从《呼啸山庄》两个中译本看英语文学文本汉译的结构转换
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摘要
翻译转换对英语文学文本的成功汉译起着举足轻重的作用,而在具体的翻译转换分类中,结构转换又是其中最重要的一个方面。虽然对翻译方法和策略的研究已有数十年之久,对英语文学文本的汉译研究也是层出不穷,但却很少有人从词汇、句法和语义等层面入手进行系统和深入的基础研究,深入到翻译过程中存在的具体转换中去。由于英汉两种语言本身存在的差异,在翻译中,除非译者想要以极其近似的方式再现原文本结构,否则转换是不可避免的。
本文以卡特福德的翻译转换特别是结构转换理论为理论框架,采取等距抽样的方法,抽取英语原著《呼啸山庄》的九个章节及其两个中译本(杨苡和方平的译本)的相应章节共1595组句子作为我们的研究资料,从否定-肯定之转换;语态转换;英语介词短语转换成汉语的动词短语;英语无灵主语转换成汉语有灵主语;谓语转换成补语和宾语补足语转换成谓语等几个方面对比研究《呼啸山庄》两个中译本中结构转换之异同。
通过对研究资料中1595组句子的语法结构逐一进行分析研究,我们发现,英语源语中共有326个句子需要进行结构转换,两个译者在汉译过程中对其中81%即263个句子都进行了恰当的转换,这表明结构转换在英语文学文本的汉译过程中,是必然的也是必需的。同时我们发现,在汉译过程中,当形式对等无法实现时,对源语进行恰当的结构转换,使之符合汉语习惯,才更容易为汉语读者所接受。
Translation shifts play a decisive role in translation. According to Catford, structure shifts are amongst the most important ones in the classification of translation shifts. Though studies on translation principles or strategies have prevailed in China for decades, and studies on English-Chinese literary translation have also been various and numerous, few scholars have done in-depth researches on actual shifts in English-Chinese literary translation at grammatical, syntactic and semantic levels. Owing to the inherent differences between English and Chinese, translation shifts are inevitable in English-Chinese literary translation except when translators deliberately reproduce the structures of the original texts.
This thesis, adopting Catford’s theory of translation shifts, especially structure shifts, as its theoretical framework, compares the similarities and differences concerning structure shifts between the two Chinese versions of Wuthering Heights in the following respects: negative-affirmative shifts; voice shifts; shifts from English prepositional phrases to Chinese verbal phrases; shifts from English non-animate subjects to Chinese animate subjects; shifts from predicates to compliments and shifts from object compliments to predicates. For the sake of convenience, the data for our research consists of sentences (1595 in total) from nine chapters of the English original Wuthering Heights and the corresponding chapters from the two Chinese versions by Yang Yi and Fang Ping respectively. Through the analysis of the grammatical structures of the 1595 sentences, it can be found that the total of the original sentences whose structures need to be shifted in English-Chinese translation is 326, and both translators have made appropriate structure shifts to 81% of them, 263 sentences to be exact, which shows that structure shifts are essential in producing successful Chinese versions of English literary works. Based on the comparative study, it can also be found that to make the translation acceptable to Chinese readers, translators should shift the structures of original sentences in accordance with Chinese common usage when formal correspondence is impossible to be achieved.
本文以卡特福德的翻译转换特别是结构转换理论为理论框架,采取等距抽样的方法,抽取英语原著《呼啸山庄》的九个章节及其两个中译本(杨苡和方平的译本)的相应章节共1595组句子作为我们的研究资料,从否定-肯定之转换;语态转换;英语介词短语转换成汉语的动词短语;英语无灵主语转换成汉语有灵主语;谓语转换成补语和宾语补足语转换成谓语等几个方面对比研究《呼啸山庄》两个中译本中结构转换之异同。
通过对研究资料中1595组句子的语法结构逐一进行分析研究,我们发现,英语源语中共有326个句子需要进行结构转换,两个译者在汉译过程中对其中81%即263个句子都进行了恰当的转换,这表明结构转换在英语文学文本的汉译过程中,是必然的也是必需的。同时我们发现,在汉译过程中,当形式对等无法实现时,对源语进行恰当的结构转换,使之符合汉语习惯,才更容易为汉语读者所接受。
Translation shifts play a decisive role in translation. According to Catford, structure shifts are amongst the most important ones in the classification of translation shifts. Though studies on translation principles or strategies have prevailed in China for decades, and studies on English-Chinese literary translation have also been various and numerous, few scholars have done in-depth researches on actual shifts in English-Chinese literary translation at grammatical, syntactic and semantic levels. Owing to the inherent differences between English and Chinese, translation shifts are inevitable in English-Chinese literary translation except when translators deliberately reproduce the structures of the original texts.
This thesis, adopting Catford’s theory of translation shifts, especially structure shifts, as its theoretical framework, compares the similarities and differences concerning structure shifts between the two Chinese versions of Wuthering Heights in the following respects: negative-affirmative shifts; voice shifts; shifts from English prepositional phrases to Chinese verbal phrases; shifts from English non-animate subjects to Chinese animate subjects; shifts from predicates to compliments and shifts from object compliments to predicates. For the sake of convenience, the data for our research consists of sentences (1595 in total) from nine chapters of the English original Wuthering Heights and the corresponding chapters from the two Chinese versions by Yang Yi and Fang Ping respectively. Through the analysis of the grammatical structures of the 1595 sentences, it can be found that the total of the original sentences whose structures need to be shifted in English-Chinese translation is 326, and both translators have made appropriate structure shifts to 81% of them, 263 sentences to be exact, which shows that structure shifts are essential in producing successful Chinese versions of English literary works. Based on the comparative study, it can also be found that to make the translation acceptable to Chinese readers, translators should shift the structures of original sentences in accordance with Chinese common usage when formal correspondence is impossible to be achieved.
引文
Baker, M. In Other Words: A Course Book on Translation. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000.
Broeck, R.V.D. Contrastive Discourse Analysis as a Tool for the Interpretation of Shifts in Translated Texts. Tubingen: Narr, 1986.
Catford. J. C. A Linguistic Theory of Translation: An Essay on Applied Linguistics. London: Oxford University Press, 1965.
Crystal, D. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. Oxford: Wiley-Balckwell, 1985 Delisle, J. Translation: An Interpretive Approach. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1988.
Bront?, E. Wuthering Heights.上海:上海世界图书出版公司, 2003.
Fawcett, P. Translation and Language. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing Ltd, 1997.
Jacobson, R. On Linguistic Aspects of Translation in Reuben A. Brower (ed.). On Translation. New York: Oxford University Press, 1959: 232-239.
Quirk, R et al. A Grammar of Contemporary English. London: Longman, 1972.
Shuttleworth, M & Cowie, M. Dictionary of Translation Studies. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing Ltd, 1997.
Trosborg, A. Text Typology and Translation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1997.
Vinay, J. P & Darbelnet, J. Comparative Stylistics of French and English: A Methodology for Translation (Translated by J. C. Sager and M. J. Hamel) Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1995.
Bront?, E.呼啸山庄(方平译).上海:上海译文出版社, 1993. Bront?, E.呼啸山庄(杨苡译).南京:译林出版社, 1997. Chen, Shuqing. [陈书菁].浅析英汉否定结构的差异及其翻译.安徽电子信息职业技术学院学报, 2004(5-6): 223. Cui, Yonglu. [崔永禄].文学翻译佳作对比赏析.天津:南开大学出版社, 2001. Fan, Libin. [范立彬].从语法衔接手段角度比较研究《呼啸山庄》的三个中译本.硕士论文.东北师范大学, 2006. Fan, Libin, et al. [范立彬、王海云].《呼啸山庄》及其三个中译本人称照应衔接手段对比研究.吉林师范大学学报, 2007(6): 36-38. Fan, Xiangtao. [范祥涛].从《呼啸山庄》的六种译本透视翻译研究和重译中的一些问题.山东师大外国语学院学报, 2001(1): 74-78.
Feng, Lijiao. [冯丽姣].翻译选择中的制约因素—《呼啸山庄》三译本对比分析.硕士论文.南京航空航天大学, 2007.
He, Sanning, et al. [何三宁,唐国跃,范勇].《实用英汉翻译教程》.南京:东南大学出版社, 2005.
Hu, Zhuanglin. [胡壮麟].国外汉英对比研究杂谈.杨自俭.李瑞华(编).英汉对比研究论文集.上海:上海外语教育出版社, 1990: 43-62 .
Kang, Jin, et al. [康晋、常玉回].英汉翻译(编著) .北京:北京对外贸易大学出版社, 2007.
Ke, Ping. [柯平].对比语言学.南京:南京师范大学出版社, 1999.
Li, Chunlei. [李春蕾].从翻译转换角度对比《简·爱》两个中译本.硕士论文.北京语言大学, 2007.
Li, Dechao. [李德超].从维内、达贝尔内到图里:翻译转移研究综述.四川外语学院院报, 2005(1): 94-99
Li, Heqing, et al. [李和庆,黄皓,薄振杰].西方翻译研究方法论: 70年代后.北京: 北京大学出版社, 2005.
Lian, Shuneng. [连淑能].英译汉教程.北京:高等教育出版社, 2006.
Liu, Zhongde. [刘重德].文学翻译十讲.北京:中国对外翻译出版公司, 2003.
Liu, Miqing. [刘宓庆].新编当代翻译理论.北京:中国对外翻译出版公司, 2005.
Lin, Tongji. [林同济].从汉语语序看长句翻译.杨自俭.李瑞华(编).英汉对比研究论文集.上海:上海外语教育出版社, 1990: 43-62.
Mei, Ling. [梅玲].论文学翻译中的女性主义翻译及译者主体性的显现—以《呼啸山庄》两个中译本为例.硕士论文.安徽大学, 2007.
Sun, Fuqi. [孙夫启].《呼啸山庄》两个中译本文化成分翻译的对比研究.硕士论文. 广东外语外贸大学, 2005.
Tan, Zaixi. [谭载喜].翻译学.武汉:湖北教育出版社, 2000.
Xu, Jun. [许钧].切磋译技交流译论.中国翻译, 1996(4): 41-44.
Xu, Wei. [徐维].《呼啸山庄》两种中译本的比较研究—从女性主义翻译理论的角度. 硕士论文.合肥工业大学, 2006.
Ye, Jun. [叶俊].从译作《在亚当之前》看英译汉中否定含义的体现.高等函授学报(哲学社会科学版).华中师范大学, 2004(6): 38-39, 41.
叶斯帕森.《语法哲学》.北京:北京语文出版社, 1924.
Zhao, Tingdi. [赵庭弟].英汉互译中肯定与否定的处理.大学英语(学术版).北京航空航天大学, 2005: 5.
Zheng, Jinping. [郑晋萍].科技英语汉译中的形式转换.硕士论文.西安电子科技大学, 2001.
Zhou, Zhipei, et al. [周志培,邵志洪].汉英对比与翻译中的转换.上海:华东理工大学出版社, 2003.
Broeck, R.V.D. Contrastive Discourse Analysis as a Tool for the Interpretation of Shifts in Translated Texts. Tubingen: Narr, 1986.
Catford. J. C. A Linguistic Theory of Translation: An Essay on Applied Linguistics. London: Oxford University Press, 1965.
Crystal, D. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. Oxford: Wiley-Balckwell, 1985 Delisle, J. Translation: An Interpretive Approach. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1988.
Bront?, E. Wuthering Heights.上海:上海世界图书出版公司, 2003.
Fawcett, P. Translation and Language. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing Ltd, 1997.
Jacobson, R. On Linguistic Aspects of Translation in Reuben A. Brower (ed.). On Translation. New York: Oxford University Press, 1959: 232-239.
Quirk, R et al. A Grammar of Contemporary English. London: Longman, 1972.
Shuttleworth, M & Cowie, M. Dictionary of Translation Studies. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing Ltd, 1997.
Trosborg, A. Text Typology and Translation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1997.
Vinay, J. P & Darbelnet, J. Comparative Stylistics of French and English: A Methodology for Translation (Translated by J. C. Sager and M. J. Hamel) Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1995.
Bront?, E.呼啸山庄(方平译).上海:上海译文出版社, 1993. Bront?, E.呼啸山庄(杨苡译).南京:译林出版社, 1997. Chen, Shuqing. [陈书菁].浅析英汉否定结构的差异及其翻译.安徽电子信息职业技术学院学报, 2004(5-6): 223. Cui, Yonglu. [崔永禄].文学翻译佳作对比赏析.天津:南开大学出版社, 2001. Fan, Libin. [范立彬].从语法衔接手段角度比较研究《呼啸山庄》的三个中译本.硕士论文.东北师范大学, 2006. Fan, Libin, et al. [范立彬、王海云].《呼啸山庄》及其三个中译本人称照应衔接手段对比研究.吉林师范大学学报, 2007(6): 36-38. Fan, Xiangtao. [范祥涛].从《呼啸山庄》的六种译本透视翻译研究和重译中的一些问题.山东师大外国语学院学报, 2001(1): 74-78.
Feng, Lijiao. [冯丽姣].翻译选择中的制约因素—《呼啸山庄》三译本对比分析.硕士论文.南京航空航天大学, 2007.
He, Sanning, et al. [何三宁,唐国跃,范勇].《实用英汉翻译教程》.南京:东南大学出版社, 2005.
Hu, Zhuanglin. [胡壮麟].国外汉英对比研究杂谈.杨自俭.李瑞华(编).英汉对比研究论文集.上海:上海外语教育出版社, 1990: 43-62 .
Kang, Jin, et al. [康晋、常玉回].英汉翻译(编著) .北京:北京对外贸易大学出版社, 2007.
Ke, Ping. [柯平].对比语言学.南京:南京师范大学出版社, 1999.
Li, Chunlei. [李春蕾].从翻译转换角度对比《简·爱》两个中译本.硕士论文.北京语言大学, 2007.
Li, Dechao. [李德超].从维内、达贝尔内到图里:翻译转移研究综述.四川外语学院院报, 2005(1): 94-99
Li, Heqing, et al. [李和庆,黄皓,薄振杰].西方翻译研究方法论: 70年代后.北京: 北京大学出版社, 2005.
Lian, Shuneng. [连淑能].英译汉教程.北京:高等教育出版社, 2006.
Liu, Zhongde. [刘重德].文学翻译十讲.北京:中国对外翻译出版公司, 2003.
Liu, Miqing. [刘宓庆].新编当代翻译理论.北京:中国对外翻译出版公司, 2005.
Lin, Tongji. [林同济].从汉语语序看长句翻译.杨自俭.李瑞华(编).英汉对比研究论文集.上海:上海外语教育出版社, 1990: 43-62.
Mei, Ling. [梅玲].论文学翻译中的女性主义翻译及译者主体性的显现—以《呼啸山庄》两个中译本为例.硕士论文.安徽大学, 2007.
Sun, Fuqi. [孙夫启].《呼啸山庄》两个中译本文化成分翻译的对比研究.硕士论文. 广东外语外贸大学, 2005.
Tan, Zaixi. [谭载喜].翻译学.武汉:湖北教育出版社, 2000.
Xu, Jun. [许钧].切磋译技交流译论.中国翻译, 1996(4): 41-44.
Xu, Wei. [徐维].《呼啸山庄》两种中译本的比较研究—从女性主义翻译理论的角度. 硕士论文.合肥工业大学, 2006.
Ye, Jun. [叶俊].从译作《在亚当之前》看英译汉中否定含义的体现.高等函授学报(哲学社会科学版).华中师范大学, 2004(6): 38-39, 41.
叶斯帕森.《语法哲学》.北京:北京语文出版社, 1924.
Zhao, Tingdi. [赵庭弟].英汉互译中肯定与否定的处理.大学英语(学术版).北京航空航天大学, 2005: 5.
Zheng, Jinping. [郑晋萍].科技英语汉译中的形式转换.硕士论文.西安电子科技大学, 2001.
Zhou, Zhipei, et al. [周志培,邵志洪].汉英对比与翻译中的转换.上海:华东理工大学出版社, 2003.