液货船液舱晃荡问题研究
摘要
随着世界经济的发展，对于液化天然气（LNG）、液化石油气（LPG）等能源的消费需求也在快速增长，这大大刺激了船舶运输技术的不断提高，从而开发了大型液化天然气船（LNG船）、超大型液化气船（VLGC船）等液货船。大型LNG、VLGC船液舱宽度大，装载深度高，在带来更大装载能力的同时，也带来了一定的安全隐患，其在航行过程中可能发生更剧烈的晃荡，产生的冲击压力会威胁到舱壁以及船体结构的安全。因此，晃荡载荷已经成为大型液货船安全性评估的重要内容之一，如何降低晃荡载荷、保证船舶结构的安全，是当今迫切需要解决的问题。
针对液货船液舱的晃荡问题，本文主要做了以下工作：
（1）讨论了数值模拟液体晃荡的基本控制方程以及相应数值方法；
（2）开展了液舱模型晃荡试验，内容包括试验方法设计、试验结果的分析及评估等，并分别进行了LNG，VLGC船液舱模型晃荡试验，在对试验数据分析的基础上，对比讨论了装载率、激励频率等参数对于晃荡冲击压力的影响；
（3）计算分析了VLGC船液舱内水平桁、强肋框和制荡舱壁等内部结构对于晃荡压力、内部液体固有频率的影响；
（4）研究讨论了液舱内部液体密度、粘性以及气体压力等参数对晃荡冲击压力的影响；
（5）对考虑泵塔结构的LNG液舱模型进行了晃荡试验，试验结果表明泵塔结构不会影响液舱内部液体的固有频率。同时测量了泵塔顶部的受力情况，并与数值方法做了对比，该数值方法首先由Morison公式及晃荡数值模拟得到晃荡载荷，进而对泵塔进行结构强度分析。
本文研究的创新性可以总结为以下三个方面：
（1）设计了大型LNG船液舱模型晃荡试验方法，通过分析试验结果表明，LNG液舱70%H高度以上的舱壁是受到晃荡冲击压力最大的危险区域，液舱纵摇运动时，70%H是最危险装载高度；液舱横摇运动时，52.5%H是最危险装载高度，一旦船舶运动频率接近舱内液体固有频率，会产生最大的晃荡冲击压力；
（2）设计并进行了含有内部结构的VLGC船液舱模型晃荡试验，验证了数值方法的准确性。通过对VLGC液舱数值模型的研究，表明内部结构虽然能够减小共振频率下的晃荡冲击压力，但是，如果某一外部激励频率更接近于含内部结构液舱液体的固有频率，相比不含内部结构的液舱，含内部结构的液舱受到的冲击压力反而可能更大。因此，液舱结构设计时，需结合船舶实际航行工况优化合理的内部结构。
（3）提出了考虑泵塔结构的LNG液舱模型晃荡试验方法，通过测量晃荡压力和泵塔顶部支座力，分析了泵塔对于晃荡的影响，以及泵塔结构在晃荡载荷下的响应。在此基础上采用液舱晃荡数值模型和Morison公式对泵塔模型结构进行了分析，通过与试验结果的比较，验证了数值方法的准确性。
With the development of world economy, Liquefied natural gas (LNG),liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and other energy consumer demand are growingrapidly. So that the LNG transport technology continues to improve, and LNGships and VLGC ships become larger and larger. Large-scale liquid cargo ships havegreater load capacity because of large width and loading depth, but at the same time,it also brings security risks that may occur during the voyage, large impact pressurecaused by severe sloshing has a hazard for bulkheads and hull structures. So sloshingloads has become an important part of safety assessment of liquid cargo. How toreduce the sloshing loads and how to ensure the safety of the ship structure is anurgent problem.
Following work is done in this thesis:
(1) The basic governing equations and corresponding numerical methods ofnumerical simulation of liquid sloshing are deeply discussed
(2) Tank model sloshing test including testing processes, analysis and discussionof the test results. Sloshing tests of LNG and VLGC model tanks are designed inthe study. Through statistical analysis of test data, the influence of filling level andexcitation frequency on the impact pressure is also discussed, and some regularityconclusions are made.
(3) A numerical model of Very Large Gas Carriers(VLGC) tank is established.The influence of horizontal grider and swash bulkheads on the impact pressure dueto sloshing and liquid natural frequency are studied.
(4) With the LNG tank sloshing numerical model, the parameters of the tank internal fluid density, viscosity and gas pressure on the sloshing impact pressure arestudied.
(5) An LNG tank model test including the pump tower structure is designed. Thetest results showed that the pump tower will not affect the natural frequency og theliquid within the tank. At the same time, the force on the top of the pump tower wasmeasured. The strength analysis of pump tower is made based on Morison formulaand numerical method.
Through this study, the conclusions can be made as follow:
(1) LNG tank model sloshing test is designed. The effect of filling level,excitation frequency on the impact pressure and liquid natural frequency are studied.Through the analysis of the impact pressure, the bulkhead above70%H height ofLNG tank is the greatest danger area withstand the maxium sloshing impact. Thefilling level of70%H is the most dangerous under pitch condition; The filling levelof70%H is the most dangerous under roll condition, when the excitation frequencyis near the liquid natural frequency in the tank, violent sloshing will be occurred.
(2) VLGC tank model sloshing test is designed. Based on the numerical modeltank, the effect of horizontal grider and swash bulkheads on the impact pressure andliquid natural frequency are studied. The results show that the internal structure cannot only reduce the sloshing impact pressure on the bulkhead, but also change theliquid natural frequency. The tank with internal structures may have larger sloshingthan the tank without internal structures if the excitation frequency is nearer theliquid natural frequency of the tank with internal structures than that of the tankwithout internal structures.
(3) An LNG tank model test including the pump tower structure is designed. Bymeasuringthe pressure and bearing force on the top of pump tower, the effect ofpump tower on sloshing and the response of the pump tower under sloshing loads areanalyzed. The numerical method based on Morison formula and numerical sloshingtank model are used for the analysis of the pump tower. By comparison with testresults, the accuracy of the numerical method is verified.
针对液货船液舱的晃荡问题，本文主要做了以下工作：
（1）讨论了数值模拟液体晃荡的基本控制方程以及相应数值方法；
（2）开展了液舱模型晃荡试验，内容包括试验方法设计、试验结果的分析及评估等，并分别进行了LNG，VLGC船液舱模型晃荡试验，在对试验数据分析的基础上，对比讨论了装载率、激励频率等参数对于晃荡冲击压力的影响；
（3）计算分析了VLGC船液舱内水平桁、强肋框和制荡舱壁等内部结构对于晃荡压力、内部液体固有频率的影响；
（4）研究讨论了液舱内部液体密度、粘性以及气体压力等参数对晃荡冲击压力的影响；
（5）对考虑泵塔结构的LNG液舱模型进行了晃荡试验，试验结果表明泵塔结构不会影响液舱内部液体的固有频率。同时测量了泵塔顶部的受力情况，并与数值方法做了对比，该数值方法首先由Morison公式及晃荡数值模拟得到晃荡载荷，进而对泵塔进行结构强度分析。
本文研究的创新性可以总结为以下三个方面：
（1）设计了大型LNG船液舱模型晃荡试验方法，通过分析试验结果表明，LNG液舱70%H高度以上的舱壁是受到晃荡冲击压力最大的危险区域，液舱纵摇运动时，70%H是最危险装载高度；液舱横摇运动时，52.5%H是最危险装载高度，一旦船舶运动频率接近舱内液体固有频率，会产生最大的晃荡冲击压力；
（2）设计并进行了含有内部结构的VLGC船液舱模型晃荡试验，验证了数值方法的准确性。通过对VLGC液舱数值模型的研究，表明内部结构虽然能够减小共振频率下的晃荡冲击压力，但是，如果某一外部激励频率更接近于含内部结构液舱液体的固有频率，相比不含内部结构的液舱，含内部结构的液舱受到的冲击压力反而可能更大。因此，液舱结构设计时，需结合船舶实际航行工况优化合理的内部结构。
（3）提出了考虑泵塔结构的LNG液舱模型晃荡试验方法，通过测量晃荡压力和泵塔顶部支座力，分析了泵塔对于晃荡的影响，以及泵塔结构在晃荡载荷下的响应。在此基础上采用液舱晃荡数值模型和Morison公式对泵塔模型结构进行了分析，通过与试验结果的比较，验证了数值方法的准确性。
With the development of world economy, Liquefied natural gas (LNG),liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and other energy consumer demand are growingrapidly. So that the LNG transport technology continues to improve, and LNGships and VLGC ships become larger and larger. Large-scale liquid cargo ships havegreater load capacity because of large width and loading depth, but at the same time,it also brings security risks that may occur during the voyage, large impact pressurecaused by severe sloshing has a hazard for bulkheads and hull structures. So sloshingloads has become an important part of safety assessment of liquid cargo. How toreduce the sloshing loads and how to ensure the safety of the ship structure is anurgent problem.
Following work is done in this thesis:
(1) The basic governing equations and corresponding numerical methods ofnumerical simulation of liquid sloshing are deeply discussed
(2) Tank model sloshing test including testing processes, analysis and discussionof the test results. Sloshing tests of LNG and VLGC model tanks are designed inthe study. Through statistical analysis of test data, the influence of filling level andexcitation frequency on the impact pressure is also discussed, and some regularityconclusions are made.
(3) A numerical model of Very Large Gas Carriers(VLGC) tank is established.The influence of horizontal grider and swash bulkheads on the impact pressure dueto sloshing and liquid natural frequency are studied.
(4) With the LNG tank sloshing numerical model, the parameters of the tank internal fluid density, viscosity and gas pressure on the sloshing impact pressure arestudied.
(5) An LNG tank model test including the pump tower structure is designed. Thetest results showed that the pump tower will not affect the natural frequency og theliquid within the tank. At the same time, the force on the top of the pump tower wasmeasured. The strength analysis of pump tower is made based on Morison formulaand numerical method.
Through this study, the conclusions can be made as follow:
(1) LNG tank model sloshing test is designed. The effect of filling level,excitation frequency on the impact pressure and liquid natural frequency are studied.Through the analysis of the impact pressure, the bulkhead above70%H height ofLNG tank is the greatest danger area withstand the maxium sloshing impact. Thefilling level of70%H is the most dangerous under pitch condition; The filling levelof70%H is the most dangerous under roll condition, when the excitation frequencyis near the liquid natural frequency in the tank, violent sloshing will be occurred.
(2) VLGC tank model sloshing test is designed. Based on the numerical modeltank, the effect of horizontal grider and swash bulkheads on the impact pressure andliquid natural frequency are studied. The results show that the internal structure cannot only reduce the sloshing impact pressure on the bulkhead, but also change theliquid natural frequency. The tank with internal structures may have larger sloshingthan the tank without internal structures if the excitation frequency is nearer theliquid natural frequency of the tank with internal structures than that of the tankwithout internal structures.
(3) An LNG tank model test including the pump tower structure is designed. Bymeasuringthe pressure and bearing force on the top of pump tower, the effect ofpump tower on sloshing and the response of the pump tower under sloshing loads areanalyzed. The numerical method based on Morison formula and numerical sloshingtank model are used for the analysis of the pump tower. By comparison with testresults, the accuracy of the numerical method is verified.
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