布特征及意义[J].第四纪研究,2007,27(3):357-364.
[55]Pang Jiangli,Qiu Haiyan,Huang Chunchang.Comparison Micromorphological Features of Two Agriculture Cultivated Soils in Guanzhong Areas,Shaanxi Province.Agricultural Sciences in China,2007,6(9):1089-1098.
[56]庞奖励,黄春长,查小春等.关中地区“填土”诊断层的形成过程及意义探讨[J].中国农业科学,2008,41(4):1064-1072.
[57]唐克丽.大寨海绵土微形态特征[J].土壤学报,1978,15:166-169.
[58]曹升庚.我国红壤的微形态特征[J].土壤专报,1986,40:1-28.
[59]何毓蓉,黄成敏,周红艺.成都平原水耕人为土诊断层的微形态特征与土壤基层分类[J].山地学报,2002,20(2):157-163.
[60]赵其国.我国富铝化土壤发生特性的初步研究[J].土壤学报,1983,20(4):334-345.
[61]仇荣亮.不同生态条件下海涂土壤的微形态特征[J].热带亚热带土壤科学,1994,3(2):105-109.
[62]黄成敏,龚子同.土壤发生和发育过程定量研究进展[J].土壤,2000,3:145-151.
[63]闫立梅、王丽华.不同龄温室土壤微形态结构与特征的研究[J].山东农业科学,2004,(3):60-61.
[64]谢萍若,左敬兰,国际翔.我国辽西几种褐土的微形态研究[J1].土壤学报.1985, 22(2):177-181.
[65]李德成,B.Velde.利用土壤切片及数字图象研究低丘缓坡不同部位土壤的孔隙结构特征[J].土壤通报.2002,33(1):6-8.
[66]李德成,B.Velde.免耕制度下耕作土壤结构演化的数字图像分析[J].土壤学报.2002,39(2):214-220.
[67]何毓蓉,黄成敏,徐建忠.湘赣浙滇川紫色土微形态比较研究[J].山地研究.1996,14(增):9-13.
[68]高子勤.东北几种耕作土壤的微形态研究[J].土壤学报.1982,19(1):85-91.
[69]陈恩凤,周礼恺,武冠云.微团聚体的保肥供肥性能及其组成比例在评断土壤肥力水平中的意义[J].土壤学报.1994,31(1):18-25.
[70]姚贤良,于德芬.关于集约农作制下的土壤结构问题-不同培育条件下土壤结构的微形态特征[J].土壤学报.1988,25(1):55-58.
[71]何毓蓉.紫色土的微形态特征[A].中国科学院成都分院土壤研究室.中国紫色土(上)[M].北京:科学出版社.1991:141-159.
[72]陕西师大地理系编写组.陕西省渭南地区地理志[M].陕西人民出版社,1990,1:60-163.
[73]徐福利,王渭玲,李立科.论陕西渭北旱地农业可持续发展.干旱地区农业研究,1998,16(2):95-100.
[74]朱显谟主编.黄土高原土壤与农业[M].中国农业出版社.1989:198,219,251,318-332.
[75]曹升庚,金光.土壤和非固结物质薄片的系统制备方法.中国科学院南京土壤研究所.土壤专报(第43号)[C].北京:科学出版社,1989:83-90.
[76]曹升赓译.土壤微形态研究指南[M].北京:农业出版社,1987:1-5.
[77]庞奖励,黄春长,张占平.周原全新世复合古土壤和成壤环境的微形态学研究[J].土壤学报,2003,1:22-28.
[78]王改兰,段建南,贾宁凤等.长期施肥对黄土丘陵区土壤理化性质的影响[J].水土保持学报,2006,20(4):82-87.
[79]于君宝,王金达,刘景双等.典型黑土pH值变化对微量元素有效态含量的影响研究[J].水土保持学报,2002,16(2):93-96.
[80]张振国,黄建成,焦菊英等.黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕地植物群落土壤抗蚀性能研究.水土保持研究.2007,14(4).
[81]邱莉萍,张兴昌.子午岭不同土地利用方式对土壤性质的影响[J].自然资源学报21(6):965-973.
[82]许文强,罗格平,陈曦,肖鲁湘.干旱区绿洲不同土地利用方式和强度对土壤粒度分布的影响[J]干旱区地理,2005,25(6):800-804.
[83]唐炎林,邓晓保,李玉武等.西双版纳不同林分土壤机械组成及其肥力比较[J].中南林业科技大学学报(自然科学版),2007,27(1):70-76.
[84]郑顺安,常庆瑞,齐雁冰.黄土高原不同林龄土壤质地和矿质元素差异研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2006,24(6):94-97.
[85]同延安,高宗,刘杏兰等.有机肥及化肥对填土中微量元素平衡的影响[J].土壤学报,1995,32(3):315-321.
[86]张希彪,上官周平.人为干扰对黄土高原子午岭油松人工林土壤物理性质的影响[J].生态学报,2006,26(11):3685-3696.
[87]孔祥斌,张凤荣,齐伟等.集约化农区土地利用变化对土壤养分的影响-以河北省曲周县为例[J].地理学报,2003,58(3):333-342.
[88]沙丽清,邱学忠,甘建民等.云南保山西庄山地流域土地利用方式与土壤肥力关系研究[J].生态学杂志,2003,(4):9-11.
[89]刘梦云,安韶山,常庆瑞等.不同土地利用方式下土壤化学性质特征研究[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2005,33(1):39-43.
[90]贾琳,王国平,刘景双.长白山圆池泥炭常量和微量元素分布特征及其环境意义[J].山地学报.2006,24(6):662-666.
[91]傅伯杰,陈利顶,马克明.黄土丘陵区小流域土地利用变化对生态环境的影响[J].地理学报,1999,54(3):241-246.
[2]曹升庚,土壤微形态学的历史、进展和将来[J].土壤专报,1989,43:1-12.
[3]廖晓勇,陈治谏,刘邵权等.三峡库区小流域土地利用方式对土壤肥力的影响[J].生态环境,2005,14(1):99-101.
[4]Edoardo A.C.,Costantini,Pellegrini S.,Vignozzi N.and Barbetti R.Micromorphological characterization and monitoring of internal drainage in soils of vineyards and olive groves in central Italy.Geoderma,2006,131(3-4):388-403.
[5]Grieve I.C.,Davidson D.A.and Patricia M.C.B.Effects of liming on void space and aggregation in an upland grassland soil.Geoderma,2005,125(1-2):39-48.
[6]Uson A,Poch R.M.,Effects of tillage and management practices on soil crust morphology under a Mediterranean environment.Soil & Tillage Research,2001,54(3-4):191-196.
[7]庞奖励,黄春长,张旭.白鹿原人工果树林地土壤和农耕地土壤微形态对比研究[J].土壤学报,2007,44(5):792-800.
[8]吴发启,鲁向平,贾志宽等.陕西山川秀美工程实话方略探讨[J].水土保持研究,2000,(1):6-10.
[9]任海,彭少麟编.恢复生态学导论[M].北京:科学出版社,2001.
[10]彭德福.试谈我国土地资源持续利用的对策[J].中国土地科学,1995,9(6):22-26.
[11]王黎明等.基于GRID的坡耕地退耕压力模型研究[J].地理研究,2001,20(4).
[12]王继军.黄土高原商品型生态农业研究[J].生态经济,1999(4).
[13]程国栋,张志强,李锐.西部地区生态环境建设的若干问题与政策建议[J].地理科学,2000,20(6):503-509.
[14]胡鞍钢,王亚年华.西部开发应坚持可持续发展战略[J].中国人口资源与环境,2001,11(2):58-63.
[15]刘伯霞.西部农业退耕还林和生态环境建设研究综述[J].甘肃社会科学,2001,(3):69-72.
[16]袁龙盘.赫章县退耕还林存在的问题与对策[J].中国水土保持,2001,(3):14-15.
[17]赵世华.如何使退耕还林发挥长期效益[J].宁夏科技,2000,(2)14(4).
[18]查小春,唐克丽.黄土丘陵区林区开垦地土壤退化研究[J].干旱区地理,2001,24(4):359-364.
[19]Kubiena.W.L.Micropedology.Collegiate Press,lowa.1938.
[20]Bullock.P,Fedoroff,N,Jongerius,Handbook for Soil Thin Section Description [M].Wolverhampton.UK.WAINE Research Publications.1985.
[21]曹升赓.土壤微形态学,中国农业大百科全书一土壤卷[M].北京农业出版社,1996:390-392.
[22]黄瑞采.土壤微形态学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1990.
[23]Brewer,R.Fabric and Mineral Analysis of Soils[M].New York.John Wiley & Sons.1964.
[24]Stoops,G.,Guidelines for Analysis and Description of Soil and Regolith Thin sections[M].Madison,Hardbound.Soil Science Society of America,2003.
[25]Miedema R.CJ.Chartresetal.Soil micromorphology:towords analytical and quantitive tool for assessing anthropogenic influences on soils.Transations of 15th word congress of soil science.Mexico.1994,342-349.
[26]Jongerius.A,Rutherford.G.K.Glossary of Soil MicromorpHology[M].Wageningen,the Netherlands.Centre of Publication and Documentation.1979.
[27]Kubiena,W.L著.李连捷译.曹升赓校.土壤地理的微形态特征[M].北京:科学出版社,1979.
[28]E.H.帕尔芬诺娃等著.曹升赓译.土壤微形态研究指南[M].北京:农业出版社,1987.
[29]Smart.P,Tovey N.K,Electron Microscopy of Soils and Sediments-Techniques[M].Oxford.Oxford Univ.Press.1982.
[30]Douglas,L.A.,Soil Micromorphology:A Basic and Applied Science[A].Amsterdam:Elsevier,1990.
[31]FitzPatrick,E.A.,Soil Microscopy and Micromorphology[A]:Chichester.John Wiley and Sons.1993:304.
[32]A.R.Mermut,H.Eswaran,Some Major Developments in Soil Science Since the mid-1960s[J].Geoderma,2001,100:403-426.
[33]王家澄,张学珍,王玉杰.扫描电子显微镜在冻土研究中的应用[J].冰川冻土,1996,18(2):184-188.
[34]白冰,周健.扫描电子显微镜测试技术在岩土工程中的应用与进展[J].显微学报,2001,20(2):154-159.
[35]谢萍若等.应用扫描电镜对几种土壤特征层的微形态观察[J].土壤学报,1980,17(2):182-185.
[36]Tovey K.A digital computer technique for orientation analysis of micrographs of soil fabric [J].Journal of Microscopy,1990,102:303-315.
[37]FitzPatrick,E.A.,Soil Microscopy and Micromorphology[A].Chichester.John Wiley and Sons.1993:304.
[38]Bazant.Microplane model for creep of anisotropic clay[J].Jr of Engrg Mech Div,ASCE,1985,101(1):57-78.
[39]Hallaire V.Description of microcrack orientation in a clayey soil using image analysis[J].Proceedings of International Agricultural Mechanization Conference,1994.549-557.
[40]Carole Ampe,Roger Langohr,MorpHological characterization of humus forms in recent coastal dune ecosystems in Belgium and northern France[J].Catena,2003,54:363-383.
[41]H.Khademia,A.R.Mermut,MicromorpHology and classification of Argids and associated gypsiferous Aridisols from central Iran[J],Catena,2003,54:439-455.
[42]Feijtel T C,Jongmans A J,VanBreeman N,et al.Geoderma,1988,43:249-269.
[43]Dorroson C.Geoderma,1994,61:237-250.
[44]Lima H.V.,Silva A.P.,Santos M.Cet al.Micromorphology and image analysis of a hardsetting Ultisol(Argissolo) in the state of Ceara(Brazil).Geoderma,2006,132(3-4):416-426
[45]Sveistrup T.E.,Haraldsen T.K.,Langohr R.,Marcelino V.and Kv(?)rner J.Impact of land use and seasonal freezing on morphological and physical properties of silty Norwegian soils.Soil and Tillage Research,2005,81(1):39-56.
[46]Nagarajarao Y,JAYASREE.Effect of different long-term soil management practices on strength and swell-shrink characteristics,voids and microstructure[A].In:Transactions of 15th World Congress of Soil Science[C].Mexico.1994.
[47]董广辉,夏正楷,刘德成.青海喇家遗址内外的土壤微形态初步分析[J].水土保持研究,2005,12(4):5-6.
[48]唐克丽.古土壤的类型及其微形态特征的鉴别[J].土壤通报,1981,4:22-26.
[49]庞奖励,黄春长,陈宝群.黄土高原南部全新世土壤微结构及形成机理研究[J].地理研究2002,21(4):487-494
[50]Pang Jiangli,Huang Chunchang,Zhang Zhanping Variation of pedogenic environment in the southern Loess Plateau,China during the Holoence:evidence from micromorphological investigation.《Eurasian Soil Science》,vol.36.No.2,2003,136-148.
[51]Pang Jiangli,Huang Chunchang.Mid-Holocene soil formation and the impact of dust input in the middle reaches of the Yellow River,Northern China.Soil Science,2006,171(7):552-653.
[52]刘安娜,庞奖励,黄春长.甘肃庄浪全新世黄土-古土壤序列元素分布特征及意义[J].地球化学,2006,35(4):453-458.
[53]申朝润,庞奖励,黄春长.泾河中游古耕作土壤的微形态特征研究[J].中国沙漠,2007,27(2):273-277.
[54]庞奖励,黄春长,刘安娜等.黄土高原南部全新世黄土-古土壤序列若干元素分布特征及意义[J].第四纪研究,2007,27(3):357-364.
[55]Pang Jiangli,Qiu Haiyan,Huang Chunchang.Comparison Micromorphological Features of Two Agriculture Cultivated Soils in Guanzhong Areas,Shaanxi Province.Agricultural Sciences in China,2007,6(9):1089-1098.
[56]庞奖励,黄春长,查小春等.关中地区“填土”诊断层的形成过程及意义探讨[J].中国农业科学,2008,41(4):1064-1072.
[57]唐克丽.大寨海绵土微形态特征[J].土壤学报,1978,15:166-169.
[58]曹升庚.我国红壤的微形态特征[J].土壤专报,1986,40:1-28.
[59]何毓蓉,黄成敏,周红艺.成都平原水耕人为土诊断层的微形态特征与土壤基层分类[J].山地学报,2002,20(2):157-163.
[60]赵其国.我国富铝化土壤发生特性的初步研究[J].土壤学报,1983,20(4):334-345.
[61]仇荣亮.不同生态条件下海涂土壤的微形态特征[J].热带亚热带土壤科学,1994,3(2):105-109.
[62]黄成敏,龚子同.土壤发生和发育过程定量研究进展[J].土壤,2000,3:145-151.
[63]闫立梅、王丽华.不同龄温室土壤微形态结构与特征的研究[J].山东农业科学,2004,(3):60-61.
[64]谢萍若,左敬兰,国际翔.我国辽西几种褐土的微形态研究[J1].土壤学报.1985, 22(2):177-181.
[65]李德成,B.Velde.利用土壤切片及数字图象研究低丘缓坡不同部位土壤的孔隙结构特征[J].土壤通报.2002,33(1):6-8.
[66]李德成,B.Velde.免耕制度下耕作土壤结构演化的数字图像分析[J].土壤学报.2002,39(2):214-220.
[67]何毓蓉,黄成敏,徐建忠.湘赣浙滇川紫色土微形态比较研究[J].山地研究.1996,14(增):9-13.
[68]高子勤.东北几种耕作土壤的微形态研究[J].土壤学报.1982,19(1):85-91.
[69]陈恩凤,周礼恺,武冠云.微团聚体的保肥供肥性能及其组成比例在评断土壤肥力水平中的意义[J].土壤学报.1994,31(1):18-25.
[70]姚贤良,于德芬.关于集约农作制下的土壤结构问题-不同培育条件下土壤结构的微形态特征[J].土壤学报.1988,25(1):55-58.
[71]何毓蓉.紫色土的微形态特征[A].中国科学院成都分院土壤研究室.中国紫色土(上)[M].北京:科学出版社.1991:141-159.
[72]陕西师大地理系编写组.陕西省渭南地区地理志[M].陕西人民出版社,1990,1:60-163.
[73]徐福利,王渭玲,李立科.论陕西渭北旱地农业可持续发展.干旱地区农业研究,1998,16(2):95-100.
[74]朱显谟主编.黄土高原土壤与农业[M].中国农业出版社.1989:198,219,251,318-332.
[75]曹升庚,金光.土壤和非固结物质薄片的系统制备方法.中国科学院南京土壤研究所.土壤专报(第43号)[C].北京:科学出版社,1989:83-90.
[76]曹升赓译.土壤微形态研究指南[M].北京:农业出版社,1987:1-5.
[77]庞奖励,黄春长,张占平.周原全新世复合古土壤和成壤环境的微形态学研究[J].土壤学报,2003,1:22-28.
[78]王改兰,段建南,贾宁凤等.长期施肥对黄土丘陵区土壤理化性质的影响[J].水土保持学报,2006,20(4):82-87.
[79]于君宝,王金达,刘景双等.典型黑土pH值变化对微量元素有效态含量的影响研究[J].水土保持学报,2002,16(2):93-96.
[80]张振国,黄建成,焦菊英等.黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕地植物群落土壤抗蚀性能研究.水土保持研究.2007,14(4).
[81]邱莉萍,张兴昌.子午岭不同土地利用方式对土壤性质的影响[J].自然资源学报21(6):965-973.
[82]许文强,罗格平,陈曦,肖鲁湘.干旱区绿洲不同土地利用方式和强度对土壤粒度分布的影响[J]干旱区地理,2005,25(6):800-804.
[83]唐炎林,邓晓保,李玉武等.西双版纳不同林分土壤机械组成及其肥力比较[J].中南林业科技大学学报(自然科学版),2007,27(1):70-76.
[84]郑顺安,常庆瑞,齐雁冰.黄土高原不同林龄土壤质地和矿质元素差异研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2006,24(6):94-97.
[85]同延安,高宗,刘杏兰等.有机肥及化肥对填土中微量元素平衡的影响[J].土壤学报,1995,32(3):315-321.
[86]张希彪,上官周平.人为干扰对黄土高原子午岭油松人工林土壤物理性质的影响[J].生态学报,2006,26(11):3685-3696.
[87]孔祥斌,张凤荣,齐伟等.集约化农区土地利用变化对土壤养分的影响-以河北省曲周县为例[J].地理学报,2003,58(3):333-342.
[88]沙丽清,邱学忠,甘建民等.云南保山西庄山地流域土地利用方式与土壤肥力关系研究[J].生态学杂志,2003,(4):9-11.
[89]刘梦云,安韶山,常庆瑞等.不同土地利用方式下土壤化学性质特征研究[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2005,33(1):39-43.
[90]贾琳,王国平,刘景双.长白山圆池泥炭常量和微量元素分布特征及其环境意义[J].山地学报.2006,24(6):662-666.
[91]傅伯杰,陈利顶,马克明.黄土丘陵区小流域土地利用变化对生态环境的影响[J].地理学报,1999,54(3):241-246.