论厄休拉·勒奎恩科幻小说中的二元性思想
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摘要
厄休拉·勒奎恩(也译作娥苏拉·勒瑰恩)(Ursula K. Le Guin)是美国“新浪潮”的代表作家,也是少数几个被美国主流文学界认可的科幻作家之一。厄休拉获奖无数,涉猎广泛,至今已发表了17部小说,11部儿童文学作品,超过100篇短篇故事,2部论文合集,6部诗集,3部译作及剧本等,展现出厄休拉作为一名作家丰富的多面性。
国外关于厄休拉的研究成果颇丰,但国内对于这位作家的研究相当不足。针对这一国内研究现状,本文试图从厄休拉·勒奎恩的科幻小说出发,选取其两部代表作《黑暗的左手》和《倾诉》,对厄休拉科幻小说中的二元性思想进行分析和评价,以填补国内研究的不足。
全文试图从四个方面分析厄休拉科幻小说的二元性思想,第一章主要阐明厄休拉与美国科幻文学的联系及其科幻小说中的二元性思想的内涵,即在承认二元对立的基础上,追求万物的平衡和谐,并追踪厄休拉作品中对该思想主线一以贯之的表现。第二章从作品思想内容入手,对小说围绕二元性思想展开的三大主题进行探索,主要从影响接受角度切入,探究小说对二元性思想的具体内容表现。第三章从作品的形式入手,分析小说中二元性思想的艺术表现手法,展现厄休拉科幻小说的独特艺术风格,力求结合作品的二元性思想内涵,对小说表现手法进行较客观、深入的分析。第四章深入挖掘厄休拉小说二元性思想的成因,并总结其小说价值,主要从厄休拉小说对美国软科幻小说及后现代文学的启示方面,试图对厄休拉的科幻小说及作家地位做出个人的判断。
美国科幻小说发展较为成熟,已在文学界占有一席之地,以厄休拉·勒奎恩为个案,引起学者或评论界对美国科幻文学的关注,对丰富国内美国科幻文学的研究也是不无裨益的。
Ursula K. Le Guin is a very important writer of the New Wave in the U.S.A.,and is one of a few science fiction writers who has been recognized by the mainstream of the literature field. Ursula K. Le Guin has won numerous prizes and has been successful in many different kinds of genres. She has published seventeen novels, eleven works of children literature, over one hundred short stories, two books of essay collection collaborated with other scholars, six poet works, three translation and drama, which has fully shown Ursula's diversity as a writer.
There are plenty of research materials on Ursula K. Le Guin, however, few research has been done on this writer in Mainland China. According to this situation, this dissertation tries to start the research with Ursula K. Le Guin's science fictions. So it takes the writer's two symbolic works for instance:The Left Hand of Darkness and The Telling, analyzes and evaluates the dualism of Le Guin's science fictions, so as to complement the research on this writer in China.
This dissertation analyzes the dualism of Le Guin's science fictions from four aspects. The first chapter illustrates the connection between the writer and American science fiction history and the inner meaning of dualism in Le Guin's science fictions, i.e. the pursuit of balance and harmony on the basis of separation, as well as the consistent manifestation of dualism in her works.The second chapter explores three main themes about the dualism. The third chapter focuses on the art techniques of manifesting the duality, in order to show the unique style of Le Guin's science fictions. The fourth chapter concludes the reasons of the dualism and the value of Le Guin's science fictions, makes objective evaluation of Le Guin's science fictions and her status in the aspect of soft science fiction and postmodernism literature.
国外关于厄休拉的研究成果颇丰,但国内对于这位作家的研究相当不足。针对这一国内研究现状,本文试图从厄休拉·勒奎恩的科幻小说出发,选取其两部代表作《黑暗的左手》和《倾诉》,对厄休拉科幻小说中的二元性思想进行分析和评价,以填补国内研究的不足。
全文试图从四个方面分析厄休拉科幻小说的二元性思想,第一章主要阐明厄休拉与美国科幻文学的联系及其科幻小说中的二元性思想的内涵,即在承认二元对立的基础上,追求万物的平衡和谐,并追踪厄休拉作品中对该思想主线一以贯之的表现。第二章从作品思想内容入手,对小说围绕二元性思想展开的三大主题进行探索,主要从影响接受角度切入,探究小说对二元性思想的具体内容表现。第三章从作品的形式入手,分析小说中二元性思想的艺术表现手法,展现厄休拉科幻小说的独特艺术风格,力求结合作品的二元性思想内涵,对小说表现手法进行较客观、深入的分析。第四章深入挖掘厄休拉小说二元性思想的成因,并总结其小说价值,主要从厄休拉小说对美国软科幻小说及后现代文学的启示方面,试图对厄休拉的科幻小说及作家地位做出个人的判断。
美国科幻小说发展较为成熟,已在文学界占有一席之地,以厄休拉·勒奎恩为个案,引起学者或评论界对美国科幻文学的关注,对丰富国内美国科幻文学的研究也是不无裨益的。
Ursula K. Le Guin is a very important writer of the New Wave in the U.S.A.,and is one of a few science fiction writers who has been recognized by the mainstream of the literature field. Ursula K. Le Guin has won numerous prizes and has been successful in many different kinds of genres. She has published seventeen novels, eleven works of children literature, over one hundred short stories, two books of essay collection collaborated with other scholars, six poet works, three translation and drama, which has fully shown Ursula's diversity as a writer.
There are plenty of research materials on Ursula K. Le Guin, however, few research has been done on this writer in Mainland China. According to this situation, this dissertation tries to start the research with Ursula K. Le Guin's science fictions. So it takes the writer's two symbolic works for instance:The Left Hand of Darkness and The Telling, analyzes and evaluates the dualism of Le Guin's science fictions, so as to complement the research on this writer in China.
This dissertation analyzes the dualism of Le Guin's science fictions from four aspects. The first chapter illustrates the connection between the writer and American science fiction history and the inner meaning of dualism in Le Guin's science fictions, i.e. the pursuit of balance and harmony on the basis of separation, as well as the consistent manifestation of dualism in her works.The second chapter explores three main themes about the dualism. The third chapter focuses on the art techniques of manifesting the duality, in order to show the unique style of Le Guin's science fictions. The fourth chapter concludes the reasons of the dualism and the value of Le Guin's science fictions, makes objective evaluation of Le Guin's science fictions and her status in the aspect of soft science fiction and postmodernism literature.
引文
1 -"If you weren't a writer what would you be?"-"Dead." from M.E. Wood's Bella Online interview with Ursula K. Le Guin, http://www. bellaonline.com/articles/art10988. asp,2009/9/15 14:55查阅。
2 该两部书名均为笔者自译。
3 "If Tiptree won the respect of sf readers, it was Ursula Le Guin who won the respect of non-sf critics." Edward James. Science Fiction in the Twentieth Century, Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York 1994. p.188.书名为笔者自译。
4 "Le Guin became one of that small band of living sf writers which the steadily growing community of sf academics was keen to promote to the outside world."同上。
5 Susan M. Bernardo and Graham J. Murphy. Series Forword of Ursula KLe Guin:a Critical Companion, Greenwood Press, London 2006.
1 "…Le Guin remains one of the wisest voices in contemporary fiction, and as powerful a reader as she is a writer…[Her] readings are as emotionally rich as they are rigorously unsentimental, and she praises the stories that offer an alternative to our 'radically impoverished, single-species world." Ursula K. Le Guin. Cheek by Jowl, Reviews by William Alexander, Aqueduct Press, April 2009, http://www.ursulakleguin.com/Index-CheekByJowl.html,2009年12月2日14：45查阅。
2 "Ursula K. Le Guin may be on the short list of great writers to emerge from our little corner of the map, but she's also something of a skirmisher…and she continues to ask the questions here, mostly in the context of children's and YA literature, with the unflagging passion and clarity we've come to expect from her critical writing." Ursula K. Le Guin. Cheek by Jowl, Reviews by Gary K. Wolfe, Locus April,2009Aqueduct Press, April 2009, http://www. ursulakleguin. com/Index-CheekByJowl. html,2009年12月2日14：45查阅。
3 在CASHL“文章”部分中,用"Ursula"“前方一致”输入检索,命中数为139；用“包含”方法检索,命中数为2047。在Gale文学资源中用"Ursula"检索,Magazine有69,Academic Journals有151,News有110篇。在ProQuest学位论文全文库中用同词检索,有22篇硕博论文中用了厄休拉的作品作为论文材料。
4 详见后“参考文献”中参阅的相关英文书籍及论文。 学所导致的社会的新发展和意想不到的新情况给人们的冲击,而人们又必须和这种新发展或新情况同存共处。”及西奥多·斯图金(Thoeodore Sturgeon):“以科学的某一方面内容构成故事的情节或背景的小说,叫科幻小说。”等。参考资料同上。
1 施咸荣编,施咸荣、董乐山等译：《外国现代科学幻想小说》,上海,上海文艺出版社,1982年3月第一版,序第10-15页。
2 参见Edward James. Science Fiction in the Twentieth Century, Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York 1994.及Darren Harris-Fain. Understanding Contemporary American Science Fiction:The Age of Maturity,1970-2000, University of South Carolina Press, Columbia 2005.
3 参考[美]詹姆斯·冈恩、郭建中主编：《半人半鱼之神：从威尔斯到海茵莱恩》,北京,北京大学出版社,2008年10月第一版,第342页。
4 定义参考叶永烈撰：《太平洋彼岸的科学幻想热潮》,黄尹主编：《论科学幻想小说》,北京,科普出版社,1981年5月第一版,第235页。
1 [美]詹姆斯·冈恩,郭建中主编：《灰烬之塔：从现在到永远》,北京,北京大学出版社,2008年10月第一版,英文版前言,第5页。
2 [美]詹姆斯·冈恩,郭建中主编：《太阳舞：从海因莱因到七十年代》,北京,北京大学出版社,2008年10月第一版,第394页。
3 "people whose society differs from ours, even whose physiology may differ from ours, but who feel the way we do." Forward, The Birthday of the World, Ursula K. Le Guin, Clays Ltd, St Ives plc, Great Britain,2004, ⅹⅱ. 1 "I think it is because I was trying to show a balance-and the delicacy of a balance." Is Gender Necessary? The Language of the Night:Essays on Fantasy and Science Fiction, by Ursula K. Le Guin, edited and with introductions by Susan Wood, G..P. Putnam's Sons, New York,1979, p.165.
2 陈鼓应注译：《老子今注今译》,北京,商务印书馆,2003年第一版,第80页。
3 参考黄顺基、刘炯忠著：《论辩证思维的形成和它的范畴体系：亚里士多德<形而上学>一书初探》,北京,中国社会科学出版社,1983年10月第一版,第54-156页。
4 参考高清海著：《哲学的憧憬——<形而上学>的沉思》,长春,吉林大学出版社,1995年11月第一版,第210-256页。
5 参考汪民安著：《福柯的界线：主体、权力和生活美学》,北京,社会科学出版社,2002年11月第一版,第248-255页。
1 参考杨大春著：《文本的世界——从结构主义到后结构主义》,北京,中国社会科学院出版,1998年2月第一版,第79-81页。
2 参考汪民安、陈永国、马海良主编：《后现代的哲学话语：从福柯到赛义德》,杭州,浙江人民出版社,2000年11月第一版,第225-228页。
3 "Our curse is alienation, the separation as yang from yin. Instead of a search for balance and integration, there is a struggle for dominance. Divisions are insisted upon, interdependence is denied. The dualism of value that destroys us, the dualism of superior/inferior, ruler/ruled, owner/owned, user/used, might give way to what seems to me, from here, a much healthier, sounder, more promising modality of integration and integrity." Is Gender Necessary? The Language of the Night: Essays on Fantasy and Science Fiction, by Ursula K. Le Guin, edited and with introductions by Susan Wood, G..P. Putnam's Sons, New York,1979, p.169.
4 娥苏拉·勒瑰恩著,洪凌译：《黑暗的左手》,台北,缪思出版,2004年12月第一版,第269页。
1 同上,第113-114页。
2 [美]厄休拉·勒奎恩著,姚人杰译：《倾诉》,北京,新星出版社,2007年6月第一版,第94页。
1 "It was a heuristic device, a thought-experiment." Dancing at the Edge of the World:Thoughts on Words, Women, Places, by Ursula K. Le Guin, Harper & Row, Publishers, New York,1990, p.9.
2 “我们这个世界惟一需要的正是和平。”[美]厄休拉·勒奎恩著,马爱农、周莉译：《地海传奇Ⅰ》,北京,人民文学出版社,2004年3月,第206页。 1 "I have found, somewhat to my pleasure, that I am an extremely moral writer. I am always grinding axes and making points. I wish I wasn't so moralistic, because my interest is aesthetic. What I want to do is make something beautiful like a good pot or a good piece of music, and the ideas and moralism keep getting in the way." The Language of the Night:Essays on Fantasy and Science Fiction, by Ursula K. Le Guin, edited and with introductions by Susan Wood, G.P. Putnam s Sons, New York,1979, p.145.
1 "Truth is a matter of the imagination." The Left Hand of Darkness, Ursula K. Le Guin, Ace Books,1969, p 7.中译文参考娥苏拉·勒瑰恩著,洪凌译：《黑暗的左手》,台北,缪思出版,2004年12月,第17页。
2 以上两处均引自张隆溪著：《比较文学研究入门》,上海,复旦大学出版社,2009年5月第一版,第55、56页。
1 以上三处原文都摘自娥苏拉·勒瑰恩著,洪凌译：《黑暗的左手》,台北,缪思出版,2004年12月,第17页。
2 同上,第29-30页。
3 同上,第74-75页。
1 以上三处原文摘自[美]厄休拉·勒奎恩著,姚人杰译：《倾诉》,北京,新星出版社,2007年6月第一版,第102、125、157页。
1 以上六处原文都摘自娥苏拉·勒瑰恩著,洪凌译：《黑暗的左手》,台北,缪思出版,2004年12月第一版,第13、17页。
2 巴赫金理论参考夏忠宪著：《巴赫金狂欢化诗学研究》,北京,北京师范大学出版,2000年11月第一版,第22-25页。
3 杨大春著：《文本的世界——从结构主义到后结构主义》,北京,中国社会科学院出版,1998年2月第一版,第76页。
4 "Nobody's responsible for science fiction, surely, but the people who write it and the people who read it." Who is Responsible? Dancing at the Edge of the World:Thoughts on Words, Women, Places, by Ursula K. Le Guin, Harper & Row, Publishers, New York,1990, p.188.
5 "Where the writer and the reader collaborate to make the work of fiction is perhaps, above all, in the imagination. In the joint creation of the fictive world." Where Do You Get Your Ideas From? Dancing at the Edge of the World:Thoughts on Words, Women, Places, by Ursula K. Le Guin, Harper & Row, Publishers, New York,1990, p.197.
6 "Artists are people who are not at al interested in the facts-only in the truth. You get the facts from outside. The truth you get from inside." Talking About Writing, The Language of the Night:Essays on Fantasy and Science Fiction, by Ursula K. Le Guin, edited and with introductions by Susan Wood, G.P. Putnam's Sons, New York,1979, p.198.
1 "Narrative is a stratagem of mortality. It is a means, a way of living. It does not seek immortality; it does not seek to triumph over or escape from time." "Fiction in particular, narration in general, may be seen not as a disguise or falsification of what is given but as an active encounter with the environment by means of posing options and alternatives…A totally factual narrative, were there such a thing, would be passive:a mirror reflecting all without distortion." Some Thoughts on Narrative, Dancing at the Edge of the World:Thoughts on Words, Women, Places, by Ursula K. Le Guin, Harper & Row, Publishers, New York,1990, p.38-45.
2 以上四处原文摘自娥苏拉·勒瑰恩著,洪凌译：《黑暗的左手》,台北,缪思出版,2004年12月第一版,第10-13页。
1 Plato. Symposium in The Dialogue of Plato, Seth Benardete, trans. Bantam Books,1986,p.251.
2 详见萧兵、叶舒宪著：《老子的文化解读——性与神话学之研究》,湖北,湖北人民出版社,1994年5月第一版,第775、757页。
3 同上,第763-780页。
4 同上,第761页。
5 萧兵、叶舒宪著：《老子的文化解读——性与神话学之研究》,湖北,湖北人民出版社,1994年5月第一版,第783-784页。
1 [英佛吉尼亚·伍尔夫著,王还译,《一间自己的屋子》,北京,三联书店,1989年2月第一版,第120-121页。
2 "Ai's description of a world without repression reminds us of the'erotic utopia'"Postmodern Anarchism in the Novels of Ursula K. Le Guin, by Lewis Call, SubStance 113, Vol.36, no.2,2007, p.93.
3 以上两处原文摘自娥苏拉·勒瑰恩著,洪凌译：《黑暗的左手》,台北,缪思出版,2004年12月第一版,第113页。
1 同上,第114页。
2 同上,第115、205页。
3 同上,第286页。
4 "The maturer culture, or psyche, can integrate these taboos or laws into an internal ethical code, which, while allowing great freedom, does not permit the treatment of another person as an object." Dancing at the Edge of the World:Thoughts on Words, Women, Places, by Ursula K. Le Guin, Harper & Row, Publishers, New York,1990, p.13.
5 "Along about 1967,I began to feel a certain unease, a need to step on a little farther, perhaps, on my own. I began to want to define and understand the meaning of sexuality and the meaning of gender, in my life and our society." Dancing at the Edge of the World:Thoughts on Words, Women, Places, by Ursula K. Le Guin, Harper & Row, Publishers, New York,1990, p.8.
1 [美]罗斯玛丽·帕特南·童著,艾晓明等译：《女性主义思潮导论》,湖北,华中师范大学出版社,2002年10月第一版,第29、31页。
2 “大会主席报告,‘全国妇女组织’第二次全国大会。华盛顿,哥伦比亚特区,1967年11月18日”,引自霍尔和莱文：《女性主义的复兴》,同上,第6页。
3 "Feminism has enlarged its ground and strengthened its theory and practice immensely, and enduringly, in these past twenty years; but has anyone actually taken a step "beyond" Virginia Woolf" Is Gender Necessary? Dancing at the Edge of the World:Thoughts on Words, Women, Places, by Ursula K. Le Guin, Harper & Row, Publishers, New York,1990, p.8.
4 "And for years that personal freedom allowed me to ignore the degree to which my writing was controlled and constrained by judgments and assumptions which I thought were my own, but which were the internalized ideology of a male supremacist society." The Fishwoman's Daughter,同上,p.233.
5 "What I needed was what feminism, feminism literary theory and criticism and practice, had to give me."同上,p.234.
6 "The deepest foundation of the order of oppression is gendering, which names the male normal, dominant, active, and the female other, subject, passive. To begin to imagine freedom, the myths of gender, like the myths of race, have to be exploded and discarded." Earthsea Revisioned. Cambridge:Chindren's Literature New England in association with Green Bay Publications,1993, p.24.
7 "And it is feminism that has empowered me to criticize not only my society and myself but-for a moment now-feminism itself."同上,p.234.
8 下述三方面详见Is Gender Necessary?一文,Dancing at the Edge of the World:Thoughts on Words, Women, Places, by Ursula K. Le Guin, Harper & Row, Publishers, New York,1990, p.10-13.
1 "All times are changing times, but ours is one of massive, rapid moral and mental transformation. Archetypes turn into milestones, large simplicities get complicated, chaos becomes elegant, and what everybody knows is true turns out to be what some people used to think." "Foreword" Tales from Earthsea, New York:Ace Books,2001.ⅹⅴ.
2 "I was defensive, and resentful that critics of the book insisted upon talking only about its "gender problem", as if it were an essay not a novel… "The fact is," however, that there are other aspects to the book, which are involved with its sex/gender aspects quite inextricably." Is Gender Necessary? Dancing at the Edge of the World:Thoughts on Words, Women, Places, by Ursula K. Le Guin, Harper & Row, Publishers, New York,1990, p.8.
3 "Is the book a Utopia? It seems to me that it is quite clearly not."同上,p.16.
4 "The fact is that the real subject of the book is not feminism or sex or gender or anything of the sort; as far as I can see, it is a book about betrayal and fidelity."同上,p.8.
5 "One of the essential functions of science fiction, I think, is precisely this kind of question-asking:reversals of a habitual way of thinking, metaphors for what our language has no words for as yet, experiments in imagination."同上,p.9.
1 "heterosexuality was not compulsory, not even privileged", Grinding Axess and Balancing Oppositions:The Transformation of Feminism in Ursula K. Le Guin's Science Fiction, Alexis Lothian, Extrapolation; Winter 2006; p.389.
2 [美]厄休拉·勒奎恩著,姚人杰译：《倾诉》,北京,新星出版社,2007年6月第一版,第57页。
3 同上,第57页。
4 同上,第206页。
1 [美]厄休拉·勒奎恩著,姚人杰译：《倾诉》,北京,新星出版社,2007年6月第一版,第100页。
2 同上,第81、161页。
1 "nurturing her identity as a writer and a woman", The Land-Lady's Homebirth:Revisiting Ursula K Le. Guin's Worlds. Elizabeth Cummins, Science-Fiction Studies 17.2 (July 1990):p.153.
2 如Patricia Frazer Lamb和Diana L. Veith在Again, The Left Hand of Darkness:Androgyny or Homophobia?中提出埃思特梵应该是双性同体的,但小说中的叙述是典型的男性术语。"he is typically described in masculine terms", Erotic Universe:Sexuality and Fantasy Literature. Ed. Donald Palumbo, New York:Greenwood Press,1986, p.226.
3 "the Gethenians seem like men, instead of menwomen", Is Gender Necessary? Dancing at the Edge of the World:Thoughts on Words, Women, Places, by Ursula K. Le Guin, Harper & Row, Publishers, New York,1990, p.14-15.
4 "I was in fact disappearing myself in my own writing-just like a woman." The Language of the Night:Essays on Fantasy and Science Fiction, by Ursula K. Le Guin, edited and with introductions by Susan Wood, G.P. Putnam's Sons, New York, 1979, p.2.
5 "We aren't'writing like men' any more, if we ever did."同上,p.5.
6 "seen through a woman's eyes. This time the gendering of the point of view is neither hidden nor denied. In Adrienne Rich's invaluable word, I had 'revisioned'Earthsea". Earthsea Revisioned, Cambridge:Children's Literature New England-Green Bay,1993, p.12.
7 Award and Gender, The Wave in the Mind:Talks and Essays on the Writers, the Readers, and the Imagination, Ursula K. Le Guin, Shambhala Publications, Boston,2004, p.141-151.
1 [美]厄休拉·勒奎恩著,姚人杰译：《倾诉》,北京,新星出版社,2007年6月第一版,第162页。
2 "Taoism got to me earlier than modern feminism." Introduction to Planet of Exile, The Wave in the Mind:Talks and Essays on the Writers, the Readers, and the Imagination, Ursula K. Le Guin, Shambhala Publications, Boston,2004, p.141.
3 "yin/yang continuum which ultimately creates a union and wholeness from opposites" Wytenbroek, J. R. "Taoism in the Fantasies of Ursula K. Le Guin." The Shape of the Fantastic Ed. Olena H. Saciuk,. Wesport, CT:Greenwood Press,1989. p. 173-180.
4 "asserts... the mutual interdependence of male and female" Spivack, Charlotte. Ursula K. Le Guin. Boston:Twayne Publishers,1984, p.7.
5 "I was thinking of a Taoist ideal, not of such practices as bride-selling and foot-binding, which we are trained to consider unimportant, nor of the deep misogyny of Chinese culture, which we are trained to consider normal."Is Gender Necessary? Redux, Dancing at the Edge of the World:Thoughts on Words, Women, Places, by Ursula K. Le Guin, Harper& Row, Publishers, New York,1990, p.12.
6 娥苏拉·勒瑰恩著,洪凌译：《黑暗的左手》,台北,缪思出版,2004年12月第一版,第308页。
1 [美]厄休拉·勒奎恩著,姚人杰译：《倾诉》,北京,新星出版社,2007年6月第一版,第86、183、114页。
2 "The 'idea'-the emotional impetus for the book (The Telling)-came from my belated realization that Chairman Mao had all but obliterated the millennial religious practice of Taoism from within half a generation." Talking Politics to Another Wall, Ursula K. Le Guin on Science Fiction, Capitalism and Forgiveness, interview by Dennis Pilon, Canadian Dimension, p.40.
1 [美]厄休拉·勒奎恩著,姚人杰译：《倾诉》,北京,新星出版社,2007年6月第一版,第11页。
2 Plato, The Republic,607a. J. Cooper and D. Hutchinson ed. Plato:Complete Works, Indianapolis:Hacketet Publishing Company,1997.
3 详见朱立元主编：《西方文论教程》,北京,高等教育出版社,2008年4月第一版,第43页。
4 张京媛主编：《当代女性主义文学批评》,北京,北京大学出版社,1992年1月第一版,第141、143-187页。
5 详见[英]Deborah L. Madsen著：《女权主义理论与文学实践》(Feminist Theory and Literary Practice),北京,外语教学与研究出版社,2006年9月第一版,第3-4页。
1 以上七处原文引自娥苏拉·勒瑰恩著,洪凌译：《黑暗的左手》,台北,缪思出版,2004年12月第一版,第18-37、85-86页。
1 以上五处原文引自[美]厄休拉·勒奎恩著,姚人杰译：《倾诉》,北京,新星出版社,2007年6月第一版,第11、23、57、74、212页。
2 "In The Telling, the main character seems caught between the seeming promises and costs of both modernity and tradition. Is this our current left dilemma-how to sustain tradition without sacrificing the benefits of modernity?" Talking Politics to Another Wall, Ursula K. Le Guin on Science Fiction, Capitalism and Forgiveness, interview by Dennis Pilon, Canadian Dimension, p.40.
3 "working responsibly"; "To me the important thing is…by offering an imagined but persuasive alternative reality, to dislodge my mind, and so the readers' mind, from the lazy, timorous habit of thinking that the way we live now is the only way people can live… We will not know our own injustice if we cannot imagine justice. We will not be free if we cannot imagine freedom." A War Without End, The Wave in the Mind, Boston:Shambhala,2004, p.118-220.
4 详见前第10页注解第1条。
5 详见前第19页注解第3条。
6 "politics were there all along", Earthsea Revisioned, Cambridge:Children's Literature New England-Green Bay,1993, p. 24.
7 详见Grinding Axess and Balancing Oppositions:The Transformation of Feminism in Ursula K. Le Guin's Science Fiction, Alexis Lothian, Extrapolation; Winter 2006; p.387.
1 详见May, Todd The Political Philosophy of Poststructuralist Anarchism, University Park, PA:Pennsylvania State University Press,1994.
2 详见May, Todd The Political Philosophy of Poststructuralist Anarchism, University Park, PA:Pennsylvania State University Press,1994和Newman, Saul, From Bakunin to Lacan:Anti-Authoritarianism and the Dislocation of Power, Lanham, MD:Lexington Books,1969.
3 后现代女性主义的性别理论代表人物是朱迪丝·巴特勒(Judith Butler)和Donna Haraway,详见[英]Deborah L. Madsen著：《女权主义理论与文学实践》(Feminist Theory and Literary Practice),北京,外语教学与研究出版社,2006年9月第一版,第4页。
4 "The 'female principle'has historically been anarchic; that is, anarchy has historically been identified as female. The domain allotted to women-'the family',for example-is the area of order without coercion" Is Gender Necessary? Dancing at the Edge of the World:Thoughts on Words, Women, Places, by Ursula K. Le Guin, Harper & Row, Publishers, New York, 1990, p.11-12.
1 该观点以福柯为代表,参考汪民安著：《福柯的界线：主体、权力和生活美学》,南京,南京大学出版社,2002年11月第一版和汪民安,陈永国,马海良主编：《后现代的哲学话语：从福柯到赛义德》,杭州,浙江人民出版社,2000年11月,第一版。
2 本书还未有中文译名,此中文书名为笔者自译。
3 "The singular forms of the possessive pronouns in Pravic were used mostly for emphasis; idiom avoided them. Little children might say 'my mother', but very soon they learned to say 'the mother'". The Dispossessed, Le Guin, Ursula K., New York:HarperPrism,1994, p.58.
4 同上,p.223.
1 娥苏拉·勒瑰恩著,洪凌译：《黑暗的左手》,台北,缪思出版,2004年12月第一版,第159-160页。
1 "Science fiction is the mythology of the modern world", Myth and Archetype in Science Fiction, The Language of the Night:Essays on Fantasy and Science Fiction, by Ursula K. Le Guin, edited and with introductions by Susan Wood, G.P. Putnam's Sons, New York,1979, p.74.
2 "Myth is an attempt to explain, in rational terms, facts not yet rationally understood."同上,p.73.
3 [美]詹姆斯·冈恩、郭建中主编：《半人半鱼之神：从威尔斯到海茵莱恩》,北京,北京大学出版社,2008年10月第一版,第120-121页。
4 "American Literature is male"; "become a resisting rather than an asserting reader and, by this refusal to assent, to begin the process of exorcising the male mind that has been implanted in us." Warhol and Herndl. Introduction:On the Politics of Literature, Judith Fetterley. The Resisting Reader:A Feminist Approach to American Fiction, Indiana University Press, Bloomington and London 1978, p.492,498.
1 "interpretation is a function of identity", Norman Holland, Unity Identity Text Self, Reader Response Criticism:From Formalism to Post-Structuralism, Ed. Jane P. Tompkins, Baltimore:Johns Hopkins UP,1980, p.123.
2 娥苏拉·勒瑰恩著,洪凌译：《黑暗的左手》,台北,缪思出版,2004年12月第一版,第17页。
"The writer cannot do it alone. The unread story is not a story; it is little black marks on wood pulp. The reader, reading it, makes it live:a live thing, a story."http://archive.salon. com/people/bc/2001/01/23/le_guin/index.html,2008.6.7,15:04, By Faith L. Justice, Jan.23,2001.
4 "Reading is an active transaction between the text and the reader." "A reader reading makes the book, brings it into meaning, by translating arbitrary symbols, printed letters, into an inward, private reality. Reading is an act, a creative one." The Question I Get Asked Most Often, The Wave in the Mind:Talks and Essays on the Writers, the Readers, and the Imagination, Ursula K. Le Guin, Shambhala Publications, Boston,2004, p.269.
1 "slows a writer to ask what it is that constructs a'person'",Exorcising Gender:Resisting Readers in Ursula K. Le Guin's Left Hand of Darkness, John Pennington, Extrapolation, Vol.41,No.4,2000, The Kent State University Press, p.351.
2 [美]詹姆斯·冈恩、郭建中主编：《半人半鱼之神：从威尔斯到海茵莱恩》,北京,北京大学出版社,2008年10月第一版,英文版前言,第3页。
3 娥苏拉·勒瑰恩著,洪凌译：《黑暗的左手》,台北,缪思出版,2004年12月第一版,第18、191页。
4 "They have no myth of Progress at all. Their calendar calls the current year always the Year One, and they count backward and forward from that." The Language of the Night:Essays on Fantasy and Science Fiction, by Ursula K. Le Guin, edited and with introductions by Susan Wood, G.P. Putnam's Sons, New York,1979, p.165.
4 娥苏拉·勒瑰恩著,洪凌译：《黑暗的左手》,台北,缪思出版,2004年12月第一版,第67-68页。
5 [美]厄休拉·勒奎恩著,姚人杰译：《倾诉》,北京,新星出版社,2007年6月第一版,第9、124页。
1 "The Gethenians do not rape their world. They have developed a high technology, heavy industry, automobiles, radios, explosives, etc.,but they have done so very slowly, absorbing their technology rather than letting it overwhelm them.",The Language of the Night:Essays on Fantasy and Science Fiction, by Ursula K. Le Guin, edited and with introductions by Susan Wood, G.P. Putnam's Sons, New York,1979, p.165.
2 同上,第191页。
3 胡经之、张首映著：《西方二十世纪文论史》,北京,中国社会科学出版社,1988年1月第一版,第2页。
4 [美]詹姆斯·冈恩、郭建中主编：《半人半鱼之神：从威尔斯到海茵莱恩》,北京,北京大学出版社,2008年10月第一版,第13页。
5 [美]詹姆斯·冈恩、郭建中主编：《灰烬之塔：从现在到永远》,北京,北京大学出版社,2008年10月第一版,英文版前言,第5页。
6 "In this, it seems that what I was after again was a balance."The Language of the Night:Essays on Fantasy and Science Fiction, by Ursula K. Le Guin, edited and with introductions by Susan Wood, G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York,1979, p.165.
6 娥苏拉·勒瑰恩著,洪凌译：《黑暗的左手》,台北,缪思出版,2004年12月第一版,第76-77页。
8 LaoTzu:Tao Te Ching, A Book about the Way and the Power of the Way, by Ursula K. Le Guin, with J. P. Seaton, Shambhala, Boston & London,1997, p.6.
9 "I wanted a Book of the Way accessible to a present-day, unwise, unpowerful, and perhaps unmale reader, not seeking esoteric secrets, but listening for a voice that speaks to the soul."同上,Introduction,ⅸ-ⅹ.
1 娥苏拉·勒瑰恩著,洪凌译：《黑暗的左手》,台北,缪思出版,2004年12月第一版,第299页。
2 "I do tend to punish my central characters rather severely. That's a huge question, actually, because I don't believe that suffering purifies a character. Suffering generally brutalizes people-it just hurts them, and sometimes it cripples them. But one thing most fantasies seem to do is show somebody coming through adversity by using a lot of intelligence and courage and endurance." Ursula K. Le Guin Straddles Genres and Masters Them All, by Mark B. Wilson, http://www.scifi.com/sfw/issue189/interview.html,2008/6/7 15:20.
Book Review:Ursula K. Le Guin Beyond Genre:Fiction for Children and Adults, Brian Attebery:Children's Literature Association Quarterly; Summer 2006; 31,2; Academic Research Library, p199.
1 娥苏拉·勒瑰恩著,洪凌译：《黑暗的左手》,台北,缪思出版,2004年12月第一版,第241、299页。
2 "A lot of fantasy stories are 'the little guy triumphs over a very harsh world.'That's such an ancient plot, and we need it." Ursula K. Le Guin Straddles Genres and Masters Them All, by Mark B. Wilson, http://www.scifi.com/sfw/ issue189/interview.html,2008/6/7 15:20.
1 娥苏拉·勒瑰恩著,洪凌译：《黑暗的左手》,台北,缪思出版,2004年12月第一版,第37、49、83-84页。
1 "Fiction:imagination working on experience." The Question I Get Asked Most Often, The Wave in the Mind:Talks and Essays on the Writers, the Readers, and the Imagination, Ursula K. Le Guin, Shambhala Publications, Boston,2004, p.265.
2 "A sight, an emotion, creates this wave in the mind, long before it makes words to fit it."同上,p.280.厄休拉十分推崇弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫对写作灵感的论述,"rhythm"是伍尔夫在给友人的信中提到的。厄休拉在文章中引用了此段。
3 "it's the inner eye that really sees the world", Looking far, LaoTzu:Tao Te Ching, A Book about the Way and the Power of the Way, by Ursula K. Le Guin, with J. P. Seaton, Shambhala, Boston & London,1997, p.62.
4 田园诗和科幻小说的关系详见Ursula Le Guin and the Pastoral Mode, Andy Sawyer, Extrapolation, Vol.47, No.3,2006, The University of Texas at Brownsville and Texas Southmost College, p.396.
5 娥苏拉·勒瑰恩著,洪凌译：《黑暗的左手》,台北,缪思出版,2004年12月第一版,第73页。
6 [美]厄休拉·勒奎恩著,姚人杰译：《倾诉》,北京,新星出版社,2007年6月第一版,第160页。
1 [美]厄休拉·勒奎恩著,姚人杰译：《倾诉》,北京,新星出版社,2007年6月第一版,第70页。
1 "We followed yang; we found yin." On The Frontier, The Wave in the Mind:Talks and Essays on the Writers, the Readers, and the Imagination, Ursula K. Le Guin, Shambhala Publications, Boston,2004, p.30.
2 "they play back and forth along the mysterious frontier between what we think is real and what we think is imaginary, exploring the borderlands."同上.
3 [英]特雷·伊格尔顿著,伍晓明译：《二十世纪西方文学理论》,北京,北京大学出版社,2007年1月第一版,第119-220页。
4 详见前第8页注释3。
5 详见前第22页注释5。
1 "The Left Hand of Darkness solve the problem associated with women's oppression not by eliminating men…they show us ways out of women's oppression without simply eliminating men from society." Ethics, Reproduction, Utopia:Gender and Childbearing in Woman on the Edge of Time and The Left Hand of Darkness, Rudy, Kathy, NWSA Jounal. Bloomington: Spring 1997, Vol.9, Iss. 1,p.25.
2 "while the language might be read as feminist,'the purpose of its language is to enable people, both men and women, to talk to each other'." Revisioning Gender:Inventing Women in Ursula K. Le Guin's Nonfiction, Lisa Hammond Rashley, Biography 30.1 (Winter 2007), Biographical Research Center, p.32.
3 "her evolving feminism made her uncomfortable with the 'unquestioned patriarchal system where only men are wizards, only men have power' that she had unconsciously created in Earthsea." The Power of Women in Ursula K. Le Guin's Tehanu, Susan McLean, Extrapolation, Vol.38, No.2,1997 by The Kent State University Press, p.110.
"Tehanu and the experimental utopian text, Always Coming Home, as the two Le Guin books most overtly reflecting her new notions of feminist narrative."同3.
1 "Taoism got to me earlier than modern feminism." Introduction to Planet of Exile, The Language of the Night:Essays on Fantasy and Science Fiction, by Ursula K. Le Guin, edited and with introductions by Susan Wood, G.P. Putnam's Sons, New York,1979, p.141.
2 "I was thinking of a Taoist ideal, not of such practices as bride-selling and foot-binding, which we are trained to consider unimportant, nor of the deep misogyny of Chinese culture, which we are trained to consider normal." Is Gender Necessary? Redux, Dancing at the Edge of the World:Thoughts on Words, Women, Places, by Ursula K. Le Guin, Harper& Row, Publishers, New York,1990, p.12.
3 "The 'idea'-the emotional impetus for the book (The Telling)-came from my belated realization that Chairman Mao had all but obliterated the millennial religious practice of Taoism from within half a generation." Talking Politics to Another Wall, Ursula K. Le Guin on Science Fiction, Capitalism and Forgiveness, interview by Dennis Pilon, Canadian Dimension, p.40.
4 "It is the most lovable of all the great religious texts, funny, keen, kind, modest, indestructibly outrageous, and inexhaustibly refreshing. Of all the deep springs, this is the purest water. To me, it is also the deepest spring." LaoTzu:Too Te Ching, A Book about the Way and the Power of the Way, by Ursula K. Le Guin, with J. P. Seaton, Shambhala, Boston & London,1997,ⅹ.
1 "We're good at inventing things that can't exist." A War Without End, The Wave in the Mind:Talks and Essays on the Writers, the Readers, and the Imagination, Ursula K. Le Guin, Shambhala Publications, Boston,2004, p.216.
2 详见、《小说中的世界缩影：乌托邦叙事的出现》,王逢振主编：《外国科幻论文精选》,重庆,重庆出版集团、重庆出版社,2008年7月第一版,第128页。
1 同上,第6页。
2 《反面乌托邦之幻想与乌托邦之期盼——论特里·比森的批判式反面乌托邦作品<宇宙海盗>》,王逢振主编：《外国科幻论文精选》,重庆,重庆出版集团、重庆出版社,2008年7月第一版,第38页。
3 同上,第39页。
4 详见Ursula K. Le Guin:A Critical Companion一书中对《倾诉》一文的研究,Susan M. Bernardo and Graham J. Murphy, Greenwood Press, London,2006, p.83.
5 [美]厄休拉·勒奎恩著,梁宇晗译：《变化的位面》,北京,新星出版社,2007年4月第一版,目录前澳大利亚《堪培拉时报》对该作品的评价。
6 王治河著：《后现代哲学思潮研究》(增补本),北京,北京大学出版社,2006年1月第一版,第289页。
1 Approaches to the Fiction of Ursula K. Le Guin, James Bittner, Ann Arbor, UMI Research Press,1984, p.110.
2 娥苏拉·勒瑰恩著,洪凌译：《黑暗的左手》,台北,缪思出版,2004年12月第一版,第159-160页。
3 详见本文前第35-37页关于两部作品中的无政府主义思想的论述。
1 "Praise then Creation unfinished!" Grinding Axess and Balancing Oppositions:The Transformation of Feminism in Ursula K. Le Guin's Science Fiction, by Alex Lothian, Extrapolation; Winter 2006; 47,3;Academic Research Library, p.392.
1 The Language of the Night:Essays on Fantasy and Science Fiction, by Ursula K. Le Guin, edited and with introductions by Susan Wood, G..P. Putnam's Sons, New York,1979, P.163.
1、娥苏拉·勒瑰恩著,洪凌译：《黑暗的左手》,台北,缪思出版,2004年12月第一版。
2、[美]厄休拉·勒奎恩著,姚人杰译：《倾诉》,北京,新星出版社,2007年6月第一版。
3、[美]厄休拉·勒古恩著,陶雪蕾译：《一无所有》,四川,四川出版集团·四川科学技术出版社,2009年9月第一版。
4、[美]厄休拉·勒奎恩著,梁宇晗译：《变化的位面》,北京,新星出版社,2007年4月第一版。
5、[美]厄休拉·勒奎恩著,马爱农、周莉译：《地海传奇Ⅰ》,北京,人民文学出版社,2004年3月。
6、[美]厄休拉·勒奎恩著,一目、姚翠丽译：《地海传奇Ⅱ》,北京,人民文学出版社,2004年3月。
7、[美]罗斯玛丽·帕特南·童著,艾晓明等译：《女性主义思潮导论》,湖北,华中师范大学出版社,2002年10月第一版。
8、张京媛主编：《当代女性主义文学批评》,北京,北京大学出版社,1992年1月第一版。
9、[英]Deborah L. Madsen著：《女权主义理论与文学实践》(Feminist Theory and Literary Practice),北京,外语教学与研究出版社,2006年9月第一版。
10、朱立元主编：《西方文论教程》,北京,高等教育出版社,2008年4月第一版。
11、胡经之、张首映著：《西方二十世纪文论史》,北京,中国社会科学出版社,1988年1月第一版。
12、[英]特雷·伊格尔顿著,伍晓明译：《二十世纪西方文学理论》,北京,北京大学出版社,2007年1月第一版。
13、王治河著：《后现代哲学思潮研究》(增补本),北京,北京大学出版社,2006年1月第一版。
14、邱运华主编：《文学批评方法与案例》,北京,北京大学出版社,2005年8月第一版。
15、[美]Charles E.Bressler著：《文学批评》(影印版)(Literary Criticism:an introduction to theory and practice),北京,高等教育出版社,2004年11月第三版。
16、萧兵、叶舒宪著：《老子的文化解读——性与神话学之研究》,湖北,湖北人民出版社,1994年5月第一版。
17、陈鼓应注译：《老子今注今译》,北京,商务印书馆,2003年第一版。
18、王逢振主编：《外国科幻论文精选》,重庆,重庆出版集团、重庆出版社,2008年7月第一版。
19、[英]弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫著,王还译：《一间自己的屋子》,北京,三联书店,1989年2月第一版。
20、陈本益、向天渊、唐建君著：《西方现代文论与哲学》,重庆,重庆大学出版社,1999年8月第一版。
21、[法]克洛德·列维一斯特劳斯著,李幼蒸译：《野性的思维》,北京,中国人民大学出版社,2006年1月第一版。
22、丁冬红著：《人之解读——现代西方人本哲学研究》,河北,河北教育出版社,2001年1月第一版。
23、张隆溪著：《比较文学研究入门》,上海,复旦大学出版社,2009年5月第一版。
24、王建元、陈洁诗主编：《科幻·后现代·后人类——香港科幻论文精选》,福建,福建少年儿童出版社,2006年12月第一版。
25、[美]詹姆斯·冈恩、郭建中主编：《半人半鱼之神：从威尔斯到海茵莱恩》,北京,北京大学出版社,2008年10月第一版。
26、[美]詹姆斯·冈恩、郭建中主编：《太阳舞：从海茵莱恩到七十年代》,北京,北京大学出版社,2008年10月第一版。
27、[美]詹姆斯·冈恩、郭建中主编：《灰烬之塔：从现在到永远》,北京,北京大学出版社,2008年10月第一版。
28、施咸荣编,施咸荣、董乐山等译：《外国现代科学幻想小说》,上海,上海文艺出版社,1982年3月第一版。
29、杨大春著：《文本的世界——从结构主义到后结构主义》,北京,中国社会科学院出版,1998年2月第一版。
30、夏忠宪著：《巴赫金狂欢化诗学研究》,北京,北京师范大学出版,2000年11月第一版。
31、汪民安著：《福柯的界线：主体、权力和生活美学》,南京,南京大学出版社,2002年11月第一版。
32、汪民安,陈永国,马海良主编：《后现代的哲学话语：从福柯到赛义德》,杭州,浙江人民出版社,2000年11月第一版。
33、黄顺基、刘炯忠著：《论辩证思维的形成和它的范畴体系：亚里士多德<形而上学>一书初探》,北京,中国社会科学出版社,1983年10月第一版。
34、高清海著：《哲学的憧憬——<形而上学>的沉思》,长春,吉林大学出版社,1995年11月第一版。
35、黄尹主编：《论科学幻想小说》,北京,科普出版社,1981年5月第一版,第235页。
36、Ursula K. Le Guin. The Left Hand of Darkness, Ace Books, New York 1969.
37、Ursula K. Le Guin. The Wave in the Mind:Talks and Essays on the Writers, the Readers, and the Imagination, Shambhala Publications, Boston 2004.
38、Le Guin, Ursula K.. The Dispossessed, HarperPrism, New York 1994.
39、Ursula K. Le Guin. The Birthday of the World, Clays Ltd, St Ives p1c, Great Britain 2004.
40、Ursula K. Le Guin. The Language of the Night:Essays on Fantasy and Science Fiction, edited and with introductions by Susan Wood, G..P.Putnam's Sons, New York 1979.
41、Ursula K. Le Guin. Dancing at the Edge of the World:Thoughts on Words, Women, Places, Harper & Row, Publishers, New York 1990.
42、Ursula K. Le Guin. Earthsea Revisioned. Chindren's Literature New England in association with Green Bay Publications, Cambridge 1993.
43、Ursula K. Le Guin. Tales from Earthsea, Ace Books, New York 2001.
44、Ursula K. Le Guin, with J. P. Seaton. LaoTzu:Tao Te Ching, A Book about the Way and the Power of the Way, Shambhala, Boston & London 1997.
45、James Bittner, Ann Arbor. Approaches to the Fiction of Ursula K. Le Guin, UMI Research Press, New York 1984.
46、Susan M.Bernardo and Graham J. Murphy. Ursula K Le Guin:a Critical Companion, Greenwood Press, London 2006.
47、Darren Harris-Fain. Understanding Contemporary American Science Fiction:The Age of Maturity,1970-2000, University of South Carolina Press, Columbia 2005.
48、Edward James.Science Fiction in the Twentieth Century, Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York 1994.
49、DuPlessis, R. Blau. Writing beyond the Ending, Narrative Strategies of Twentieth-Century Women Writers, Indiana University Press, Bloomington,1985.
50、Plato.The Dialogue of Plato, Seth Benardete, trans. Bantam Books, New York 1986.
51、Donald Palumbo Ed.. Erotic Universe:Sexuality and Fantasy Literature, Greenwood Press, New York 1986.
52、Olena H.Saciuk,.Wesport CT Ed.. The Shape of the Fantastic, Greenwood Press, New York 1989.
53、Spivack, Charlotte. Ursula K.Le Guin, Twayne Publishers, Boston 1984.
54、May, Todd. The Political Philosophy of Poststructuralist Anarchism, Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park 1994
55、Newman,Saul.From Bakunin to Lacan:Anti-Authoritarianism and the Dislocation of Power, Lexington Books, Lanham, MD 1969.
56、Judith Fetterley. The Resisting Reader:A Feminist Approach to American Fiction, Indiana University Press, Bloomington and London 1978.
57、Jane P. Tompkins Ed.,Johns P. Hopkins. Reader Response Criticism:From Formalism to Post-Structuralism, The Johns Hopkins University Press, London 1980.
1、杨楠：《<黑暗的左手>中的女权主义与道家思想》,载于《重庆科技学院学报》(社会科学版),2007年第3期。
2、叶冬：《论<黑暗的左手>中的雌雄同体》,载于《外国文学研究》,2009年第2期。
3、张卜娅：《阴阳的和谐——对厄休拉休拉·勒·奎恩(黑暗的左手)中双性同体思想的分析》(南昌大学英语专业硕士研究生学位论文),2007年2月。
4、付翠莲：《西方社会性别概念述评》,载于《妇女与社会》,2007年第2期。
5、杨晓宁：《对女性主义社会性别概念的哲学透视》,载于《学术交流》,2003年第10期。
6、彼得·尼科尔主编：《科幻小说百科全书》,戴耘译：《科幻小说的定义》,《文艺理论研究》,1984年1月。
7、王逢振：《科幻小说及其发展》,《出版广角》,1999年2月。
8、Talking Politics to Another Wall, Ursula K. Le Guin on Science Fiction, Capitalism and Forgiveness, interview by Dennis Pilon, Canadian Dimension September 1,2007.
9、Lewis Call.Postmodern Anarchism in the Novels of Ursula K. Le Guin, SubStance 113, Vol.36, no.2,2007.
10、Alexis Lothian. Grinding Axess and Balancing Oppositions:The Transformation of Feminism in Ursula K. Le Guin's Science Fiction, Extrapolation; Winter 2006.
11、Elizabeth Cummins. The Land-Lady's Homebirth:Revisiting Ursula K Le. Guin's Worlds, Science-Fiction Studies 17.2 (July 1990).
12、John Pennington. Exorcising Gender:Resisting Readers in Ursula K. Le Guin's Left Hand of Darkness, Extrapolation, Vol.41,No.4,2000.
13、Andy Sawyer. Ursula Le Guin and the Pastoral Mode, Extrapolation, Vol.47, No.3, 2006.
14、Rudy, Kathy. Ethics, Reproduction, Utopia:Gender and Childbearing in Woman on the Edge of Time and The Left Hand of Darkness, NWSA Jounal.Bloomington:Spring 1997, Vol.9,Iss.1.
15、Lisa Hammond Rashley. Revisioning Gender:Inventing Women in Ursula K. Le Guin's Nonfiction, Biography 30.1 (Winter 2007), Biographical Research Center.
16、Susan McLean. The Power of Women in Ursula K. Le Guin's Tehanu, Extrapolation, Vol.38, No.2,1997.
17、Brian Attebery. Book Review:Ursula K. Le Guin Beyond Genre:Fiction for Children and Adults, Children's Literature Association Quarterly; Summer 2006.
1、http://www.ursulakleguin.com
2、M.E.Wood's Bella Online interview with Ursula K. Le Guin, http://www. bellaonline.com/articles/art10988. asp
3、http://archive. salon. com/people/bc/2001/01/23/le_guin/index.html.
4、Mark B.Wilson. Ursula K. Le Guin Straddles Genres and Masters Them All, http://www.scifi.com/sfw/issue189/interview.html,2008/6/715:20.
5、http://www.fantasticfiction.co.uk/1/ursula-k-le-guin/
6、http://www.encyclopedia.com
2 该两部书名均为笔者自译。
3 "If Tiptree won the respect of sf readers, it was Ursula Le Guin who won the respect of non-sf critics." Edward James. Science Fiction in the Twentieth Century, Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York 1994. p.188.书名为笔者自译。
4 "Le Guin became one of that small band of living sf writers which the steadily growing community of sf academics was keen to promote to the outside world."同上。
5 Susan M. Bernardo and Graham J. Murphy. Series Forword of Ursula KLe Guin:a Critical Companion, Greenwood Press, London 2006.
1 "…Le Guin remains one of the wisest voices in contemporary fiction, and as powerful a reader as she is a writer…[Her] readings are as emotionally rich as they are rigorously unsentimental, and she praises the stories that offer an alternative to our 'radically impoverished, single-species world." Ursula K. Le Guin. Cheek by Jowl, Reviews by William Alexander, Aqueduct Press, April 2009, http://www.ursulakleguin.com/Index-CheekByJowl.html,2009年12月2日14：45查阅。
2 "Ursula K. Le Guin may be on the short list of great writers to emerge from our little corner of the map, but she's also something of a skirmisher…and she continues to ask the questions here, mostly in the context of children's and YA literature, with the unflagging passion and clarity we've come to expect from her critical writing." Ursula K. Le Guin. Cheek by Jowl, Reviews by Gary K. Wolfe, Locus April,2009Aqueduct Press, April 2009, http://www. ursulakleguin. com/Index-CheekByJowl. html,2009年12月2日14：45查阅。
3 在CASHL“文章”部分中,用"Ursula"“前方一致”输入检索,命中数为139；用“包含”方法检索,命中数为2047。在Gale文学资源中用"Ursula"检索,Magazine有69,Academic Journals有151,News有110篇。在ProQuest学位论文全文库中用同词检索,有22篇硕博论文中用了厄休拉的作品作为论文材料。
4 详见后“参考文献”中参阅的相关英文书籍及论文。 学所导致的社会的新发展和意想不到的新情况给人们的冲击,而人们又必须和这种新发展或新情况同存共处。”及西奥多·斯图金(Thoeodore Sturgeon):“以科学的某一方面内容构成故事的情节或背景的小说,叫科幻小说。”等。参考资料同上。
1 施咸荣编,施咸荣、董乐山等译：《外国现代科学幻想小说》,上海,上海文艺出版社,1982年3月第一版,序第10-15页。
2 参见Edward James. Science Fiction in the Twentieth Century, Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York 1994.及Darren Harris-Fain. Understanding Contemporary American Science Fiction:The Age of Maturity,1970-2000, University of South Carolina Press, Columbia 2005.
3 参考[美]詹姆斯·冈恩、郭建中主编：《半人半鱼之神：从威尔斯到海茵莱恩》,北京,北京大学出版社,2008年10月第一版,第342页。
4 定义参考叶永烈撰：《太平洋彼岸的科学幻想热潮》,黄尹主编：《论科学幻想小说》,北京,科普出版社,1981年5月第一版,第235页。
1 [美]詹姆斯·冈恩,郭建中主编：《灰烬之塔：从现在到永远》,北京,北京大学出版社,2008年10月第一版,英文版前言,第5页。
2 [美]詹姆斯·冈恩,郭建中主编：《太阳舞：从海因莱因到七十年代》,北京,北京大学出版社,2008年10月第一版,第394页。
3 "people whose society differs from ours, even whose physiology may differ from ours, but who feel the way we do." Forward, The Birthday of the World, Ursula K. Le Guin, Clays Ltd, St Ives plc, Great Britain,2004, ⅹⅱ. 1 "I think it is because I was trying to show a balance-and the delicacy of a balance." Is Gender Necessary? The Language of the Night:Essays on Fantasy and Science Fiction, by Ursula K. Le Guin, edited and with introductions by Susan Wood, G..P. Putnam's Sons, New York,1979, p.165.
2 陈鼓应注译：《老子今注今译》,北京,商务印书馆,2003年第一版,第80页。
3 参考黄顺基、刘炯忠著：《论辩证思维的形成和它的范畴体系：亚里士多德<形而上学>一书初探》,北京,中国社会科学出版社,1983年10月第一版,第54-156页。
4 参考高清海著：《哲学的憧憬——<形而上学>的沉思》,长春,吉林大学出版社,1995年11月第一版,第210-256页。
5 参考汪民安著：《福柯的界线：主体、权力和生活美学》,北京,社会科学出版社,2002年11月第一版,第248-255页。
1 参考杨大春著：《文本的世界——从结构主义到后结构主义》,北京,中国社会科学院出版,1998年2月第一版,第79-81页。
2 参考汪民安、陈永国、马海良主编：《后现代的哲学话语：从福柯到赛义德》,杭州,浙江人民出版社,2000年11月第一版,第225-228页。
3 "Our curse is alienation, the separation as yang from yin. Instead of a search for balance and integration, there is a struggle for dominance. Divisions are insisted upon, interdependence is denied. The dualism of value that destroys us, the dualism of superior/inferior, ruler/ruled, owner/owned, user/used, might give way to what seems to me, from here, a much healthier, sounder, more promising modality of integration and integrity." Is Gender Necessary? The Language of the Night: Essays on Fantasy and Science Fiction, by Ursula K. Le Guin, edited and with introductions by Susan Wood, G..P. Putnam's Sons, New York,1979, p.169.
4 娥苏拉·勒瑰恩著,洪凌译：《黑暗的左手》,台北,缪思出版,2004年12月第一版,第269页。
1 同上,第113-114页。
2 [美]厄休拉·勒奎恩著,姚人杰译：《倾诉》,北京,新星出版社,2007年6月第一版,第94页。
1 "It was a heuristic device, a thought-experiment." Dancing at the Edge of the World:Thoughts on Words, Women, Places, by Ursula K. Le Guin, Harper & Row, Publishers, New York,1990, p.9.
2 “我们这个世界惟一需要的正是和平。”[美]厄休拉·勒奎恩著,马爱农、周莉译：《地海传奇Ⅰ》,北京,人民文学出版社,2004年3月,第206页。 1 "I have found, somewhat to my pleasure, that I am an extremely moral writer. I am always grinding axes and making points. I wish I wasn't so moralistic, because my interest is aesthetic. What I want to do is make something beautiful like a good pot or a good piece of music, and the ideas and moralism keep getting in the way." The Language of the Night:Essays on Fantasy and Science Fiction, by Ursula K. Le Guin, edited and with introductions by Susan Wood, G.P. Putnam s Sons, New York,1979, p.145.
1 "Truth is a matter of the imagination." The Left Hand of Darkness, Ursula K. Le Guin, Ace Books,1969, p 7.中译文参考娥苏拉·勒瑰恩著,洪凌译：《黑暗的左手》,台北,缪思出版,2004年12月,第17页。
2 以上两处均引自张隆溪著：《比较文学研究入门》,上海,复旦大学出版社,2009年5月第一版,第55、56页。
1 以上三处原文都摘自娥苏拉·勒瑰恩著,洪凌译：《黑暗的左手》,台北,缪思出版,2004年12月,第17页。
2 同上,第29-30页。
3 同上,第74-75页。
1 以上三处原文摘自[美]厄休拉·勒奎恩著,姚人杰译：《倾诉》,北京,新星出版社,2007年6月第一版,第102、125、157页。
1 以上六处原文都摘自娥苏拉·勒瑰恩著,洪凌译：《黑暗的左手》,台北,缪思出版,2004年12月第一版,第13、17页。
2 巴赫金理论参考夏忠宪著：《巴赫金狂欢化诗学研究》,北京,北京师范大学出版,2000年11月第一版,第22-25页。
3 杨大春著：《文本的世界——从结构主义到后结构主义》,北京,中国社会科学院出版,1998年2月第一版,第76页。
4 "Nobody's responsible for science fiction, surely, but the people who write it and the people who read it." Who is Responsible? Dancing at the Edge of the World:Thoughts on Words, Women, Places, by Ursula K. Le Guin, Harper & Row, Publishers, New York,1990, p.188.
5 "Where the writer and the reader collaborate to make the work of fiction is perhaps, above all, in the imagination. In the joint creation of the fictive world." Where Do You Get Your Ideas From? Dancing at the Edge of the World:Thoughts on Words, Women, Places, by Ursula K. Le Guin, Harper & Row, Publishers, New York,1990, p.197.
6 "Artists are people who are not at al interested in the facts-only in the truth. You get the facts from outside. The truth you get from inside." Talking About Writing, The Language of the Night:Essays on Fantasy and Science Fiction, by Ursula K. Le Guin, edited and with introductions by Susan Wood, G.P. Putnam's Sons, New York,1979, p.198.
1 "Narrative is a stratagem of mortality. It is a means, a way of living. It does not seek immortality; it does not seek to triumph over or escape from time." "Fiction in particular, narration in general, may be seen not as a disguise or falsification of what is given but as an active encounter with the environment by means of posing options and alternatives…A totally factual narrative, were there such a thing, would be passive:a mirror reflecting all without distortion." Some Thoughts on Narrative, Dancing at the Edge of the World:Thoughts on Words, Women, Places, by Ursula K. Le Guin, Harper & Row, Publishers, New York,1990, p.38-45.
2 以上四处原文摘自娥苏拉·勒瑰恩著,洪凌译：《黑暗的左手》,台北,缪思出版,2004年12月第一版,第10-13页。
1 Plato. Symposium in The Dialogue of Plato, Seth Benardete, trans. Bantam Books,1986,p.251.
2 详见萧兵、叶舒宪著：《老子的文化解读——性与神话学之研究》,湖北,湖北人民出版社,1994年5月第一版,第775、757页。
3 同上,第763-780页。
4 同上,第761页。
5 萧兵、叶舒宪著：《老子的文化解读——性与神话学之研究》,湖北,湖北人民出版社,1994年5月第一版,第783-784页。
1 [英佛吉尼亚·伍尔夫著,王还译,《一间自己的屋子》,北京,三联书店,1989年2月第一版,第120-121页。
2 "Ai's description of a world without repression reminds us of the'erotic utopia'"Postmodern Anarchism in the Novels of Ursula K. Le Guin, by Lewis Call, SubStance 113, Vol.36, no.2,2007, p.93.
3 以上两处原文摘自娥苏拉·勒瑰恩著,洪凌译：《黑暗的左手》,台北,缪思出版,2004年12月第一版,第113页。
1 同上,第114页。
2 同上,第115、205页。
3 同上,第286页。
4 "The maturer culture, or psyche, can integrate these taboos or laws into an internal ethical code, which, while allowing great freedom, does not permit the treatment of another person as an object." Dancing at the Edge of the World:Thoughts on Words, Women, Places, by Ursula K. Le Guin, Harper & Row, Publishers, New York,1990, p.13.
5 "Along about 1967,I began to feel a certain unease, a need to step on a little farther, perhaps, on my own. I began to want to define and understand the meaning of sexuality and the meaning of gender, in my life and our society." Dancing at the Edge of the World:Thoughts on Words, Women, Places, by Ursula K. Le Guin, Harper & Row, Publishers, New York,1990, p.8.
1 [美]罗斯玛丽·帕特南·童著,艾晓明等译：《女性主义思潮导论》,湖北,华中师范大学出版社,2002年10月第一版,第29、31页。
2 “大会主席报告,‘全国妇女组织’第二次全国大会。华盛顿,哥伦比亚特区,1967年11月18日”,引自霍尔和莱文：《女性主义的复兴》,同上,第6页。
3 "Feminism has enlarged its ground and strengthened its theory and practice immensely, and enduringly, in these past twenty years; but has anyone actually taken a step "beyond" Virginia Woolf" Is Gender Necessary? Dancing at the Edge of the World:Thoughts on Words, Women, Places, by Ursula K. Le Guin, Harper & Row, Publishers, New York,1990, p.8.
4 "And for years that personal freedom allowed me to ignore the degree to which my writing was controlled and constrained by judgments and assumptions which I thought were my own, but which were the internalized ideology of a male supremacist society." The Fishwoman's Daughter,同上,p.233.
5 "What I needed was what feminism, feminism literary theory and criticism and practice, had to give me."同上,p.234.
6 "The deepest foundation of the order of oppression is gendering, which names the male normal, dominant, active, and the female other, subject, passive. To begin to imagine freedom, the myths of gender, like the myths of race, have to be exploded and discarded." Earthsea Revisioned. Cambridge:Chindren's Literature New England in association with Green Bay Publications,1993, p.24.
7 "And it is feminism that has empowered me to criticize not only my society and myself but-for a moment now-feminism itself."同上,p.234.
8 下述三方面详见Is Gender Necessary?一文,Dancing at the Edge of the World:Thoughts on Words, Women, Places, by Ursula K. Le Guin, Harper & Row, Publishers, New York,1990, p.10-13.
1 "All times are changing times, but ours is one of massive, rapid moral and mental transformation. Archetypes turn into milestones, large simplicities get complicated, chaos becomes elegant, and what everybody knows is true turns out to be what some people used to think." "Foreword" Tales from Earthsea, New York:Ace Books,2001.ⅹⅴ.
2 "I was defensive, and resentful that critics of the book insisted upon talking only about its "gender problem", as if it were an essay not a novel… "The fact is," however, that there are other aspects to the book, which are involved with its sex/gender aspects quite inextricably." Is Gender Necessary? Dancing at the Edge of the World:Thoughts on Words, Women, Places, by Ursula K. Le Guin, Harper & Row, Publishers, New York,1990, p.8.
3 "Is the book a Utopia? It seems to me that it is quite clearly not."同上,p.16.
4 "The fact is that the real subject of the book is not feminism or sex or gender or anything of the sort; as far as I can see, it is a book about betrayal and fidelity."同上,p.8.
5 "One of the essential functions of science fiction, I think, is precisely this kind of question-asking:reversals of a habitual way of thinking, metaphors for what our language has no words for as yet, experiments in imagination."同上,p.9.
1 "heterosexuality was not compulsory, not even privileged", Grinding Axess and Balancing Oppositions:The Transformation of Feminism in Ursula K. Le Guin's Science Fiction, Alexis Lothian, Extrapolation; Winter 2006; p.389.
2 [美]厄休拉·勒奎恩著,姚人杰译：《倾诉》,北京,新星出版社,2007年6月第一版,第57页。
3 同上,第57页。
4 同上,第206页。
1 [美]厄休拉·勒奎恩著,姚人杰译：《倾诉》,北京,新星出版社,2007年6月第一版,第100页。
2 同上,第81、161页。
1 "nurturing her identity as a writer and a woman", The Land-Lady's Homebirth:Revisiting Ursula K Le. Guin's Worlds. Elizabeth Cummins, Science-Fiction Studies 17.2 (July 1990):p.153.
2 如Patricia Frazer Lamb和Diana L. Veith在Again, The Left Hand of Darkness:Androgyny or Homophobia?中提出埃思特梵应该是双性同体的,但小说中的叙述是典型的男性术语。"he is typically described in masculine terms", Erotic Universe:Sexuality and Fantasy Literature. Ed. Donald Palumbo, New York:Greenwood Press,1986, p.226.
3 "the Gethenians seem like men, instead of menwomen", Is Gender Necessary? Dancing at the Edge of the World:Thoughts on Words, Women, Places, by Ursula K. Le Guin, Harper & Row, Publishers, New York,1990, p.14-15.
4 "I was in fact disappearing myself in my own writing-just like a woman." The Language of the Night:Essays on Fantasy and Science Fiction, by Ursula K. Le Guin, edited and with introductions by Susan Wood, G.P. Putnam's Sons, New York, 1979, p.2.
5 "We aren't'writing like men' any more, if we ever did."同上,p.5.
6 "seen through a woman's eyes. This time the gendering of the point of view is neither hidden nor denied. In Adrienne Rich's invaluable word, I had 'revisioned'Earthsea". Earthsea Revisioned, Cambridge:Children's Literature New England-Green Bay,1993, p.12.
7 Award and Gender, The Wave in the Mind:Talks and Essays on the Writers, the Readers, and the Imagination, Ursula K. Le Guin, Shambhala Publications, Boston,2004, p.141-151.
1 [美]厄休拉·勒奎恩著,姚人杰译：《倾诉》,北京,新星出版社,2007年6月第一版,第162页。
2 "Taoism got to me earlier than modern feminism." Introduction to Planet of Exile, The Wave in the Mind:Talks and Essays on the Writers, the Readers, and the Imagination, Ursula K. Le Guin, Shambhala Publications, Boston,2004, p.141.
3 "yin/yang continuum which ultimately creates a union and wholeness from opposites" Wytenbroek, J. R. "Taoism in the Fantasies of Ursula K. Le Guin." The Shape of the Fantastic Ed. Olena H. Saciuk,. Wesport, CT:Greenwood Press,1989. p. 173-180.
4 "asserts... the mutual interdependence of male and female" Spivack, Charlotte. Ursula K. Le Guin. Boston:Twayne Publishers,1984, p.7.
5 "I was thinking of a Taoist ideal, not of such practices as bride-selling and foot-binding, which we are trained to consider unimportant, nor of the deep misogyny of Chinese culture, which we are trained to consider normal."Is Gender Necessary? Redux, Dancing at the Edge of the World:Thoughts on Words, Women, Places, by Ursula K. Le Guin, Harper& Row, Publishers, New York,1990, p.12.
6 娥苏拉·勒瑰恩著,洪凌译：《黑暗的左手》,台北,缪思出版,2004年12月第一版,第308页。
1 [美]厄休拉·勒奎恩著,姚人杰译：《倾诉》,北京,新星出版社,2007年6月第一版,第86、183、114页。
2 "The 'idea'-the emotional impetus for the book (The Telling)-came from my belated realization that Chairman Mao had all but obliterated the millennial religious practice of Taoism from within half a generation." Talking Politics to Another Wall, Ursula K. Le Guin on Science Fiction, Capitalism and Forgiveness, interview by Dennis Pilon, Canadian Dimension, p.40.
1 [美]厄休拉·勒奎恩著,姚人杰译：《倾诉》,北京,新星出版社,2007年6月第一版,第11页。
2 Plato, The Republic,607a. J. Cooper and D. Hutchinson ed. Plato:Complete Works, Indianapolis:Hacketet Publishing Company,1997.
3 详见朱立元主编：《西方文论教程》,北京,高等教育出版社,2008年4月第一版,第43页。
4 张京媛主编：《当代女性主义文学批评》,北京,北京大学出版社,1992年1月第一版,第141、143-187页。
5 详见[英]Deborah L. Madsen著：《女权主义理论与文学实践》(Feminist Theory and Literary Practice),北京,外语教学与研究出版社,2006年9月第一版,第3-4页。
1 以上七处原文引自娥苏拉·勒瑰恩著,洪凌译：《黑暗的左手》,台北,缪思出版,2004年12月第一版,第18-37、85-86页。
1 以上五处原文引自[美]厄休拉·勒奎恩著,姚人杰译：《倾诉》,北京,新星出版社,2007年6月第一版,第11、23、57、74、212页。
2 "In The Telling, the main character seems caught between the seeming promises and costs of both modernity and tradition. Is this our current left dilemma-how to sustain tradition without sacrificing the benefits of modernity?" Talking Politics to Another Wall, Ursula K. Le Guin on Science Fiction, Capitalism and Forgiveness, interview by Dennis Pilon, Canadian Dimension, p.40.
3 "working responsibly"; "To me the important thing is…by offering an imagined but persuasive alternative reality, to dislodge my mind, and so the readers' mind, from the lazy, timorous habit of thinking that the way we live now is the only way people can live… We will not know our own injustice if we cannot imagine justice. We will not be free if we cannot imagine freedom." A War Without End, The Wave in the Mind, Boston:Shambhala,2004, p.118-220.
4 详见前第10页注解第1条。
5 详见前第19页注解第3条。
6 "politics were there all along", Earthsea Revisioned, Cambridge:Children's Literature New England-Green Bay,1993, p. 24.
7 详见Grinding Axess and Balancing Oppositions:The Transformation of Feminism in Ursula K. Le Guin's Science Fiction, Alexis Lothian, Extrapolation; Winter 2006; p.387.
1 详见May, Todd The Political Philosophy of Poststructuralist Anarchism, University Park, PA:Pennsylvania State University Press,1994.
2 详见May, Todd The Political Philosophy of Poststructuralist Anarchism, University Park, PA:Pennsylvania State University Press,1994和Newman, Saul, From Bakunin to Lacan:Anti-Authoritarianism and the Dislocation of Power, Lanham, MD:Lexington Books,1969.
3 后现代女性主义的性别理论代表人物是朱迪丝·巴特勒(Judith Butler)和Donna Haraway,详见[英]Deborah L. Madsen著：《女权主义理论与文学实践》(Feminist Theory and Literary Practice),北京,外语教学与研究出版社,2006年9月第一版,第4页。
4 "The 'female principle'has historically been anarchic; that is, anarchy has historically been identified as female. The domain allotted to women-'the family',for example-is the area of order without coercion" Is Gender Necessary? Dancing at the Edge of the World:Thoughts on Words, Women, Places, by Ursula K. Le Guin, Harper & Row, Publishers, New York, 1990, p.11-12.
1 该观点以福柯为代表,参考汪民安著：《福柯的界线：主体、权力和生活美学》,南京,南京大学出版社,2002年11月第一版和汪民安,陈永国,马海良主编：《后现代的哲学话语：从福柯到赛义德》,杭州,浙江人民出版社,2000年11月,第一版。
2 本书还未有中文译名,此中文书名为笔者自译。
3 "The singular forms of the possessive pronouns in Pravic were used mostly for emphasis; idiom avoided them. Little children might say 'my mother', but very soon they learned to say 'the mother'". The Dispossessed, Le Guin, Ursula K., New York:HarperPrism,1994, p.58.
4 同上,p.223.
1 娥苏拉·勒瑰恩著,洪凌译：《黑暗的左手》,台北,缪思出版,2004年12月第一版,第159-160页。
1 "Science fiction is the mythology of the modern world", Myth and Archetype in Science Fiction, The Language of the Night:Essays on Fantasy and Science Fiction, by Ursula K. Le Guin, edited and with introductions by Susan Wood, G.P. Putnam's Sons, New York,1979, p.74.
2 "Myth is an attempt to explain, in rational terms, facts not yet rationally understood."同上,p.73.
3 [美]詹姆斯·冈恩、郭建中主编：《半人半鱼之神：从威尔斯到海茵莱恩》,北京,北京大学出版社,2008年10月第一版,第120-121页。
4 "American Literature is male"; "become a resisting rather than an asserting reader and, by this refusal to assent, to begin the process of exorcising the male mind that has been implanted in us." Warhol and Herndl. Introduction:On the Politics of Literature, Judith Fetterley. The Resisting Reader:A Feminist Approach to American Fiction, Indiana University Press, Bloomington and London 1978, p.492,498.
1 "interpretation is a function of identity", Norman Holland, Unity Identity Text Self, Reader Response Criticism:From Formalism to Post-Structuralism, Ed. Jane P. Tompkins, Baltimore:Johns Hopkins UP,1980, p.123.
2 娥苏拉·勒瑰恩著,洪凌译：《黑暗的左手》,台北,缪思出版,2004年12月第一版,第17页。
"The writer cannot do it alone. The unread story is not a story; it is little black marks on wood pulp. The reader, reading it, makes it live:a live thing, a story."http://archive.salon. com/people/bc/2001/01/23/le_guin/index.html,2008.6.7,15:04, By Faith L. Justice, Jan.23,2001.
4 "Reading is an active transaction between the text and the reader." "A reader reading makes the book, brings it into meaning, by translating arbitrary symbols, printed letters, into an inward, private reality. Reading is an act, a creative one." The Question I Get Asked Most Often, The Wave in the Mind:Talks and Essays on the Writers, the Readers, and the Imagination, Ursula K. Le Guin, Shambhala Publications, Boston,2004, p.269.
1 "slows a writer to ask what it is that constructs a'person'",Exorcising Gender:Resisting Readers in Ursula K. Le Guin's Left Hand of Darkness, John Pennington, Extrapolation, Vol.41,No.4,2000, The Kent State University Press, p.351.
2 [美]詹姆斯·冈恩、郭建中主编：《半人半鱼之神：从威尔斯到海茵莱恩》,北京,北京大学出版社,2008年10月第一版,英文版前言,第3页。
3 娥苏拉·勒瑰恩著,洪凌译：《黑暗的左手》,台北,缪思出版,2004年12月第一版,第18、191页。
4 "They have no myth of Progress at all. Their calendar calls the current year always the Year One, and they count backward and forward from that." The Language of the Night:Essays on Fantasy and Science Fiction, by Ursula K. Le Guin, edited and with introductions by Susan Wood, G.P. Putnam's Sons, New York,1979, p.165.
4 娥苏拉·勒瑰恩著,洪凌译：《黑暗的左手》,台北,缪思出版,2004年12月第一版,第67-68页。
5 [美]厄休拉·勒奎恩著,姚人杰译：《倾诉》,北京,新星出版社,2007年6月第一版,第9、124页。
1 "The Gethenians do not rape their world. They have developed a high technology, heavy industry, automobiles, radios, explosives, etc.,but they have done so very slowly, absorbing their technology rather than letting it overwhelm them.",The Language of the Night:Essays on Fantasy and Science Fiction, by Ursula K. Le Guin, edited and with introductions by Susan Wood, G.P. Putnam's Sons, New York,1979, p.165.
2 同上,第191页。
3 胡经之、张首映著：《西方二十世纪文论史》,北京,中国社会科学出版社,1988年1月第一版,第2页。
4 [美]詹姆斯·冈恩、郭建中主编：《半人半鱼之神：从威尔斯到海茵莱恩》,北京,北京大学出版社,2008年10月第一版,第13页。
5 [美]詹姆斯·冈恩、郭建中主编：《灰烬之塔：从现在到永远》,北京,北京大学出版社,2008年10月第一版,英文版前言,第5页。
6 "In this, it seems that what I was after again was a balance."The Language of the Night:Essays on Fantasy and Science Fiction, by Ursula K. Le Guin, edited and with introductions by Susan Wood, G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York,1979, p.165.
6 娥苏拉·勒瑰恩著,洪凌译：《黑暗的左手》,台北,缪思出版,2004年12月第一版,第76-77页。
8 LaoTzu:Tao Te Ching, A Book about the Way and the Power of the Way, by Ursula K. Le Guin, with J. P. Seaton, Shambhala, Boston & London,1997, p.6.
9 "I wanted a Book of the Way accessible to a present-day, unwise, unpowerful, and perhaps unmale reader, not seeking esoteric secrets, but listening for a voice that speaks to the soul."同上,Introduction,ⅸ-ⅹ.
1 娥苏拉·勒瑰恩著,洪凌译：《黑暗的左手》,台北,缪思出版,2004年12月第一版,第299页。
2 "I do tend to punish my central characters rather severely. That's a huge question, actually, because I don't believe that suffering purifies a character. Suffering generally brutalizes people-it just hurts them, and sometimes it cripples them. But one thing most fantasies seem to do is show somebody coming through adversity by using a lot of intelligence and courage and endurance." Ursula K. Le Guin Straddles Genres and Masters Them All, by Mark B. Wilson, http://www.scifi.com/sfw/issue189/interview.html,2008/6/7 15:20.
Book Review:Ursula K. Le Guin Beyond Genre:Fiction for Children and Adults, Brian Attebery:Children's Literature Association Quarterly; Summer 2006; 31,2; Academic Research Library, p199.
1 娥苏拉·勒瑰恩著,洪凌译：《黑暗的左手》,台北,缪思出版,2004年12月第一版,第241、299页。
2 "A lot of fantasy stories are 'the little guy triumphs over a very harsh world.'That's such an ancient plot, and we need it." Ursula K. Le Guin Straddles Genres and Masters Them All, by Mark B. Wilson, http://www.scifi.com/sfw/ issue189/interview.html,2008/6/7 15:20.
1 娥苏拉·勒瑰恩著,洪凌译：《黑暗的左手》,台北,缪思出版,2004年12月第一版,第37、49、83-84页。
1 "Fiction:imagination working on experience." The Question I Get Asked Most Often, The Wave in the Mind:Talks and Essays on the Writers, the Readers, and the Imagination, Ursula K. Le Guin, Shambhala Publications, Boston,2004, p.265.
2 "A sight, an emotion, creates this wave in the mind, long before it makes words to fit it."同上,p.280.厄休拉十分推崇弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫对写作灵感的论述,"rhythm"是伍尔夫在给友人的信中提到的。厄休拉在文章中引用了此段。
3 "it's the inner eye that really sees the world", Looking far, LaoTzu:Tao Te Ching, A Book about the Way and the Power of the Way, by Ursula K. Le Guin, with J. P. Seaton, Shambhala, Boston & London,1997, p.62.
4 田园诗和科幻小说的关系详见Ursula Le Guin and the Pastoral Mode, Andy Sawyer, Extrapolation, Vol.47, No.3,2006, The University of Texas at Brownsville and Texas Southmost College, p.396.
5 娥苏拉·勒瑰恩著,洪凌译：《黑暗的左手》,台北,缪思出版,2004年12月第一版,第73页。
6 [美]厄休拉·勒奎恩著,姚人杰译：《倾诉》,北京,新星出版社,2007年6月第一版,第160页。
1 [美]厄休拉·勒奎恩著,姚人杰译：《倾诉》,北京,新星出版社,2007年6月第一版,第70页。
1 "We followed yang; we found yin." On The Frontier, The Wave in the Mind:Talks and Essays on the Writers, the Readers, and the Imagination, Ursula K. Le Guin, Shambhala Publications, Boston,2004, p.30.
2 "they play back and forth along the mysterious frontier between what we think is real and what we think is imaginary, exploring the borderlands."同上.
3 [英]特雷·伊格尔顿著,伍晓明译：《二十世纪西方文学理论》,北京,北京大学出版社,2007年1月第一版,第119-220页。
4 详见前第8页注释3。
5 详见前第22页注释5。
1 "The Left Hand of Darkness solve the problem associated with women's oppression not by eliminating men…they show us ways out of women's oppression without simply eliminating men from society." Ethics, Reproduction, Utopia:Gender and Childbearing in Woman on the Edge of Time and The Left Hand of Darkness, Rudy, Kathy, NWSA Jounal. Bloomington: Spring 1997, Vol.9, Iss. 1,p.25.
2 "while the language might be read as feminist,'the purpose of its language is to enable people, both men and women, to talk to each other'." Revisioning Gender:Inventing Women in Ursula K. Le Guin's Nonfiction, Lisa Hammond Rashley, Biography 30.1 (Winter 2007), Biographical Research Center, p.32.
3 "her evolving feminism made her uncomfortable with the 'unquestioned patriarchal system where only men are wizards, only men have power' that she had unconsciously created in Earthsea." The Power of Women in Ursula K. Le Guin's Tehanu, Susan McLean, Extrapolation, Vol.38, No.2,1997 by The Kent State University Press, p.110.
"Tehanu and the experimental utopian text, Always Coming Home, as the two Le Guin books most overtly reflecting her new notions of feminist narrative."同3.
1 "Taoism got to me earlier than modern feminism." Introduction to Planet of Exile, The Language of the Night:Essays on Fantasy and Science Fiction, by Ursula K. Le Guin, edited and with introductions by Susan Wood, G.P. Putnam's Sons, New York,1979, p.141.
2 "I was thinking of a Taoist ideal, not of such practices as bride-selling and foot-binding, which we are trained to consider unimportant, nor of the deep misogyny of Chinese culture, which we are trained to consider normal." Is Gender Necessary? Redux, Dancing at the Edge of the World:Thoughts on Words, Women, Places, by Ursula K. Le Guin, Harper& Row, Publishers, New York,1990, p.12.
3 "The 'idea'-the emotional impetus for the book (The Telling)-came from my belated realization that Chairman Mao had all but obliterated the millennial religious practice of Taoism from within half a generation." Talking Politics to Another Wall, Ursula K. Le Guin on Science Fiction, Capitalism and Forgiveness, interview by Dennis Pilon, Canadian Dimension, p.40.
4 "It is the most lovable of all the great religious texts, funny, keen, kind, modest, indestructibly outrageous, and inexhaustibly refreshing. Of all the deep springs, this is the purest water. To me, it is also the deepest spring." LaoTzu:Too Te Ching, A Book about the Way and the Power of the Way, by Ursula K. Le Guin, with J. P. Seaton, Shambhala, Boston & London,1997,ⅹ.
1 "We're good at inventing things that can't exist." A War Without End, The Wave in the Mind:Talks and Essays on the Writers, the Readers, and the Imagination, Ursula K. Le Guin, Shambhala Publications, Boston,2004, p.216.
2 详见、《小说中的世界缩影：乌托邦叙事的出现》,王逢振主编：《外国科幻论文精选》,重庆,重庆出版集团、重庆出版社,2008年7月第一版,第128页。
1 同上,第6页。
2 《反面乌托邦之幻想与乌托邦之期盼——论特里·比森的批判式反面乌托邦作品<宇宙海盗>》,王逢振主编：《外国科幻论文精选》,重庆,重庆出版集团、重庆出版社,2008年7月第一版,第38页。
3 同上,第39页。
4 详见Ursula K. Le Guin:A Critical Companion一书中对《倾诉》一文的研究,Susan M. Bernardo and Graham J. Murphy, Greenwood Press, London,2006, p.83.
5 [美]厄休拉·勒奎恩著,梁宇晗译：《变化的位面》,北京,新星出版社,2007年4月第一版,目录前澳大利亚《堪培拉时报》对该作品的评价。
6 王治河著：《后现代哲学思潮研究》(增补本),北京,北京大学出版社,2006年1月第一版,第289页。
1 Approaches to the Fiction of Ursula K. Le Guin, James Bittner, Ann Arbor, UMI Research Press,1984, p.110.
2 娥苏拉·勒瑰恩著,洪凌译：《黑暗的左手》,台北,缪思出版,2004年12月第一版,第159-160页。
3 详见本文前第35-37页关于两部作品中的无政府主义思想的论述。
1 "Praise then Creation unfinished!" Grinding Axess and Balancing Oppositions:The Transformation of Feminism in Ursula K. Le Guin's Science Fiction, by Alex Lothian, Extrapolation; Winter 2006; 47,3;Academic Research Library, p.392.
1 The Language of the Night:Essays on Fantasy and Science Fiction, by Ursula K. Le Guin, edited and with introductions by Susan Wood, G..P. Putnam's Sons, New York,1979, P.163.
1、娥苏拉·勒瑰恩著,洪凌译：《黑暗的左手》,台北,缪思出版,2004年12月第一版。
2、[美]厄休拉·勒奎恩著,姚人杰译：《倾诉》,北京,新星出版社,2007年6月第一版。
3、[美]厄休拉·勒古恩著,陶雪蕾译：《一无所有》,四川,四川出版集团·四川科学技术出版社,2009年9月第一版。
4、[美]厄休拉·勒奎恩著,梁宇晗译：《变化的位面》,北京,新星出版社,2007年4月第一版。
5、[美]厄休拉·勒奎恩著,马爱农、周莉译：《地海传奇Ⅰ》,北京,人民文学出版社,2004年3月。
6、[美]厄休拉·勒奎恩著,一目、姚翠丽译：《地海传奇Ⅱ》,北京,人民文学出版社,2004年3月。
7、[美]罗斯玛丽·帕特南·童著,艾晓明等译：《女性主义思潮导论》,湖北,华中师范大学出版社,2002年10月第一版。
8、张京媛主编：《当代女性主义文学批评》,北京,北京大学出版社,1992年1月第一版。
9、[英]Deborah L. Madsen著：《女权主义理论与文学实践》(Feminist Theory and Literary Practice),北京,外语教学与研究出版社,2006年9月第一版。
10、朱立元主编：《西方文论教程》,北京,高等教育出版社,2008年4月第一版。
11、胡经之、张首映著：《西方二十世纪文论史》,北京,中国社会科学出版社,1988年1月第一版。
12、[英]特雷·伊格尔顿著,伍晓明译：《二十世纪西方文学理论》,北京,北京大学出版社,2007年1月第一版。
13、王治河著：《后现代哲学思潮研究》(增补本),北京,北京大学出版社,2006年1月第一版。
14、邱运华主编：《文学批评方法与案例》,北京,北京大学出版社,2005年8月第一版。
15、[美]Charles E.Bressler著：《文学批评》(影印版)(Literary Criticism:an introduction to theory and practice),北京,高等教育出版社,2004年11月第三版。
16、萧兵、叶舒宪著：《老子的文化解读——性与神话学之研究》,湖北,湖北人民出版社,1994年5月第一版。
17、陈鼓应注译：《老子今注今译》,北京,商务印书馆,2003年第一版。
18、王逢振主编：《外国科幻论文精选》,重庆,重庆出版集团、重庆出版社,2008年7月第一版。
19、[英]弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫著,王还译：《一间自己的屋子》,北京,三联书店,1989年2月第一版。
20、陈本益、向天渊、唐建君著：《西方现代文论与哲学》,重庆,重庆大学出版社,1999年8月第一版。
21、[法]克洛德·列维一斯特劳斯著,李幼蒸译：《野性的思维》,北京,中国人民大学出版社,2006年1月第一版。
22、丁冬红著：《人之解读——现代西方人本哲学研究》,河北,河北教育出版社,2001年1月第一版。
23、张隆溪著：《比较文学研究入门》,上海,复旦大学出版社,2009年5月第一版。
24、王建元、陈洁诗主编：《科幻·后现代·后人类——香港科幻论文精选》,福建,福建少年儿童出版社,2006年12月第一版。
25、[美]詹姆斯·冈恩、郭建中主编：《半人半鱼之神：从威尔斯到海茵莱恩》,北京,北京大学出版社,2008年10月第一版。
26、[美]詹姆斯·冈恩、郭建中主编：《太阳舞：从海茵莱恩到七十年代》,北京,北京大学出版社,2008年10月第一版。
27、[美]詹姆斯·冈恩、郭建中主编：《灰烬之塔：从现在到永远》,北京,北京大学出版社,2008年10月第一版。
28、施咸荣编,施咸荣、董乐山等译：《外国现代科学幻想小说》,上海,上海文艺出版社,1982年3月第一版。
29、杨大春著：《文本的世界——从结构主义到后结构主义》,北京,中国社会科学院出版,1998年2月第一版。
30、夏忠宪著：《巴赫金狂欢化诗学研究》,北京,北京师范大学出版,2000年11月第一版。
31、汪民安著：《福柯的界线：主体、权力和生活美学》,南京,南京大学出版社,2002年11月第一版。
32、汪民安,陈永国,马海良主编：《后现代的哲学话语：从福柯到赛义德》,杭州,浙江人民出版社,2000年11月第一版。
33、黄顺基、刘炯忠著：《论辩证思维的形成和它的范畴体系：亚里士多德<形而上学>一书初探》,北京,中国社会科学出版社,1983年10月第一版。
34、高清海著：《哲学的憧憬——<形而上学>的沉思》,长春,吉林大学出版社,1995年11月第一版。
35、黄尹主编：《论科学幻想小说》,北京,科普出版社,1981年5月第一版,第235页。
36、Ursula K. Le Guin. The Left Hand of Darkness, Ace Books, New York 1969.
37、Ursula K. Le Guin. The Wave in the Mind:Talks and Essays on the Writers, the Readers, and the Imagination, Shambhala Publications, Boston 2004.
38、Le Guin, Ursula K.. The Dispossessed, HarperPrism, New York 1994.
39、Ursula K. Le Guin. The Birthday of the World, Clays Ltd, St Ives p1c, Great Britain 2004.
40、Ursula K. Le Guin. The Language of the Night:Essays on Fantasy and Science Fiction, edited and with introductions by Susan Wood, G..P.Putnam's Sons, New York 1979.
41、Ursula K. Le Guin. Dancing at the Edge of the World:Thoughts on Words, Women, Places, Harper & Row, Publishers, New York 1990.
42、Ursula K. Le Guin. Earthsea Revisioned. Chindren's Literature New England in association with Green Bay Publications, Cambridge 1993.
43、Ursula K. Le Guin. Tales from Earthsea, Ace Books, New York 2001.
44、Ursula K. Le Guin, with J. P. Seaton. LaoTzu:Tao Te Ching, A Book about the Way and the Power of the Way, Shambhala, Boston & London 1997.
45、James Bittner, Ann Arbor. Approaches to the Fiction of Ursula K. Le Guin, UMI Research Press, New York 1984.
46、Susan M.Bernardo and Graham J. Murphy. Ursula K Le Guin:a Critical Companion, Greenwood Press, London 2006.
47、Darren Harris-Fain. Understanding Contemporary American Science Fiction:The Age of Maturity,1970-2000, University of South Carolina Press, Columbia 2005.
48、Edward James.Science Fiction in the Twentieth Century, Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York 1994.
49、DuPlessis, R. Blau. Writing beyond the Ending, Narrative Strategies of Twentieth-Century Women Writers, Indiana University Press, Bloomington,1985.
50、Plato.The Dialogue of Plato, Seth Benardete, trans. Bantam Books, New York 1986.
51、Donald Palumbo Ed.. Erotic Universe:Sexuality and Fantasy Literature, Greenwood Press, New York 1986.
52、Olena H.Saciuk,.Wesport CT Ed.. The Shape of the Fantastic, Greenwood Press, New York 1989.
53、Spivack, Charlotte. Ursula K.Le Guin, Twayne Publishers, Boston 1984.
54、May, Todd. The Political Philosophy of Poststructuralist Anarchism, Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park 1994
55、Newman,Saul.From Bakunin to Lacan:Anti-Authoritarianism and the Dislocation of Power, Lexington Books, Lanham, MD 1969.
56、Judith Fetterley. The Resisting Reader:A Feminist Approach to American Fiction, Indiana University Press, Bloomington and London 1978.
57、Jane P. Tompkins Ed.,Johns P. Hopkins. Reader Response Criticism:From Formalism to Post-Structuralism, The Johns Hopkins University Press, London 1980.
1、杨楠：《<黑暗的左手>中的女权主义与道家思想》,载于《重庆科技学院学报》(社会科学版),2007年第3期。
2、叶冬：《论<黑暗的左手>中的雌雄同体》,载于《外国文学研究》,2009年第2期。
3、张卜娅：《阴阳的和谐——对厄休拉休拉·勒·奎恩(黑暗的左手)中双性同体思想的分析》(南昌大学英语专业硕士研究生学位论文),2007年2月。
4、付翠莲：《西方社会性别概念述评》,载于《妇女与社会》,2007年第2期。
5、杨晓宁：《对女性主义社会性别概念的哲学透视》,载于《学术交流》,2003年第10期。
6、彼得·尼科尔主编：《科幻小说百科全书》,戴耘译：《科幻小说的定义》,《文艺理论研究》,1984年1月。
7、王逢振：《科幻小说及其发展》,《出版广角》,1999年2月。
8、Talking Politics to Another Wall, Ursula K. Le Guin on Science Fiction, Capitalism and Forgiveness, interview by Dennis Pilon, Canadian Dimension September 1,2007.
9、Lewis Call.Postmodern Anarchism in the Novels of Ursula K. Le Guin, SubStance 113, Vol.36, no.2,2007.
10、Alexis Lothian. Grinding Axess and Balancing Oppositions:The Transformation of Feminism in Ursula K. Le Guin's Science Fiction, Extrapolation; Winter 2006.
11、Elizabeth Cummins. The Land-Lady's Homebirth:Revisiting Ursula K Le. Guin's Worlds, Science-Fiction Studies 17.2 (July 1990).
12、John Pennington. Exorcising Gender:Resisting Readers in Ursula K. Le Guin's Left Hand of Darkness, Extrapolation, Vol.41,No.4,2000.
13、Andy Sawyer. Ursula Le Guin and the Pastoral Mode, Extrapolation, Vol.47, No.3, 2006.
14、Rudy, Kathy. Ethics, Reproduction, Utopia:Gender and Childbearing in Woman on the Edge of Time and The Left Hand of Darkness, NWSA Jounal.Bloomington:Spring 1997, Vol.9,Iss.1.
15、Lisa Hammond Rashley. Revisioning Gender:Inventing Women in Ursula K. Le Guin's Nonfiction, Biography 30.1 (Winter 2007), Biographical Research Center.
16、Susan McLean. The Power of Women in Ursula K. Le Guin's Tehanu, Extrapolation, Vol.38, No.2,1997.
17、Brian Attebery. Book Review:Ursula K. Le Guin Beyond Genre:Fiction for Children and Adults, Children's Literature Association Quarterly; Summer 2006.
1、http://www.ursulakleguin.com
2、M.E.Wood's Bella Online interview with Ursula K. Le Guin, http://www. bellaonline.com/articles/art10988. asp
3、http://archive. salon. com/people/bc/2001/01/23/le_guin/index.html.
4、Mark B.Wilson. Ursula K. Le Guin Straddles Genres and Masters Them All, http://www.scifi.com/sfw/issue189/interview.html,2008/6/715:20.
5、http://www.fantasticfiction.co.uk/1/ursula-k-le-guin/
6、http://www.encyclopedia.com