论福克纳小说中的女性形象
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摘要
福克纳是20世纪最伟大的作家之一。他笔下丰富多彩的女性形象生动地展示了19世纪末及20世纪上半叶的美国南方的社会文化生活。本文以弗洛伊德心理学为指导,结合南方传统价值观深入分析福克纳小说中的一些女性人物形象。
重点分析带有疯狂特质的女性、白人淑女、黑人女性及男女关系。
本文从弗洛伊德心理学角度将福克纳笔下带有疯狂特质的女性分为两类：一类是由心理焦虑和恋母或恋父情结导致的,如佐尔菲亚和艾米丽；另一类是由于人性死亡本能决定的,其典型代表是艾利。南方旧制度下的家庭影响与女性个体心理之间无法协调的矛盾是导致福克纳小说中疯女人悲剧的罪魁祸首。
其次,在当时南方社会价值观中,种族和阶级决定了白人淑女和黑人女性是社会阶层中并列存在的两极,像老姑娘及黑白混血女性也是很常见的,她们多处于不被社会和集体接受的尴尬境地。作者塑造的女性形象从多个角度凸显了南方价值观念下女性存在的状况。像南方淑女罗莎看似温柔却具有男性气概；而淑女茱迪斯和茱斯拉看似大家闺秀却又非常叛逆,而像爱伦那样的淑女循规蹈矩,却又平淡无奇。福克纳笔下多数黑人女性表现得沉寂无闻,但像黑人保姆迪尔西却有着积极的正面形象。虽然她们社会地位高低有别,但是福克纳却安排了她们相同的命运——女人在那样一个社会中只是一个物化的概念。
白人庄园主和黑人女仆以及白人淑女和黑人之间微妙的关系也是当时南方社会所独有的。福克纳笔下的女性形象反映了当时妇女处于令人同情的境地,他无情地批判了“白人至上”的观点,同时也揭示了南方种植园制度的没落与衰亡。
Faulkner is one of the greatest writers of 20th century. Various women characters in his fictions reflect Southern social culture in late 19th and early 20th century. This thesis aims to analyze Faulkner's rich women characters from the perspectives of Freudian psychology and Southern traditional values.
There are five chapters in my thesis, and importance is attached to the analysis of women with craziness, white ladies, black women and the relationships between women and men.
First, the focus is placed upon the women characters with craziness, who are categorized into two kinds:women like Miss Zilphia and Miss Emily driven by their anxieties and complexes; characters like Elly, craziness is caused by death wish. The irreconcilable contradictions between the family influences of the Old Southern system and individual female psychology is the evil root leading to the miserable fate of crazy women.
Secondly, under Southern traditional values on women, classes and races determine the existence of two opposites-white ladies and black women. And the marginal women like spinsters, virgins and mulattoes are considerably noticeable because of their awkward social positions. White ladies are seemingly gentle but masculine like Rosa, decent but rebellious like Drusilla and Judith, and stereotypical but bland like Ellen. Black women are always silent in Faulkner's fictions, however, black mammies maintain bright and positive images. Even though the difference between women's social positions exists, Faulkner arranges them with the same destiny-women in that society are just an object.
The subtle relationships between white masters and black women and between white women and black men are unique on the Southern plantations. Women characters in Faulkner's fictions are in the sympathizing situation. Meanwhile, Faulkner criticizes the white supremacy and exposes the decline and deterioration of the Southern plantation.
重点分析带有疯狂特质的女性、白人淑女、黑人女性及男女关系。
本文从弗洛伊德心理学角度将福克纳笔下带有疯狂特质的女性分为两类：一类是由心理焦虑和恋母或恋父情结导致的,如佐尔菲亚和艾米丽；另一类是由于人性死亡本能决定的,其典型代表是艾利。南方旧制度下的家庭影响与女性个体心理之间无法协调的矛盾是导致福克纳小说中疯女人悲剧的罪魁祸首。
其次,在当时南方社会价值观中,种族和阶级决定了白人淑女和黑人女性是社会阶层中并列存在的两极,像老姑娘及黑白混血女性也是很常见的,她们多处于不被社会和集体接受的尴尬境地。作者塑造的女性形象从多个角度凸显了南方价值观念下女性存在的状况。像南方淑女罗莎看似温柔却具有男性气概；而淑女茱迪斯和茱斯拉看似大家闺秀却又非常叛逆,而像爱伦那样的淑女循规蹈矩,却又平淡无奇。福克纳笔下多数黑人女性表现得沉寂无闻,但像黑人保姆迪尔西却有着积极的正面形象。虽然她们社会地位高低有别,但是福克纳却安排了她们相同的命运——女人在那样一个社会中只是一个物化的概念。
白人庄园主和黑人女仆以及白人淑女和黑人之间微妙的关系也是当时南方社会所独有的。福克纳笔下的女性形象反映了当时妇女处于令人同情的境地,他无情地批判了“白人至上”的观点,同时也揭示了南方种植园制度的没落与衰亡。
Faulkner is one of the greatest writers of 20th century. Various women characters in his fictions reflect Southern social culture in late 19th and early 20th century. This thesis aims to analyze Faulkner's rich women characters from the perspectives of Freudian psychology and Southern traditional values.
There are five chapters in my thesis, and importance is attached to the analysis of women with craziness, white ladies, black women and the relationships between women and men.
First, the focus is placed upon the women characters with craziness, who are categorized into two kinds:women like Miss Zilphia and Miss Emily driven by their anxieties and complexes; characters like Elly, craziness is caused by death wish. The irreconcilable contradictions between the family influences of the Old Southern system and individual female psychology is the evil root leading to the miserable fate of crazy women.
Secondly, under Southern traditional values on women, classes and races determine the existence of two opposites-white ladies and black women. And the marginal women like spinsters, virgins and mulattoes are considerably noticeable because of their awkward social positions. White ladies are seemingly gentle but masculine like Rosa, decent but rebellious like Drusilla and Judith, and stereotypical but bland like Ellen. Black women are always silent in Faulkner's fictions, however, black mammies maintain bright and positive images. Even though the difference between women's social positions exists, Faulkner arranges them with the same destiny-women in that society are just an object.
The subtle relationships between white masters and black women and between white women and black men are unique on the Southern plantations. Women characters in Faulkner's fictions are in the sympathizing situation. Meanwhile, Faulkner criticizes the white supremacy and exposes the decline and deterioration of the Southern plantation.
引文
Bassett, John, eds. William Faulkner:The Critical Heritage. London and Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul,1975.
Budd, Louis J. and Edwin H. Cady, eds. On Faulkner:The Best from American Literature. Durham and London:Duke University Press,1989.
Brown,Wyatt. Southern Honor:Ethics and Behavior in the Old South. New York:Oxford University,1982.
Carby, Hazel. Race Men. Cambridge:Harvard UP,1998.
Caw, Mary Ann. Inventing the Real:"The Old Maid" and "The Real Thing". New York: The Feminist Press at CUNY,2008.
Cox, Leland H. William Faulkner:Critical Collection. Detroit:A Bruccoli Clark Book, Gale Research Company,1982.
Duvall, John. Faulkner's Marginal Couple:Invisible, Outlaw, and Unspeakable Communities. Texas:University of Texas Press,1990.
Faulkner, William. Collected Stories of William Faulkner. New York:Vintage International·Vintage Books,1950.
---. Light in August. New York:Random House,1932.
---. Go Down, Moses. New York:Random House,1940.
---. Intruder in the Dust. New York:Random House,1949.
---. The Sound and the Fury. New York:Vintage International·Vintage Books,1984.
---.Uncollected Stories of William Faulkner. New York:Random House,1979.
Fielder, Leslie. Love and Death. Chicago:Dalkey Archive Press,1998.
Freud,Sigmund. Collected Papers.Trans. Alix and James Strachey. New York:Basic Books, Inc.,1959.
---."The Ego and the Id." The Complete Psychological Works Sigmund Freud. Trans. James Strachery. London:Hogarth Press,1953.
Fowler, Doreen and Ann J. Abadie, eds. Faulkner and Humor:Faulkner and Yoknapattawpha. Jackson and London:University Press of Mississippi,1984.
Genovese, Elizabeth Fox. Within the Plantation Household:Black and White Women of the Old South. Chapel Hill:The University of North Carolina Press,1988.
Hlavsa, Virginia V. James. Faulkner and the Thoroughly Modern Novel. Charlottesville and London:University Press of Virginia,1991.
Hoffman, Frederick J. Freudianism and the Literary Mind. Baton Rouge:Louisiana State University Press,1957.
Hooks, Bell. The Critical Pedagogy Reader. Ed. Antonia Darder, Marta P. Baltodano, and Rodolfo D. Torres. New York:RoutledgeFalmer,2003.
Howe, Irving. William Faulkner:A Critical Study. New York:Random House,1975.
Kazin, Alfred. "The Stillness of Light in August." Partisan Review 24 (1957).
Lind, Ilse D. "Faulkner's Women." In the Maker and the Myth:Faulkner and Yoknapatawpha. Ed. Evans Harrington and Ann Abadie. Jackson:Univ. Press of Mississippi,1978.
Meriwether James B., and Michael Millgate. The Lion in the Garden. New York:Random House,1968.
Millgate, Michael. The Achievement of William Faulkner. Lincoln and London:University of Nebraska Press,1978.
Millgate, Michael. eds. New Essays on Light in August. Beijing:Beijing University Press, 2007.
Morris, Wesley and Barbara Alverson Morris. Reading Faulkner. Wisconsin:The University of Wisconsin Press,1989.
O'Grady, Lorraine. The Feminism and Visual Culture Reader Ed. Amelia Jones. London: Routledge,2003.
Pikoulis, John. The Art of William Faulkner. London:The Macmillan Press LTD,1982.
Robert, Barth J. "Faulkner and the Calvinist Traddition Thought." Notre Dame English Journal,39(1964).
Roberts, Diane. Faulkner and Southern Womanhood. Georgia:The University of Georgia Press,1994.
Scherting, Jack. "Emily Grierson's Oedipus Complex:Motif, Motive, and Meaning In Faulkner's'A Rose for Emily.'" South Atlantic Review,59 (1994).
Warren, Robert Penn.eds. Faulkner:A Collection of Critical Essays. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.,1966.
Wagner, Linda Welshimer. eds. William Faulkner:Four Decades of Criticism. Michigan: Michigan State University Press,1973.
Wagner-Martin, Linda. eds. New Essays on Go down, Moses. Beijing:Beijing University Press,2007.
Weinstein, Philip M. eds. William Faulkner. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2000.
White, Deborah Gray. Ar'n't I a Woman?:Female Slaves in the Plantation South. New York:W. W. Norton & Company,1999.
常耀信(Chang Yaoxin).美国文学简史.天津：南开大学出版社.2003.
李厚纲(Li Hougang).论福克纳的黑人女性观.长春：长春理工大学学报,2007,(1).
黎明(Li Ming).威廉·福克纳的南方妇女观.四川师范大学学报,2002,(5).
李人侠(Li Renxia)女性的沉默与呐喊——福克纳小说中的女性声音.黑龙江,黑龙江教育学院学报,2007,(11).
李文俊(Li Wenjun).福克纳评论集.北京：中国社会出版社,1980.
刘伟红(Liu Weihong)论威廉·福克纳小说中女性的性格与命运.中国水运,2007,(11).
陶洁(Tao Jie).《喧哗与骚动新探》.北京：外国文学评论,1992,(4).
向玉乔(Xiang Yuqiao)人生价值的道德诉求——美国伦理思潮的流变.湖南：湖南师范大学出版社,2006.
夏妙月(Xiao Miaoyue).福克纳两部意识流小说的叙述模式研究.聊城大学学报，2006,(3).
肖明翰(Xiao Minghan).威廉·福克纳研究.北京：外语教学与研究出版社,1997.
张佐娟(Zhang Zuojuan).国内福克纳笔下女性形象研究述评.语文学刊,2008,(5).
朱宾忠(Zhu Bingzhong)为情所生,为情所困的少女群体——谈福克纳笔下的少女少妇形象.外国文学,2008,(4).
Budd, Louis J. and Edwin H. Cady, eds. On Faulkner:The Best from American Literature. Durham and London:Duke University Press,1989.
Brown,Wyatt. Southern Honor:Ethics and Behavior in the Old South. New York:Oxford University,1982.
Carby, Hazel. Race Men. Cambridge:Harvard UP,1998.
Caw, Mary Ann. Inventing the Real:"The Old Maid" and "The Real Thing". New York: The Feminist Press at CUNY,2008.
Cox, Leland H. William Faulkner:Critical Collection. Detroit:A Bruccoli Clark Book, Gale Research Company,1982.
Duvall, John. Faulkner's Marginal Couple:Invisible, Outlaw, and Unspeakable Communities. Texas:University of Texas Press,1990.
Faulkner, William. Collected Stories of William Faulkner. New York:Vintage International·Vintage Books,1950.
---. Light in August. New York:Random House,1932.
---. Go Down, Moses. New York:Random House,1940.
---. Intruder in the Dust. New York:Random House,1949.
---. The Sound and the Fury. New York:Vintage International·Vintage Books,1984.
---.Uncollected Stories of William Faulkner. New York:Random House,1979.
Fielder, Leslie. Love and Death. Chicago:Dalkey Archive Press,1998.
Freud,Sigmund. Collected Papers.Trans. Alix and James Strachey. New York:Basic Books, Inc.,1959.
---."The Ego and the Id." The Complete Psychological Works Sigmund Freud. Trans. James Strachery. London:Hogarth Press,1953.
Fowler, Doreen and Ann J. Abadie, eds. Faulkner and Humor:Faulkner and Yoknapattawpha. Jackson and London:University Press of Mississippi,1984.
Genovese, Elizabeth Fox. Within the Plantation Household:Black and White Women of the Old South. Chapel Hill:The University of North Carolina Press,1988.
Hlavsa, Virginia V. James. Faulkner and the Thoroughly Modern Novel. Charlottesville and London:University Press of Virginia,1991.
Hoffman, Frederick J. Freudianism and the Literary Mind. Baton Rouge:Louisiana State University Press,1957.
Hooks, Bell. The Critical Pedagogy Reader. Ed. Antonia Darder, Marta P. Baltodano, and Rodolfo D. Torres. New York:RoutledgeFalmer,2003.
Howe, Irving. William Faulkner:A Critical Study. New York:Random House,1975.
Kazin, Alfred. "The Stillness of Light in August." Partisan Review 24 (1957).
Lind, Ilse D. "Faulkner's Women." In the Maker and the Myth:Faulkner and Yoknapatawpha. Ed. Evans Harrington and Ann Abadie. Jackson:Univ. Press of Mississippi,1978.
Meriwether James B., and Michael Millgate. The Lion in the Garden. New York:Random House,1968.
Millgate, Michael. The Achievement of William Faulkner. Lincoln and London:University of Nebraska Press,1978.
Millgate, Michael. eds. New Essays on Light in August. Beijing:Beijing University Press, 2007.
Morris, Wesley and Barbara Alverson Morris. Reading Faulkner. Wisconsin:The University of Wisconsin Press,1989.
O'Grady, Lorraine. The Feminism and Visual Culture Reader Ed. Amelia Jones. London: Routledge,2003.
Pikoulis, John. The Art of William Faulkner. London:The Macmillan Press LTD,1982.
Robert, Barth J. "Faulkner and the Calvinist Traddition Thought." Notre Dame English Journal,39(1964).
Roberts, Diane. Faulkner and Southern Womanhood. Georgia:The University of Georgia Press,1994.
Scherting, Jack. "Emily Grierson's Oedipus Complex:Motif, Motive, and Meaning In Faulkner's'A Rose for Emily.'" South Atlantic Review,59 (1994).
Warren, Robert Penn.eds. Faulkner:A Collection of Critical Essays. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.,1966.
Wagner, Linda Welshimer. eds. William Faulkner:Four Decades of Criticism. Michigan: Michigan State University Press,1973.
Wagner-Martin, Linda. eds. New Essays on Go down, Moses. Beijing:Beijing University Press,2007.
Weinstein, Philip M. eds. William Faulkner. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2000.
White, Deborah Gray. Ar'n't I a Woman?:Female Slaves in the Plantation South. New York:W. W. Norton & Company,1999.
常耀信(Chang Yaoxin).美国文学简史.天津：南开大学出版社.2003.
李厚纲(Li Hougang).论福克纳的黑人女性观.长春：长春理工大学学报,2007,(1).
黎明(Li Ming).威廉·福克纳的南方妇女观.四川师范大学学报,2002,(5).
李人侠(Li Renxia)女性的沉默与呐喊——福克纳小说中的女性声音.黑龙江,黑龙江教育学院学报,2007,(11).
李文俊(Li Wenjun).福克纳评论集.北京：中国社会出版社,1980.
刘伟红(Liu Weihong)论威廉·福克纳小说中女性的性格与命运.中国水运,2007,(11).
陶洁(Tao Jie).《喧哗与骚动新探》.北京：外国文学评论,1992,(4).
向玉乔(Xiang Yuqiao)人生价值的道德诉求——美国伦理思潮的流变.湖南：湖南师范大学出版社,2006.
夏妙月(Xiao Miaoyue).福克纳两部意识流小说的叙述模式研究.聊城大学学报，2006,(3).
肖明翰(Xiao Minghan).威廉·福克纳研究.北京：外语教学与研究出版社,1997.
张佐娟(Zhang Zuojuan).国内福克纳笔下女性形象研究述评.语文学刊,2008,(5).
朱宾忠(Zhu Bingzhong)为情所生,为情所困的少女群体——谈福克纳笔下的少女少妇形象.外国文学,2008,(4).