绝缘子运行状态诊断理论与关键技术研究
|
摘要
绝缘子的工作环境恶劣,影响绝缘子正常运行的因素很多且关系复杂,难以全面监测,对绝缘子的劣化、积污、污情发展及闪络等问题可靠诊断和预测是电力输电领域的重要研究课题。本文在研究绝缘子闪络形成机理、发展过程和现有诊断技术基础上,构建了一个全面反映绝缘子运行状态的专家诊断系统;提出将人工智能理论中专家系统、模糊推理系统、Petri网络、神经网络等理论融合并应用于绝缘子运行状态诊断中的新思想;给出了诊断的理论依据和策略方法,并对基于模糊神经Petri网络的推理系统进行了研究和论证。
为了很好地设计绝缘子运行状态专家诊断系统,研究、分析了绝缘子闪络形成机理和闪络发展过程及引起绝缘子闪络的原因。通过分析绝缘子闪络前、后泄漏电流和脉冲数与闪络电压、污秽程度、湿度等之间的复杂关系,总结了绝缘子污闪诊断和预测的有效方法,并利用污闪物理模型和数学模型分析了临界电流、电压和电弧的临界长度的表达,为研究绝缘子运行状态和设计智能专家诊断系统提供了理论基础。
针对设计绝缘子运行状态专家诊断系统的知识源和推理规则的制定问题,详尽分析了影响绝缘子工作状态的因素及其相关性,并总结了可用于绝缘子运行状态诊断的特征量,提出根据这些特征量综合分析诊断绝缘子的污秽程度、劣化程度和运行状态,并给出了先进的绝缘子监测及诊断的系统和绝缘子闪络定位系统。针对泄漏电流微弱信号中存在噪声信号,提出采用基于阀值的小波降噪方法对信号进行降噪处理。
在分析现有绝缘子运行状态诊断方法和策略的基础上,提出采用基于模糊神经Petri网络的专家诊断系统对绝缘子运行状态进行诊断,将模糊Petri网络和神经网络很好结合,设计具有模糊推理、学习和优化能力的绝缘子运行状态专家诊断系统。在设计专家诊断系统时,采用模块化结构,综合运用知识表达方法,并且对很多量的表达进行了定义和模糊归一化处理。
在归纳、总结绝缘子运行诊断关键技术和诊断依据的基础上,设计了模糊神经Petri网络的绝缘子运行状态专家诊断推理系统,对模糊Petri网络从概念和理论方面进行了扩展,使网络能够很好的表达推理系统输入、输出之间的推理关系和多输入之间的相互关系。在网络规则的形成、表达方面做了大量工作。在专家诊断系统的推理过程中,采用连续函数的形式进行推理运算,使推理更精确、可靠。推理过程中将模糊Petri网络和模糊神经网络有机结合,并采用了改进的学习训练方法。诊断结果验证了系统的合理性和准确性。本文的研究具有开拓和创新性,为绝缘子运行状态诊断提供了先进的技术和宝贵的经验。
全面、系统地总结了本文的工作和研究成果,并指出了有待改进的地方和需要进一步开展的工作。
The working environment of insulator is critical and there are many complicated factors influence its running. It is difficult to monitor those comprehensive variables which influence the running of insulator and which indicate the running state of insulator. Now, it is an important task for the domain of power transmission to research the diagnosis and prediction system of the running state of insulator. After the research of the formation mechanism and the developing process of insulator’s flashover and the intelligent diagnosis technology, a diagnosis expert system is designed for the insulator which can diagnose the operating state of insulator outright. The integrating theory based on expert system, fuzzy reasoning system, Petri net, and neural network is put forward to be used to diagnose the running state of insulator. The diagnosis strategies and theory of diagnosis expert system are presented. The reasoning system based on fuzzy neural Petri net has been thoroughly discussed.
In order to design the diagnosis expert system of the running state of insulator commendably, the formation mechanism, the developing process and reason of insulator’s flashover is analyzed and researched. After analyzing the complicated relation of some factors, effective diagnosis and prediction method is summarized. Flashover physical and mathematical models are used to analyze critical current, critical arc voltage and the critical length, which provides a theoretical basis for designing the intelligent expert diagnosis system.
In order to resolve the problem that the resource of knowledge and reasoning rules of diagnostic expert system of the insulator’s running state, some effective factors and correlation are detail analysised and some characteristic variables are summed. The idea that the running state of insulator is diagnosed synthetically based on those characteristic variables is presented and the advanced monitoring and diagnosing system for insulator and the positioning system for insulator’s flashover are given. In order to eliminate the noise signal of leakage current, wavelet denoising method based on the threshold value is used to eliminate the noise signal of sampled signal.
Based on the analysis of diagnostic methods and strategies for insulator’s running, the expert diagnostic system based on fuzzy neural Petri network is proposed to diagnose the operating state of insulator. Fuzzy Petri net and neural network are integrated to optimize system, which makes expert system have the ability of fuzzy reasoning, learning and optimization. In the design of expert diagnostic system, the modularized structure is designed and synthetical method is used to express knowledge.
After summing the key technology and judging basis, the expert diagnostic reasoning system is designed for the diagnosis of insulator. Fuzzy Petri net are also extended in its concept and theory, which makes the net’s express of reasoning system relations between input and output is easier. A lot of works have been done for designing system in formation and expression. In expert diagnostic system, continuous function is made for reasoning, which makes the reasoning process more accurate. The improved learning method is used to optimize reasoning system. The diagnostic results validate the reasonableness and accuracy of reasoning system. This research provides effective diagnostic technologies and valuable experience for expert diagnostic system of insulator running.
Finally, the dissertation summarizes all the works and results achieved in this dissertation. The further research works to be developed are also put forward.
为了很好地设计绝缘子运行状态专家诊断系统,研究、分析了绝缘子闪络形成机理和闪络发展过程及引起绝缘子闪络的原因。通过分析绝缘子闪络前、后泄漏电流和脉冲数与闪络电压、污秽程度、湿度等之间的复杂关系,总结了绝缘子污闪诊断和预测的有效方法,并利用污闪物理模型和数学模型分析了临界电流、电压和电弧的临界长度的表达,为研究绝缘子运行状态和设计智能专家诊断系统提供了理论基础。
针对设计绝缘子运行状态专家诊断系统的知识源和推理规则的制定问题,详尽分析了影响绝缘子工作状态的因素及其相关性,并总结了可用于绝缘子运行状态诊断的特征量,提出根据这些特征量综合分析诊断绝缘子的污秽程度、劣化程度和运行状态,并给出了先进的绝缘子监测及诊断的系统和绝缘子闪络定位系统。针对泄漏电流微弱信号中存在噪声信号,提出采用基于阀值的小波降噪方法对信号进行降噪处理。
在分析现有绝缘子运行状态诊断方法和策略的基础上,提出采用基于模糊神经Petri网络的专家诊断系统对绝缘子运行状态进行诊断,将模糊Petri网络和神经网络很好结合,设计具有模糊推理、学习和优化能力的绝缘子运行状态专家诊断系统。在设计专家诊断系统时,采用模块化结构,综合运用知识表达方法,并且对很多量的表达进行了定义和模糊归一化处理。
在归纳、总结绝缘子运行诊断关键技术和诊断依据的基础上,设计了模糊神经Petri网络的绝缘子运行状态专家诊断推理系统,对模糊Petri网络从概念和理论方面进行了扩展,使网络能够很好的表达推理系统输入、输出之间的推理关系和多输入之间的相互关系。在网络规则的形成、表达方面做了大量工作。在专家诊断系统的推理过程中,采用连续函数的形式进行推理运算,使推理更精确、可靠。推理过程中将模糊Petri网络和模糊神经网络有机结合,并采用了改进的学习训练方法。诊断结果验证了系统的合理性和准确性。本文的研究具有开拓和创新性,为绝缘子运行状态诊断提供了先进的技术和宝贵的经验。
全面、系统地总结了本文的工作和研究成果,并指出了有待改进的地方和需要进一步开展的工作。
The working environment of insulator is critical and there are many complicated factors influence its running. It is difficult to monitor those comprehensive variables which influence the running of insulator and which indicate the running state of insulator. Now, it is an important task for the domain of power transmission to research the diagnosis and prediction system of the running state of insulator. After the research of the formation mechanism and the developing process of insulator’s flashover and the intelligent diagnosis technology, a diagnosis expert system is designed for the insulator which can diagnose the operating state of insulator outright. The integrating theory based on expert system, fuzzy reasoning system, Petri net, and neural network is put forward to be used to diagnose the running state of insulator. The diagnosis strategies and theory of diagnosis expert system are presented. The reasoning system based on fuzzy neural Petri net has been thoroughly discussed.
In order to design the diagnosis expert system of the running state of insulator commendably, the formation mechanism, the developing process and reason of insulator’s flashover is analyzed and researched. After analyzing the complicated relation of some factors, effective diagnosis and prediction method is summarized. Flashover physical and mathematical models are used to analyze critical current, critical arc voltage and the critical length, which provides a theoretical basis for designing the intelligent expert diagnosis system.
In order to resolve the problem that the resource of knowledge and reasoning rules of diagnostic expert system of the insulator’s running state, some effective factors and correlation are detail analysised and some characteristic variables are summed. The idea that the running state of insulator is diagnosed synthetically based on those characteristic variables is presented and the advanced monitoring and diagnosing system for insulator and the positioning system for insulator’s flashover are given. In order to eliminate the noise signal of leakage current, wavelet denoising method based on the threshold value is used to eliminate the noise signal of sampled signal.
Based on the analysis of diagnostic methods and strategies for insulator’s running, the expert diagnostic system based on fuzzy neural Petri network is proposed to diagnose the operating state of insulator. Fuzzy Petri net and neural network are integrated to optimize system, which makes expert system have the ability of fuzzy reasoning, learning and optimization. In the design of expert diagnostic system, the modularized structure is designed and synthetical method is used to express knowledge.
After summing the key technology and judging basis, the expert diagnostic reasoning system is designed for the diagnosis of insulator. Fuzzy Petri net are also extended in its concept and theory, which makes the net’s express of reasoning system relations between input and output is easier. A lot of works have been done for designing system in formation and expression. In expert diagnostic system, continuous function is made for reasoning, which makes the reasoning process more accurate. The improved learning method is used to optimize reasoning system. The diagnostic results validate the reasonableness and accuracy of reasoning system. This research provides effective diagnostic technologies and valuable experience for expert diagnostic system of insulator running.
Finally, the dissertation summarizes all the works and results achieved in this dissertation. The further research works to be developed are also put forward.
引文
[1] Liang X.D. Wang S.W. The development of composit insulators in China. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 1999, 6(5): 586~594
[2] CIGRE WG.. Worldwide service experience with HV composite insulators. Electra, 2000, 191:27~43
[3]胡毅.送电线路绝缘子运行性能及分析.高电压技术.2001,27 (2):33~35
[4]朱德恒,严璋.高电压绝缘.清华大学出版社,1992
[5]王进华.合成绝缘子在污湿环境下交流闪络特性及机理的研究.[硕士学位论文].重庆:重庆大学图书馆,2002
[6] Zhang Jianhui, Sun Xincai. DC Flashover Performance of Iced Insulators. 6th-ISH-89, 1989, 132~138
[7]李生海.影响高海拔外绝缘湿放电特性的几种因素.青海电力.1994,3:18~21
[8]于德芬,孙才新,顾乐观等.酸性湿沉降对绝缘子闪络特性影响的表征研究,中国电机工程学报,2001,21 (4) :15~19
[9]舒立春,孙才新,顾乐观.Effect of Conductive Ice and Pres-sure on Flashover Performance of Short Insulators Strings.7th-IWAIS-96, 1996, 34~39
[10]司马文霞,蒋兴良,武利会等.低气压覆冰染污10kV合成绝缘子直流电气特性,中国电机工程学报,2004,24 (7):122~126
[11]杨引虎.大面积污闪事故原因分析与防范对策.中国电力,1998,4:54~57
[12]胡毅.2.22电网大面积污闪原因及对策.高电压技术,2001,27(2):30 ~32
[13]王国春,陈原,张开贤.1999年3月京津唐电网部分线路闪络原因分析及反措.华北电力技术,1999,8:5~ 9
[14] Vaillancourt G H, Bellerive J P, St-Jean M. Experience with two Fault composite insulators detection methods in hydro-quebec. 10th ISH, 1991, (2):14~67
[15]蔡伟,李敏,杨颜红.污秽绝缘子在线监测系统的设计与实现.电力系统自动化.2002,26(17): 45~48
[16] Shu Lichun, SunCaixin. A Study on Flashover Characteristics of Polluted Composite Insulators under Acid Fog Conditions. 9th-1SH-95, 1995
[17] Shu Lichun, SunCaixin. Insulation Characteristics and Correction of Insulators under Special Conditions. ACE1D-94(Proceedings of the Asian Conference on Electrical Insulation Diagnosis '94, 1994
[18]杨引虎.大面积污闪事故原因分析与防范对策.中国电力.1998,4:74~75
[19]关志成,王绍武,梁曦东等.我国电力系统绝缘子污闪事故及其对策.高电压技术,2000,26(6):37~39
[20]关志成,王绍武,梁曦东,王黎明,范炬.我国电力系统绝缘子污闪事故及其对策.高电压技术,2000, 26(6):37~39
[21] Guan Z. C. Chen Y. and Liang X.D. Contamination-flashover of silicone rubber composite insulators-I. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on High Voltage Engineer, Montreal, Canada, 1997, 301~304
[22]周正.常德及湘潭电网大面积污闪事故的分析.电力安全技术,2003, 5(4):23~30
[23]张宇,肖嵘,华东电网2.20污闪事故的分析和思考华东电力.华东电力,2004, 32(9):7~22
[24]袁红波,郭贤珊.佛山电网110-500kV输电线路污闪事故与对策.华中电力,2005,18(4):55~58
[25]宿志一.防止大面积污闪的根本出路是提高电网的基本外绝缘水平—对我国电网大面积污闪事故的反思.中国电力, 2003,36(12):57~61
[26] M. Is hii, K.S himada, T. K awamura,T. M atsumoto. Flashover of contaminated surface under low atmosphericpr essure. Proceedings of the 4th ISH, At hens, 1983, 2:56~61
[27] Su Fuheng, Jia Yimei. Faults of composite insulator in service and research of on-line detection method.11th-ISH, 1999, 4(23): 208~211
[28] N. Knudsen, J. L. Lundquist. Recent Results from Corona Effect Studies and Experimental Investigation at the EHV Test Station at Anneberg. CIGRE Symposium, 1981, 22~81
[29] Gu Leguan, Shu Lichun, Sun Chaixin. Study on the Application of Electric Outer Insulation in Severe Environment. CMR'98, AKITA, 1998, 256~261
[30]孙才新,司马文霞.大气环境与电气外绝缘.中国电力出版社,2002
[31]程养春,李成榕,王伟.水分和污秽对电场法在线检测合成绝缘子的影响.高电压技术,2001,27(6):14~17
[32]江秀臣,安玲,韩振东等.值盐密现场测量方法的研究.中国电机工程学报,2000,20(2),40~43
[33]张冠军,王雪,严璋等.高压绝缘子远程在线检测系统的初步研究.高电压技术.2003,29(7):7~9
[34]刘金华,周永强,徐滤非等.绝缘子泄漏电流在线监测系统.华中电力,2000,12(2):8~10
[35]蔡伟,李敏.绝缘子遥测系统中无线通信技术的应用.电网技术,2003,27(6):48~51
[36]黄新波,刘家兵,王向利等.线路绝缘子污秽在线监测系统.华北电力技术,2004,(3):20~22
[37] Yukio Mizuno, Hiroaki Kusada and Katsuhiko Naito. Effect of Climatic Conditions on Contamination Flashover Voltage of Insulators. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Elecfrical Insulation, 1997, 4(3):286~289
[38]赵子玉,彭宗仁,谢恒奎.悬式绝缘子污层电导率与泄漏电流的现场测试技术研究.电工技术学报,1997,12(2):43~46
[39] O De La A. Gorur R. S. Electrical performance of non-ceramic insulators in artificial contamination test: role of resting time. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 1996, 3(6): 827~835
[40]万收兰,程养春,李成榕等.基于人工神经网络的零值绝缘子诊断.高电压技术.2002,28(6):6~8
[41]李卫东,唐丽艳,李天云.基于人工神经网络的故障绝缘子诊断新方法.高电压技术.1994,20(3):25~27
[42] Matsuoka R. Shinokubo H. Artificial contamination withstand voltage characteristics of polymer insulators. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on Electrical Insulating Materials, 1995, 487~490
[43] Renowden TD, Richerds CN. Development of a remote insulator contamination monitoring system. Elec World, 1996, (10):39~40
[44] N. H. Narayanan, N.Viswanadham. A Methodology Por Knowledge Acquisition and Reasoning In Failure of Systems IEEE Trans.Systems. Man, cybemetics, 1987, 17: 274~288
[45] KosugiA, IhuiY, IshikawaetM. The diagnosis of insulators using artificial neural network kin distribution lines. NGKRev(OverseasEd), 1993, 93(17):56~59
[46] M. Yasui, Y Takahashi, A. Takenaka. TVI and An Characteristics of HVDC Insulator Assemblies under Contaminated Condition. IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery. 1988, 3(4):1913~1918
[47] R. Matsuoka, K. Kondo, K. Naito, M. Lshii. Influence of nonsoluble contaminants on the flashover voltage of artificially contaminated insulators. IEEE PES Paper, 1995, 420~430
[48] Y. Li, M. Farzaneh, J. Zhang. Critical flashover voltage of short HV insulator covered with ice at low atmospheric pressure. Proceedings of International Conference on Power System Technology, 1998, 1: 520~523.
[49] M. Farzaneh, Y. Li, S. M. Fikke, H. Mercure. DC flashover artificial ice-covered insulators at low at mosphericp ressure. Proceedings of the 9th in ternational of shore and Polar Engineering Conference, Brest, France, 1999, 612~615
[50] KaradyG G, SchneiderHM, RizkFAM. Review of CIGRE and IEEE Research into Pollution Performance of Non-ceramic Insulators: Field Aging Effects and Laboratory Test Techniques. Paris CIGRE, 1994, 33~103
[51]聂一雄,尹项根,刘春.浅论绝缘子串电晕电流的统计特性.高压电器,2003,39(5):29~31
[52] M. Harzaneh, J. K iemicki. Flashover problems caused by ice. Electrical Insulation Magazine,1995, 11(2):5~ 17
[53] M. Farzaneh, J. F. Drapeau. AC flashover performance of insulators covered with artificial ice. IEEE Trans.on Power Delivery, 1995, 10(2):1038~1051
[54] M. Farzaneh, J. Kiernicki. Flashover performance of IEEE standard insulators under ice conditions. IEEE Trans.on Power Delivery, 1997, 12(4):1602~1613
[55] L. Go. AC flashover characteristics of EHV line insulator for high altitude contamination regions. ICPAMA-88, 1988. M. Kawai. AC flashover test at project UHV on ice-coated insulators. IEEE Trans. On Power Apparatus&Systems, 1990, 89:1800~1804
[56] M. D.C hameski, G. L.Gaibrois, B. F. Whitney. Flashover test on artificial iced insulators. IEEE trans.on Power Apparatus& Systems, 1982, 101(8):2429~2433
[57] R. Wilkins. Characteristics of low current arcs relevant to pollution flashover. Second International Conference on Gas Discharges, IEE, 1992, 206~208
[58] Riquel G, Spangenberg E. Review of in service diagnostic testing of composite insulators. Electra1996, 169(12):105~119
[59]李成榕,程养春,陈宇等.电场测量法在线检测合成绝缘子内绝缘缺陷的研究.高电压技术,1999,25(1):39~41
[60] Jyh-shing Roger Jang. ANFIS: Adaptive-Network-Based Fuzzy Inference System. IEEE transactions on systems, man, and cybernetics. 1993, 23 (3):154~157
[61]吴今培.智能故障诊断与专家系统.北京:科学出版社,1990
[62] Fink, P.K. Expert System and diagnostic expertise in mechanical and electrical domain. IEEE Trans. On SMC, 1997, 17(3):340~349
[63] Venkatasubramanian,V. Process fault detection and diagnosis using neural networks: I.Computers Chemical engineering, 1990, 14: 699~722
[64] Mitra, S. S. K. Logical operation based fuzzy MLP for classification and rule generation. Neural Networks, 1994, 7(2):353~373
[65]徐扬.模糊系统与专家系统.西南交通大学出版社,1989
[66] Angeli C, C hatzinikolaou A. An expert system approach to fault diagnosis in hydraulic systems. Expert system.1995, 12(4):323~329
[67] S. M. Chen. A knowledge acquisition scheme for rule-based expert systems based on fuzzy Petri nets, Int. J. Inf. Manage., 1994, 1(3): 45~56
[68] S.M.Chen, J. S. Ke, J. F. Chang. Knowledge representation using fuzzy Petri nets. IEEE Trans. Knowledge. Data Engineering, Sept. 1990, 311~319
[69]刘有才,刘增良.模糊专家系统原理与设计.北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,1995
[70] Kosko, B. Neural Networks and Fuzzy System. Prenutic-Hall International inc. 1992, 35~39
[71] Keller J. M. Neural networks implementation of fuzzy logic, Fuzzy sets and System, 1992, 45(1):1~12
[72] Choi, Jai. T. Fuzzy parameter adaptation in neural Systems. IJCNN’92, 1992, 1:232~238
[73] Kavuri, S. N, Venkatasubramanian V. Neural networks decomposition strategies for 1arge-scale fault diagnosis. Int. J control, 1994, 59(3):767~792
[74] Jiang Chang, Yan Peng. Movable Propeller Turbine Neural Network Model and Nonlinear Simulation. In: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc, The Fourth International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics. Baoding. Hebei Univeristy. 2005, 1220~1225
[75] J.-S. Roger Jang. Fuzzy modeling using generalized neural networks and Kalman filter algorithm. In Proceedings of the ninth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence(AAAI-91), 1991, 762~767
[76] Zurada. Jacek M. Introduction to Artificial Neural Systems, New York: West Publishing Company. 1992, 59~74
[77] Y. Hayashi, J. Buckley, E. Czogola. Fuzzy neural networks with fuzzy signals and weights. Internat. J. Intell. Systems, 1993, 8:527~537
[78] Bala J. Shape Analgsis using Hybird Learning. Pattern Recognition,1996, 29(8):1323~1333
[79] M.La Scala, M.Trovato, F.Torelli. A Neural Network-Based Method for Voltage Security Monitoring. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.1996,11(3):1332~134
[80] Yao X. Evolving artificial neural networks, IEEE Trans Neural Networks,1999, 87(9):1423~1447
[81] Dyckhoff H, Pedrycz W. Generalized mean as a model of compensation connectives. Fuzzy Sets System, 1984, 14: 143~154
[82] Zimmermann H J, Zysno P. Latent connectives in human decision-making. FuzzySets System, 1984, 4:37~51
[83] Good P V, Chow M. Using a neural/fuzzy system to extract heuristic knowledge of ncipient faults in induction motors. IEEE Tran. Ind. Electron, 1995, 42:131~145
[84] Kawamura A, Watanabe N. A prototype of neuron-fuzzy cooperation system. IEEE Fuzzy’92, 1992, 1275~1282
[85] Tang T H, Lin X, Li J R, Chen B S. A new fuzzy neural network approach for intelligent monitoring system. IFAC Transportation system, Chania, Greece, 1997, 691~696
[86]焦李成.神经网络计算.西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,1996
[87] ChiuS L. Fuzzy model identification based on cluster estimation. Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, 1994, 2(3):54~58
[88] Li Xiao-Ou, Lara-Rosano F.. Adaptive fuzzy Petri nets for dynamic knowledge representation and inference. Expert Systems with Applications, 2000, 19(3):235~241
[89] Jonathan Lee, Kevin Fevin F. R. Liu. A Fuzzy Petri Net-Based Expert System and Its Application to Damage Assessment of Bridges. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Part B: Cybernetics, June 1999, 29(3):350~370
[90] T. Cao, A. C. Sanderson. Representation and Analysis of Uncertainty Using Fuzzy Petri Nets, Fuzzy System, 1995, 3: 3~19
[91] Jonathan Lee, Kevin F. R. Liu, Weiling Chiang. A Fuzzy Petri Net-Based Expert System and Its Application to Damage Assessment of Bridges, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics–Part B: Cybernetics, June, 1999, 29(3):350~369
[92] Scarpelli, F. Gomide, and R. R. Yager. A Reasoning Algorithm for High-level Fuzzy Petri Nets, IEEE Trans. Fuzzy System, 1996,4(3): 282~293
[93] X. Li, F. Lara-Rosano. Fuzzy Petri Nets for Dynamic Knowledge Representation and Inference, Expert Systems with Applications, 2000, 235~241
[94] Yuan Zengren. Artificial Neural Network Application, Qinghua University Press, Beijing, 1999
[95] A. J. Bugarn, S. Barro. Fuzzy reasoning supported by Petri nets, IEEE Trans, Fuzzy System, 1994, 2(2) :135~150
[96] W. Pedrycz, F. Gomide. A Generalized Fuzzy Petri Nets Model. IEEE Trans. Fuzzy System, Nov, 1994: 295~301
[97] Xiaoou Li, Wen Yu. Object Oriented Fuzzy Petri Net for Complex Knowledge System Modeling, IEEE international conference on control applications, Sept, 2001, 476~481
[98] H. Scarepelli, F. Gomide. A High Level Net Approach for Discovering Potential Inconsistencies in Fuzzy Knowledge Bases, Fuzzy Sets System, June 1994, 62(2), 175~193,
[99] LEECJ. Field experience and pollution monitoring of composite long rod insulators. Second International Conference on the Reliability.Transmission and Distribution Equipment. Coventry, 1995, 204~209
[100] Rarraud R. Comparative electric field calculations and measurements on high voltage insulators. Electra, 1992, 68 (141):45~49
[101] Pokarier B, Lee C, HawkerD. Leakage current monitoring of composite long rod insulators. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference On Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials, Brisbane, 1994, 2:530~533
[102] Vlastos AE, Orbeck T. Out door leakage current monitoring of silicone composite insulators in coastal service conditions. IEEE Transon Power Delivery, 2006, 11(2):1066~1070
[103] Wu S. Polymer interface and adhension. Markcel Dekker Inc., NewYork, 1982 Karady G. G. Outdoor insulation. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering, 1989, 30~41
[104] Hackam R. Outdoor HV composite insulator. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 1999, 6(5):557~585
[105] Karady G. G., Schneider H. M.and Rizk F. A. M. Review of CIGRE and IEEE research into pollution performance of non-ceremic insulators: field ageing effects and laboratory test techniques. In: Proceedings of the 35th International Conference on Large High Voltage Electric Systems, Pare, 1994, 30~103
[106] Janssen H. Herden A. and Kaerner H. C. LMW components in silicone rubbers and epoxy resins. In: IEE Conference Publication, 1999, 4: 4~12
[107] Chang J.W, Gorur R.S. Surface recovery of silicone rubber used for HV ourdoor insulateon. IEEE Transaction on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 1994, 1(6):1039~1046
[108] Liang X.D. Effective contaminant deposit density: a new concept of the pollution level of composite insulators, In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials, Brisbane, Australia, 1994, 523~526
[109] Kim J., Chaudhury M.K. Corona-discharge-induced hydrophobicity loss and recovery of silicones. In: Annual Report of Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena,1999, 703~706
[110] Liang X. D. On the inspection and evaluation method of polluted compositeinsulators. Swedish Transmission Research Institute Report H96-220, 1996
[111]高野哲美.污秽绝缘子沿表面的泄漏电流与表面状态的关系.电气学会高电压研究会资料,1996, HV296(1210),53~61
[112]李治,王永江,王黎明等.绝缘子泄漏电流和放电现象的初步研究.高电压技术,2002,28(1):1~2
[113] FernandoMARM, Gubanski S M. Analysis of leakage current waveforms for field aged and new composite insulators. IEEE Annual Report Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena, Minneapolis,1997
[114] Giriantari I A D, Blackburn T R. Frequency characteristics of PD waveforms on polluted composite insulators surfaces. Proceedings of 2001 International Symposiumon Electrical Insulating Materials, Himeji Japan, 2001, 391~394
[115] M. Fukushima, Y. Sunaga, T. Sasano, Y. Sawada. AN. RI and TVI from Single Unit Flashover of HVDC Suspension Insulator Strings. IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, 1977, 96(4):1233~1241
[116] F.A.M.Rizk. Mathematical Model for Pollution Flashover, IEEE Electra, 1981, 78:101~116
[117]张仁豫.绝缘污秽放电.北京,水利电力出版社,第一版,1994
[118]陆敏杰,贾博岩.500 kV输电线路用复合绝缘子憎水性能分析.河北电力技术,2006,25(4):7~8.
[119]魏远航,武利会,王成华.大气环境对合成绝缘子的憎水性影响分析.高电压技术,2006,32(5):31~34
[120]司马文霞,刘贞瑶,蒋兴良等.硅橡胶表面分离水珠放电特性的研究,高电压技术,2004,30 (2):7~9
[121]蒋兴良,李名加,司马文霞.污湿环境中合成绝缘子憎水性影响因素分析.高电压技术,2002,28 (9):5~7
[122]关志成,陈原.硅橡胶合成绝缘子的憎水性使用寿命的研究.高电压技术,1998,24 (1):628
[123] Kim S.H., Cherney E.A. and Hackam R. Loss and recovery of hydrophobicity of RTV silicone rubber insulator coatings. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 1990, 5(3): 1491~1500
[124] Chang J.W. The role of backbone chain rotation in the hydrophobility recovery of polymeric materials for outdoor insulation. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Conduction and Breakdown in Solid Dielectrics, Italy, 1992: 270~274
[125] STRI Guide 92/1. Hydrophobicity classification guide. Swedish Transmission Research Institute,1992
[126] Wang S.W., Liang X.D. Laboratory study on hydrophobicity and pollution flashover propertyes of polymer insulators. In: Annual Report of Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena, Austin, 1999, 723~726
[127] Kim J., Chaudhury M.K. Corona-discharge-induced hydrophobicity loss and recovery of silicones. In: Annual Report of Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena,1999, 703~706
[128] Sima Wenqing, Gu Leguan, Shun Caixin. Study on electric field distribution and flashover mechanism of polluted suspension insulator. ICPADM'2000, June 2000, 2:806~808
[129]粟福,贾逸梅,王均谭,李刚.500 kV绝缘子串的人工雾淞覆冰和放电试验.中国电机工程学报,1999,19( 2):75~77
[130] Liang X.D., Wang S.W. Artificial pollution test and pollution performance of composite insulators. In: Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering, London, UK, 1999, 337~340
[131] A.C.Baker, L.E.Zaffanella, L.D.Anzivino. Contamination Performance of HVDC Station Post Insulators. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 1988, 3(4):1968~1975.
[132] Y.Hasegawa, K.Naito, K.Arakawa. A Comparative Program on HVDC Contaminationests. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 1988, 3(4):1986~1995
[133] M.A.Salam, K.Aamer, A.Hamdan. Study the Relationship Between the Resistance and ESDD of a Contaminated Insulator a Laboratory Approach. International Conference on Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials, 2003, 3:1032~1034.
[134] G.Montoya, I.Ramirez, J.I.Montoya, Correlation Among ESDD, NSDD and Leakage Current in Distribution Insulators, IEE Proceedings on Generation Transmission and Distribution, 2004, 151(3):334~340.
[135] BiIl.Dobbs, W.g Dunbar, Christina Tarvin. High Voltage Design Guide Summary. IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation, 1989, 1:423~428
[136] M. Farzaneh. J. L. Laforte. Ice accretion on conductors enemized by AC and DC: A laboratory investigation of ice treeing. Proceedings of the International Shore and Polar Engineering Conference, Singapore, 1993, 663~671
[137] S.Mallat, W. L. Hwang. Singularity Detection and Processing with Wavelet. IEEE Transaction Information Theory. 1992, 38(2):617~643
[138]杨福生.小波变换的工程分析与应用.北京:科学出版社,20001
[139]许涛,戴玉松,李建明.小波分析用于电力设备绝缘在线监测中信噪分离的研究.四川工业学院报.2004, 23(2):13~15
[140]聂一雄,尹项根.绝缘子在线检测方法的探讨.现代科学仪器,2000,1:27~30
[141] Mu-Song Chen, Shinn-Wen Wang. Fuzzy clustering analysis for optimizing fuzzy membership function. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 1999, 103:239~254
[142] S.J. Horikawa, T. Furuhashi, Y. Uchikawa. On fuzzy modeling using fuzzy neural networks with the backpropagation algorithms. IEEE Trans. Neural Networks, 1992, 3:801~806
[143] Chiu, S. Method and software for extracting fuzzy classification rules by subtractive clustering. Fuzzy Information Processing Society, 1996. NAFIPS. 1996 Biennial Conference of the North American, 1996, 461~ 465
[144] Zhiming Zhang, Yue Wang, Ran Tao. An improved self-organizing CPN-based fuzzy system with adaptive back-propagation algorithm. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 2002, 130:227~236
[145] Scarpelli H.,Gomide F.,Yager R.. A reasoning algorithm for high-level fuzzy Petri nets. IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems,1996, 4(3):282~294
[146] FayA.. A fuzzy knowledge-based system for railway traffic control. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 2000,13(6):719~729
[147] Li Xiao-Ou, Lara-Rosano F.. A daptive fuzzy Petri nets for dynamic knowledge representation and inference. Expert Systems with Applications, 2000, 19(3):235~241
[148] Tsang E.C.C.,Yeung D.S., Lee J.W.T.. Learning Capability in Fuzzy Petri nets. In: Proceeding of the1999 IEEE International Conferenceon Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Tokyo,1999, 355~360
[149] Li Xiao-Ou,Yu Wen, Lara-Rosano F.. Dynamic knowledge inference and learning under adaptive fuzzy Petri net framework. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetic-Part C: Applications and Reviews, 2000, 30(4):442~449
[150] Ren LQ, Zhao ZY. An optimal neural network and concrete strength modeling. J Adv Engng Software, 2002, 33:117~130
[151] Puyin Liu, Hongxing Li. Efficient Learning Algorithms for Three-Layer Regular Feedforward Fuzzy Neural Networks. IEEE Trans. on Neural Networks, 2004, 15(3):545~559
[152] Yin Wang, Gang Rong. A self-organizing neural-network based fuzzy system. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 1999, 103:1~11.
[153] Zhang H. and Hacham R. Surface resistance and hydrophobicity of HTV silicone rubber in the Presence of Salt-fog. In: Proceedings of IEEE InternationalSymposium on Electrical Insulation, Virginia, USA, 1998. 355~359
[154] Barch R. and Winter H. J. On the Evaluation of influence on the hydrophobicity of silicone rubber surface. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering, Montreal, Canada, 1997, 13~16
[155] Guan Z.C., Chen Y. and Liang X.D. Contamination-flashover of silicone rubber composite insulators-II. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on High Voltage Engineer, Montreal, Canada, 1997, 305~308
[156] Sundararajan R. Prelininary theoretical study on the flashover voltage of polymeric insulators. In: Annual Report of Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena,1995, 412~415
[157] Liang X.D., Wang S.W. The development of composit insulators in China. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,1999, 6(5): 586~594
[158] R. Barsch, H. Jahn and J. Lambrecht. Test methods for polymeric insulating materials for outdoor HV insultion. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, October 1999, 6(5):26~29.
[159] George Karady. Flashover mechanism of non-ceramic insulators. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Tnsulation, October 1999, 6(8):11~14
[160] Vaillancourt G H, Bilodeau P. Diagnostic testing of composite insulators used on series compensation platforms in hydro-quebec high voltage engineering.11th-ISH, 1999, 4:23~27
[161] Ivan J. S. Lopes, Shesha H. Jayaram and Edward A. Cherney. A study of partial discharges from water droplets on a silicone rubber insulating surface. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, April 2001, 8(2):28~31
[162] Y.Higashiyama and T.Sugimoto. Electrical Breakdown of Heavily Polluted Capped Snow on Insulators Strings. 8th WAIS, 1998, 199~203
[163] M. M. Morcos and K.D. Srivastava. On The Statistical Testing of Solid Dielectric. IEEE International Conference on Conduction and Breakdown in Solid Dielectrics, 1998, 514~518
[164] Ivan J S Lopes, Shesha H J ayaram, Edward A Cherney. A study of partial discharges from water droplets on a silicone rubber insulating surface. IEEE Trans on D & EI, 2001, 8 (2): 262~268
[165]关志成.合成绝缘子憎水性迁移机理的研究.高电压技术,1998,24(2):13~15
[166]张福林.复合绝缘子外绝缘材质憎水性迁移的稳定性.高压电器.2002,38(1):35~37
[167]袁崇义.Petri网.南京:东南大学出版社,1989
[168]陈玉宝,蔡元龙,夏继强.故障诊断综合信息Petri网的研究.中国机械工程,2000,11(3):321 ~324
[169] Minghu Jiang, Georges Gielen, Beixing Deng. A fast learning algorithm for time-delay neural networks. Information Sciences, 2002, 148: 27~39
[170] Siu-yeung Cho, Tommy W.S. Chow. Training multilayer neural networks using fast global learning algorithm-least-squares and penalized optimization methods. Neurocomputing,1999, 25:115~131
[171] Mu-Song Chen, Shinn-Wen Wang. Fuzzy clustering analysis for optimizing fuzzy membership function. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 1999, 103:239~254
[172] S.J. Horikawa, T. Furuhashi, Y. Uchikawa. On fuzzy modeling using fuzzy neural networks with the backpropagation algorithms. IEEE Trans. Neural Networks, 1992, 3:801~806
[173] Puyin Liu and Hongxing Li. Efficient Learning Algorithms for Three-Layer Regular Feedforward Fuzzy Neural Networks. IEEE Trans. on Neural Networks, 2004, 15(3):545~559
[174] Yin Wang, Gang Rong. A self-organizing neural-network based fuzzy system. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 1999, 103:1~11
[175]苑吉河,将兴良,舒立春等.盐/灰密对不同型式绝缘子交流人工污秽闪络特性的影响.中国电机工程学报,2007,27(6):96~100
[2] CIGRE WG.. Worldwide service experience with HV composite insulators. Electra, 2000, 191:27~43
[3]胡毅.送电线路绝缘子运行性能及分析.高电压技术.2001,27 (2):33~35
[4]朱德恒,严璋.高电压绝缘.清华大学出版社,1992
[5]王进华.合成绝缘子在污湿环境下交流闪络特性及机理的研究.[硕士学位论文].重庆:重庆大学图书馆,2002
[6] Zhang Jianhui, Sun Xincai. DC Flashover Performance of Iced Insulators. 6th-ISH-89, 1989, 132~138
[7]李生海.影响高海拔外绝缘湿放电特性的几种因素.青海电力.1994,3:18~21
[8]于德芬,孙才新,顾乐观等.酸性湿沉降对绝缘子闪络特性影响的表征研究,中国电机工程学报,2001,21 (4) :15~19
[9]舒立春,孙才新,顾乐观.Effect of Conductive Ice and Pres-sure on Flashover Performance of Short Insulators Strings.7th-IWAIS-96, 1996, 34~39
[10]司马文霞,蒋兴良,武利会等.低气压覆冰染污10kV合成绝缘子直流电气特性,中国电机工程学报,2004,24 (7):122~126
[11]杨引虎.大面积污闪事故原因分析与防范对策.中国电力,1998,4:54~57
[12]胡毅.2.22电网大面积污闪原因及对策.高电压技术,2001,27(2):30 ~32
[13]王国春,陈原,张开贤.1999年3月京津唐电网部分线路闪络原因分析及反措.华北电力技术,1999,8:5~ 9
[14] Vaillancourt G H, Bellerive J P, St-Jean M. Experience with two Fault composite insulators detection methods in hydro-quebec. 10th ISH, 1991, (2):14~67
[15]蔡伟,李敏,杨颜红.污秽绝缘子在线监测系统的设计与实现.电力系统自动化.2002,26(17): 45~48
[16] Shu Lichun, SunCaixin. A Study on Flashover Characteristics of Polluted Composite Insulators under Acid Fog Conditions. 9th-1SH-95, 1995
[17] Shu Lichun, SunCaixin. Insulation Characteristics and Correction of Insulators under Special Conditions. ACE1D-94(Proceedings of the Asian Conference on Electrical Insulation Diagnosis '94, 1994
[18]杨引虎.大面积污闪事故原因分析与防范对策.中国电力.1998,4:74~75
[19]关志成,王绍武,梁曦东等.我国电力系统绝缘子污闪事故及其对策.高电压技术,2000,26(6):37~39
[20]关志成,王绍武,梁曦东,王黎明,范炬.我国电力系统绝缘子污闪事故及其对策.高电压技术,2000, 26(6):37~39
[21] Guan Z. C. Chen Y. and Liang X.D. Contamination-flashover of silicone rubber composite insulators-I. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on High Voltage Engineer, Montreal, Canada, 1997, 301~304
[22]周正.常德及湘潭电网大面积污闪事故的分析.电力安全技术,2003, 5(4):23~30
[23]张宇,肖嵘,华东电网2.20污闪事故的分析和思考华东电力.华东电力,2004, 32(9):7~22
[24]袁红波,郭贤珊.佛山电网110-500kV输电线路污闪事故与对策.华中电力,2005,18(4):55~58
[25]宿志一.防止大面积污闪的根本出路是提高电网的基本外绝缘水平—对我国电网大面积污闪事故的反思.中国电力, 2003,36(12):57~61
[26] M. Is hii, K.S himada, T. K awamura,T. M atsumoto. Flashover of contaminated surface under low atmosphericpr essure. Proceedings of the 4th ISH, At hens, 1983, 2:56~61
[27] Su Fuheng, Jia Yimei. Faults of composite insulator in service and research of on-line detection method.11th-ISH, 1999, 4(23): 208~211
[28] N. Knudsen, J. L. Lundquist. Recent Results from Corona Effect Studies and Experimental Investigation at the EHV Test Station at Anneberg. CIGRE Symposium, 1981, 22~81
[29] Gu Leguan, Shu Lichun, Sun Chaixin. Study on the Application of Electric Outer Insulation in Severe Environment. CMR'98, AKITA, 1998, 256~261
[30]孙才新,司马文霞.大气环境与电气外绝缘.中国电力出版社,2002
[31]程养春,李成榕,王伟.水分和污秽对电场法在线检测合成绝缘子的影响.高电压技术,2001,27(6):14~17
[32]江秀臣,安玲,韩振东等.值盐密现场测量方法的研究.中国电机工程学报,2000,20(2),40~43
[33]张冠军,王雪,严璋等.高压绝缘子远程在线检测系统的初步研究.高电压技术.2003,29(7):7~9
[34]刘金华,周永强,徐滤非等.绝缘子泄漏电流在线监测系统.华中电力,2000,12(2):8~10
[35]蔡伟,李敏.绝缘子遥测系统中无线通信技术的应用.电网技术,2003,27(6):48~51
[36]黄新波,刘家兵,王向利等.线路绝缘子污秽在线监测系统.华北电力技术,2004,(3):20~22
[37] Yukio Mizuno, Hiroaki Kusada and Katsuhiko Naito. Effect of Climatic Conditions on Contamination Flashover Voltage of Insulators. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Elecfrical Insulation, 1997, 4(3):286~289
[38]赵子玉,彭宗仁,谢恒奎.悬式绝缘子污层电导率与泄漏电流的现场测试技术研究.电工技术学报,1997,12(2):43~46
[39] O De La A. Gorur R. S. Electrical performance of non-ceramic insulators in artificial contamination test: role of resting time. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 1996, 3(6): 827~835
[40]万收兰,程养春,李成榕等.基于人工神经网络的零值绝缘子诊断.高电压技术.2002,28(6):6~8
[41]李卫东,唐丽艳,李天云.基于人工神经网络的故障绝缘子诊断新方法.高电压技术.1994,20(3):25~27
[42] Matsuoka R. Shinokubo H. Artificial contamination withstand voltage characteristics of polymer insulators. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on Electrical Insulating Materials, 1995, 487~490
[43] Renowden TD, Richerds CN. Development of a remote insulator contamination monitoring system. Elec World, 1996, (10):39~40
[44] N. H. Narayanan, N.Viswanadham. A Methodology Por Knowledge Acquisition and Reasoning In Failure of Systems IEEE Trans.Systems. Man, cybemetics, 1987, 17: 274~288
[45] KosugiA, IhuiY, IshikawaetM. The diagnosis of insulators using artificial neural network kin distribution lines. NGKRev(OverseasEd), 1993, 93(17):56~59
[46] M. Yasui, Y Takahashi, A. Takenaka. TVI and An Characteristics of HVDC Insulator Assemblies under Contaminated Condition. IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery. 1988, 3(4):1913~1918
[47] R. Matsuoka, K. Kondo, K. Naito, M. Lshii. Influence of nonsoluble contaminants on the flashover voltage of artificially contaminated insulators. IEEE PES Paper, 1995, 420~430
[48] Y. Li, M. Farzaneh, J. Zhang. Critical flashover voltage of short HV insulator covered with ice at low atmospheric pressure. Proceedings of International Conference on Power System Technology, 1998, 1: 520~523.
[49] M. Farzaneh, Y. Li, S. M. Fikke, H. Mercure. DC flashover artificial ice-covered insulators at low at mosphericp ressure. Proceedings of the 9th in ternational of shore and Polar Engineering Conference, Brest, France, 1999, 612~615
[50] KaradyG G, SchneiderHM, RizkFAM. Review of CIGRE and IEEE Research into Pollution Performance of Non-ceramic Insulators: Field Aging Effects and Laboratory Test Techniques. Paris CIGRE, 1994, 33~103
[51]聂一雄,尹项根,刘春.浅论绝缘子串电晕电流的统计特性.高压电器,2003,39(5):29~31
[52] M. Harzaneh, J. K iemicki. Flashover problems caused by ice. Electrical Insulation Magazine,1995, 11(2):5~ 17
[53] M. Farzaneh, J. F. Drapeau. AC flashover performance of insulators covered with artificial ice. IEEE Trans.on Power Delivery, 1995, 10(2):1038~1051
[54] M. Farzaneh, J. Kiernicki. Flashover performance of IEEE standard insulators under ice conditions. IEEE Trans.on Power Delivery, 1997, 12(4):1602~1613
[55] L. Go. AC flashover characteristics of EHV line insulator for high altitude contamination regions. ICPAMA-88, 1988. M. Kawai. AC flashover test at project UHV on ice-coated insulators. IEEE Trans. On Power Apparatus&Systems, 1990, 89:1800~1804
[56] M. D.C hameski, G. L.Gaibrois, B. F. Whitney. Flashover test on artificial iced insulators. IEEE trans.on Power Apparatus& Systems, 1982, 101(8):2429~2433
[57] R. Wilkins. Characteristics of low current arcs relevant to pollution flashover. Second International Conference on Gas Discharges, IEE, 1992, 206~208
[58] Riquel G, Spangenberg E. Review of in service diagnostic testing of composite insulators. Electra1996, 169(12):105~119
[59]李成榕,程养春,陈宇等.电场测量法在线检测合成绝缘子内绝缘缺陷的研究.高电压技术,1999,25(1):39~41
[60] Jyh-shing Roger Jang. ANFIS: Adaptive-Network-Based Fuzzy Inference System. IEEE transactions on systems, man, and cybernetics. 1993, 23 (3):154~157
[61]吴今培.智能故障诊断与专家系统.北京:科学出版社,1990
[62] Fink, P.K. Expert System and diagnostic expertise in mechanical and electrical domain. IEEE Trans. On SMC, 1997, 17(3):340~349
[63] Venkatasubramanian,V. Process fault detection and diagnosis using neural networks: I.Computers Chemical engineering, 1990, 14: 699~722
[64] Mitra, S. S. K. Logical operation based fuzzy MLP for classification and rule generation. Neural Networks, 1994, 7(2):353~373
[65]徐扬.模糊系统与专家系统.西南交通大学出版社,1989
[66] Angeli C, C hatzinikolaou A. An expert system approach to fault diagnosis in hydraulic systems. Expert system.1995, 12(4):323~329
[67] S. M. Chen. A knowledge acquisition scheme for rule-based expert systems based on fuzzy Petri nets, Int. J. Inf. Manage., 1994, 1(3): 45~56
[68] S.M.Chen, J. S. Ke, J. F. Chang. Knowledge representation using fuzzy Petri nets. IEEE Trans. Knowledge. Data Engineering, Sept. 1990, 311~319
[69]刘有才,刘增良.模糊专家系统原理与设计.北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,1995
[70] Kosko, B. Neural Networks and Fuzzy System. Prenutic-Hall International inc. 1992, 35~39
[71] Keller J. M. Neural networks implementation of fuzzy logic, Fuzzy sets and System, 1992, 45(1):1~12
[72] Choi, Jai. T. Fuzzy parameter adaptation in neural Systems. IJCNN’92, 1992, 1:232~238
[73] Kavuri, S. N, Venkatasubramanian V. Neural networks decomposition strategies for 1arge-scale fault diagnosis. Int. J control, 1994, 59(3):767~792
[74] Jiang Chang, Yan Peng. Movable Propeller Turbine Neural Network Model and Nonlinear Simulation. In: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc, The Fourth International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics. Baoding. Hebei Univeristy. 2005, 1220~1225
[75] J.-S. Roger Jang. Fuzzy modeling using generalized neural networks and Kalman filter algorithm. In Proceedings of the ninth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence(AAAI-91), 1991, 762~767
[76] Zurada. Jacek M. Introduction to Artificial Neural Systems, New York: West Publishing Company. 1992, 59~74
[77] Y. Hayashi, J. Buckley, E. Czogola. Fuzzy neural networks with fuzzy signals and weights. Internat. J. Intell. Systems, 1993, 8:527~537
[78] Bala J. Shape Analgsis using Hybird Learning. Pattern Recognition,1996, 29(8):1323~1333
[79] M.La Scala, M.Trovato, F.Torelli. A Neural Network-Based Method for Voltage Security Monitoring. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.1996,11(3):1332~134
[80] Yao X. Evolving artificial neural networks, IEEE Trans Neural Networks,1999, 87(9):1423~1447
[81] Dyckhoff H, Pedrycz W. Generalized mean as a model of compensation connectives. Fuzzy Sets System, 1984, 14: 143~154
[82] Zimmermann H J, Zysno P. Latent connectives in human decision-making. FuzzySets System, 1984, 4:37~51
[83] Good P V, Chow M. Using a neural/fuzzy system to extract heuristic knowledge of ncipient faults in induction motors. IEEE Tran. Ind. Electron, 1995, 42:131~145
[84] Kawamura A, Watanabe N. A prototype of neuron-fuzzy cooperation system. IEEE Fuzzy’92, 1992, 1275~1282
[85] Tang T H, Lin X, Li J R, Chen B S. A new fuzzy neural network approach for intelligent monitoring system. IFAC Transportation system, Chania, Greece, 1997, 691~696
[86]焦李成.神经网络计算.西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,1996
[87] ChiuS L. Fuzzy model identification based on cluster estimation. Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, 1994, 2(3):54~58
[88] Li Xiao-Ou, Lara-Rosano F.. Adaptive fuzzy Petri nets for dynamic knowledge representation and inference. Expert Systems with Applications, 2000, 19(3):235~241
[89] Jonathan Lee, Kevin Fevin F. R. Liu. A Fuzzy Petri Net-Based Expert System and Its Application to Damage Assessment of Bridges. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Part B: Cybernetics, June 1999, 29(3):350~370
[90] T. Cao, A. C. Sanderson. Representation and Analysis of Uncertainty Using Fuzzy Petri Nets, Fuzzy System, 1995, 3: 3~19
[91] Jonathan Lee, Kevin F. R. Liu, Weiling Chiang. A Fuzzy Petri Net-Based Expert System and Its Application to Damage Assessment of Bridges, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics–Part B: Cybernetics, June, 1999, 29(3):350~369
[92] Scarpelli, F. Gomide, and R. R. Yager. A Reasoning Algorithm for High-level Fuzzy Petri Nets, IEEE Trans. Fuzzy System, 1996,4(3): 282~293
[93] X. Li, F. Lara-Rosano. Fuzzy Petri Nets for Dynamic Knowledge Representation and Inference, Expert Systems with Applications, 2000, 235~241
[94] Yuan Zengren. Artificial Neural Network Application, Qinghua University Press, Beijing, 1999
[95] A. J. Bugarn, S. Barro. Fuzzy reasoning supported by Petri nets, IEEE Trans, Fuzzy System, 1994, 2(2) :135~150
[96] W. Pedrycz, F. Gomide. A Generalized Fuzzy Petri Nets Model. IEEE Trans. Fuzzy System, Nov, 1994: 295~301
[97] Xiaoou Li, Wen Yu. Object Oriented Fuzzy Petri Net for Complex Knowledge System Modeling, IEEE international conference on control applications, Sept, 2001, 476~481
[98] H. Scarepelli, F. Gomide. A High Level Net Approach for Discovering Potential Inconsistencies in Fuzzy Knowledge Bases, Fuzzy Sets System, June 1994, 62(2), 175~193,
[99] LEECJ. Field experience and pollution monitoring of composite long rod insulators. Second International Conference on the Reliability.Transmission and Distribution Equipment. Coventry, 1995, 204~209
[100] Rarraud R. Comparative electric field calculations and measurements on high voltage insulators. Electra, 1992, 68 (141):45~49
[101] Pokarier B, Lee C, HawkerD. Leakage current monitoring of composite long rod insulators. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference On Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials, Brisbane, 1994, 2:530~533
[102] Vlastos AE, Orbeck T. Out door leakage current monitoring of silicone composite insulators in coastal service conditions. IEEE Transon Power Delivery, 2006, 11(2):1066~1070
[103] Wu S. Polymer interface and adhension. Markcel Dekker Inc., NewYork, 1982 Karady G. G. Outdoor insulation. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering, 1989, 30~41
[104] Hackam R. Outdoor HV composite insulator. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 1999, 6(5):557~585
[105] Karady G. G., Schneider H. M.and Rizk F. A. M. Review of CIGRE and IEEE research into pollution performance of non-ceremic insulators: field ageing effects and laboratory test techniques. In: Proceedings of the 35th International Conference on Large High Voltage Electric Systems, Pare, 1994, 30~103
[106] Janssen H. Herden A. and Kaerner H. C. LMW components in silicone rubbers and epoxy resins. In: IEE Conference Publication, 1999, 4: 4~12
[107] Chang J.W, Gorur R.S. Surface recovery of silicone rubber used for HV ourdoor insulateon. IEEE Transaction on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 1994, 1(6):1039~1046
[108] Liang X.D. Effective contaminant deposit density: a new concept of the pollution level of composite insulators, In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials, Brisbane, Australia, 1994, 523~526
[109] Kim J., Chaudhury M.K. Corona-discharge-induced hydrophobicity loss and recovery of silicones. In: Annual Report of Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena,1999, 703~706
[110] Liang X. D. On the inspection and evaluation method of polluted compositeinsulators. Swedish Transmission Research Institute Report H96-220, 1996
[111]高野哲美.污秽绝缘子沿表面的泄漏电流与表面状态的关系.电气学会高电压研究会资料,1996, HV296(1210),53~61
[112]李治,王永江,王黎明等.绝缘子泄漏电流和放电现象的初步研究.高电压技术,2002,28(1):1~2
[113] FernandoMARM, Gubanski S M. Analysis of leakage current waveforms for field aged and new composite insulators. IEEE Annual Report Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena, Minneapolis,1997
[114] Giriantari I A D, Blackburn T R. Frequency characteristics of PD waveforms on polluted composite insulators surfaces. Proceedings of 2001 International Symposiumon Electrical Insulating Materials, Himeji Japan, 2001, 391~394
[115] M. Fukushima, Y. Sunaga, T. Sasano, Y. Sawada. AN. RI and TVI from Single Unit Flashover of HVDC Suspension Insulator Strings. IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, 1977, 96(4):1233~1241
[116] F.A.M.Rizk. Mathematical Model for Pollution Flashover, IEEE Electra, 1981, 78:101~116
[117]张仁豫.绝缘污秽放电.北京,水利电力出版社,第一版,1994
[118]陆敏杰,贾博岩.500 kV输电线路用复合绝缘子憎水性能分析.河北电力技术,2006,25(4):7~8.
[119]魏远航,武利会,王成华.大气环境对合成绝缘子的憎水性影响分析.高电压技术,2006,32(5):31~34
[120]司马文霞,刘贞瑶,蒋兴良等.硅橡胶表面分离水珠放电特性的研究,高电压技术,2004,30 (2):7~9
[121]蒋兴良,李名加,司马文霞.污湿环境中合成绝缘子憎水性影响因素分析.高电压技术,2002,28 (9):5~7
[122]关志成,陈原.硅橡胶合成绝缘子的憎水性使用寿命的研究.高电压技术,1998,24 (1):628
[123] Kim S.H., Cherney E.A. and Hackam R. Loss and recovery of hydrophobicity of RTV silicone rubber insulator coatings. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 1990, 5(3): 1491~1500
[124] Chang J.W. The role of backbone chain rotation in the hydrophobility recovery of polymeric materials for outdoor insulation. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Conduction and Breakdown in Solid Dielectrics, Italy, 1992: 270~274
[125] STRI Guide 92/1. Hydrophobicity classification guide. Swedish Transmission Research Institute,1992
[126] Wang S.W., Liang X.D. Laboratory study on hydrophobicity and pollution flashover propertyes of polymer insulators. In: Annual Report of Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena, Austin, 1999, 723~726
[127] Kim J., Chaudhury M.K. Corona-discharge-induced hydrophobicity loss and recovery of silicones. In: Annual Report of Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena,1999, 703~706
[128] Sima Wenqing, Gu Leguan, Shun Caixin. Study on electric field distribution and flashover mechanism of polluted suspension insulator. ICPADM'2000, June 2000, 2:806~808
[129]粟福,贾逸梅,王均谭,李刚.500 kV绝缘子串的人工雾淞覆冰和放电试验.中国电机工程学报,1999,19( 2):75~77
[130] Liang X.D., Wang S.W. Artificial pollution test and pollution performance of composite insulators. In: Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering, London, UK, 1999, 337~340
[131] A.C.Baker, L.E.Zaffanella, L.D.Anzivino. Contamination Performance of HVDC Station Post Insulators. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 1988, 3(4):1968~1975.
[132] Y.Hasegawa, K.Naito, K.Arakawa. A Comparative Program on HVDC Contaminationests. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 1988, 3(4):1986~1995
[133] M.A.Salam, K.Aamer, A.Hamdan. Study the Relationship Between the Resistance and ESDD of a Contaminated Insulator a Laboratory Approach. International Conference on Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials, 2003, 3:1032~1034.
[134] G.Montoya, I.Ramirez, J.I.Montoya, Correlation Among ESDD, NSDD and Leakage Current in Distribution Insulators, IEE Proceedings on Generation Transmission and Distribution, 2004, 151(3):334~340.
[135] BiIl.Dobbs, W.g Dunbar, Christina Tarvin. High Voltage Design Guide Summary. IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation, 1989, 1:423~428
[136] M. Farzaneh. J. L. Laforte. Ice accretion on conductors enemized by AC and DC: A laboratory investigation of ice treeing. Proceedings of the International Shore and Polar Engineering Conference, Singapore, 1993, 663~671
[137] S.Mallat, W. L. Hwang. Singularity Detection and Processing with Wavelet. IEEE Transaction Information Theory. 1992, 38(2):617~643
[138]杨福生.小波变换的工程分析与应用.北京:科学出版社,20001
[139]许涛,戴玉松,李建明.小波分析用于电力设备绝缘在线监测中信噪分离的研究.四川工业学院报.2004, 23(2):13~15
[140]聂一雄,尹项根.绝缘子在线检测方法的探讨.现代科学仪器,2000,1:27~30
[141] Mu-Song Chen, Shinn-Wen Wang. Fuzzy clustering analysis for optimizing fuzzy membership function. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 1999, 103:239~254
[142] S.J. Horikawa, T. Furuhashi, Y. Uchikawa. On fuzzy modeling using fuzzy neural networks with the backpropagation algorithms. IEEE Trans. Neural Networks, 1992, 3:801~806
[143] Chiu, S. Method and software for extracting fuzzy classification rules by subtractive clustering. Fuzzy Information Processing Society, 1996. NAFIPS. 1996 Biennial Conference of the North American, 1996, 461~ 465
[144] Zhiming Zhang, Yue Wang, Ran Tao. An improved self-organizing CPN-based fuzzy system with adaptive back-propagation algorithm. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 2002, 130:227~236
[145] Scarpelli H.,Gomide F.,Yager R.. A reasoning algorithm for high-level fuzzy Petri nets. IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems,1996, 4(3):282~294
[146] FayA.. A fuzzy knowledge-based system for railway traffic control. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 2000,13(6):719~729
[147] Li Xiao-Ou, Lara-Rosano F.. A daptive fuzzy Petri nets for dynamic knowledge representation and inference. Expert Systems with Applications, 2000, 19(3):235~241
[148] Tsang E.C.C.,Yeung D.S., Lee J.W.T.. Learning Capability in Fuzzy Petri nets. In: Proceeding of the1999 IEEE International Conferenceon Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Tokyo,1999, 355~360
[149] Li Xiao-Ou,Yu Wen, Lara-Rosano F.. Dynamic knowledge inference and learning under adaptive fuzzy Petri net framework. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetic-Part C: Applications and Reviews, 2000, 30(4):442~449
[150] Ren LQ, Zhao ZY. An optimal neural network and concrete strength modeling. J Adv Engng Software, 2002, 33:117~130
[151] Puyin Liu, Hongxing Li. Efficient Learning Algorithms for Three-Layer Regular Feedforward Fuzzy Neural Networks. IEEE Trans. on Neural Networks, 2004, 15(3):545~559
[152] Yin Wang, Gang Rong. A self-organizing neural-network based fuzzy system. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 1999, 103:1~11.
[153] Zhang H. and Hacham R. Surface resistance and hydrophobicity of HTV silicone rubber in the Presence of Salt-fog. In: Proceedings of IEEE InternationalSymposium on Electrical Insulation, Virginia, USA, 1998. 355~359
[154] Barch R. and Winter H. J. On the Evaluation of influence on the hydrophobicity of silicone rubber surface. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering, Montreal, Canada, 1997, 13~16
[155] Guan Z.C., Chen Y. and Liang X.D. Contamination-flashover of silicone rubber composite insulators-II. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on High Voltage Engineer, Montreal, Canada, 1997, 305~308
[156] Sundararajan R. Prelininary theoretical study on the flashover voltage of polymeric insulators. In: Annual Report of Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena,1995, 412~415
[157] Liang X.D., Wang S.W. The development of composit insulators in China. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,1999, 6(5): 586~594
[158] R. Barsch, H. Jahn and J. Lambrecht. Test methods for polymeric insulating materials for outdoor HV insultion. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, October 1999, 6(5):26~29.
[159] George Karady. Flashover mechanism of non-ceramic insulators. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Tnsulation, October 1999, 6(8):11~14
[160] Vaillancourt G H, Bilodeau P. Diagnostic testing of composite insulators used on series compensation platforms in hydro-quebec high voltage engineering.11th-ISH, 1999, 4:23~27
[161] Ivan J. S. Lopes, Shesha H. Jayaram and Edward A. Cherney. A study of partial discharges from water droplets on a silicone rubber insulating surface. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, April 2001, 8(2):28~31
[162] Y.Higashiyama and T.Sugimoto. Electrical Breakdown of Heavily Polluted Capped Snow on Insulators Strings. 8th WAIS, 1998, 199~203
[163] M. M. Morcos and K.D. Srivastava. On The Statistical Testing of Solid Dielectric. IEEE International Conference on Conduction and Breakdown in Solid Dielectrics, 1998, 514~518
[164] Ivan J S Lopes, Shesha H J ayaram, Edward A Cherney. A study of partial discharges from water droplets on a silicone rubber insulating surface. IEEE Trans on D & EI, 2001, 8 (2): 262~268
[165]关志成.合成绝缘子憎水性迁移机理的研究.高电压技术,1998,24(2):13~15
[166]张福林.复合绝缘子外绝缘材质憎水性迁移的稳定性.高压电器.2002,38(1):35~37
[167]袁崇义.Petri网.南京:东南大学出版社,1989
[168]陈玉宝,蔡元龙,夏继强.故障诊断综合信息Petri网的研究.中国机械工程,2000,11(3):321 ~324
[169] Minghu Jiang, Georges Gielen, Beixing Deng. A fast learning algorithm for time-delay neural networks. Information Sciences, 2002, 148: 27~39
[170] Siu-yeung Cho, Tommy W.S. Chow. Training multilayer neural networks using fast global learning algorithm-least-squares and penalized optimization methods. Neurocomputing,1999, 25:115~131
[171] Mu-Song Chen, Shinn-Wen Wang. Fuzzy clustering analysis for optimizing fuzzy membership function. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 1999, 103:239~254
[172] S.J. Horikawa, T. Furuhashi, Y. Uchikawa. On fuzzy modeling using fuzzy neural networks with the backpropagation algorithms. IEEE Trans. Neural Networks, 1992, 3:801~806
[173] Puyin Liu and Hongxing Li. Efficient Learning Algorithms for Three-Layer Regular Feedforward Fuzzy Neural Networks. IEEE Trans. on Neural Networks, 2004, 15(3):545~559
[174] Yin Wang, Gang Rong. A self-organizing neural-network based fuzzy system. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 1999, 103:1~11
[175]苑吉河,将兴良,舒立春等.盐/灰密对不同型式绝缘子交流人工污秽闪络特性的影响.中国电机工程学报,2007,27(6):96~100