中英美绿色（可持续）建筑评价标准的比较
|
摘要
建筑业是二氧化碳等温室气体排放的重要来源。在全球气候变化的大背景下,大力发展绿色建筑势在必行。为了推动绿色建筑的发展,一些国家除了制定相关的建筑节能标准、政策外,还从节约能源,有效利用资源和保护环境的角度,制定了《绿色建筑评价标准》,从节能、场地选择、节水、节材与环境保护等方面对建筑物进行评价,并对建筑物整体绿色性能做出最终评定。
本文首先对国内外建筑业能源消耗发展及现状进行归纳性总结,强调了建筑业推行节能减排的重要意义和必要性。然后基于对国内外现有建筑节能标准和绿色建筑评价标准,重点对美国LEED-NC、英国《可持续住宅标准》和中国的《绿色建筑评价标准》从节能、场地选择、节水、节材和室内环境等五方面进行研究对比。通过对比分析指出我国现有绿色建筑评价体系在体系的覆盖范围、测评指标的准确性、配套标准的完善性和评价机构的独立性等方面存在着较大的改进空间。
最后,为了进一步体现出三种评价体系的共同点和差异性,本文以Visual Basic 2006作为开发平台,开发出了绿色建筑对比评估系统CASGB (Comparsion A ssessment System for Green Building)。该软件包含三个国家的绿色建筑评估标准,对于同一个建筑可以直观的进行评估,得出在不同评价体系下的结果。利用CASGB对一个具体的住宅建筑进行评估,给出了一些增强绿色性能的改造性建议。
The building sector is the main emission source of green house gases.Under the background of global climate change, it is imperative to develop green building. In order to promote the development of green building effectively, in addition to the development of relevant building energy efficiency standards, policies, many countries from the aspects of energy conservation, efficient use of resources and protecting environment, drafted "green building rating standards"to evaluate buildings from aspects of conserving energy,land, water, materials and environmental protection, and evaluate the overall green performance of buildings.
This paper summarized the current situation of energy development of the construction sector in diffent countries to underline the importance and necessity of construction sector energy conservation. In addition,based on the existing building energy efficiency standards and green building rating standards, the U.S. LEED-NC, the United Kingdom "Sustainable housing standards" and Chinese "Green building rating standards" are selected to make comparision from five aspects of conserving energy,land, water, materials and indoor environment,concluding that there was large room for improvement of chinese green building rating system in the coverage and the accuracy of measurement indicators.
Finally, to further reflect the differences of the three evaluation systems, this paper choose Visual Basic 2006 as a development platform, developed a compa rison evaluation system for green building CASGB (Assessment System for Gree n Building). The software contains three country's green building assessment stan dards, it can make assessment for buildings with the three standards.A real resid ential building is used to demonstrate the applicability of the systems.
本文首先对国内外建筑业能源消耗发展及现状进行归纳性总结,强调了建筑业推行节能减排的重要意义和必要性。然后基于对国内外现有建筑节能标准和绿色建筑评价标准,重点对美国LEED-NC、英国《可持续住宅标准》和中国的《绿色建筑评价标准》从节能、场地选择、节水、节材和室内环境等五方面进行研究对比。通过对比分析指出我国现有绿色建筑评价体系在体系的覆盖范围、测评指标的准确性、配套标准的完善性和评价机构的独立性等方面存在着较大的改进空间。
最后,为了进一步体现出三种评价体系的共同点和差异性,本文以Visual Basic 2006作为开发平台,开发出了绿色建筑对比评估系统CASGB (Comparsion A ssessment System for Green Building)。该软件包含三个国家的绿色建筑评估标准,对于同一个建筑可以直观的进行评估,得出在不同评价体系下的结果。利用CASGB对一个具体的住宅建筑进行评估,给出了一些增强绿色性能的改造性建议。
The building sector is the main emission source of green house gases.Under the background of global climate change, it is imperative to develop green building. In order to promote the development of green building effectively, in addition to the development of relevant building energy efficiency standards, policies, many countries from the aspects of energy conservation, efficient use of resources and protecting environment, drafted "green building rating standards"to evaluate buildings from aspects of conserving energy,land, water, materials and environmental protection, and evaluate the overall green performance of buildings.
This paper summarized the current situation of energy development of the construction sector in diffent countries to underline the importance and necessity of construction sector energy conservation. In addition,based on the existing building energy efficiency standards and green building rating standards, the U.S. LEED-NC, the United Kingdom "Sustainable housing standards" and Chinese "Green building rating standards" are selected to make comparision from five aspects of conserving energy,land, water, materials and indoor environment,concluding that there was large room for improvement of chinese green building rating system in the coverage and the accuracy of measurement indicators.
Finally, to further reflect the differences of the three evaluation systems, this paper choose Visual Basic 2006 as a development platform, developed a compa rison evaluation system for green building CASGB (Assessment System for Gree n Building). The software contains three country's green building assessment stan dards, it can make assessment for buildings with the three standards.A real resid ential building is used to demonstrate the applicability of the systems.
引文
[1]杨茜,章易.我国发展绿色建筑任重道远[J].中国住宅设施,2006,2,27-29.
[2]Intergovernmental panel on climate change (IPCC), Residential and commercial buildings[R]. In Climate Change 2007:Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.2007.
[3]仇保兴.2005年2月23日在国务院新闻办新闻发布会上的讲话[OL].http://ww.wein.gov.cn/ meeting/20041s/news 102.htm,2005-10.
[4]如何稳步推进节能省地型住宅和公共建筑建设[OL].http://www.chinajsb.cn/gb/content/2005-06/13/content_138096.htm.
[5]Kim Robert Lis(?), Guro Aandahl, Siri Eriksen and KnutH.Alfsen. Preparing for climate change impacts in Norway's built environment [J]. Build Research & Information,2003.31 (3-4):200-209.
[6]赵凤,黄晓蕾.国外绿色建筑评估体系给中国的启示[J].华东科技,2010,(1).
[7]我们应当向欧洲绿色节能建筑学习什么?http://info.ehome.hc360.com/2010/04/1214485681.s html.[OL].
[8]Edwin H. W. Chan, Queena K. Qian.The market for green building in developed Asian cities-the perspectives of building designers[J]. Energy Policy,2009,3061-3070.
[9]Hikmat H. Ali. Developing a green building assessment tool for developing countries-Case of Jordan[J]. Building and Environment,2009,44,1053-1064.
[10]Young S. Lee. Indoor environmental quality differences between office types in LEED-certified buildings in the US[J]. Building and Environment,2010,45,1104-1112.
[11]Guy R. Newsham.Do LEED-certified buildings save energy? Yes, but......[J]. Energy and Buildings,9,2009.
[12]P. F.G. Banfill a; A. D. Peacock. Energy-efficient new housing-the UK reaches for sustainability[J].Building Reasearch & Information (2007),35(4),426-436.
[13]Liping Wang. Case study of zero energy house design in UK[J].Energy and Buildings,2009, 41,1215-1222.
[14]Simon Roberts. Effects of climate change on the built environment[J]. Energy Policy,2008,36, 4552-4557.
[15]Simon Roberts. Altering existing buildings in the UK[J].Energy Policy,2008,36,4482-4486.
[16]Christoph Erdmenger. A climate protection strategy for Germany-40% reduction of CO2 emissions by 2020 compared to 1990[J].Energy Policy,2009,37,158-165.
[17]The future of the Code for Sustainable Homes. Department for Communities and Local Government:London[R].2007.7.
[18]Robert Lowe, Regulatory standards and barriers to improved performance for housing[J]. Energy Policy,2008,36,4475-481.
[19]Mohamed Osmani, Feasibility of zero carbon homes in England by 2016:A house builder's perspective[J]. Building and Environment,2009,44,1917-1924.
[20]A.McManus. The potential of the Code for Sustainable Homes to deliver genuine'sustainable energy'in the UK social housing sector[J]. Energy Policy,2010,38,2013-2019.
[21]Lee Siew Eanga. Building energy efficiency labeling programme in Singapore[J]. Energy Policy, 2008,36,3982-3992.
[22]Cheng-Li Cheng. Evaluating water conservation measures for Green Building in Taiwan[J]. Building and Environment,2003,38,369-379.
[23]李江南,对美国绿色建筑认证标准LEED的认识与剖析[J].建筑节能,生态与智能建筑,2009年第1期.
[24]万一梦.我国绿色建筑评价标准与美国LEED比较分析[J].建筑科学,2009年8月.
[25]周晓兵,车伍.我国《绿色建筑评价标准》与美国LEED标准关于雨洪控制利用的比较[J].给水排水Vol,35 No3,2009.
[26]王宁,王峰,杨海真.国内外绿色建筇评估体系节水指标的分析比较[J].给水排水,35,2009.
[27]Siwei Lang. Progress in energy-efficiency standards for residential buildings in China[J].Energy and Buildings,2004,36,1191-1196.
[28]Z.Wang,.Z.Baia. Regulatory standards related to building energy conservation and indoor-air-quality during rapid urbanization in China[J].Energy and Buildings,2004,36,1299-1308.
[29]W.L. Lee. Assessing energy performance in the latest versions of Hong Kong Building Environmental Assessment Method (HK-BEAM) [J].Energy and Buildings,2007,39,343-354.
[30]Dr. Sam C. M. Hui. The Role of Building Energy Codes in Climate Change Mitigation[J]. Proceedings of the Zhejiang-Hong Kong Joint Symposium 2007.
[31]W.L. Lee. Benchmarking Hong Kong and China energy codes for residential buildings[J]. Energy and Buildings,2008,40,1628-1636.
[32]张向荣,杜佳,刘斐.国内外建筑节能标准化比较及其对我国的启示[J].未来与发展,2008,第2期.
[33]Jun Li. Managing carbon emissions in China through building energy efficiency[J]. Journal of Environmental Management,2009,90,2436-2447.
[34]Xiuli liu.Evaluation on the impacts of the implementation of civil building energy efficiency standards on Chinese economic system and environment[J].Energy and Buildings,2009,1084-1090.
[35]Tianzhen Hong. A close look at the China Design Standard for Energy Efficiency of Public Buildings[J].Energy and Buildings,2009,41,426-435.
[36]Nannan Wanga. Carbon print studies for the energy conservation regulations of the UK and China[J].Energy and Buildings,42,2010,695-698.
[37]Hui Yan. Greenhouse gas emissions in building construction:A case study of One Peking in Hong Kong[J]. Building and Environment,2010,45,949-955.
[38]Wei Ming Huang, Grace W.M. Lee. Feasibility analysis of GHG reduction target:Lessons from Taiwan's energy policy[J].Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2009,13,2621-2628.
[39]Luis Pe'rez-Lombard. A review on buildings energy consumption information[J]. Energy and Buildings,40,2008,394-398.
[40]Asif M,Muneer T,Kelley R.Life cycle assessment:a case study of a dwelling home in Scotland[J].building Environment,2007,42,1391-1394.
[41]Campograde D.The European construction industry-facts and trends.in proc.ERA Convention,European Construction Industry Federation;2007.
[42]暖通空调节能及CFC问题研究.http://www.jdzj.com/datum/showart.asp?art_id=9813.[OL]
[43]IPCC2007, Technical Summary[R].2007.
[44]CO2 Emission Trends and Reduction Opportunities in Transport, Households and Commercial Sectors. UNFCCC Workshop on Policies and Measures[R]. Copenhagen, Denmark.11-13 April 2000.
[45]张通.英国政府推行节能减排的主要特点及对我国的启示[J].中共中央党校学报,2008年2月,第1期.
[46]杨秀,清华大学建筑节能研究中心.英国公共建筑能耗情况初探[J].建设科技,55.
[47]Department of Energy and Climate Change. Climate change act 2009 impact assessment[R]; March 2009.
[48]权威财经资讯网站.3亿美国人的大脚印人均资源消耗率异常庞大.http://www.p5w.net/new s/gjcj/200610/t562014.htm.[OL]
[49]Brown MA, Southworth F, Stovall TK. Towards a climate-friendly built environment. Arlington VA:Pew Center on Global Climate Change,2005.49.
[50]U.S. Department of Energy.2007 buildings energy data book[R].2007. buildings data book.eren.doe.gov.
[51]Energy efficiency in the north American existing building stock[R]..IEA information paper.2007.
[52]胡建文.美国建筑节能与绿色建筑考察研究报告[R].深圳市建设局.
[53]王新春.美国建筑能耗统计.
[54]Michiya Suzuki. The estimation of energy consumption and CO2 emission due to housing construction in Japan[J]. Energy and Buildings,1995,22,165-169.
[55]Roger Sathre. Using wood products to mitigate climate change:External costs and structural change[J]. Applied Energy,2009,86,251-257.
[56]欧盟委员会.http://ec.europea.eu/energy/demand/legislation/building-en.htm.[OL]
[57]李仕国.我国建筑能耗现状及对策分析[J].甘肃科技,2007年12月,第12期.
[58]王绍平.我国的建筑能耗状况[J].山西建筑,2007年12月,第35期.
[59]刘昌平.2003～2007年的中国城镇建筑能耗分类和地区分析[J].建筑节能,2009年第12期.
[60]司小雷.我国的建筑能耗现状及解决对策[J].建筑节能,2008年第2期.
[61]孙秀美.建筑节能可持续发展研究.环境与可持续发展[J].2007年第5期.
[62]李仕国,王烨.中国建筑能耗现状及节能措施概述[J].环境科学与管理,第33卷第2期.
[63]W.G.Cai, Y.Zhong, H.Rena.China building energy consumption:Situation, challenges and corresponding measures[J]. Energy Policy,2009,37,2054-2059.
[64]涂逢祥.英,法,德国建筑节能标准近期进展.建筑节能(37)[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2002.
[65]Department for Communities and Local Government:Code for Sustainable Homes. London[S].2006.12.
[66]德国环境部统计数字[0L].2007年6月.
[67]EPBD Directive 2002/91/EC. Directive of the European parliament and the council on the energy performance of buildings[J]. The European Community Official Journal,2003,65-71.
[68]佚名.美国的建筑节能靠市场[J].绿叶,2005.
[69]U.S.Green Building Council.Building design leaders collaborating on carbon-neutral buildings by 2030.2007.
[70]IEA.CO2 emissions form fuel combustion,1971-2004[R], france,2006.
[71]李屹.我国应制定建筑节能激励政策[J].上海建设科技,2008年第5期.
[72]GB／T50378-2006.绿色建筑评价标准[S].北京.中国建筑工业出版社.2006.
[73]Architects and climate change[R]. American Institute of Architects.
[74]世界观察研究[OL],绿色建筑标准正在修订中,2008年8月27日报道.
[2]Intergovernmental panel on climate change (IPCC), Residential and commercial buildings[R]. In Climate Change 2007:Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.2007.
[3]仇保兴.2005年2月23日在国务院新闻办新闻发布会上的讲话[OL].http://ww.wein.gov.cn/ meeting/20041s/news 102.htm,2005-10.
[4]如何稳步推进节能省地型住宅和公共建筑建设[OL].http://www.chinajsb.cn/gb/content/2005-06/13/content_138096.htm.
[5]Kim Robert Lis(?), Guro Aandahl, Siri Eriksen and KnutH.Alfsen. Preparing for climate change impacts in Norway's built environment [J]. Build Research & Information,2003.31 (3-4):200-209.
[6]赵凤,黄晓蕾.国外绿色建筑评估体系给中国的启示[J].华东科技,2010,(1).
[7]我们应当向欧洲绿色节能建筑学习什么?http://info.ehome.hc360.com/2010/04/1214485681.s html.[OL].
[8]Edwin H. W. Chan, Queena K. Qian.The market for green building in developed Asian cities-the perspectives of building designers[J]. Energy Policy,2009,3061-3070.
[9]Hikmat H. Ali. Developing a green building assessment tool for developing countries-Case of Jordan[J]. Building and Environment,2009,44,1053-1064.
[10]Young S. Lee. Indoor environmental quality differences between office types in LEED-certified buildings in the US[J]. Building and Environment,2010,45,1104-1112.
[11]Guy R. Newsham.Do LEED-certified buildings save energy? Yes, but......[J]. Energy and Buildings,9,2009.
[12]P. F.G. Banfill a; A. D. Peacock. Energy-efficient new housing-the UK reaches for sustainability[J].Building Reasearch & Information (2007),35(4),426-436.
[13]Liping Wang. Case study of zero energy house design in UK[J].Energy and Buildings,2009, 41,1215-1222.
[14]Simon Roberts. Effects of climate change on the built environment[J]. Energy Policy,2008,36, 4552-4557.
[15]Simon Roberts. Altering existing buildings in the UK[J].Energy Policy,2008,36,4482-4486.
[16]Christoph Erdmenger. A climate protection strategy for Germany-40% reduction of CO2 emissions by 2020 compared to 1990[J].Energy Policy,2009,37,158-165.
[17]The future of the Code for Sustainable Homes. Department for Communities and Local Government:London[R].2007.7.
[18]Robert Lowe, Regulatory standards and barriers to improved performance for housing[J]. Energy Policy,2008,36,4475-481.
[19]Mohamed Osmani, Feasibility of zero carbon homes in England by 2016:A house builder's perspective[J]. Building and Environment,2009,44,1917-1924.
[20]A.McManus. The potential of the Code for Sustainable Homes to deliver genuine'sustainable energy'in the UK social housing sector[J]. Energy Policy,2010,38,2013-2019.
[21]Lee Siew Eanga. Building energy efficiency labeling programme in Singapore[J]. Energy Policy, 2008,36,3982-3992.
[22]Cheng-Li Cheng. Evaluating water conservation measures for Green Building in Taiwan[J]. Building and Environment,2003,38,369-379.
[23]李江南,对美国绿色建筑认证标准LEED的认识与剖析[J].建筑节能,生态与智能建筑,2009年第1期.
[24]万一梦.我国绿色建筑评价标准与美国LEED比较分析[J].建筑科学,2009年8月.
[25]周晓兵,车伍.我国《绿色建筑评价标准》与美国LEED标准关于雨洪控制利用的比较[J].给水排水Vol,35 No3,2009.
[26]王宁,王峰,杨海真.国内外绿色建筇评估体系节水指标的分析比较[J].给水排水,35,2009.
[27]Siwei Lang. Progress in energy-efficiency standards for residential buildings in China[J].Energy and Buildings,2004,36,1191-1196.
[28]Z.Wang,.Z.Baia. Regulatory standards related to building energy conservation and indoor-air-quality during rapid urbanization in China[J].Energy and Buildings,2004,36,1299-1308.
[29]W.L. Lee. Assessing energy performance in the latest versions of Hong Kong Building Environmental Assessment Method (HK-BEAM) [J].Energy and Buildings,2007,39,343-354.
[30]Dr. Sam C. M. Hui. The Role of Building Energy Codes in Climate Change Mitigation[J]. Proceedings of the Zhejiang-Hong Kong Joint Symposium 2007.
[31]W.L. Lee. Benchmarking Hong Kong and China energy codes for residential buildings[J]. Energy and Buildings,2008,40,1628-1636.
[32]张向荣,杜佳,刘斐.国内外建筑节能标准化比较及其对我国的启示[J].未来与发展,2008,第2期.
[33]Jun Li. Managing carbon emissions in China through building energy efficiency[J]. Journal of Environmental Management,2009,90,2436-2447.
[34]Xiuli liu.Evaluation on the impacts of the implementation of civil building energy efficiency standards on Chinese economic system and environment[J].Energy and Buildings,2009,1084-1090.
[35]Tianzhen Hong. A close look at the China Design Standard for Energy Efficiency of Public Buildings[J].Energy and Buildings,2009,41,426-435.
[36]Nannan Wanga. Carbon print studies for the energy conservation regulations of the UK and China[J].Energy and Buildings,42,2010,695-698.
[37]Hui Yan. Greenhouse gas emissions in building construction:A case study of One Peking in Hong Kong[J]. Building and Environment,2010,45,949-955.
[38]Wei Ming Huang, Grace W.M. Lee. Feasibility analysis of GHG reduction target:Lessons from Taiwan's energy policy[J].Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2009,13,2621-2628.
[39]Luis Pe'rez-Lombard. A review on buildings energy consumption information[J]. Energy and Buildings,40,2008,394-398.
[40]Asif M,Muneer T,Kelley R.Life cycle assessment:a case study of a dwelling home in Scotland[J].building Environment,2007,42,1391-1394.
[41]Campograde D.The European construction industry-facts and trends.in proc.ERA Convention,European Construction Industry Federation;2007.
[42]暖通空调节能及CFC问题研究.http://www.jdzj.com/datum/showart.asp?art_id=9813.[OL]
[43]IPCC2007, Technical Summary[R].2007.
[44]CO2 Emission Trends and Reduction Opportunities in Transport, Households and Commercial Sectors. UNFCCC Workshop on Policies and Measures[R]. Copenhagen, Denmark.11-13 April 2000.
[45]张通.英国政府推行节能减排的主要特点及对我国的启示[J].中共中央党校学报,2008年2月,第1期.
[46]杨秀,清华大学建筑节能研究中心.英国公共建筑能耗情况初探[J].建设科技,55.
[47]Department of Energy and Climate Change. Climate change act 2009 impact assessment[R]; March 2009.
[48]权威财经资讯网站.3亿美国人的大脚印人均资源消耗率异常庞大.http://www.p5w.net/new s/gjcj/200610/t562014.htm.[OL]
[49]Brown MA, Southworth F, Stovall TK. Towards a climate-friendly built environment. Arlington VA:Pew Center on Global Climate Change,2005.49.
[50]U.S. Department of Energy.2007 buildings energy data book[R].2007. buildings data book.eren.doe.gov.
[51]Energy efficiency in the north American existing building stock[R]..IEA information paper.2007.
[52]胡建文.美国建筑节能与绿色建筑考察研究报告[R].深圳市建设局.
[53]王新春.美国建筑能耗统计.
[54]Michiya Suzuki. The estimation of energy consumption and CO2 emission due to housing construction in Japan[J]. Energy and Buildings,1995,22,165-169.
[55]Roger Sathre. Using wood products to mitigate climate change:External costs and structural change[J]. Applied Energy,2009,86,251-257.
[56]欧盟委员会.http://ec.europea.eu/energy/demand/legislation/building-en.htm.[OL]
[57]李仕国.我国建筑能耗现状及对策分析[J].甘肃科技,2007年12月,第12期.
[58]王绍平.我国的建筑能耗状况[J].山西建筑,2007年12月,第35期.
[59]刘昌平.2003～2007年的中国城镇建筑能耗分类和地区分析[J].建筑节能,2009年第12期.
[60]司小雷.我国的建筑能耗现状及解决对策[J].建筑节能,2008年第2期.
[61]孙秀美.建筑节能可持续发展研究.环境与可持续发展[J].2007年第5期.
[62]李仕国,王烨.中国建筑能耗现状及节能措施概述[J].环境科学与管理,第33卷第2期.
[63]W.G.Cai, Y.Zhong, H.Rena.China building energy consumption:Situation, challenges and corresponding measures[J]. Energy Policy,2009,37,2054-2059.
[64]涂逢祥.英,法,德国建筑节能标准近期进展.建筑节能(37)[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2002.
[65]Department for Communities and Local Government:Code for Sustainable Homes. London[S].2006.12.
[66]德国环境部统计数字[0L].2007年6月.
[67]EPBD Directive 2002/91/EC. Directive of the European parliament and the council on the energy performance of buildings[J]. The European Community Official Journal,2003,65-71.
[68]佚名.美国的建筑节能靠市场[J].绿叶,2005.
[69]U.S.Green Building Council.Building design leaders collaborating on carbon-neutral buildings by 2030.2007.
[70]IEA.CO2 emissions form fuel combustion,1971-2004[R], france,2006.
[71]李屹.我国应制定建筑节能激励政策[J].上海建设科技,2008年第5期.
[72]GB／T50378-2006.绿色建筑评价标准[S].北京.中国建筑工业出版社.2006.
[73]Architects and climate change[R]. American Institute of Architects.
[74]世界观察研究[OL],绿色建筑标准正在修订中,2008年8月27日报道.