家蚕茧质性状DNA标记的分子生物学研究
摘要
中国和印度是世界上数一数二的蚕丝生产大国。在印度有超过600万的人直接或
间接从事这项以农业为基础的产业。对热带国家来说主要的家蚕实用品种是多化性
的，这些品种产丝量低，并且解舒率和净度等丝质性状较差，但具有一个独特的优点：
适应热带气候和抗病性强。中国主要是适应温带气候的二化性品种，这些品种通过多
年的遗传改造，其产量和质量都很高，但是它在热带地区适应性差，主要表现在抗病
性和强健性上。
传统的育种方法在改造蚕品种特别是改良产量性状上是有限的。因此，运用DNA
重组技术来改造蚕品种，即提高蚕品种的生命率、全茧量、茧层量和茧丝长等具有重
要意义。
昆虫是世界上最大的动物群体。尽管它们具有巨大的差异，但关于分子遗传的研
究工作大多集中在一个种即果蝇(Drosophilamelangaster)上，而对其它绝大多数
的昆虫知之甚少。目前尚不清楚在果蝇中所获得的大量研究成果有多大程度上能适用
于其它一些重要的昆虫种类，特别是对那些人类生活有严重危害的或有益的昆虫，因
此，应该建立另一种模式昆虫以便有选择的余地。被驯化的家蚕(Bombyx mori)在
很多国家已有很长的饲养历史。最近，家蚕已作为生物反应器利用杆状病毒来生产各
种蛋白质。除实用性以外，家蚕也被作为一种试验动物，因为家蚕有很多显著的优点，
如保存有大量变异系统和较多的已被克隆的基因，因此可作为昆虫基因组研究的一个
对象。 最终的目标是把家蚕建成一个可供选择的昆虫基因组生物学模型。
蚕丝业的发展需要运用DNA重组技术来改进育种战略，育成具有高茧层率和多种
抗病性的新品种。已经证明RFLP和RAPD主要技术在基因组分析和鉴别多种昆虫系统
中基因调控不同性状研究中具有很大潜能。因此应用RFLP和RAPD技术可以了解控制
目的性状参数的分子背景，改进传统的家蚕育种方法。
用常规的育种方法要选择所期望的目的性状是非常困难的。世界上许多科学家正
试图对不同质量性状的基因进行鉴定、作目录和作图。产量和质量性状是非常复杂的，
如家蚕品种的产丝量、抗病性和耐热性等，这些都是不同家蚕系统的遗传性状，很可
能被表现品种之间遗传差异的基因所编码(Goldsmith，1990) 。DNA重组技术是分子
生物学技术之一，并且已经确立RFLP是一种对目的基因作图及获得改良农作物的DNA
标记等研究的现代生物学工具（Backmen ＆ Sollar1983；Bars etal，19SS）。
从遗传本质上理解蚕茧和茧丝的经济性状或家蚕生命周期的特点对蚕丝产业是
非常有意义的。在家蚕分于生物学方面所做的研究还很有限，但各种现代分子工具的
发展开阔了这个研究领域，将有更多有意义的研究可做，而要利用这些现代分子工具
，首先要得到合适的DNA标记。
除了果蝇之外，驯化的家蚕是遗传学研究最多的昆虫之一，己有200多种基因突
变在连锁图上定位，并且作为遗传资源而被保存（Doira，1992）。最早建立的家蚕分
子连锁图是运用了 RFLP技术（Shi et al 1995）。Promboon等在 1995年用 RAPDs技
术建立了另一个平行的分子连锁图，总计图距为900CM。目前，一个高密度的连锁图
在家蚕中被建立起来，这个图谱包括了1018基因标记，包括了所有27个常染色体
和 Z染色体，分布在约 2000CM上的绝大部分标记是用 140个十个核昔酸序列的商品
引物进行多态性DNA随机扩增获得，这些分子标记之间的平均间隔约为ZCM，约等于
500kb。这个连锁基因图是第一个具有染色体数量多（n＝＝28）并覆盖所有染色体而没
有空缺的昆虫基因连锁图。在许多国家保存的家蚕遗传资源有待适当的开发以培育优
良的蚕品种使之能适应不同国家的农业生态气候条件，如印度。主要是没有有效的方
法来揭示家蚕有用遗传变异性的本质。分子标记被认为能够清晰的评估出群体中非环
境引起的遗传变异，因为它独立于不确定的环境效应。运用建立在RAPD技术基础上
和根据金环蛇小卫星 DNA（BKm）2（8）探针的 DNA指纹分析，在 DNA水平上成功的
区分了不同家蚕的基因型（Naga，aju et al）。Hwang—Jaesam等用RAPD技术建立了
家蚕原种和一代杂交种之间的遗传关系。他对韩国的20个通过审定的原种之间的遗
传关系用RAPDS－PCR技术进行了评价。用26个不同的含10个低聚核昔酸的引物进行
筛选遗传性状，有24个引物在这些品种中形成条带多态性，根据这些RAPD图谱，用
。UPGMA方法分析这些品种之间的遗传关系。家蚕W染色体上的随机扩增多态性DNA
的核昔酸序列已经被测定。ZIS个随机扩增多态性 DNA的序列也己被测定。它包括 sls
个基础碱基对，不含有长的开放式阅读框。根据计算机分析发现这个序列和家蚕中已
经报道的另外四个序列有部分的同源性（Abe－H；Shima
间接从事这项以农业为基础的产业。对热带国家来说主要的家蚕实用品种是多化性
的，这些品种产丝量低，并且解舒率和净度等丝质性状较差，但具有一个独特的优点：
适应热带气候和抗病性强。中国主要是适应温带气候的二化性品种，这些品种通过多
年的遗传改造，其产量和质量都很高，但是它在热带地区适应性差，主要表现在抗病
性和强健性上。
传统的育种方法在改造蚕品种特别是改良产量性状上是有限的。因此，运用DNA
重组技术来改造蚕品种，即提高蚕品种的生命率、全茧量、茧层量和茧丝长等具有重
要意义。
昆虫是世界上最大的动物群体。尽管它们具有巨大的差异，但关于分子遗传的研
究工作大多集中在一个种即果蝇(Drosophilamelangaster)上，而对其它绝大多数
的昆虫知之甚少。目前尚不清楚在果蝇中所获得的大量研究成果有多大程度上能适用
于其它一些重要的昆虫种类，特别是对那些人类生活有严重危害的或有益的昆虫，因
此，应该建立另一种模式昆虫以便有选择的余地。被驯化的家蚕(Bombyx mori)在
很多国家已有很长的饲养历史。最近，家蚕已作为生物反应器利用杆状病毒来生产各
种蛋白质。除实用性以外，家蚕也被作为一种试验动物，因为家蚕有很多显著的优点，
如保存有大量变异系统和较多的已被克隆的基因，因此可作为昆虫基因组研究的一个
对象。 最终的目标是把家蚕建成一个可供选择的昆虫基因组生物学模型。
蚕丝业的发展需要运用DNA重组技术来改进育种战略，育成具有高茧层率和多种
抗病性的新品种。已经证明RFLP和RAPD主要技术在基因组分析和鉴别多种昆虫系统
中基因调控不同性状研究中具有很大潜能。因此应用RFLP和RAPD技术可以了解控制
目的性状参数的分子背景，改进传统的家蚕育种方法。
用常规的育种方法要选择所期望的目的性状是非常困难的。世界上许多科学家正
试图对不同质量性状的基因进行鉴定、作目录和作图。产量和质量性状是非常复杂的，
如家蚕品种的产丝量、抗病性和耐热性等，这些都是不同家蚕系统的遗传性状，很可
能被表现品种之间遗传差异的基因所编码(Goldsmith，1990) 。DNA重组技术是分子
生物学技术之一，并且已经确立RFLP是一种对目的基因作图及获得改良农作物的DNA
标记等研究的现代生物学工具（Backmen ＆ Sollar1983；Bars etal，19SS）。
从遗传本质上理解蚕茧和茧丝的经济性状或家蚕生命周期的特点对蚕丝产业是
非常有意义的。在家蚕分于生物学方面所做的研究还很有限，但各种现代分子工具的
发展开阔了这个研究领域，将有更多有意义的研究可做，而要利用这些现代分子工具
，首先要得到合适的DNA标记。
除了果蝇之外，驯化的家蚕是遗传学研究最多的昆虫之一，己有200多种基因突
变在连锁图上定位，并且作为遗传资源而被保存（Doira，1992）。最早建立的家蚕分
子连锁图是运用了 RFLP技术（Shi et al 1995）。Promboon等在 1995年用 RAPDs技
术建立了另一个平行的分子连锁图，总计图距为900CM。目前，一个高密度的连锁图
在家蚕中被建立起来，这个图谱包括了1018基因标记，包括了所有27个常染色体
和 Z染色体，分布在约 2000CM上的绝大部分标记是用 140个十个核昔酸序列的商品
引物进行多态性DNA随机扩增获得，这些分子标记之间的平均间隔约为ZCM，约等于
500kb。这个连锁基因图是第一个具有染色体数量多（n＝＝28）并覆盖所有染色体而没
有空缺的昆虫基因连锁图。在许多国家保存的家蚕遗传资源有待适当的开发以培育优
良的蚕品种使之能适应不同国家的农业生态气候条件，如印度。主要是没有有效的方
法来揭示家蚕有用遗传变异性的本质。分子标记被认为能够清晰的评估出群体中非环
境引起的遗传变异，因为它独立于不确定的环境效应。运用建立在RAPD技术基础上
和根据金环蛇小卫星 DNA（BKm）2（8）探针的 DNA指纹分析，在 DNA水平上成功的
区分了不同家蚕的基因型（Naga，aju et al）。Hwang—Jaesam等用RAPD技术建立了
家蚕原种和一代杂交种之间的遗传关系。他对韩国的20个通过审定的原种之间的遗
传关系用RAPDS－PCR技术进行了评价。用26个不同的含10个低聚核昔酸的引物进行
筛选遗传性状，有24个引物在这些品种中形成条带多态性，根据这些RAPD图谱，用
。UPGMA方法分析这些品种之间的遗传关系。家蚕W染色体上的随机扩增多态性DNA
的核昔酸序列已经被测定。ZIS个随机扩增多态性 DNA的序列也己被测定。它包括 sls
个基础碱基对，不含有长的开放式阅读框。根据计算机分析发现这个序列和家蚕中已
经报道的另外四个序列有部分的同源性（Abe－H；Shima
引文
Abid HS. Kindler SD, Jensen SG. Thomas-Compton MA. Spomer SM (1989) Isozyme characterization of sorghum aphid species and greenbug biotypes (Homoptera: Aphididae) Ann Ent Soc. Am 82:303-306
Apostol BL, Black WC IV. Miller BR, Reiter P. Beaty BJ (1993) Estimation of the number of full sibling family at an oviposition site using RAPD-PCR markers: application to the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Theor Appl Genet 86:991-1000
Aratake Y, Kayamura T (1973) "Scattered" and "small sized" silkworm strain selected from the progeny of hybrid between Bombyx mori and Theophila mandarina. J Seric Sci Jpn 42: 331-339
Arnold ML (1993) Iris nelsonii (Iridaceae): Origin and genetic comparision of a homoploid hybrid species. Am J Bot 80:570-583
Bailey NTJ (1961) Introduction to the mathematical theory of genetic linkage. Clarendon press. Oxford UK.
Ballinger-Crabtree ME, Black WC Iv, Miller BR (1992) Use of genetic polymorphisms detected by RAPD-PCR for differentiation and identification of Aedes aegypti populations. Am J Trop Hyg 47:893-901
Bassam BJ, Caetano-Anolles G. Gress Hoff PM 91992) DNA amplification fingerprinting of bacteria. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 38:70-76
Beckmann JS, Soller M (1983) Restriction fragment length polymorphisms in genetic improvement methodologies, mapping and costs. Theor Appl Genet 67:35-43
Bishop D, Skolnbick NM (1980) Numerical consideration for linkage studies using polumorphic DNA markers in humans. Banbury Rep 4: cancer incidence in defined populations. Cold spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, pp 421-433
Black WC IV, DuTeau NM, Puterka GJ, Nechols JR. Pettorini JM (1992) Use of the random amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) to detect DNA polymorphisms in aphids. Bull Ent Res 83:151-159
Botstein D. White RL, Skolnick M, Davis RW (1980) Construction of genetic linkage map in man using restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Am J Hum Gent 32:314:331
Bowditch BM, Albright DG, Williams JGK, Braun MJ (1993) The use of RAPD markers in comparative genome studies. Methods in Enzymolgy 224
Brauner S, Crawford DJ, Stuessy TF 91992) Ribosomal DNA and RAPD variation in the rare plant family Lactoridacease. Am J Bot 70:1436-1439
Britten RJ, Kohne DE (1968) Repeated Sequences in DNA. Science 161:529-540
Broun P. Tanksley SD (1993) Characterization of tomato DNA with sequence similarity to human minisatellites 33． 6 and 33． 15 Plant Mol Biol 23:231-242
Burr B. Evola SV, Batr FA, Beckmann JS (1983) The application of restriction fragment length polymorphism to plant breeding. In: Setlow JK. Hollander A, (eds) Genetic engineering, Principles and methods. Plenum press, New York, Vol 5, pp 45-59
Byrne MJC, Murrell B. Allen, Moran GF (1995) An integrated linkage map for Eucalptyus using RFLP, RAPD and isozyme markers. Theor AppI Genet 91:869-875
Caetano-Anolles G (1993) Amplifying DNA with arbitrary oligonucleotide primes PCR Methods and Appl. 85:85-94
Caetano-Anolles G, Bassam BJ, Gresshoff PM (1992a) DNA amplification fingerprinting: a strategy for genome analysis. Plant Mol Biol Rep 9:294-307
Caetano-Anolles G, Bassam BJ, Gressholf PM (1991) DNA amplification fingerprinting using very short arbitrary oligonucleotide primers. Bio/Technology 9: 553-557
Carlson JE, Tulsieram L.K, Glaubitz JC, Luk VWK. Kauffeldt C. Rutledege R (1991) Segregation of random amplified DNA markers in F1 progeny of conifers. Theor AppI Genet 83: 1994-200
Chalmers KJ, Barua UM, Hackett CA. Thomas WTB, Waugh R. Powell W (1993) Identification of RAPD markers liniked to genetic factors controlling the milling energy requirement of barley. Theor AppI Genet 87:314-320
Chambers JR (1990) Genetics of growth and meat production in chickens In: Crawford RD (ed) Poultry Breeding and Genetics. Elsevier press. Amsterdam, pp 599-643
Chaparro X. Werner DJ, O' Malley D. Sederoff RR (1994) Targeted mapping and linkage analysis of morphological isozymes, and RAPD markers in peach. Theor Appl Genet 87:805-815
Chapco W. Ashton NW, Martel RKB, Antonishyn N. Crooby WL (1992) A feasibility study of the use of random amplified polymorphic DNA in the Population genetics and systematics of grasshoppers. Genome 35:569-574
Chatterjee SN. Datta RK (1992) Hierarchical clustering of 54 races and strains of the mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori L: significance of biochemical parameters. Theor Appl Genet 85:394-402
Churchill GA, Glovannoni JJ, Tanksley SD (1991) Pooled-sampling markers high resolution mapping practical with DNA markers, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 16-20
Devos KM, Gale MD (1992) The use of random amplified polymorphic DNA markers in wheat. Theor Appl Genet 84: 567-572
Dietrich WF, Miller I, Steen R, Merchant MA, Damronboles D. Husain Z, Dredge R. Daly MJ, Ingalls KA, O'Connor TG, Evans CA, Deanglis MM, Levinson DM, Kruglyak L, Goodman, N, Copland NG, Jenkins NA, Hawkins TL, Stein L. Page DE, Landre ES (1996) A comprehensive genetic map of the mouse genome, Nature 380: 149-152．
Doira H (1992) Genetical Stocks and Mutations of Bombyx mori: Important Genetic Resources Fukuoka, Japan: Institute of Genetic Resources, Kyushu Univesity.
Doncaster L, Raynor GH (1906, Breeding experiments with Lepidoptera. Proceedings of the Zoological Socieity of London, 1: 125-133
Donis Keller H, Green P et al. (1987) A genetic linkage map of the human genome. Cell 51: 319-337
Echt CS, Erdhal LA. McCoy TJ (1992) Genetic segregation of random amplified polymorphic DNA in diploid cultivated alfalfa. Genome 35: 84-87
Ellsworth DL, Rittenhouse KD, Honeycutt RL (1993) Artificial variation in randomly amplified polymorphic DNA banding paterns. Bio-techniques 14:214-217
Feinberg AP, Vogelstein B (1983) A technique for radiolabeling DNA resriction endonuclease fragments to high specific activity Anal Biochem 132:6
Felsenstein J (1993) PHYLIP (Phylogeny Inference Package) version 3． 5c. Distributed by the author. Department of Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
Foolad MR, Jones RA, Rodriguez RL (1993) RAPD markers for constructing intraspecific tomato genetic maps, Plant Cell Rep 12:293-297
Gage LP (1974) The Bombyx mori genome: analysis by DNA reassociation kinetics. Chromosoma (Berl) 45:27-42
Gamo T (1983) Biochemical genetics and its application to the breeding of the silkworm, JARQ 16:264-272
Giovannoni J, Wing RA, Ganal MW, Tanksley SD (1991) Isolation of molecular markers from specific chromosomal intervals using DNA pools from existing mapping populations. Nucleic Acids Res 19:6553-6558．
Goldsmith MR. (1995) Genetics of the silkworm: revisiting an ancient model system, Wilkins AS (eds) Molecular model systems in the Lepidoptera. Cambridge University press, New York, pp 21-76
Goodwin PH, Annis SL (1991) Rapid idenfication of genetic variation and pathotype of Leptoshaeria maculans by random amplified polymorphic DNA assay. Appl Environ Microbio 57: 2482-2486
Haley SD. Miklas PN, Stavely JR, Byron J. Kelly JD (1993) Identification of RAPD marker linked to a rust resistance gene block in common bean. Theor AppI Genet 86:505-512
Hamada H. Petrino MG. Kakungage T (1982) A novel repeated element with Z-DNA forming potential is widely found in evolutionary diverse eukaryotic genomes, Proc Nail Acad Sci USA 79:6465-6469
Harris H (1969) Enzyme polymorphism in man. Proc R Soc London Sect B. 164:298-310
Hashimoto H (1930) Heredity superfluous legs in the silkworm. Jap. J Genet 6:45-54
Haymer DS, Mcinnis DO (1994) Resolutions of populations of the Mediterranean fruit fly at the DNA level using random primers for the polymerase chain reaction. Genome 37:244-248
Hirobe T (1968) Evolution, Differentiation and Breeding of the silkworm-The Silk Road, Past and present, Genetics in Asian countries XII, International Cong Genet. PP 25
Hospital F. Chevalet C, Mulsant P (1992) Using markers in gene introgression breeding program. Genetics 132:1199-1210
Hu J, Quiros CF (1991) Identification of broccoli and cauliflower cultivars with RAPD markers Plant Cell Rep 10:505-511
Hunt GJ, Page RE (1992) Patterns of inheritance with RAPD molecular markers reveals novel types of polymorphisms in the honey bee. Theor AppI Genet 85: 15-20
Hunt GJ, Page RE (1995) Linkage map of the honey bee. Apis mellifera, based on RAPD markers. Genetics 139: 1371-1382
Ito T, Kobayashi M (1978) Rearing of the silkworm. In: Tazima Y (ed) The silkworm: an important laboratory tool. Kodansha press, Tokyo, pp 83-102
Kambhampati S, Black WC IV, Rai KS (1992) Random amplified polymorphic DNA of mosquito species and populations (Diptera: Culcidae) Technques, statistical analysis and applications, J Med Entomol 29:939-945
Koller B, Gianfranceschi L, Seglias N, McDermott J. Gessler C (1994) DNA markers linked to Malus floribunda 821 scab resistance. Plant Mol Biol/26:597-602
Kosambi DD (1944) The estimation of map distances from recombination values. Ann Eugen. 12:172-175
Krishaswami S (1978) New technology of silkworm rearing. CSRTI Bulletin (2) , Central Silk Board, India.
Kuhn D (1998) Textile Technology: In Needham J, (ed) Spinning and Reeling, Science and Civilization in China, Part IX, Cambridge University press, Cambridge, vol. 5
Kusuda J, Tazima Y, Onurnoru K, Ninaki O, Suzuki Y (1986) The sequence around the 5 end of the fibroin gene from the wild silkworm. Bombyx mandarina and comparison with that of the domesticated species, B. mori. Mol Gen Genet 203:359-364
Lande R. Thompson R (1990) Efficiency of marker-assisted selection in the improvement of quantitative traits. Genetics 124:743-756
Lander ES. Green P. Abrahamson J, Barlow A, Daly MJ. Lincon SE, Newburg L (1987) MAPMAKER: An interactive computer package for constructing primary genetic linkage maps of experimental and natural populations. Genetics 1:174-181
Levin J, Crittenden LB, Dodgson JB (1993) Genetic map of the chicken Z chromosome using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Genomics 16:224-230
Lewontin RC, Hubby JL (1996) A molecular approach to the study of genetic hetrozygosity in natural populations. II. Amount of variation and degree of heterozygosity in natural population of Drosophila pseudoobscura. Genetics 54:595-609
Maekawa H, Takada N. Mikitani K, Ogura T, Miyajima N. Fujiwara H. Kobayashi M, Ninaki O (1988) Nucleolus organizers in the wild silkworm Bombyx mandarina and the domesticated silkworm B. mori. Chromosoma 96:263-269
Martin GB, Williams JGK, Tanksley SD (1991) Rapid identification of markers linked to a pseudomona resistance gene intomato using random primers and near-isogenic lines. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:2336-2340
Maxam AM, Gilbert W (1977) A new method for sequencing DNA Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 74:560
May B (1992) starch gel electrophoresis of allozymes. In: Hoelzel AR (ed) Molecular Genetic Analysis of Populations: A practical Approach. IRL Press, Oxford, pp 1-27
Michelmore.R.A, Paran.l, Kesseli.R.V (1991) Identification of markers linked to diseaseresistance genes by bulked segregant analysis: a rapid method to detect markers in specific genomic regions by using segregating populations. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 9828-9832
Miklas PN, Stavely JR. Kelly JD (1993) Identification and potential use of molecular marker for rust resistance in common bean. Theor AppI Genet 85:745-749
Milborne D. Meyer R. Bradshaw JE, Baird E, Bonar N, Provun J., Powell W, Waugh R (1997) comparison of PCR based marker systems for the analysis of genetic relationships in cultivated potato. Mol Breed 3:127-136
Mosseler AJ, Egger KN, Hughes GA (1992) Low-level of genetic diversity in red pine confirmed by random amplified DNA markers. Can J For Res 22:1332-1337
Murakami A. Imai HT (1974) Cytological evidences for holocentric chromosomes of the silkworms: Bombyx mori and B. mandarina. (Bombycidae: Lepidoptera). Chromosoma (Berl) 47:167-178
Muralidharan K. Wakeland EK (1993) Concentration of primer and template qualitatively affect products in random amplified polymorphic DNA PCR. Bio-techniques 14:362-364
Murphy RW. Sites JW Jr. Burth DG, Hufler CH (1990) Proteins I In : Hills DM. Mortiz. C (eds) Isozymes. Electrophoresis 16:1633-1638
Nagaraja G.M and Nagaraju. J (1994) Genome fingerprinting of silkworm Bombyx mori using random arbitrary primers, paper presented at III International Conference on DNA fingerprinting, December 13-16, Hyderabad, India.
Nagaraja G.M and Nagaraju. J (1994) RAPD fingerprints of diapausing and non-diapausing varieties in silkworm Bombyx mori. Ill International workshop Molecular Biology of Lepidopteran insects, September 19-October-9 Crete, Greece.
Nagaraja. G.M and Nagaraju. J (1995) genome fingerprinting of the silkworm Bombyx mori using random arbitrary primers. Electrophoresis 16: 1633-1638
Nagaraju J (1997) Silk yield attributes-Correlations and complexities. In Silkworm Breeding (Reddy GS. ed), oxford press, New Delhi.
Nagaraju J, Singh L (1997) assessment of genetic diversity by DNA profiling and its significance in silkworm. Bombyx mori. Electrophoresis 18:1676-1681．
Nagaraju J. Kumar T (1995) Effects of selection on cocoon filament length in divergently selected lines of the silkworm. Bombyx mori. J Seri Sci Jpn 64:103-109
Nagaraju J. Sharma A. Sethuraman BN. Rao GV.Singh L (1995) DNA fingerprinting in silkworm. Bombyx mori using banded krait minor satellite DNA derived probe. Electrophoresis 16:1639-1642．
Nei M. Li WH (1979) Mathematical model for studying genetic variation in terms of restriction endonucleases. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 76:5269-5273．
Paran.l, Michelmore RW (1993) Development of reliable PCR-based markers linked to downy mildew resistance genes in lecture. TheorAppI Genet 85:985-993．
Paterson AH, Lander ES, Hewitt JD. Peterson S, Lincoln SE, Tanksley SD (1998) Resolution of quantitative traits into Mendelian factors by using a complete map of restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Nature 335:721-726．
Perring TM,. Cooper AD, Rodringuez RJ, Farrar CM. Bellows TS Jr (1993) identification of a Whitefly species by genomic and behavioral studies. Science: 259:74-77．
Paterson AH. Damon S. Hewitt J, Zamir D, Rabinowitch HD, Lincoln SE, Lander ES, Tanksley SD (1991) Mendelian factors underlying quantitative traits in tomoto: comparison across species, generations and environments. Genetics 127:181-197．
Persons BJ. Newbury HJ. Jackson MT. Ford-Lloyd BV(1997) Constrasting genetic diversity relationship are revealed in rice (Oryza sativa L) using different marker types. Mol Breed 2:225-238．
Postlethwait J.Jhonson S, Midson C, Talbot W. Gates M. Ballinger E. Africa D. Andrews R. Carl T. Eisen J (1994) A genetic linkage map for the Zebrafish. Science 264: 699-703
Powell W. Morganite M.Andre C.Hanafey M, Vogel J. Tingey S.Rafalski A (1996) The Comparism of RELP, RAPD, AFLP and SSR (Microsatellite) mrkers for germplasm analysis. Mol Breed 2:225-238
Promboon A. Shimada T. Fujiwara H. Kobayashi M (1995) Linkage map of random amplified polymarphic DNAs (RAPDs) in the silkworm Bombyx mori. L Genet Res 66:1-7．
Rasch EM (1974) The DNA content of sperm and hemocyte nuclei of the silkworm. Bombyx mori L. Chromosoma (Berl) 45:1-26．
Rasch Em, Barr HJ, Rasch RW (1971) The DNA content of sperm of Drosophila melonogaster. Chromosoma (Berl) 33:1-18．
Rasmussen SW. Holm PB (1982) The meiotic prophase in Bombyx mori. In: King RC. Akai H. (eds) Insect Ultrastructure. Pleneum press New York and London. Vol.1, pp 61-85．
Reddy KD. Abraham EG. Nagaraju J (1999a) Microsatellites in the silkworm. Bombyx mori: abundance. Polymorphism and strain characterization. Genome 42:1-9
Reddy KD. Nagaraju J. Abraham EG (1999b) Genetic characterization of the silkworm Bombyx mori by simple sequence repeat (SSR)-anchored PCR Heredity 83: (In press)
Reiter RS, Young RM, Scolnick PA, (1992) Genetic linkage of the Arabidopsis genome methods for mapping with recombinant inbreds and amplified polymorphics DNAs (RAPDs). In: Konca, C. Chua N.H. Scihell, J (eds) Methods in Arabidopsis Research. World Scientific, Singapore.
Reiter RS. Williams JGK. Feldmann KA. Rafalski JA. Tingey SV. Scolnick PA (1992) Global and local genome mapping in Arabidopsis thaliana by using recombinant ibred lines and random amplified polymorphic DNAs. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 89:1477-1481
Robinson R (1971) Lepidoptera Genetics, Oxford: Pergamon press
Roy A. Frascaria N. Mackay J. Bousquet J (1992) Segregating random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs) in Betula alleghaniensi Theor AppI Genet 85:173-180
Rychilk W. Spencer WJ. Rhoads RE (1990) Optimization of the annealing temperature for DNA amplification in vitro. Nucleic Acids Res 18:6409-6412
Saiki RK, Scharf S. Faloona F. Mullis KB. Horn GT, Erlich HA. Arnhein N (1985) Enzymatic implification of beta globin genomic sequences and restriction site analysis for diagnosis of sickle cell anemia. Science 230:1350-1354
Sambrook J. Fritch EJ. Maniiatis T (1989) Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. Cold spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring harbor, New York
Shimada T. Kurimoto Y. Kobayashi M (1995) Phylogenetic relationship of silk moths inferred from sequence data of the arylphorin gene. Mol Phy Evol 4:233-234
Shi J. Hecket DG, Goldsmith MR (1995) A genetic linkage map for the domesticated silkworm, Bombyx mori, based on restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Genet Res (Cambridge) 66: 109-126．
Smith HO (1970) Nucleotides sequence specificity of restriction endonucleases. Science 205:455-462
Soller M. Beckmann JS (1982) Restriction fragment length polymorphisms and genetic improv ement In: proceedings of the second world congress on genetics and applied to livestock production. Madrid 1982, Vol 6． 396-404
Soller M. Beckmann JS (1983) Genetic polymorphism in varietals identification and genetic improvement. TheorAppI. Genet 67:25-33
Stephens JC, Cavanaugh ML, Gradie Ml, Mador ML. Kidd KK (1990) Mapping the human genome: current status Science 250:237-244
Sturtevant AH (1915) No crossing over in the female of the soilworm moth. American Naturalist 49:42-44
Suzuki MG, Shimada T. Kobayashi M (1998) Absence of dosage compensation at the transcriptional level of a sex-linked gene in a female heterogametic insect, Bombyx mori. Heredity 81:275-283
Suzuki MG, Shimada T. Kobayashi M (1999) Bm kettin, homologue of the Drosophila kettin gene, is located on the Z chromosome in Bombyx mori and is not dosage com pensated. Heredity 82:170-179
Suzuki Y. Gage LP; Brown DD (1972) The gene for silk fibroin in Bombyx mori. J Mol Biol 70: 637-649
Tamura T. Kanda T, Yukuhiroo K, Yasukouch N, Hinomoto N. Shimizu K, Kosegawa, E Okajima T (1993) RFLP patterns detectee by the transposans, mag and Ki.4． in silkworm races, Gamma field Symposia no.32, Institute of Radiation Breeding, national Institutes Annual Reports, Ministry of agriculture, forestery, and fisheries, Japan.
Tanksley SD, Ganal MW, Prince JL, De Ricente MC, Monierbale MW et al. (1992) High density molecular linkage map of the tomato and potato genomes. Genetics 132:1141-1160
Tanksley SD, Hewitt D (1988) Use of molecular markers in breeding for soluble solids content in tomato a reexamination. Theor AppI Genet 75:811:823
Tanksley SD, Young ND, Paterson AH, Bonierbale MW (1989) RFLP mapping in plant breeding: new tools for an old science. Bio/Technology 7:257-264
Tautz D, Renz M (1984) Simple sequences are ubiquitous repetitive components of eukaryotic genomes. Nucleic Acids Res 12:4127-4138
Tautz T. Trick M. Dover GA 91986) Cryptic simplicity in DNA is a major source of DNA variation. Nature 332:652-658
Tazima Y (1964) The genetics of the Silkworm. London and Englewood Cliffs: Logos press, Prentice-Hall. Inc.
Tinker NA, Fortin MG, Mathus DE 91993) Random amplified polymorphic DNA and pedigree relationsips inspring barley. Theor AppI Genet 85:976-984
Traut W (1977) A study of recombination, formation of chiasmata and synaptonemal complexes in femal and male meiosis of Ephestia kuehniella (Lepidoptera). Genetics 47:135-142．
Traut W. Sahara K, Otto TD, Marec F (1999) Molecular differenciation of sex chromosome probed by comparative genomic hybridization. Chromosoma 108: 173-180．
Vos. P.Hogers R. Sleeker M. Van de lee. Homes M. Frijters A. Pot J. Peleman J, Kuiper M. Zabeau M (1995) AFLP a new technique for DNA fingerprinting Nucleic Acids Res 23:4407-4414
Vosman B, Arens P, Rus-Korekaas W, Smuldes MJM (1992) Identification of highly polymorphic DNA regions in tomato. Theor AppI Genet 85:239-244
Weber JL, May PE (1989) Abundant class of human DNA polymorphisms which can be typed using the polymerase chain reaction. Am J Hum Genet 44:388-396
Welsh J. McClelland M (1990) Fingerprinting genomes using PCR with arbitrary primers, Nucleic Acids Res 18:7213-7218
Wilkerson RC, Parsons TJ, Albright DG, Klenin TA, Braun MJ (1993) Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers readily distinguish cruyptic mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae Anopheles). Insect Mol Bio/1:205-211
Williams JGK, Kubelik. AR. Rafalski JA, Tingey SV (1991) Genetic analysis with RAPD markers, In: Bennett JW, Lasure LI (eds) More Gene Manipulations in Fungi. Academic press. Sandiego, pp431-439
Williams JGK, Kuberlik AR. Livak KJ. Rafalski JA. Tingey SV (1990) DNA polymorphisms amplified by arbitrary primers are useful as genetic markers. Nucleic Acids Res 18:6531-6535
Wolf K (1991) Analysis of Allozyme variability in three Plantago species and a comparison to morphological variability. Theor appl Genet 81:119-126
Wolf K. Peters Van Rijn J (1993) Rapid detection of genetic variability in Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grand/flora Tzvelev) Using random primers. Heredity 71:335-341
Wolff K. Rogstad SH. Schaal. BA (1994) Population and species variation of minisatellite DNA in Plantago. Theor AppI Genet 87:733-740
Wolff K. Schaal BA (1992) Chloroplast DNA variation within and among five Plantago species. J. Evol Biol 5:325-344
Wu. KS, Jones R, Danneberger L, Scolnik PA (1994) Detection of microsatellite polymorphisms without cloning. Nucl Acids Res 22:3257-3258
Yap I,, Nelson RL, (1996) WinBoot: a program for performing bootstrap analysis of binary data to determine the confidence limits of UPGMA-based dendrograms. IRRI discussion paper series No.14, International Rice Research Institute, Manila. Philippines.
Yasukochi Y (1998) A dense genetic map of the silkworm. Bombyx mori, covering all chromosomes based on 1018 molecular markers. Genetics 150:1513-1525
Young ND, Zamir D, Ganaj MW et al (1988) Use of isogenic lines and simultaneous Probing to identify DNA markers tightly linked to the Tm-2a gene in tomato. Genetics 120:579-586
Zheng L. Benedict MQ, Cornel AJ, Collins FH, Kafatos FC (1996) An integrated genetic map of the African human malaria vector mosquito, Anopheles gambiae Genetics 168:941-952
Zietiewicz E, Rafalski A. Labuda D (1994) Genome fingerprinting by simple sequence repeats (SSR) anchored PCR amplification. Genomics 20:176-183
Feng Lichun, Liu Lianbi, Lu Cheng et al., 1996: Digoxigenin 标记探针与蚕DNA分子杂交技术探讨, Journal of Southwest Agricultural University 18, 111-113
Hwang-JS; Lee-JS; Kang-HA; Lee-SM; Sohn-HR Genetic relationships among the parental Bombyx mori strains of the current F1 hybrid silkworm based on RAPD. 1997． Korean-Journal-of-Applied-Entomology., 36: 3, 206-214
He Ninjia, Deng. L, Xiang. Z, 1996: 家蚕基因组文库的构建, Journal of Southwest Agricultural University 18, 106-110
Lu Cheng, Feng Lichun Liu Lianbi Xiang Zhonghuai, 1996:家蚕丝蛋白基因分子标记的建立, Journal of Southwest Agricultural University 18,100-102
Lu Cheng, Liu Lianbi et al., 1996:家蚕丝素基因pFb2． 9限制性片段长度多态性研究, Journal of Southwest Agricultural University 18, 103-105
Lu-Liang; Gui-Hong; Lu-L; Gui-H The peculiarity of RAPD and its application to insect taxonomy: 1995,Acta-Entomologica-Sinica., 38: 1, 117-122
Weng-HB; Xu-MK; Zhang-YZ : Genetic variation among strains of the silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) detected by RAPD 1996, Journal-of-Zhejiang-Agricultural-University., 22． 2, 152-156;
Apostol BL, Black WC IV. Miller BR, Reiter P. Beaty BJ (1993) Estimation of the number of full sibling family at an oviposition site using RAPD-PCR markers: application to the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Theor Appl Genet 86:991-1000
Aratake Y, Kayamura T (1973) "Scattered" and "small sized" silkworm strain selected from the progeny of hybrid between Bombyx mori and Theophila mandarina. J Seric Sci Jpn 42: 331-339
Arnold ML (1993) Iris nelsonii (Iridaceae): Origin and genetic comparision of a homoploid hybrid species. Am J Bot 80:570-583
Bailey NTJ (1961) Introduction to the mathematical theory of genetic linkage. Clarendon press. Oxford UK.
Ballinger-Crabtree ME, Black WC Iv, Miller BR (1992) Use of genetic polymorphisms detected by RAPD-PCR for differentiation and identification of Aedes aegypti populations. Am J Trop Hyg 47:893-901
Bassam BJ, Caetano-Anolles G. Gress Hoff PM 91992) DNA amplification fingerprinting of bacteria. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 38:70-76
Beckmann JS, Soller M (1983) Restriction fragment length polymorphisms in genetic improvement methodologies, mapping and costs. Theor Appl Genet 67:35-43
Bishop D, Skolnbick NM (1980) Numerical consideration for linkage studies using polumorphic DNA markers in humans. Banbury Rep 4: cancer incidence in defined populations. Cold spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, pp 421-433
Black WC IV, DuTeau NM, Puterka GJ, Nechols JR. Pettorini JM (1992) Use of the random amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) to detect DNA polymorphisms in aphids. Bull Ent Res 83:151-159
Botstein D. White RL, Skolnick M, Davis RW (1980) Construction of genetic linkage map in man using restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Am J Hum Gent 32:314:331
Bowditch BM, Albright DG, Williams JGK, Braun MJ (1993) The use of RAPD markers in comparative genome studies. Methods in Enzymolgy 224
Brauner S, Crawford DJ, Stuessy TF 91992) Ribosomal DNA and RAPD variation in the rare plant family Lactoridacease. Am J Bot 70:1436-1439
Britten RJ, Kohne DE (1968) Repeated Sequences in DNA. Science 161:529-540
Broun P. Tanksley SD (1993) Characterization of tomato DNA with sequence similarity to human minisatellites 33． 6 and 33． 15 Plant Mol Biol 23:231-242
Burr B. Evola SV, Batr FA, Beckmann JS (1983) The application of restriction fragment length polymorphism to plant breeding. In: Setlow JK. Hollander A, (eds) Genetic engineering, Principles and methods. Plenum press, New York, Vol 5, pp 45-59
Byrne MJC, Murrell B. Allen, Moran GF (1995) An integrated linkage map for Eucalptyus using RFLP, RAPD and isozyme markers. Theor AppI Genet 91:869-875
Caetano-Anolles G (1993) Amplifying DNA with arbitrary oligonucleotide primes PCR Methods and Appl. 85:85-94
Caetano-Anolles G, Bassam BJ, Gresshoff PM (1992a) DNA amplification fingerprinting: a strategy for genome analysis. Plant Mol Biol Rep 9:294-307
Caetano-Anolles G, Bassam BJ, Gressholf PM (1991) DNA amplification fingerprinting using very short arbitrary oligonucleotide primers. Bio/Technology 9: 553-557
Carlson JE, Tulsieram L.K, Glaubitz JC, Luk VWK. Kauffeldt C. Rutledege R (1991) Segregation of random amplified DNA markers in F1 progeny of conifers. Theor AppI Genet 83: 1994-200
Chalmers KJ, Barua UM, Hackett CA. Thomas WTB, Waugh R. Powell W (1993) Identification of RAPD markers liniked to genetic factors controlling the milling energy requirement of barley. Theor AppI Genet 87:314-320
Chambers JR (1990) Genetics of growth and meat production in chickens In: Crawford RD (ed) Poultry Breeding and Genetics. Elsevier press. Amsterdam, pp 599-643
Chaparro X. Werner DJ, O' Malley D. Sederoff RR (1994) Targeted mapping and linkage analysis of morphological isozymes, and RAPD markers in peach. Theor Appl Genet 87:805-815
Chapco W. Ashton NW, Martel RKB, Antonishyn N. Crooby WL (1992) A feasibility study of the use of random amplified polymorphic DNA in the Population genetics and systematics of grasshoppers. Genome 35:569-574
Chatterjee SN. Datta RK (1992) Hierarchical clustering of 54 races and strains of the mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori L: significance of biochemical parameters. Theor Appl Genet 85:394-402
Churchill GA, Glovannoni JJ, Tanksley SD (1991) Pooled-sampling markers high resolution mapping practical with DNA markers, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 16-20
Devos KM, Gale MD (1992) The use of random amplified polymorphic DNA markers in wheat. Theor Appl Genet 84: 567-572
Dietrich WF, Miller I, Steen R, Merchant MA, Damronboles D. Husain Z, Dredge R. Daly MJ, Ingalls KA, O'Connor TG, Evans CA, Deanglis MM, Levinson DM, Kruglyak L, Goodman, N, Copland NG, Jenkins NA, Hawkins TL, Stein L. Page DE, Landre ES (1996) A comprehensive genetic map of the mouse genome, Nature 380: 149-152．
Doira H (1992) Genetical Stocks and Mutations of Bombyx mori: Important Genetic Resources Fukuoka, Japan: Institute of Genetic Resources, Kyushu Univesity.
Doncaster L, Raynor GH (1906, Breeding experiments with Lepidoptera. Proceedings of the Zoological Socieity of London, 1: 125-133
Donis Keller H, Green P et al. (1987) A genetic linkage map of the human genome. Cell 51: 319-337
Echt CS, Erdhal LA. McCoy TJ (1992) Genetic segregation of random amplified polymorphic DNA in diploid cultivated alfalfa. Genome 35: 84-87
Ellsworth DL, Rittenhouse KD, Honeycutt RL (1993) Artificial variation in randomly amplified polymorphic DNA banding paterns. Bio-techniques 14:214-217
Feinberg AP, Vogelstein B (1983) A technique for radiolabeling DNA resriction endonuclease fragments to high specific activity Anal Biochem 132:6
Felsenstein J (1993) PHYLIP (Phylogeny Inference Package) version 3． 5c. Distributed by the author. Department of Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
Foolad MR, Jones RA, Rodriguez RL (1993) RAPD markers for constructing intraspecific tomato genetic maps, Plant Cell Rep 12:293-297
Gage LP (1974) The Bombyx mori genome: analysis by DNA reassociation kinetics. Chromosoma (Berl) 45:27-42
Gamo T (1983) Biochemical genetics and its application to the breeding of the silkworm, JARQ 16:264-272
Giovannoni J, Wing RA, Ganal MW, Tanksley SD (1991) Isolation of molecular markers from specific chromosomal intervals using DNA pools from existing mapping populations. Nucleic Acids Res 19:6553-6558．
Goldsmith MR. (1995) Genetics of the silkworm: revisiting an ancient model system, Wilkins AS (eds) Molecular model systems in the Lepidoptera. Cambridge University press, New York, pp 21-76
Goodwin PH, Annis SL (1991) Rapid idenfication of genetic variation and pathotype of Leptoshaeria maculans by random amplified polymorphic DNA assay. Appl Environ Microbio 57: 2482-2486
Haley SD. Miklas PN, Stavely JR, Byron J. Kelly JD (1993) Identification of RAPD marker linked to a rust resistance gene block in common bean. Theor AppI Genet 86:505-512
Hamada H. Petrino MG. Kakungage T (1982) A novel repeated element with Z-DNA forming potential is widely found in evolutionary diverse eukaryotic genomes, Proc Nail Acad Sci USA 79:6465-6469
Harris H (1969) Enzyme polymorphism in man. Proc R Soc London Sect B. 164:298-310
Hashimoto H (1930) Heredity superfluous legs in the silkworm. Jap. J Genet 6:45-54
Haymer DS, Mcinnis DO (1994) Resolutions of populations of the Mediterranean fruit fly at the DNA level using random primers for the polymerase chain reaction. Genome 37:244-248
Hirobe T (1968) Evolution, Differentiation and Breeding of the silkworm-The Silk Road, Past and present, Genetics in Asian countries XII, International Cong Genet. PP 25
Hospital F. Chevalet C, Mulsant P (1992) Using markers in gene introgression breeding program. Genetics 132:1199-1210
Hu J, Quiros CF (1991) Identification of broccoli and cauliflower cultivars with RAPD markers Plant Cell Rep 10:505-511
Hunt GJ, Page RE (1992) Patterns of inheritance with RAPD molecular markers reveals novel types of polymorphisms in the honey bee. Theor AppI Genet 85: 15-20
Hunt GJ, Page RE (1995) Linkage map of the honey bee. Apis mellifera, based on RAPD markers. Genetics 139: 1371-1382
Ito T, Kobayashi M (1978) Rearing of the silkworm. In: Tazima Y (ed) The silkworm: an important laboratory tool. Kodansha press, Tokyo, pp 83-102
Kambhampati S, Black WC IV, Rai KS (1992) Random amplified polymorphic DNA of mosquito species and populations (Diptera: Culcidae) Technques, statistical analysis and applications, J Med Entomol 29:939-945
Koller B, Gianfranceschi L, Seglias N, McDermott J. Gessler C (1994) DNA markers linked to Malus floribunda 821 scab resistance. Plant Mol Biol/26:597-602
Kosambi DD (1944) The estimation of map distances from recombination values. Ann Eugen. 12:172-175
Krishaswami S (1978) New technology of silkworm rearing. CSRTI Bulletin (2) , Central Silk Board, India.
Kuhn D (1998) Textile Technology: In Needham J, (ed) Spinning and Reeling, Science and Civilization in China, Part IX, Cambridge University press, Cambridge, vol. 5
Kusuda J, Tazima Y, Onurnoru K, Ninaki O, Suzuki Y (1986) The sequence around the 5 end of the fibroin gene from the wild silkworm. Bombyx mandarina and comparison with that of the domesticated species, B. mori. Mol Gen Genet 203:359-364
Lande R. Thompson R (1990) Efficiency of marker-assisted selection in the improvement of quantitative traits. Genetics 124:743-756
Lander ES. Green P. Abrahamson J, Barlow A, Daly MJ. Lincon SE, Newburg L (1987) MAPMAKER: An interactive computer package for constructing primary genetic linkage maps of experimental and natural populations. Genetics 1:174-181
Levin J, Crittenden LB, Dodgson JB (1993) Genetic map of the chicken Z chromosome using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Genomics 16:224-230
Lewontin RC, Hubby JL (1996) A molecular approach to the study of genetic hetrozygosity in natural populations. II. Amount of variation and degree of heterozygosity in natural population of Drosophila pseudoobscura. Genetics 54:595-609
Maekawa H, Takada N. Mikitani K, Ogura T, Miyajima N. Fujiwara H. Kobayashi M, Ninaki O (1988) Nucleolus organizers in the wild silkworm Bombyx mandarina and the domesticated silkworm B. mori. Chromosoma 96:263-269
Martin GB, Williams JGK, Tanksley SD (1991) Rapid identification of markers linked to a pseudomona resistance gene intomato using random primers and near-isogenic lines. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:2336-2340
Maxam AM, Gilbert W (1977) A new method for sequencing DNA Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 74:560
May B (1992) starch gel electrophoresis of allozymes. In: Hoelzel AR (ed) Molecular Genetic Analysis of Populations: A practical Approach. IRL Press, Oxford, pp 1-27
Michelmore.R.A, Paran.l, Kesseli.R.V (1991) Identification of markers linked to diseaseresistance genes by bulked segregant analysis: a rapid method to detect markers in specific genomic regions by using segregating populations. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 9828-9832
Miklas PN, Stavely JR. Kelly JD (1993) Identification and potential use of molecular marker for rust resistance in common bean. Theor AppI Genet 85:745-749
Milborne D. Meyer R. Bradshaw JE, Baird E, Bonar N, Provun J., Powell W, Waugh R (1997) comparison of PCR based marker systems for the analysis of genetic relationships in cultivated potato. Mol Breed 3:127-136
Mosseler AJ, Egger KN, Hughes GA (1992) Low-level of genetic diversity in red pine confirmed by random amplified DNA markers. Can J For Res 22:1332-1337
Murakami A. Imai HT (1974) Cytological evidences for holocentric chromosomes of the silkworms: Bombyx mori and B. mandarina. (Bombycidae: Lepidoptera). Chromosoma (Berl) 47:167-178
Muralidharan K. Wakeland EK (1993) Concentration of primer and template qualitatively affect products in random amplified polymorphic DNA PCR. Bio-techniques 14:362-364
Murphy RW. Sites JW Jr. Burth DG, Hufler CH (1990) Proteins I In : Hills DM. Mortiz. C (eds) Isozymes. Electrophoresis 16:1633-1638
Nagaraja G.M and Nagaraju. J (1994) Genome fingerprinting of silkworm Bombyx mori using random arbitrary primers, paper presented at III International Conference on DNA fingerprinting, December 13-16, Hyderabad, India.
Nagaraja G.M and Nagaraju. J (1994) RAPD fingerprints of diapausing and non-diapausing varieties in silkworm Bombyx mori. Ill International workshop Molecular Biology of Lepidopteran insects, September 19-October-9 Crete, Greece.
Nagaraja. G.M and Nagaraju. J (1995) genome fingerprinting of the silkworm Bombyx mori using random arbitrary primers. Electrophoresis 16: 1633-1638
Nagaraju J (1997) Silk yield attributes-Correlations and complexities. In Silkworm Breeding (Reddy GS. ed), oxford press, New Delhi.
Nagaraju J, Singh L (1997) assessment of genetic diversity by DNA profiling and its significance in silkworm. Bombyx mori. Electrophoresis 18:1676-1681．
Nagaraju J. Kumar T (1995) Effects of selection on cocoon filament length in divergently selected lines of the silkworm. Bombyx mori. J Seri Sci Jpn 64:103-109
Nagaraju J. Sharma A. Sethuraman BN. Rao GV.Singh L (1995) DNA fingerprinting in silkworm. Bombyx mori using banded krait minor satellite DNA derived probe. Electrophoresis 16:1639-1642．
Nei M. Li WH (1979) Mathematical model for studying genetic variation in terms of restriction endonucleases. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 76:5269-5273．
Paran.l, Michelmore RW (1993) Development of reliable PCR-based markers linked to downy mildew resistance genes in lecture. TheorAppI Genet 85:985-993．
Paterson AH, Lander ES, Hewitt JD. Peterson S, Lincoln SE, Tanksley SD (1998) Resolution of quantitative traits into Mendelian factors by using a complete map of restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Nature 335:721-726．
Perring TM,. Cooper AD, Rodringuez RJ, Farrar CM. Bellows TS Jr (1993) identification of a Whitefly species by genomic and behavioral studies. Science: 259:74-77．
Paterson AH. Damon S. Hewitt J, Zamir D, Rabinowitch HD, Lincoln SE, Lander ES, Tanksley SD (1991) Mendelian factors underlying quantitative traits in tomoto: comparison across species, generations and environments. Genetics 127:181-197．
Persons BJ. Newbury HJ. Jackson MT. Ford-Lloyd BV(1997) Constrasting genetic diversity relationship are revealed in rice (Oryza sativa L) using different marker types. Mol Breed 2:225-238．
Postlethwait J.Jhonson S, Midson C, Talbot W. Gates M. Ballinger E. Africa D. Andrews R. Carl T. Eisen J (1994) A genetic linkage map for the Zebrafish. Science 264: 699-703
Powell W. Morganite M.Andre C.Hanafey M, Vogel J. Tingey S.Rafalski A (1996) The Comparism of RELP, RAPD, AFLP and SSR (Microsatellite) mrkers for germplasm analysis. Mol Breed 2:225-238
Promboon A. Shimada T. Fujiwara H. Kobayashi M (1995) Linkage map of random amplified polymarphic DNAs (RAPDs) in the silkworm Bombyx mori. L Genet Res 66:1-7．
Rasch EM (1974) The DNA content of sperm and hemocyte nuclei of the silkworm. Bombyx mori L. Chromosoma (Berl) 45:1-26．
Rasch Em, Barr HJ, Rasch RW (1971) The DNA content of sperm of Drosophila melonogaster. Chromosoma (Berl) 33:1-18．
Rasmussen SW. Holm PB (1982) The meiotic prophase in Bombyx mori. In: King RC. Akai H. (eds) Insect Ultrastructure. Pleneum press New York and London. Vol.1, pp 61-85．
Reddy KD. Abraham EG. Nagaraju J (1999a) Microsatellites in the silkworm. Bombyx mori: abundance. Polymorphism and strain characterization. Genome 42:1-9
Reddy KD. Nagaraju J. Abraham EG (1999b) Genetic characterization of the silkworm Bombyx mori by simple sequence repeat (SSR)-anchored PCR Heredity 83: (In press)
Reiter RS, Young RM, Scolnick PA, (1992) Genetic linkage of the Arabidopsis genome methods for mapping with recombinant inbreds and amplified polymorphics DNAs (RAPDs). In: Konca, C. Chua N.H. Scihell, J (eds) Methods in Arabidopsis Research. World Scientific, Singapore.
Reiter RS. Williams JGK. Feldmann KA. Rafalski JA. Tingey SV. Scolnick PA (1992) Global and local genome mapping in Arabidopsis thaliana by using recombinant ibred lines and random amplified polymorphic DNAs. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 89:1477-1481
Robinson R (1971) Lepidoptera Genetics, Oxford: Pergamon press
Roy A. Frascaria N. Mackay J. Bousquet J (1992) Segregating random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs) in Betula alleghaniensi Theor AppI Genet 85:173-180
Rychilk W. Spencer WJ. Rhoads RE (1990) Optimization of the annealing temperature for DNA amplification in vitro. Nucleic Acids Res 18:6409-6412
Saiki RK, Scharf S. Faloona F. Mullis KB. Horn GT, Erlich HA. Arnhein N (1985) Enzymatic implification of beta globin genomic sequences and restriction site analysis for diagnosis of sickle cell anemia. Science 230:1350-1354
Sambrook J. Fritch EJ. Maniiatis T (1989) Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. Cold spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring harbor, New York
Shimada T. Kurimoto Y. Kobayashi M (1995) Phylogenetic relationship of silk moths inferred from sequence data of the arylphorin gene. Mol Phy Evol 4:233-234
Shi J. Hecket DG, Goldsmith MR (1995) A genetic linkage map for the domesticated silkworm, Bombyx mori, based on restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Genet Res (Cambridge) 66: 109-126．
Smith HO (1970) Nucleotides sequence specificity of restriction endonucleases. Science 205:455-462
Soller M. Beckmann JS (1982) Restriction fragment length polymorphisms and genetic improv ement In: proceedings of the second world congress on genetics and applied to livestock production. Madrid 1982, Vol 6． 396-404
Soller M. Beckmann JS (1983) Genetic polymorphism in varietals identification and genetic improvement. TheorAppI. Genet 67:25-33
Stephens JC, Cavanaugh ML, Gradie Ml, Mador ML. Kidd KK (1990) Mapping the human genome: current status Science 250:237-244
Sturtevant AH (1915) No crossing over in the female of the soilworm moth. American Naturalist 49:42-44
Suzuki MG, Shimada T. Kobayashi M (1998) Absence of dosage compensation at the transcriptional level of a sex-linked gene in a female heterogametic insect, Bombyx mori. Heredity 81:275-283
Suzuki MG, Shimada T. Kobayashi M (1999) Bm kettin, homologue of the Drosophila kettin gene, is located on the Z chromosome in Bombyx mori and is not dosage com pensated. Heredity 82:170-179
Suzuki Y. Gage LP; Brown DD (1972) The gene for silk fibroin in Bombyx mori. J Mol Biol 70: 637-649
Tamura T. Kanda T, Yukuhiroo K, Yasukouch N, Hinomoto N. Shimizu K, Kosegawa, E Okajima T (1993) RFLP patterns detectee by the transposans, mag and Ki.4． in silkworm races, Gamma field Symposia no.32, Institute of Radiation Breeding, national Institutes Annual Reports, Ministry of agriculture, forestery, and fisheries, Japan.
Tanksley SD, Ganal MW, Prince JL, De Ricente MC, Monierbale MW et al. (1992) High density molecular linkage map of the tomato and potato genomes. Genetics 132:1141-1160
Tanksley SD, Hewitt D (1988) Use of molecular markers in breeding for soluble solids content in tomato a reexamination. Theor AppI Genet 75:811:823
Tanksley SD, Young ND, Paterson AH, Bonierbale MW (1989) RFLP mapping in plant breeding: new tools for an old science. Bio/Technology 7:257-264
Tautz D, Renz M (1984) Simple sequences are ubiquitous repetitive components of eukaryotic genomes. Nucleic Acids Res 12:4127-4138
Tautz T. Trick M. Dover GA 91986) Cryptic simplicity in DNA is a major source of DNA variation. Nature 332:652-658
Tazima Y (1964) The genetics of the Silkworm. London and Englewood Cliffs: Logos press, Prentice-Hall. Inc.
Tinker NA, Fortin MG, Mathus DE 91993) Random amplified polymorphic DNA and pedigree relationsips inspring barley. Theor AppI Genet 85:976-984
Traut W (1977) A study of recombination, formation of chiasmata and synaptonemal complexes in femal and male meiosis of Ephestia kuehniella (Lepidoptera). Genetics 47:135-142．
Traut W. Sahara K, Otto TD, Marec F (1999) Molecular differenciation of sex chromosome probed by comparative genomic hybridization. Chromosoma 108: 173-180．
Vos. P.Hogers R. Sleeker M. Van de lee. Homes M. Frijters A. Pot J. Peleman J, Kuiper M. Zabeau M (1995) AFLP a new technique for DNA fingerprinting Nucleic Acids Res 23:4407-4414
Vosman B, Arens P, Rus-Korekaas W, Smuldes MJM (1992) Identification of highly polymorphic DNA regions in tomato. Theor AppI Genet 85:239-244
Weber JL, May PE (1989) Abundant class of human DNA polymorphisms which can be typed using the polymerase chain reaction. Am J Hum Genet 44:388-396
Welsh J. McClelland M (1990) Fingerprinting genomes using PCR with arbitrary primers, Nucleic Acids Res 18:7213-7218
Wilkerson RC, Parsons TJ, Albright DG, Klenin TA, Braun MJ (1993) Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers readily distinguish cruyptic mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae Anopheles). Insect Mol Bio/1:205-211
Williams JGK, Kubelik. AR. Rafalski JA, Tingey SV (1991) Genetic analysis with RAPD markers, In: Bennett JW, Lasure LI (eds) More Gene Manipulations in Fungi. Academic press. Sandiego, pp431-439
Williams JGK, Kuberlik AR. Livak KJ. Rafalski JA. Tingey SV (1990) DNA polymorphisms amplified by arbitrary primers are useful as genetic markers. Nucleic Acids Res 18:6531-6535
Wolf K (1991) Analysis of Allozyme variability in three Plantago species and a comparison to morphological variability. Theor appl Genet 81:119-126
Wolf K. Peters Van Rijn J (1993) Rapid detection of genetic variability in Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grand/flora Tzvelev) Using random primers. Heredity 71:335-341
Wolff K. Rogstad SH. Schaal. BA (1994) Population and species variation of minisatellite DNA in Plantago. Theor AppI Genet 87:733-740
Wolff K. Schaal BA (1992) Chloroplast DNA variation within and among five Plantago species. J. Evol Biol 5:325-344
Wu. KS, Jones R, Danneberger L, Scolnik PA (1994) Detection of microsatellite polymorphisms without cloning. Nucl Acids Res 22:3257-3258
Yap I,, Nelson RL, (1996) WinBoot: a program for performing bootstrap analysis of binary data to determine the confidence limits of UPGMA-based dendrograms. IRRI discussion paper series No.14, International Rice Research Institute, Manila. Philippines.
Yasukochi Y (1998) A dense genetic map of the silkworm. Bombyx mori, covering all chromosomes based on 1018 molecular markers. Genetics 150:1513-1525
Young ND, Zamir D, Ganaj MW et al (1988) Use of isogenic lines and simultaneous Probing to identify DNA markers tightly linked to the Tm-2a gene in tomato. Genetics 120:579-586
Zheng L. Benedict MQ, Cornel AJ, Collins FH, Kafatos FC (1996) An integrated genetic map of the African human malaria vector mosquito, Anopheles gambiae Genetics 168:941-952
Zietiewicz E, Rafalski A. Labuda D (1994) Genome fingerprinting by simple sequence repeats (SSR) anchored PCR amplification. Genomics 20:176-183
Feng Lichun, Liu Lianbi, Lu Cheng et al., 1996: Digoxigenin 标记探针与蚕DNA分子杂交技术探讨, Journal of Southwest Agricultural University 18, 111-113
Hwang-JS; Lee-JS; Kang-HA; Lee-SM; Sohn-HR Genetic relationships among the parental Bombyx mori strains of the current F1 hybrid silkworm based on RAPD. 1997． Korean-Journal-of-Applied-Entomology., 36: 3, 206-214
He Ninjia, Deng. L, Xiang. Z, 1996: 家蚕基因组文库的构建, Journal of Southwest Agricultural University 18, 106-110
Lu Cheng, Feng Lichun Liu Lianbi Xiang Zhonghuai, 1996:家蚕丝蛋白基因分子标记的建立, Journal of Southwest Agricultural University 18,100-102
Lu Cheng, Liu Lianbi et al., 1996:家蚕丝素基因pFb2． 9限制性片段长度多态性研究, Journal of Southwest Agricultural University 18, 103-105
Lu-Liang; Gui-Hong; Lu-L; Gui-H The peculiarity of RAPD and its application to insect taxonomy: 1995,Acta-Entomologica-Sinica., 38: 1, 117-122
Weng-HB; Xu-MK; Zhang-YZ : Genetic variation among strains of the silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) detected by RAPD 1996, Journal-of-Zhejiang-Agricultural-University., 22． 2, 152-156;