基于嵌入式系统的便携式心电监护系统的研制
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摘要
心血管疾病是严重威胁人类健康和生命的主要疾病之一。在我国,因心血管疾病致死人数占死亡总人数的44%。而心电(ECG)监护系统可有效检测小概率异常心脏活动,对心血管疾病的预防、诊断和治疗具有重要意义。传统心电监护仪因其体积大、功耗高、无法随身携带、监护费用高昂等特点,而存在较大的应用局限性。便携式心电监护系统的大范围普及有助于促进心血管疾病的防治及康复工作。
本文针对市面上便携式心电监护系统的不足,提出了一款具有三种工作模式:动态心电监护模式、床侧心电监护模式以及远程心电监护模式的便携式心电监护系统总体设计方案。并对该系统中最为重要的便携式心电监护仪的软硬件设计开发工作进行了详细说明。
本文所设计的便携式心电监护仪基于ARM7内核的嵌入式系统,实现了心电信号实时采集、放大、存储、传输、心率计算、5种常见心律失常诊断以及自动与手动设置报警功能。便携式心电监护仪采用键盘进行命令输入,LCD显示屏进行图形用户接口(GUI)界面显示,SD卡接口和以太网接口实现心电数据传输。便携式心电监护仪硬件部分采用3.3V电压的供电方案,大幅降低系统功耗;软件部分设计了改进的R波检测差分阈值算法,提高了心率计算模块的可靠性。
在便携式心电监护仪原型机制作完成后,本文对其各项功能进行了相应测试工作。测试结果显示,该便携式心电监护仪较好的满足了系统设计要求,各项功能正常、性能良好。
最后,对本文相关研究工作进行了总结,并给出了今后可行的研究方向。
Cardiovascular disease is one of the major diseases that seriously threat to people’s health. In China, the number of people dead from cardiovascular disease has taken 44 percent of the death toll. Electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring system can effectively detect rare cardiac events, and it’s very important to the early prevention, diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular disease. There are plenty of disadvantages of the traditional ECG monitor: big size, high power consumption, un-portable for patients, and very expensive. These disadvantages make traditional ECG monitor difficult to be used widely. The widely use of portable ECG monitoring system can help to improve the prevention, treatment and healing of cardiovascular disease.
According to the insufficiency of the portable ECG monitoring system on market, this paper presents a new portable ECG monitoring system with three monitoring mode: Dynamic ECG Monitoring Mode, Bed-side ECG Monitoring Mode, and Remote ECG Monitoring Mode. This paper also design and implement a prototype of a new portable ECG monitoring device, which is the most important part of this system.
The device is based on ARM7 embedded system, which can sense, amplify, record, analyze, and transmit the ECG signal to a PC or a server, and also provides functions of calculating of cardiac rate, diagnosis of five usual arrhythmias, and auto/manual alarming. The portable ECG monitoring device also includes a four-key keyboard to input commands, a LCD screen to display Graphical User Interface (GUI), a SD card interface and an Ethernet interface for ECG data transmitting. The hardware part of the portable device uses 3.3V voltage supply, which is useful for power consumption reduction. And the software part presents an improving difference threshold value algorithm to improving the detecting of R wave.
After the implementation of the prototype, this paper presents the testing of some functions of the portable device. According to the testing results, the portable device fits the expected performance fairly well, and the tested functions work well.
The last section of this paper is a conclusion of this work, which also suggests the feasibility of future.
本文针对市面上便携式心电监护系统的不足,提出了一款具有三种工作模式:动态心电监护模式、床侧心电监护模式以及远程心电监护模式的便携式心电监护系统总体设计方案。并对该系统中最为重要的便携式心电监护仪的软硬件设计开发工作进行了详细说明。
本文所设计的便携式心电监护仪基于ARM7内核的嵌入式系统,实现了心电信号实时采集、放大、存储、传输、心率计算、5种常见心律失常诊断以及自动与手动设置报警功能。便携式心电监护仪采用键盘进行命令输入,LCD显示屏进行图形用户接口(GUI)界面显示,SD卡接口和以太网接口实现心电数据传输。便携式心电监护仪硬件部分采用3.3V电压的供电方案,大幅降低系统功耗;软件部分设计了改进的R波检测差分阈值算法,提高了心率计算模块的可靠性。
在便携式心电监护仪原型机制作完成后,本文对其各项功能进行了相应测试工作。测试结果显示,该便携式心电监护仪较好的满足了系统设计要求,各项功能正常、性能良好。
最后,对本文相关研究工作进行了总结,并给出了今后可行的研究方向。
Cardiovascular disease is one of the major diseases that seriously threat to people’s health. In China, the number of people dead from cardiovascular disease has taken 44 percent of the death toll. Electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring system can effectively detect rare cardiac events, and it’s very important to the early prevention, diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular disease. There are plenty of disadvantages of the traditional ECG monitor: big size, high power consumption, un-portable for patients, and very expensive. These disadvantages make traditional ECG monitor difficult to be used widely. The widely use of portable ECG monitoring system can help to improve the prevention, treatment and healing of cardiovascular disease.
According to the insufficiency of the portable ECG monitoring system on market, this paper presents a new portable ECG monitoring system with three monitoring mode: Dynamic ECG Monitoring Mode, Bed-side ECG Monitoring Mode, and Remote ECG Monitoring Mode. This paper also design and implement a prototype of a new portable ECG monitoring device, which is the most important part of this system.
The device is based on ARM7 embedded system, which can sense, amplify, record, analyze, and transmit the ECG signal to a PC or a server, and also provides functions of calculating of cardiac rate, diagnosis of five usual arrhythmias, and auto/manual alarming. The portable ECG monitoring device also includes a four-key keyboard to input commands, a LCD screen to display Graphical User Interface (GUI), a SD card interface and an Ethernet interface for ECG data transmitting. The hardware part of the portable device uses 3.3V voltage supply, which is useful for power consumption reduction. And the software part presents an improving difference threshold value algorithm to improving the detecting of R wave.
After the implementation of the prototype, this paper presents the testing of some functions of the portable device. According to the testing results, the portable device fits the expected performance fairly well, and the tested functions work well.
The last section of this paper is a conclusion of this work, which also suggests the feasibility of future.
引文
1 World Health Organization (WTO). The Global Burden Of Disease: 2004 Update. October, 2008. http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GBD_re-port_2004update_full.pdf
2卫生部心血管病防治研究中心.中国心血管病报告2006.中国大百科全书出版社, 2008:1~5
3 S. Fuhrhop, S. Lamparth, S. Heuer. A Textile Integrated Long-term ECG Monitor with Capacitively Coupled Electrodes. Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference, Beijing, 2009. IEEE BioCAS: 21~24
4 D. Simunic, S. Tomac, I. Vrdoljak. Wireless ECG Monitoring System. 1st International Conference on Wireless Communication, Vehicular Technology, Information Theory and Aerospace & Electronic Systems Technology, Aalborg, 2009. Wireless VITAE:73~76
5 Gero von Wagner, S. Schubert, L.F. Ngambia, C. Morgenstern, A. Bolz. Concept for an Event-triggered Electrocardiographic Telemetry-system Using GSM for Supervision of Cardiac Patients. EUROCOMM 2000, Information Systems for Enhanced Public Safety and Security, Munich, 2000. IEEE/AFCEA, 2002:374~377
6 Hong Ming, Yajun Zhang, Weijiang Pan. Evaluation and Removal of EMI between ECG Monitor and GSM Mobile Phones. 2006 IET International Conference on Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks, Hangzhou, 2006:1~4
7 S. Khoor, J. Nieberl, K. Fugedi, E. Kail. Internet-based, GPRS, Long-term ECG Monitoring and Non-linear Heart-rate Analysis for Cardiovascular Telemedicine Management. Computers in Cardiology. 2003, (30):209~212
8 J. Li, S.C. Wu, Y.Z. Li, Y.P. Bai, S. Zhang, D. Li. The Hardware Design of Three-channel EIG Monitoring System Based on S3C2410X and GPRS. IEEE/ICME International Conference on Complex Medical Engineering, Beijing, 2007. CME:252~255
9 J.M. Cano-Garcia, E. Gonzalez-Parada, V. Alarcon-Collantes, E. Casilari-Perez. A PDA-based Portable Wireless ECG Monitor for Medical Personal Area Networks. IEEE Mediterranean Electrotechnical Conference, Malaga, 2006. MELECON:713~716
10刘大茂,吴学慧,余轮.多功能便携式心电监护仪的研制.福州大学学报(自然科学版). 1998, 26(2):44~48
11侯立亚,吴水才,白燕萍.嵌入式心电监护仪的研制.北京生物医学工程. 2005, 24(6):418~420
12梁小容,万相奎,叶顺流,丁建平,秦树人.基于Linux的嵌入式心电监护仪.重庆大学学报. 2004, 27(10):14~17
13 A. Alesanco, J. Garcia. Clinical Assessment of Wireless ECG Transmission in Real-Time Cardiac Tele-Monitoring. IEEE Trans. on Information Technology in Biomedicine. 2010, (99):1~10
14刘攀峰,戴启军.基于C8051F320单片机的低成本心电监护系统设计.电子设计工程. 2009, 17(10):49~51
15李文明,毛晓波.基于C8051单片机的无线心电监护系统设计.电子设计工程. 2009, 17(9):27~29
16李晓艳,公茂法,刘鹏,李兴平.基于DSP的便携心电数据采集处理系统.工业控制计算机. 2006, 19(9):54~55
17 B.R. Hayes-Gill, A.C. Cardoso, N. Meinke, J.A.Crowe, B. Francon, A. Harrison. A Generic ASIC and DSP Based Ambulatory Electrophysiological Recorder. IEE Colloquium on Data Logging of Physiological Signals, London, 1995: 9/1~9/3
18 Yongming Yang, Xiaobo Huang, Xinghuo Yu. Real-Time ECG Monitoring System Based on FPGA. 33rd Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, Taipei, 2007. IECON:2136~2140
19 Geng Yang, Jian Chen, Ying Cao, H. Tenhunen, Lirong Zheng. A Novel Wearable ECG Monitoring System Based on Active-cable and Intelligent Electrodes. 10th International Conference on e-health Networking, Applications and Services, Singapore, 2008. HealthCom:156~159
20 Jianwei Dong, Shi Zhang, Xiaonan Jia. A Portable Intelligent ECG Monitor Based on Wireless Internet and Embedded System Technology. International Conference on BioMedical Engineering and Informatics, Sanya, 2008. BMEI:553~556
21 Yu Xiao-gang, Miao Chang-yun, Li Hong-qiang. A Novel System-On-Chip Design of Wearable ECG Signs Monitoring Node Into Medical Vest. The 1st International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering of ICBBE 2007, Wuhan, 2007:1035~1038
22 M. Di Rienzo, F. Rizzo, G. Parati, G. Brambilla, M. Ferratini, P. Castiglioni. MagIC System: a New Textile-Based Wearable Device for Biological Signal Monitoring. Applicability in Daily Life and Clinical Setting. 27th Annual International Conference on Medicine and Biology Society, Shanghai, 2005. IEEE-EMBS:7167~7169
23 Chulsung Park, Pai H. Chou, Ying Bai, R. Matthews, A. Hibbs. An Ultra-wearable, Wireless, Low power ECG Monitoring System. Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference, London, 2006. IEEE BioCAS:241~244
24 Wong Kiing-Ing. A Light-weighted, Low-cost and Wireless ECG Monitor Design Based on TinyOS Operating System. 6th International Special Topic Conference on Information Technology Applications in Biomedicine, Tokyo, 2007. ITAB:165~168
25 T. Deniz, A. Yilmaz. Design and Implementation of a Digital Ambulatory ECG Recorder Based on Flash MultiMediaCard Memory. Micro-Nano Mechatronics and Human Science of 2003 IEEE International Symposium, Cairo, 2003:368~371
26姚翔,阮光萍,于巍,阮兴云,张良才.基于SD卡的动态心电系统研究.医疗卫生装备. 2009, 30(1):64~65
27 Shi Zhang, Jinshuan Zhao, Lihuang She, Guohua Wang. A Novel Pocket Intelligent One Lead ECG Monitor Based on Fingers Touching. 2nd International Congress on Image and Signal Processing, Tianjin, 2009. CISP:1~3
28刘万杰,王梁,鲁鸿博.基于EZ-USB的便携式心电仪的设计.应用科技. 2009, 36(7):58~61
29 Hailong Jin, Bing Miao. Design of Holter ECG System Based on MSP430 and USB Technology. The 1st International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering of ICBBE 2007, Wuhan, 2007:976~979
30董瑞情,孙中生.基于蓝牙的嵌入式心电监测系统的设计与实现.工业控制计算机. 2009, 22(8):17~20
31 Chang-Ming Yang, Chih-Chung Wu, Chun-Mei Chou, Tzu-Lin Yang. Vehicle Driver's ECG and Sitting Posture Monitoring System. 9th International Conference on Information Technology and Applications in Biomedicine, Larnaca, 2009. ITAB:1~4
32 V. Auteri, L. Roffia, T.S. Cinotti. ZigBee-nased Wireless ECG Monitor. Computers in Cardiology, Durham, 2007:133~136
33郑凯,赵宏伟,张孝临.基于ZigBee网络的心电监护系统的研究.仪器仪表学报. 2008, 29(9):1908~1911
34 H. Fariborzi, M. Moghavvemi, S. Mehrkanoon. Design of a Low-power Microcontroller-based Wireless ECG Monitoring System. 5th Student Conference on Research and Development, Selangor, 2007. SCOReD:1~4
35 Gu-Young Jeong, Myoung-Jong Yoon, Kee-Ho Yu. Ambulatory ECG Monitoring Device with ST-segment Analysis. ICCAS-SICE, Fukuoka, 2009:509~513
36 Card Guard official web site. http://www.lifewatch.com/telehealth_monitors/
37 DMS official web site. http://www.dmsecg.com/products/holter/hardware.htm
38美高仪官方网站. http://www.meigaoyi.com/english/products/products.htm
39迈瑞官方网站. http://www.mindray.com/cn/products/products_line1.html#p03
40 Wikimedia Foundation Inc. Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECG/
41柳俊,王莺.明明白白心电图.广东科技出版社, 2002.
42周立功. ARM嵌入式系统基础教程.第2版.北京航空航天大学出版社, 2008.
43 NXP Semiconductors. LPC2290 data sheet. 2006. http://www.nxp.com/docu-ments/data_sheet/LPC2290.pdf
44 Texas Instruments Inc.医疗应用指南. 2009. http://focus.ti.com.cn/cn/lit/ml/z-hcb013/zhcb013.pdf
45 Analog Devices Inc. AD620 data sheet. 1999. http://www.analog.com/static/im-ported-files/data_sheets/AD620.pdf
46孙天泽.嵌入式Linux操作系统.人民邮电出版社, 2009:1~2
47周立功,陈明计,陈渝. ARM嵌入式Linux系统构建与驱动开发范例.北京航空航天大学出版社, 2006.
48王步青,王卫东.基于LabVIEW的虚拟心电分析仪中的R波检测算法研究.科学技术与工程. 2006, 6(21):3401~3404
2卫生部心血管病防治研究中心.中国心血管病报告2006.中国大百科全书出版社, 2008:1~5
3 S. Fuhrhop, S. Lamparth, S. Heuer. A Textile Integrated Long-term ECG Monitor with Capacitively Coupled Electrodes. Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference, Beijing, 2009. IEEE BioCAS: 21~24
4 D. Simunic, S. Tomac, I. Vrdoljak. Wireless ECG Monitoring System. 1st International Conference on Wireless Communication, Vehicular Technology, Information Theory and Aerospace & Electronic Systems Technology, Aalborg, 2009. Wireless VITAE:73~76
5 Gero von Wagner, S. Schubert, L.F. Ngambia, C. Morgenstern, A. Bolz. Concept for an Event-triggered Electrocardiographic Telemetry-system Using GSM for Supervision of Cardiac Patients. EUROCOMM 2000, Information Systems for Enhanced Public Safety and Security, Munich, 2000. IEEE/AFCEA, 2002:374~377
6 Hong Ming, Yajun Zhang, Weijiang Pan. Evaluation and Removal of EMI between ECG Monitor and GSM Mobile Phones. 2006 IET International Conference on Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks, Hangzhou, 2006:1~4
7 S. Khoor, J. Nieberl, K. Fugedi, E. Kail. Internet-based, GPRS, Long-term ECG Monitoring and Non-linear Heart-rate Analysis for Cardiovascular Telemedicine Management. Computers in Cardiology. 2003, (30):209~212
8 J. Li, S.C. Wu, Y.Z. Li, Y.P. Bai, S. Zhang, D. Li. The Hardware Design of Three-channel EIG Monitoring System Based on S3C2410X and GPRS. IEEE/ICME International Conference on Complex Medical Engineering, Beijing, 2007. CME:252~255
9 J.M. Cano-Garcia, E. Gonzalez-Parada, V. Alarcon-Collantes, E. Casilari-Perez. A PDA-based Portable Wireless ECG Monitor for Medical Personal Area Networks. IEEE Mediterranean Electrotechnical Conference, Malaga, 2006. MELECON:713~716
10刘大茂,吴学慧,余轮.多功能便携式心电监护仪的研制.福州大学学报(自然科学版). 1998, 26(2):44~48
11侯立亚,吴水才,白燕萍.嵌入式心电监护仪的研制.北京生物医学工程. 2005, 24(6):418~420
12梁小容,万相奎,叶顺流,丁建平,秦树人.基于Linux的嵌入式心电监护仪.重庆大学学报. 2004, 27(10):14~17
13 A. Alesanco, J. Garcia. Clinical Assessment of Wireless ECG Transmission in Real-Time Cardiac Tele-Monitoring. IEEE Trans. on Information Technology in Biomedicine. 2010, (99):1~10
14刘攀峰,戴启军.基于C8051F320单片机的低成本心电监护系统设计.电子设计工程. 2009, 17(10):49~51
15李文明,毛晓波.基于C8051单片机的无线心电监护系统设计.电子设计工程. 2009, 17(9):27~29
16李晓艳,公茂法,刘鹏,李兴平.基于DSP的便携心电数据采集处理系统.工业控制计算机. 2006, 19(9):54~55
17 B.R. Hayes-Gill, A.C. Cardoso, N. Meinke, J.A.Crowe, B. Francon, A. Harrison. A Generic ASIC and DSP Based Ambulatory Electrophysiological Recorder. IEE Colloquium on Data Logging of Physiological Signals, London, 1995: 9/1~9/3
18 Yongming Yang, Xiaobo Huang, Xinghuo Yu. Real-Time ECG Monitoring System Based on FPGA. 33rd Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, Taipei, 2007. IECON:2136~2140
19 Geng Yang, Jian Chen, Ying Cao, H. Tenhunen, Lirong Zheng. A Novel Wearable ECG Monitoring System Based on Active-cable and Intelligent Electrodes. 10th International Conference on e-health Networking, Applications and Services, Singapore, 2008. HealthCom:156~159
20 Jianwei Dong, Shi Zhang, Xiaonan Jia. A Portable Intelligent ECG Monitor Based on Wireless Internet and Embedded System Technology. International Conference on BioMedical Engineering and Informatics, Sanya, 2008. BMEI:553~556
21 Yu Xiao-gang, Miao Chang-yun, Li Hong-qiang. A Novel System-On-Chip Design of Wearable ECG Signs Monitoring Node Into Medical Vest. The 1st International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering of ICBBE 2007, Wuhan, 2007:1035~1038
22 M. Di Rienzo, F. Rizzo, G. Parati, G. Brambilla, M. Ferratini, P. Castiglioni. MagIC System: a New Textile-Based Wearable Device for Biological Signal Monitoring. Applicability in Daily Life and Clinical Setting. 27th Annual International Conference on Medicine and Biology Society, Shanghai, 2005. IEEE-EMBS:7167~7169
23 Chulsung Park, Pai H. Chou, Ying Bai, R. Matthews, A. Hibbs. An Ultra-wearable, Wireless, Low power ECG Monitoring System. Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference, London, 2006. IEEE BioCAS:241~244
24 Wong Kiing-Ing. A Light-weighted, Low-cost and Wireless ECG Monitor Design Based on TinyOS Operating System. 6th International Special Topic Conference on Information Technology Applications in Biomedicine, Tokyo, 2007. ITAB:165~168
25 T. Deniz, A. Yilmaz. Design and Implementation of a Digital Ambulatory ECG Recorder Based on Flash MultiMediaCard Memory. Micro-Nano Mechatronics and Human Science of 2003 IEEE International Symposium, Cairo, 2003:368~371
26姚翔,阮光萍,于巍,阮兴云,张良才.基于SD卡的动态心电系统研究.医疗卫生装备. 2009, 30(1):64~65
27 Shi Zhang, Jinshuan Zhao, Lihuang She, Guohua Wang. A Novel Pocket Intelligent One Lead ECG Monitor Based on Fingers Touching. 2nd International Congress on Image and Signal Processing, Tianjin, 2009. CISP:1~3
28刘万杰,王梁,鲁鸿博.基于EZ-USB的便携式心电仪的设计.应用科技. 2009, 36(7):58~61
29 Hailong Jin, Bing Miao. Design of Holter ECG System Based on MSP430 and USB Technology. The 1st International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering of ICBBE 2007, Wuhan, 2007:976~979
30董瑞情,孙中生.基于蓝牙的嵌入式心电监测系统的设计与实现.工业控制计算机. 2009, 22(8):17~20
31 Chang-Ming Yang, Chih-Chung Wu, Chun-Mei Chou, Tzu-Lin Yang. Vehicle Driver's ECG and Sitting Posture Monitoring System. 9th International Conference on Information Technology and Applications in Biomedicine, Larnaca, 2009. ITAB:1~4
32 V. Auteri, L. Roffia, T.S. Cinotti. ZigBee-nased Wireless ECG Monitor. Computers in Cardiology, Durham, 2007:133~136
33郑凯,赵宏伟,张孝临.基于ZigBee网络的心电监护系统的研究.仪器仪表学报. 2008, 29(9):1908~1911
34 H. Fariborzi, M. Moghavvemi, S. Mehrkanoon. Design of a Low-power Microcontroller-based Wireless ECG Monitoring System. 5th Student Conference on Research and Development, Selangor, 2007. SCOReD:1~4
35 Gu-Young Jeong, Myoung-Jong Yoon, Kee-Ho Yu. Ambulatory ECG Monitoring Device with ST-segment Analysis. ICCAS-SICE, Fukuoka, 2009:509~513
36 Card Guard official web site. http://www.lifewatch.com/telehealth_monitors/
37 DMS official web site. http://www.dmsecg.com/products/holter/hardware.htm
38美高仪官方网站. http://www.meigaoyi.com/english/products/products.htm
39迈瑞官方网站. http://www.mindray.com/cn/products/products_line1.html#p03
40 Wikimedia Foundation Inc. Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECG/
41柳俊,王莺.明明白白心电图.广东科技出版社, 2002.
42周立功. ARM嵌入式系统基础教程.第2版.北京航空航天大学出版社, 2008.
43 NXP Semiconductors. LPC2290 data sheet. 2006. http://www.nxp.com/docu-ments/data_sheet/LPC2290.pdf
44 Texas Instruments Inc.医疗应用指南. 2009. http://focus.ti.com.cn/cn/lit/ml/z-hcb013/zhcb013.pdf
45 Analog Devices Inc. AD620 data sheet. 1999. http://www.analog.com/static/im-ported-files/data_sheets/AD620.pdf
46孙天泽.嵌入式Linux操作系统.人民邮电出版社, 2009:1~2
47周立功,陈明计,陈渝. ARM嵌入式Linux系统构建与驱动开发范例.北京航空航天大学出版社, 2006.
48王步青,王卫东.基于LabVIEW的虚拟心电分析仪中的R波检测算法研究.科学技术与工程. 2006, 6(21):3401~3404