创伤视角下的石黑一雄小说研究
摘要
本篇论文以石黑一雄的《远山淡影》、《浮世画家》、《长日留痕》、《无法安慰》、《上海孤儿》、《别让我走》六部长篇小说为研究对象，探究这些作品的共同主题——创伤。这六部小说均采用第一人称叙事，以主人公回忆过去的形式展开。叙述的过程大多言辞含糊、躲躲藏藏，那些不愿触及的话题和不想承认的事实只有在只言片语中才能被捕捉到。人物的这些表现具有明显的创伤后症状的特质。小说呈现了受创者努力忘却而无法忘记的痛苦状态，凸显了创伤经历对于他们当下生活的影响，从而传递了作者的强烈共鸣与深切同情。
通过对创伤理论的研究和应用，论文分别从个人、家庭和社会三个层面来分析小说中的创伤问题，归纳出小说家通过运用诸如不可靠叙事、超现实主义手法、侦探小说形式等叙事方法，表现了主人公被往事所萦绕的困境，实践了如何以文学形式叙述不可言说的创伤经历。论文检视了石黑一雄小说叙事中创伤个体的分裂症状、残缺记忆和由此引发的身份危机问题，探究作者如何处理创伤叙事的两难局面——在受创者通过讲述创伤经历而得到宽慰的同时，又真实展现创伤令人恐惧和痛苦的那一面，不消减创伤事件的震撼力。石黑多部作品中的人物都在年幼时失去了父母的关爱和温情，这对他们今后的人生造成了根本上的影响。小说呈现出脆弱的婚姻关系和紧张的亲子关系，折射了当下的社会现实问题。历史变迁导致社会氛围骤然改变，主人公之前的身份被公众否定和边缘化，加剧了他们的创伤。作者通过表现个人记忆与公众历史的差异，剖析社会体制对少数人群进行的压榨和剥削，表达了对宏大历史中被忽略的弱势群体声音的关注。
石黑一雄以创伤及其后果为平台，用含蓄、幽微的笔法，呈现出现代社会对个体的压抑，以及人与人之间的疏离感，对身份、性别、家庭关系、社会制度、历史变革等问题进行了批判，表达了对世间平凡人物命运的同情悲悯之心。
This thesis is intended to explore Kazuo Ishiguro’s oeuvre, including A PaleView of Hills, An Artist of the Floating World, The Remains of the Day, TheUnconsoled, When We Were Orphans, and Never Let Me Go from the perspective oftrauma theory. Employing first-person narration, these novels deal with thememories of their protagonists respectively. However, there is a disinclination onthe part of the characters in Ishiguro’s novels to discuss the past in unsparing details.The obscurity and diversion in the narration shows the narrators’ hesitation to beconfronted with the painful past, which identifies the characteristics of post-traumasyndrome. These narratives demonstrate the agony in the victims’ endeavor to evadethe ever-haunting past and highlight the powerful affects of the traumatic past.
This dissertation investigates the trauma theme in individual, domestic andsocial dimensions. By applying various kinds of narrative strategies, such asunreliable narration, surrealist techniques, and detective story elements,Ishiguro has manifested the predicament faced by the characters twined bypainful experience, probing into the possibility of presenting and representingthe unspeakable tragedy in literature. This thesis studies the split personalityand fragmentary memory of the individual subjects and the consequentidentity crisis. Also it is devoted to figure out how the writer grapples with thedilemma of the trauma narrative, because while narrative is a way for victims totake control of their lives and accelerate healing and recovery, the transformation ofsuffering memory into narrative may dilute the precision and powerful nature of thetraumatic events. The traumatized protagonists are deprived of the natural warmthand care from the parents at a very young age, which affects them in their future lifeand distorts their comprehension and relational capacities. The vulnerability of marital relations and the tense relationships between family members in Ishiguro’sfiction manifest the social problems nowadays. The social and historical dimensionof trauma also deserves close attention, where those silenced and marginalized byoppression have been givenvoice. The traumatic history in Ishiguro’s novels will be inspected throughindividuals living the personal consequences of this history. In his novels, Ishigurodemonstrates the disparity between private memory and public history and depictsthe effects of historical change on the lives of the ordinary people. Along with that,the author takes the readers through the mistakes and conspiracy of an exploitativesystem, which aggravates individuals’ suffering.
Ishiguro’s six novels demonstrate repression in modern society and showhis empathy and sympathy toward the ordinary. Ishiguro’s trauma narrative playsan important role in arousing the trauma awareness in this modern industrial societyfull of crises.
通过对创伤理论的研究和应用，论文分别从个人、家庭和社会三个层面来分析小说中的创伤问题，归纳出小说家通过运用诸如不可靠叙事、超现实主义手法、侦探小说形式等叙事方法，表现了主人公被往事所萦绕的困境，实践了如何以文学形式叙述不可言说的创伤经历。论文检视了石黑一雄小说叙事中创伤个体的分裂症状、残缺记忆和由此引发的身份危机问题，探究作者如何处理创伤叙事的两难局面——在受创者通过讲述创伤经历而得到宽慰的同时，又真实展现创伤令人恐惧和痛苦的那一面，不消减创伤事件的震撼力。石黑多部作品中的人物都在年幼时失去了父母的关爱和温情，这对他们今后的人生造成了根本上的影响。小说呈现出脆弱的婚姻关系和紧张的亲子关系，折射了当下的社会现实问题。历史变迁导致社会氛围骤然改变，主人公之前的身份被公众否定和边缘化，加剧了他们的创伤。作者通过表现个人记忆与公众历史的差异，剖析社会体制对少数人群进行的压榨和剥削，表达了对宏大历史中被忽略的弱势群体声音的关注。
石黑一雄以创伤及其后果为平台，用含蓄、幽微的笔法，呈现出现代社会对个体的压抑，以及人与人之间的疏离感，对身份、性别、家庭关系、社会制度、历史变革等问题进行了批判，表达了对世间平凡人物命运的同情悲悯之心。
This thesis is intended to explore Kazuo Ishiguro’s oeuvre, including A PaleView of Hills, An Artist of the Floating World, The Remains of the Day, TheUnconsoled, When We Were Orphans, and Never Let Me Go from the perspective oftrauma theory. Employing first-person narration, these novels deal with thememories of their protagonists respectively. However, there is a disinclination onthe part of the characters in Ishiguro’s novels to discuss the past in unsparing details.The obscurity and diversion in the narration shows the narrators’ hesitation to beconfronted with the painful past, which identifies the characteristics of post-traumasyndrome. These narratives demonstrate the agony in the victims’ endeavor to evadethe ever-haunting past and highlight the powerful affects of the traumatic past.
This dissertation investigates the trauma theme in individual, domestic andsocial dimensions. By applying various kinds of narrative strategies, such asunreliable narration, surrealist techniques, and detective story elements,Ishiguro has manifested the predicament faced by the characters twined bypainful experience, probing into the possibility of presenting and representingthe unspeakable tragedy in literature. This thesis studies the split personalityand fragmentary memory of the individual subjects and the consequentidentity crisis. Also it is devoted to figure out how the writer grapples with thedilemma of the trauma narrative, because while narrative is a way for victims totake control of their lives and accelerate healing and recovery, the transformation ofsuffering memory into narrative may dilute the precision and powerful nature of thetraumatic events. The traumatized protagonists are deprived of the natural warmthand care from the parents at a very young age, which affects them in their future lifeand distorts their comprehension and relational capacities. The vulnerability of marital relations and the tense relationships between family members in Ishiguro’sfiction manifest the social problems nowadays. The social and historical dimensionof trauma also deserves close attention, where those silenced and marginalized byoppression have been givenvoice. The traumatic history in Ishiguro’s novels will be inspected throughindividuals living the personal consequences of this history. In his novels, Ishigurodemonstrates the disparity between private memory and public history and depictsthe effects of historical change on the lives of the ordinary people. Along with that,the author takes the readers through the mistakes and conspiracy of an exploitativesystem, which aggravates individuals’ suffering.
Ishiguro’s six novels demonstrate repression in modern society and showhis empathy and sympathy toward the ordinary. Ishiguro’s trauma narrative playsan important role in arousing the trauma awareness in this modern industrial societyfull of crises.
引文
Adelman, Gary.“Doubles on the rocks: Ishiguro’s The Unconsoled.” Critique:Studies in Contemporary Fiction42(2001):166-79.
Baxter, Jeannette.“Into the Labyrinth: Kazuo Ishiguro’s Surrealist Poetics in TheUnconsoled.” Kazuo Ishiguro: New Critical Visions of the Novels. Ed.Sebastian Groes, and Barry Lewis. London: Palgrave Macmillan,2011.
Beedham, Matthew. The Novels of Kazuo Ishiguro. London: Palgrave Macmillan,2010.
Bennedict, Ruth. The Chrysanthemum and the Sword: Patterns of Japanese Culture(1967). New York: Mariner Books,2005.
Bigsby, Christopher.“In Conversation with Kazuo Ishiguro.” Conversations withKazuo Ishiguro. Eds. Brian W. Shaffer, and Cynthia F. Wong. Jackson:Mississippi UP,2008.15-26.
Booth, Wayne. The Rhetoric of Fiction. Chicago: Chicago University Press,1961.
Bracken, Patrick. Trauma: Culture, meaning and philosophy. London: WhurrPublishers,2002.
Bradbury, Malcolm. The modern British novel. Harmondsworth: Penguin books,1994.
Brown, Laura S.“Not Outside the Range: One Feminist Perspective on PsychicTrauma.” Trauma: Exploration in Memory. Ed. Cathy Caruth. Baltimore: TheJohns Hopkins University Press,1995.100-112.
Burley, Justine.“A braver, newer world.” Nature435.7041(2005):427-427.
Carey, John.“Few Novels Extend the Possibilities of Fiction.” The Sunday Times2Apr.2000:45.
Caruth, Cathy. Trauma: Explorations in Memory. Baltimore: John Hopkins UP,1995.
---. Unclaimed Experience: Trauma, Narrative, and History. Baltimore: JohnHopkins UP,1996.
Chaudhuri, Amit.“Unlike Kafka.” London Review of Books8June1995:30.
Christenson, Tim.“Kazuo Ishiguro and Orphanhood”. The Anachronist13(2007-2008):202-216.
Cresswell, Tim. Place: A Short Introduction. Malden: Blackwell,2004.
Cusk, Rachel.“Journey to the End of the Day.” Times11May1995:38.
Davis, Rocío G.“Imaginary Homelands Revisited in the Novels of Kazuo Ishiguro.”Miscelanea15(1994):139-54.
DePrince, Anne P., and Jennifer J. Freyd.“The Harm of Trauma.” Loss of theAssumptive World: A Theory of Traumatic Loss. New York:Brunner-Routledge,2002.71-82.
D'hoker, Elke, and Gunther Martens, eds. Narrative unreliability in thetwentieth-century first-person novel. Vol.14. de Gruyter,2008.
Drag, Wojciech.“Elements of the Dreamlike and the Uncanny in Kazuo Ishiguro’sThe Unconsoled.” Styles of Communication2(2010):31-40.
Eagleton, Terry. Holy terror. Oxford University Press,2005.
Eckert, Ken.“Evasion and the Unsaid in Kazuo Ishiguro’s A Pale View of Hills.”Partial Answers: Journal of Literature and the History of Ideas, Volume10,Number1(2012):77-92.
Ekelund, G. Bo.“Misrecognizing History: Complicitous Genres in Kazuo Ishiguro’sThe Remains of the Day.” International Fiction Review32.1-2(2005):70-90.
Erikson, Kai. Everything in Its Path: Destruction of Community in the Buffalo CreekFlood. New York: Simon&Schuster,1976.
Fink, Bruce.“The Subject and the Other’s Desire.” Reading Seminars I and II:Lacan’s Return to Freud. Ed. Richard Feldstein, Bruce Fink and Maire Jaanus.New York: State University of New York Press,1996.76–97.
Finney, Brian.“Figuring the Real: Ishiguro’s When We Were Orphans.” Jouvert: AJournal of Postcolonial Studies7(2002).http://english.chass.ncsu.edu/jouvert/v7is1/ishigu.htm
Fisk, Gloria. Tragic Knowledge in Postmodern Novel. ProQuest,2003.
Fluet, Lisa Jeanne. Vast Expertise: Professionalism and Displacement inTwentieth-century Culture. Diss. Princeton University,2003.
Freud, Sigmund. Beyond the Pleasure Principle. London: Hogarth,1953.
---.“Mourning and Melancholia.” The Standard Edition of the CompletePsychological Works of Sigmund Freud. Trans. and ed. James Strachey.London: Hogarth Press,1957.239-260.
Groes, Sebastian and Barry Lewis. Ed. Kazuo Ishiguro: New Critical Visions of theNovels. London: Palgrave Macmillan,2011.
Hansen, Liane.“Interview: Kazuo Ishiguro Discusses His New Book ‘When WeWere Orphans.’” Weekend Edition Sunday: Oct22,2000.
Harmon, William, and C. Hugh Holman.“Detective Story.” A handbook toliterature. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall,1996.146-147.
Herman, Judith Lewis. Trauma and recovery. New York: Basic Books,1997.
Hoog, Armand. Yale French Studies8(1951):17-25.
Hunnewell, Susannah.“Kazuo Ishiguro: The Art of Fiction No.196.” Paris Review184(2008):23-54.
Hutcheon, Linda. A Poetics of Postmodernism: History, Theory, Fiction. New Yorkand London: Routledge,1988.
Iggers, Georg. Historiography in the Twentieth Century: From Scientific Objectivityto the Postmodern Challenge. Hanover: Wesleyan Univ. Press,1997.
Ishiguro, Kazuo.“Getting Poisoned”. Introduction7: Stories by New Writers.London: Faber and Faber,1981.13-27.
---.“Waiting for J”. Introduction7: Stories by New Writers. London: Faber andFaber,1981.28-37.
---. A Pale View of Hills.1982. New York: Vintage International,1990.
---. An Artist of the Floating World.1986. New York: Vintage International,1989.
---. The Remains of the Day.1988. New York: Vintage International,1993.
---. The Unconsoled.1995. New York: Vintage International,1996.
---. When We Were Orphans.2000. New York: Vintage International,2001.
---. Never Let Me Go.2005. New York: Vintage International,2006.
---. Nocturnes.2009. New York: Vintage International,2010.
Jaggi, Maya.“Kazuo Ishiguro with Maya Jaggi.” Conversations with KazuoIshiguro. Eds. Brian W. Shaffer, and Cynthia F. Wong. Jackson: MississippiUP,2008.110-119.
Janoff-Bulman, Ronnie. Shattered assumptions: Towards a new psychology oftrauma. New York: Free Press,1992.
Kelman, Suanne.“Ishiguro in Toronto.” Conversations with Kazuo Ishiguro. Eds.Brian W. Shaffer, and Cynthia F. Wong. Jackson: Mississippi UP,2008.42-51.
Kim, YoungJoo. Revisiting the Good Place the Countryhouse, Landscape andEnglishness in20century Fiction. ProQuest,2000.
Krider, Dylan Otto.“Rooted in a Small Space: An Interview with KazuoIshiguro.”Conversations with Kazuo Ishiguro. Eds. Brian W. Shaffer, andCynthia F. Wong. Jackson: Mississippi UP,2008.125-34.
Lacan, Jacques.“The Mirror Stage as Formative of the Function of the I as Revealedin Psychoanalytic Experience.” écrits. Ed. Jacques-Alain Miller. Trans. AlanSheridan. London: Norton,1977.1-7.
LaCapra, Dominick. Representing the Holocaust: History, Theory, Trauma. Ithaca:Cornell UP,1994.
---. Writing Trauma, Writing History. Baltimore: John Hopkins UP,2001.
---. History in transit: Experience, identity, critical theory. Ithaca: Cornell UP,2004.
Langer, Lawrence L. Holocaust testimonies: The ruins of memory. New Haven:Yale University Press,1991.
Lang, James M.“Public Memory, Private History: Kazuo Ishiguro’s The Remains ofthe Day”. CLIO, vol.24, No.2, Winter,1995.
Lerner, Robert E., et al. Western Civilizations.13thed. New York: W. W. Norton&Company,1998.
Levy, Titus.“Human Rights Storytelling and Trauma Narrative in Kazuo Ishiguro’sNever Let Me Go.” Journal of Human Rights10(2011):1-16.
Liddle, Joanna and Sachiko Nakajima. Rising suns, Rising Daughters: Gender,Class, and Power in Japan. London: Zed,2000.
Lochner, Liani.“‘This is what we’re supposed to be doing, isn’t it?’: scientificdiscourse in Kazuo Ishiguro’s Never Let Me Go.” Kazuo Ishiguro: New CriticalVisions of the Novels. Sebastian Groes and Barry Lewis. Ed. London: PalgraveMacmillan,2011.
Lodge, David.“The Unreliable Narrator.” The Art of Fiction: Illustrated fromClassic and Modern Texts. London: Penguin,1992.154-157.
Luo, Shao-Pin.“Living the Wrong Life: Kazuo Ishiguro’s Unconsoled Orphans.”Dalhousie Review83.1(2003):51-80.
McDonald, Keith.“Days of Past Future: Kazuo Ishiguro’s Never Let Me Go as‘Speculative Memoir.’” Biography30(2007):74-83.
McLeod, John Martin. Rewriting History: postmodern and postcolonial negotiationsin the fiction of JG Farrell, Timothy Mo, Kazuo Ishiguro and Salman Rushdie.Diss. University of Leeds,1995.
Martens, Lorna. The Diary Novel. New York: Cambridge University Press,1985.
Mason, Gregory.“An Interview with Kazuo Ishiguro.” Conversations with KazuoIshiguro. Eds. Brian W. Shaffer, and Cynthia F. Wong. Jackson: MississippiUP,2008.3-14.
Matthew, Sean and Sebastian Groes. Ed. Kazuo Ishiguro: Contemporary CriticalPerspectives. London and New York: Continuum,2009.
Micale, Mark S., and Paul Lerner, eds. Traumatic pasts: history, psychiatry, andtrauma in the modern age,1870-1930. Cambridge UP,2001.
Molino, Michael R.“Traumatic Memory and Narrative Isolation in Ishiguro’s APale View of Hills.” Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction53(2012):322-336.
O’Brien, Susie.“Serving a new world order: Postcolonial politics in KazuoIshiguro's The Remains of the Day.” MFS Modern Fiction Studies42.4(1995):787-806.
Okuma, Taryn L. Literary Non-combatants: Contemporary British Fiction and theNew War Novel. ProQuest,2008.
Oyabu, Kana. Cross-cultural fiction: the Novels of Timothy Mo and Kazuo Ishiguro.Diss. University of Exeter,1995.
Petry, Mike. Narratives of Memory and Identity: The Novels of Kazuo Ishiguro.Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang,1999.
Phelan, James, and Mary Patricia Martin.“The Lesson of ‘Weymouth’:Homodiegesis, Unreliability, Ethics, and The Remains of the Day.”Narratologies: New Perspectives on Narration Analysis. Ed. David Herman.Columbus: Ohio State University Press,1999.88–109.
Reischauer, Edwin Oldfather, and Marius B. Jansen. The Japanese today: Changeand continuity. Harvard University Press,1977
Reitano, Natalie. Against Redemption: Interrupting the Future in the Fiction ofVladimir Nabokov, Kazuo Ishiguro and WG Sebald. ProQuest,2006.
Richards, Linda.“An Interview with Kazuo Ishiguro.” January Magazine2(2000).http://www.januarymagazine.com/profiles/ishiguro.html
Rorty，Richard.“Consolation Prize.” The Village Vioce10Oct.1995:13.
Ross, Colin A. The trauma model: A solution to the problem of comorbidity inpsychiatry. Richardson: Manitou Communications Inc,2000.
Roy, Satarupa Sinha.“Mending to Live: Memory, Trauma and Narration in TheWritings Of Kazuo Ishiguro, Herta Müller and WG Sebald.” Humanicus6(2011).
Rushdie, Salman.“What the Butler Didn’t See”. The Observer.21May1989.53.
Santner, Eric L.“History beyond the Pleasure Principle: Some Thoughts on theRepresentation of Trauma.” Probing the Limits of Representation: Nazism andthe “Final Solution.” Ed. Saul Friedlander. Cambridge: Harvard UP,1992.143-54.
Shaffer, Brian W. Understanding Kazuo Ishiguro. Columbia: University of SouthCarolina Press,1998.
Shaffer, Brian W., and Cynthia F. Wong, eds. Conversations with Kazuo Ishiguro.Jackson: UP of Mississippi,2008.
Sim, Wai-chew. Globalisation and dislocation in the novels of Kazuo Ishiguro. Diss.University of Warwick,2002.
---. Kazuo Ishiguro. London and New York: Routledge,2010.
Symons, Julian. The Detective Story in Britain. London: Green,1962.
Summerfield, Derek.“Addressing human response to war and atrocity: Majorchallenges in research and practices and the limitations of Western psychiatricmodels.” Beyond trauma: Cultural and societal dynamics. New York: PlenumPress,1995.17-29.
Tal, Kali. Worlds of Hurt: Reading the literatures of Trauma. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1996.
Tweed, Laurel A.. Care Ethic and Cloning. ProQuest,2008.
Uguris, Tijen.“Gender, Ethnicity and ‘the Community’: Locations with MultipleIdentities.” Global Feminist Politics: Identities in a Changing World. Ed. SukiAli, Kelly Coate and Wangui wa Goro. London: Routledge,2000.49-68.
Van der Kolk, Bessel A., and Onno Van der Hart."The intrusive past: The flexibilityof memory and the engraving of trauma." Trauma: Explorations in memory. Ed.Cathy Caruth. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press,1995.158-82.
Villar Flor, Carlos.“Unreliable Selves in an Unreliable World: The MultipleProjections of the Hero in Kazuo Ishiguro's The Unconsoled.” Journal ofEnglish Studies2(2000):159-169.
Vorda, Allan and Kim Herzinger.“An Interview with KazuoIshiguro.”Conversations with Kazuo Ishiguro. Eds. Brian W. Shaffer, andCynthia F. Wong. Jackson: Mississippi UP,2008.66-88.
Walkowitz, Rebecca Lara. Cosmopolitan Style: English Modernisms, InternationalCultures, and The Twentieth-Century Novel. ProQuest,2000.
---.“Ishiguro’s Floating World.” ELH Vol.68, No.4(2001):1049-1076.
Wang, Ching-chih. In Search of an Unhomely Home in a Floating World: Strangersin the Novels of Kazuo Ishiguro. Diss. National Taiwan Normal University,2006.
Westerman, Molly.“Is the Butler Home? Narrative and the Split Subject in TheRemains of the Day.” A Journal for the Interdisciplinary Study of Literature37.3(Sep2004):157-170.
Whitehead, Anne. Trauma Fiction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP,2004.
Winnicott, Donald Woods. Playing and reality. Psychology Press,1971.
Wong, Cynthia F. Kazuo Ishiguro. Tavistock: Northcote House,2005.
---.“The Shame of Memory: Blanchot’s Self-Dispossession in Ishiguro’s A PaleView of Hills.” CLIO-A JOURNAL OF LITERATURE HISTORY AND THEPHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY24.2(1995):127-145.
Woods, Michael.“Sleepless Nights”. New York Review of Books. Dec21,1995.
Zanjani Henriksen, Lene. Voice and silence in contemporary fiction: Kazuo Ishiguro,JM Coetzee and Jeanette Winterson. Diss. University of Sussex,2005.
鲍秀文，张鑫.论石黑一雄《长日留痕》中的象征[J].外国文学研究，2009，31(3):75-81.
布勒东.第一次超现实主义宣言.《未来主义超现实主义》.北京：中国人民大学出版社，1998.
董艺.《论<娜嘉>中的超现实主义写作原则》.《福建省外国语文学会2009年学会暨学术研讨会论文集》，2009.
方宸.探寻岁月尘埃下的历史真实——读石黑一雄的《上海孤儿》”，《当代外国文学》，2008(04)。
弗洛伊德.《梦的解析》.孙名之译.北京：国际文化出版公司，2011.
谷伟.沤浮泡影——略论<千万别弃我而去>中“黑尔舍姆”的体制悖论.《外国文学》，2010年第5期，第14-20页.
郭国良，李春.“宿命”下的自由生存.《外国文学》，2007（3）.
姜清远，富英.硬币的另一面——浅析石黑一雄小说《长日留痕》的管家形象及其意义[J].青岛农业大学学报:社会科学版，2007，19(3):82-84.
瞿世镜，任一鸣.《当代英国小说史》.上海：上海译文出版社，2008.
李丹玲.《千万别让我走》中的创伤书写[J].解放军外国语学院学报，2013(2):112-116.
李建康.见证创伤—石黑一雄小说《上海孤儿》中的创伤与愈合[D].中国人民解放军外国语学院，2006.
李孟媛.欧美侦探小说的叙事学研究[D].苏州大学，2005.
林庆新.创伤叙事与“不及物写作”[J].国外文学，2009(4):23-31.
罗明洲.《现代主义与后现代主义》.北京：中国国际广播出版社，2005.
师彦灵.再现、记忆、复原——欧美创伤理论研究的三个方面[J].兰州大学学报:社会科学版，2011，39(2):132-138.
唐岫敏.历史的余音——石黑一雄小说的民族关注，《外国文学》，2000(03).陶家俊.创伤[J].外国文学，2011(4):117-125.
王岚.公正地再现‘他者’——简评石黑一雄的《当我们是孤儿时》.《外国文学》，2002(01).
王佐良，周珏良.《英国20世纪文学史》.北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2006.
袁洪庚.欧美侦探小说之叙事研究述评[J].外语教学与研究:外国语文双月刊，2001，33(3):223-229.
张和龙.小说没有死——1990年以来的英国小说创作[J].译林，2004，4:014.
张学义，宋建福.侦探小说的非线性认知叙事范式[J].山东科技大学学报:社会科学版，2009(2):94-99.
郑克鲁.超现实主义的发展过程和理论主张.《汉中师范学院学报》,1995(4).
郑克鲁.《现代法国小说史》.上海：上海外语教育出版社，1998.
钟志清.寻觅旧事的石黑一雄，《外国文学动态》，1994(03).
周桂君.现代性语境下跨文化作家的创伤书写[D].东北师范大学,2010。
Baxter, Jeannette.“Into the Labyrinth: Kazuo Ishiguro’s Surrealist Poetics in TheUnconsoled.” Kazuo Ishiguro: New Critical Visions of the Novels. Ed.Sebastian Groes, and Barry Lewis. London: Palgrave Macmillan,2011.
Beedham, Matthew. The Novels of Kazuo Ishiguro. London: Palgrave Macmillan,2010.
Bennedict, Ruth. The Chrysanthemum and the Sword: Patterns of Japanese Culture(1967). New York: Mariner Books,2005.
Bigsby, Christopher.“In Conversation with Kazuo Ishiguro.” Conversations withKazuo Ishiguro. Eds. Brian W. Shaffer, and Cynthia F. Wong. Jackson:Mississippi UP,2008.15-26.
Booth, Wayne. The Rhetoric of Fiction. Chicago: Chicago University Press,1961.
Bracken, Patrick. Trauma: Culture, meaning and philosophy. London: WhurrPublishers,2002.
Bradbury, Malcolm. The modern British novel. Harmondsworth: Penguin books,1994.
Brown, Laura S.“Not Outside the Range: One Feminist Perspective on PsychicTrauma.” Trauma: Exploration in Memory. Ed. Cathy Caruth. Baltimore: TheJohns Hopkins University Press,1995.100-112.
Burley, Justine.“A braver, newer world.” Nature435.7041(2005):427-427.
Carey, John.“Few Novels Extend the Possibilities of Fiction.” The Sunday Times2Apr.2000:45.
Caruth, Cathy. Trauma: Explorations in Memory. Baltimore: John Hopkins UP,1995.
---. Unclaimed Experience: Trauma, Narrative, and History. Baltimore: JohnHopkins UP,1996.
Chaudhuri, Amit.“Unlike Kafka.” London Review of Books8June1995:30.
Christenson, Tim.“Kazuo Ishiguro and Orphanhood”. The Anachronist13(2007-2008):202-216.
Cresswell, Tim. Place: A Short Introduction. Malden: Blackwell,2004.
Cusk, Rachel.“Journey to the End of the Day.” Times11May1995:38.
Davis, Rocío G.“Imaginary Homelands Revisited in the Novels of Kazuo Ishiguro.”Miscelanea15(1994):139-54.
DePrince, Anne P., and Jennifer J. Freyd.“The Harm of Trauma.” Loss of theAssumptive World: A Theory of Traumatic Loss. New York:Brunner-Routledge,2002.71-82.
D'hoker, Elke, and Gunther Martens, eds. Narrative unreliability in thetwentieth-century first-person novel. Vol.14. de Gruyter,2008.
Drag, Wojciech.“Elements of the Dreamlike and the Uncanny in Kazuo Ishiguro’sThe Unconsoled.” Styles of Communication2(2010):31-40.
Eagleton, Terry. Holy terror. Oxford University Press,2005.
Eckert, Ken.“Evasion and the Unsaid in Kazuo Ishiguro’s A Pale View of Hills.”Partial Answers: Journal of Literature and the History of Ideas, Volume10,Number1(2012):77-92.
Ekelund, G. Bo.“Misrecognizing History: Complicitous Genres in Kazuo Ishiguro’sThe Remains of the Day.” International Fiction Review32.1-2(2005):70-90.
Erikson, Kai. Everything in Its Path: Destruction of Community in the Buffalo CreekFlood. New York: Simon&Schuster,1976.
Fink, Bruce.“The Subject and the Other’s Desire.” Reading Seminars I and II:Lacan’s Return to Freud. Ed. Richard Feldstein, Bruce Fink and Maire Jaanus.New York: State University of New York Press,1996.76–97.
Finney, Brian.“Figuring the Real: Ishiguro’s When We Were Orphans.” Jouvert: AJournal of Postcolonial Studies7(2002).http://english.chass.ncsu.edu/jouvert/v7is1/ishigu.htm
Fisk, Gloria. Tragic Knowledge in Postmodern Novel. ProQuest,2003.
Fluet, Lisa Jeanne. Vast Expertise: Professionalism and Displacement inTwentieth-century Culture. Diss. Princeton University,2003.
Freud, Sigmund. Beyond the Pleasure Principle. London: Hogarth,1953.
---.“Mourning and Melancholia.” The Standard Edition of the CompletePsychological Works of Sigmund Freud. Trans. and ed. James Strachey.London: Hogarth Press,1957.239-260.
Groes, Sebastian and Barry Lewis. Ed. Kazuo Ishiguro: New Critical Visions of theNovels. London: Palgrave Macmillan,2011.
Hansen, Liane.“Interview: Kazuo Ishiguro Discusses His New Book ‘When WeWere Orphans.’” Weekend Edition Sunday: Oct22,2000.
Harmon, William, and C. Hugh Holman.“Detective Story.” A handbook toliterature. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall,1996.146-147.
Herman, Judith Lewis. Trauma and recovery. New York: Basic Books,1997.
Hoog, Armand. Yale French Studies8(1951):17-25.
Hunnewell, Susannah.“Kazuo Ishiguro: The Art of Fiction No.196.” Paris Review184(2008):23-54.
Hutcheon, Linda. A Poetics of Postmodernism: History, Theory, Fiction. New Yorkand London: Routledge,1988.
Iggers, Georg. Historiography in the Twentieth Century: From Scientific Objectivityto the Postmodern Challenge. Hanover: Wesleyan Univ. Press,1997.
Ishiguro, Kazuo.“Getting Poisoned”. Introduction7: Stories by New Writers.London: Faber and Faber,1981.13-27.
---.“Waiting for J”. Introduction7: Stories by New Writers. London: Faber andFaber,1981.28-37.
---. A Pale View of Hills.1982. New York: Vintage International,1990.
---. An Artist of the Floating World.1986. New York: Vintage International,1989.
---. The Remains of the Day.1988. New York: Vintage International,1993.
---. The Unconsoled.1995. New York: Vintage International,1996.
---. When We Were Orphans.2000. New York: Vintage International,2001.
---. Never Let Me Go.2005. New York: Vintage International,2006.
---. Nocturnes.2009. New York: Vintage International,2010.
Jaggi, Maya.“Kazuo Ishiguro with Maya Jaggi.” Conversations with KazuoIshiguro. Eds. Brian W. Shaffer, and Cynthia F. Wong. Jackson: MississippiUP,2008.110-119.
Janoff-Bulman, Ronnie. Shattered assumptions: Towards a new psychology oftrauma. New York: Free Press,1992.
Kelman, Suanne.“Ishiguro in Toronto.” Conversations with Kazuo Ishiguro. Eds.Brian W. Shaffer, and Cynthia F. Wong. Jackson: Mississippi UP,2008.42-51.
Kim, YoungJoo. Revisiting the Good Place the Countryhouse, Landscape andEnglishness in20century Fiction. ProQuest,2000.
Krider, Dylan Otto.“Rooted in a Small Space: An Interview with KazuoIshiguro.”Conversations with Kazuo Ishiguro. Eds. Brian W. Shaffer, andCynthia F. Wong. Jackson: Mississippi UP,2008.125-34.
Lacan, Jacques.“The Mirror Stage as Formative of the Function of the I as Revealedin Psychoanalytic Experience.” écrits. Ed. Jacques-Alain Miller. Trans. AlanSheridan. London: Norton,1977.1-7.
LaCapra, Dominick. Representing the Holocaust: History, Theory, Trauma. Ithaca:Cornell UP,1994.
---. Writing Trauma, Writing History. Baltimore: John Hopkins UP,2001.
---. History in transit: Experience, identity, critical theory. Ithaca: Cornell UP,2004.
Langer, Lawrence L. Holocaust testimonies: The ruins of memory. New Haven:Yale University Press,1991.
Lang, James M.“Public Memory, Private History: Kazuo Ishiguro’s The Remains ofthe Day”. CLIO, vol.24, No.2, Winter,1995.
Lerner, Robert E., et al. Western Civilizations.13thed. New York: W. W. Norton&Company,1998.
Levy, Titus.“Human Rights Storytelling and Trauma Narrative in Kazuo Ishiguro’sNever Let Me Go.” Journal of Human Rights10(2011):1-16.
Liddle, Joanna and Sachiko Nakajima. Rising suns, Rising Daughters: Gender,Class, and Power in Japan. London: Zed,2000.
Lochner, Liani.“‘This is what we’re supposed to be doing, isn’t it?’: scientificdiscourse in Kazuo Ishiguro’s Never Let Me Go.” Kazuo Ishiguro: New CriticalVisions of the Novels. Sebastian Groes and Barry Lewis. Ed. London: PalgraveMacmillan,2011.
Lodge, David.“The Unreliable Narrator.” The Art of Fiction: Illustrated fromClassic and Modern Texts. London: Penguin,1992.154-157.
Luo, Shao-Pin.“Living the Wrong Life: Kazuo Ishiguro’s Unconsoled Orphans.”Dalhousie Review83.1(2003):51-80.
McDonald, Keith.“Days of Past Future: Kazuo Ishiguro’s Never Let Me Go as‘Speculative Memoir.’” Biography30(2007):74-83.
McLeod, John Martin. Rewriting History: postmodern and postcolonial negotiationsin the fiction of JG Farrell, Timothy Mo, Kazuo Ishiguro and Salman Rushdie.Diss. University of Leeds,1995.
Martens, Lorna. The Diary Novel. New York: Cambridge University Press,1985.
Mason, Gregory.“An Interview with Kazuo Ishiguro.” Conversations with KazuoIshiguro. Eds. Brian W. Shaffer, and Cynthia F. Wong. Jackson: MississippiUP,2008.3-14.
Matthew, Sean and Sebastian Groes. Ed. Kazuo Ishiguro: Contemporary CriticalPerspectives. London and New York: Continuum,2009.
Micale, Mark S., and Paul Lerner, eds. Traumatic pasts: history, psychiatry, andtrauma in the modern age,1870-1930. Cambridge UP,2001.
Molino, Michael R.“Traumatic Memory and Narrative Isolation in Ishiguro’s APale View of Hills.” Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction53(2012):322-336.
O’Brien, Susie.“Serving a new world order: Postcolonial politics in KazuoIshiguro's The Remains of the Day.” MFS Modern Fiction Studies42.4(1995):787-806.
Okuma, Taryn L. Literary Non-combatants: Contemporary British Fiction and theNew War Novel. ProQuest,2008.
Oyabu, Kana. Cross-cultural fiction: the Novels of Timothy Mo and Kazuo Ishiguro.Diss. University of Exeter,1995.
Petry, Mike. Narratives of Memory and Identity: The Novels of Kazuo Ishiguro.Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang,1999.
Phelan, James, and Mary Patricia Martin.“The Lesson of ‘Weymouth’:Homodiegesis, Unreliability, Ethics, and The Remains of the Day.”Narratologies: New Perspectives on Narration Analysis. Ed. David Herman.Columbus: Ohio State University Press,1999.88–109.
Reischauer, Edwin Oldfather, and Marius B. Jansen. The Japanese today: Changeand continuity. Harvard University Press,1977
Reitano, Natalie. Against Redemption: Interrupting the Future in the Fiction ofVladimir Nabokov, Kazuo Ishiguro and WG Sebald. ProQuest,2006.
Richards, Linda.“An Interview with Kazuo Ishiguro.” January Magazine2(2000).http://www.januarymagazine.com/profiles/ishiguro.html
Rorty，Richard.“Consolation Prize.” The Village Vioce10Oct.1995:13.
Ross, Colin A. The trauma model: A solution to the problem of comorbidity inpsychiatry. Richardson: Manitou Communications Inc,2000.
Roy, Satarupa Sinha.“Mending to Live: Memory, Trauma and Narration in TheWritings Of Kazuo Ishiguro, Herta Müller and WG Sebald.” Humanicus6(2011).
Rushdie, Salman.“What the Butler Didn’t See”. The Observer.21May1989.53.
Santner, Eric L.“History beyond the Pleasure Principle: Some Thoughts on theRepresentation of Trauma.” Probing the Limits of Representation: Nazism andthe “Final Solution.” Ed. Saul Friedlander. Cambridge: Harvard UP,1992.143-54.
Shaffer, Brian W. Understanding Kazuo Ishiguro. Columbia: University of SouthCarolina Press,1998.
Shaffer, Brian W., and Cynthia F. Wong, eds. Conversations with Kazuo Ishiguro.Jackson: UP of Mississippi,2008.
Sim, Wai-chew. Globalisation and dislocation in the novels of Kazuo Ishiguro. Diss.University of Warwick,2002.
---. Kazuo Ishiguro. London and New York: Routledge,2010.
Symons, Julian. The Detective Story in Britain. London: Green,1962.
Summerfield, Derek.“Addressing human response to war and atrocity: Majorchallenges in research and practices and the limitations of Western psychiatricmodels.” Beyond trauma: Cultural and societal dynamics. New York: PlenumPress,1995.17-29.
Tal, Kali. Worlds of Hurt: Reading the literatures of Trauma. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1996.
Tweed, Laurel A.. Care Ethic and Cloning. ProQuest,2008.
Uguris, Tijen.“Gender, Ethnicity and ‘the Community’: Locations with MultipleIdentities.” Global Feminist Politics: Identities in a Changing World. Ed. SukiAli, Kelly Coate and Wangui wa Goro. London: Routledge,2000.49-68.
Van der Kolk, Bessel A., and Onno Van der Hart."The intrusive past: The flexibilityof memory and the engraving of trauma." Trauma: Explorations in memory. Ed.Cathy Caruth. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press,1995.158-82.
Villar Flor, Carlos.“Unreliable Selves in an Unreliable World: The MultipleProjections of the Hero in Kazuo Ishiguro's The Unconsoled.” Journal ofEnglish Studies2(2000):159-169.
Vorda, Allan and Kim Herzinger.“An Interview with KazuoIshiguro.”Conversations with Kazuo Ishiguro. Eds. Brian W. Shaffer, andCynthia F. Wong. Jackson: Mississippi UP,2008.66-88.
Walkowitz, Rebecca Lara. Cosmopolitan Style: English Modernisms, InternationalCultures, and The Twentieth-Century Novel. ProQuest,2000.
---.“Ishiguro’s Floating World.” ELH Vol.68, No.4(2001):1049-1076.
Wang, Ching-chih. In Search of an Unhomely Home in a Floating World: Strangersin the Novels of Kazuo Ishiguro. Diss. National Taiwan Normal University,2006.
Westerman, Molly.“Is the Butler Home? Narrative and the Split Subject in TheRemains of the Day.” A Journal for the Interdisciplinary Study of Literature37.3(Sep2004):157-170.
Whitehead, Anne. Trauma Fiction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP,2004.
Winnicott, Donald Woods. Playing and reality. Psychology Press,1971.
Wong, Cynthia F. Kazuo Ishiguro. Tavistock: Northcote House,2005.
---.“The Shame of Memory: Blanchot’s Self-Dispossession in Ishiguro’s A PaleView of Hills.” CLIO-A JOURNAL OF LITERATURE HISTORY AND THEPHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY24.2(1995):127-145.
Woods, Michael.“Sleepless Nights”. New York Review of Books. Dec21,1995.
Zanjani Henriksen, Lene. Voice and silence in contemporary fiction: Kazuo Ishiguro,JM Coetzee and Jeanette Winterson. Diss. University of Sussex,2005.
鲍秀文，张鑫.论石黑一雄《长日留痕》中的象征[J].外国文学研究，2009，31(3):75-81.
布勒东.第一次超现实主义宣言.《未来主义超现实主义》.北京：中国人民大学出版社，1998.
董艺.《论<娜嘉>中的超现实主义写作原则》.《福建省外国语文学会2009年学会暨学术研讨会论文集》，2009.
方宸.探寻岁月尘埃下的历史真实——读石黑一雄的《上海孤儿》”，《当代外国文学》，2008(04)。
弗洛伊德.《梦的解析》.孙名之译.北京：国际文化出版公司，2011.
谷伟.沤浮泡影——略论<千万别弃我而去>中“黑尔舍姆”的体制悖论.《外国文学》，2010年第5期，第14-20页.
郭国良，李春.“宿命”下的自由生存.《外国文学》，2007（3）.
姜清远，富英.硬币的另一面——浅析石黑一雄小说《长日留痕》的管家形象及其意义[J].青岛农业大学学报:社会科学版，2007，19(3):82-84.
瞿世镜，任一鸣.《当代英国小说史》.上海：上海译文出版社，2008.
李丹玲.《千万别让我走》中的创伤书写[J].解放军外国语学院学报，2013(2):112-116.
李建康.见证创伤—石黑一雄小说《上海孤儿》中的创伤与愈合[D].中国人民解放军外国语学院，2006.
李孟媛.欧美侦探小说的叙事学研究[D].苏州大学，2005.
林庆新.创伤叙事与“不及物写作”[J].国外文学，2009(4):23-31.
罗明洲.《现代主义与后现代主义》.北京：中国国际广播出版社，2005.
师彦灵.再现、记忆、复原——欧美创伤理论研究的三个方面[J].兰州大学学报:社会科学版，2011，39(2):132-138.
唐岫敏.历史的余音——石黑一雄小说的民族关注，《外国文学》，2000(03).陶家俊.创伤[J].外国文学，2011(4):117-125.
王岚.公正地再现‘他者’——简评石黑一雄的《当我们是孤儿时》.《外国文学》，2002(01).
王佐良，周珏良.《英国20世纪文学史》.北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2006.
袁洪庚.欧美侦探小说之叙事研究述评[J].外语教学与研究:外国语文双月刊，2001，33(3):223-229.
张和龙.小说没有死——1990年以来的英国小说创作[J].译林，2004，4:014.
张学义，宋建福.侦探小说的非线性认知叙事范式[J].山东科技大学学报:社会科学版，2009(2):94-99.
郑克鲁.超现实主义的发展过程和理论主张.《汉中师范学院学报》,1995(4).
郑克鲁.《现代法国小说史》.上海：上海外语教育出版社，1998.
钟志清.寻觅旧事的石黑一雄，《外国文学动态》，1994(03).
周桂君.现代性语境下跨文化作家的创伤书写[D].东北师范大学,2010。