同翅目昆虫专性病原真菌飞虱虫疠霉的固体培养法及其虫尸模拟培养物的生物学特性与功能
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摘要
飞虱虫疠霉(Pandora delphacis (Hori) Humber)是同翅目昆虫的专性昆虫病原真菌，分类上属于接合菌亚门(Zygomycotina)的虫霉目(Entomophthorales)，常引发飞虱、叶蝉的流行病，也侵染蚜虫、沫蝉等寄主。侵染体的高效低成本繁殖长期困扰虫霉的基础与应用研究。针对这一普遍性的技术难题，本研究以飞虱虫疠霉F95129菌株为对象，以黍米、粟米为基本材料，探索建立简便易行的侵染体繁殖技术体系，并对培养物进行了产孢潜能及其影响因子的评价以及针对桃蚜(Myzus persicae (Sulzer))的侵染性测定和时间—剂量—死亡率模型模拟。主要研究内容和结果分述如下：
固体培养 筛选确定了以黍米(Panicum miliaceum L.，俗称黄米)和粟米(Setaria italica L.，俗称小米)为最适固体培养基质，对飞虱虫疠霉进行了成功的繁殖试验。将菌丝生物量约为25mg/ml的菌丝液按20％的比例(v/w)接入经高温湿热灭菌并适度熟化、含水量分别为45％和42％的黍米及粟米中，在25℃和12L：12D条件下直接培养，所获3～17d黍米和粟米培养物的产孢潜能和有效产孢时间因培养天数不同而异。采用自行设计的采孢装置和精确定量测定方法，黍米培养物以培养5d的产孢量最大，达17.1±1.3×10~4个孢子／粒，培养7～11d的黍米产孢量为13.0～13.9×10~4个孢子/粒。粟米培养物以培养7d的产孢量最大，达10.9±0.62×10~4个孢子/粒，培养3～5d和9～11d的产孢量为8.5～10.7×10~4个孢子/粒。相对于新鲜蚜尸2.3±0.3×10~4个孢子/头的平均产孢量和≤60h的有效产孢时间，5～11d黍米培养物的产孢潜能高出5.6～7.4倍，3～11d的粟米培养物的产孢潜能则高出3.7～4.68倍，有效产孢时间均延长1倍以上。在培养物侵染性的定性测定中，黍米培养物接种7d内导致桃蚜感病死亡69.8％，粟米培养物引起感病死亡68.7％。结果表明，飞虱虫疠霉黍米和粟米培养物的生物学性状类似于该菌侵染致死的蚜尸，故单颗米粒培养物相当于天然虫尸的模拟物，但单颗米粒的产孢潜能和有效产孢时间远优于单头天然蚜尸。由此首次建立了利用谷物直接培养虫疠霉而制备人工模拟虫尸的技术体系和评价方法。
黍米培养物的侵染性及毒力 用飞虱虫疠霉黍米培养物作为侵染体源对桃蚜2～3龄若蚜进行了9个序列孢子剂量(0.4～50.1个孢子/mm~2)的生物测定和时间—剂量—死亡率模型模拟分析。“孢子浴”接种后第5～7d的LC_(50)分别为3.0、1.7和1.2个孢子/mm~2，LT_(50)从4.5个孢子/mm~2的4.6d下降到26.3个孢子/mm~2的3.2d，所有感病
死亡的桃蚜均表现典型的虫病霉症。结果表明，飞虱虫病霉的黍米培养物具有该菌对
寄主固有的侵染性和毒力，但接种体的制备简单易行且成本低，适用性强。
影响黍米培养物产袍的因素在黍米处理方式、初始接种量、培养条件和培养时
间等尽量一致的条件下，3个不同批次黍米培养物的总产抱量无显著差异。在不含营
养的水琼脂平板上，黍米培养物的产抱总量因温度不同而差异极显著。适温范围为
20一30℃，尤以25℃最适，可持续产抱6d，而20℃下产抱持续达7天;10℃下产抱
缓慢且量少，持续时间达gd;5℃下未见产抱，可视为该菌产抱的低温极限。在最适
温度下的不同湿度处理中，黍米培养物在水琼脂平板上产抱量最大，在惰性基质上
100%RH下的产抱量次之，而在98%RH下则未见产抱。在最适温度下，黍米培养物
在半光照半黑暗(12L12D)下的产抱量稍高于全黑暗(OL24D)和全光照(24L0D)下的产
抱量，但各光照处理间无显著差异。由此可见，在所测试的因素中，湿度和温度对黍
米培养物产抱的影响最为明显，而光照影响较小。不同培养批次间产抱量的一致性说
明黍米培养飞虱虫病霉的方法稳定性良好。
连续继代黍米培养对产袍和毒力的影响虫霉在连续继代培养中常发生生物学
性状的衰退或变异，使产抱力和毒力下降甚至丧失。在历时50d连续10次用黍米培
养物对飞虱虫病霉进行的转接继代培养中，第1次转接培养用挑碎的平板菌落接种黍
米，所获培养物的产抱量显著高于后续代次。而在第2一10次的继代培养中直接使用
上一次获得的培养物按15%的比例接种黍米，检测第2、6及10代培养物的产抱量虽
略呈下降均势，但相互间差异不显著。这说明继代培养本身对黍米培养物产抱量的影
响较小，但接种体的质和量对黍米培养物产抱量的影响则较大，使米粒充分均匀地接
触接种体是保证黍米培养物质量和获得高产抱量的主要因素。用第1、5及9代黍米
培养物对桃蚜2一3龄若蚜分别进行30 min的单剂量抱子浴接种试验，均表现很强的侵
染力，各代培养物的实际接种剂量分别为25.2个抱子/mmZ、18.7个抱子/mmZ和21.0
个抱子/mmZ，对桃蚜的LT50分别为3 .7d、4.7d和4.8d。其中，第1代培养物较强的
毒力明显主要由较高的实际接种剂量所致，但第5和第9代培养物之间在毒力方面无
明显变化。
黍米培养物的贮存虫霉培养物保存的难度较大。飞虱虫病霉黍米培养物能否在
常规条件下贮存，是黍米培养技术的重要环节。本研究用白碳黑、硅藻土和变色硅胶
对新鲜黍米培养物进行处理并在5℃和10℃下保存，均导致其快速丧失产抱能力。这
说明白碳黑、硅藻土
The entomophthoralean fungus, Pandora delphacis (Hori) Humber, (Zygomycotina: Entomophthorales) is an insect pathogen specific to homopteran insects such as planthoppers, leafhoppers, and aphids and frequently cause epizootics in insect populations. Problems with propagation of inocula at a low cost, but high efficiency, have been a technical obstacle to progress for entomophthoralean study and utilization for a long run. The present study was aimed to develop a solid-culture-based technology for easy and cheap propagation of P. delphacis F95129 inocula using small grains as substrate for fungal growth. Sporulation capacity and timing pattern were relied upon to evaluate culture quality and identify potential factors to affect the quality. Infectivity or virulence of inocula derived from the culture was assayed against the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), based on time-dose-mortality modeling. The results are summarized as follows.
Solid culture. In preliminary experiments, broomcorn millets (yielded by the crop Panicum miliaceum L.) and foxtail millets (yielded by the crop Setaria italica L.) were determined as optimal substrate for solid culture of P. delphacis. Steamed millets with water content of 45% (broomcorn) and 42% (foxtail) were inoculated with liquid culture of P. delphacis (containing mycelial mass of ~25 mg/ml) at a ratio of 20% (v/w) and then incubated at 25癈 and L:D 12:12. During a 17-day period of incubation, 12 millets of each species were sampled at 2-day intervals from day 3 on and individually assessed for their sporulation capacity and timing pattern using a self-designed device for spore collection. For the broomcorn millets, the 5-day-old culture sporulated most abundantly, discharging up to 17.111.3 x104 conidia/millet. The cultures incubated for 7-11 days also had a satisfactory sporulation capability, yielding 13.0-13.9 x104 conidia/millet. For the foxtail millets, the cultures incubated for 3-11 days produc
ed 8.5-10.9 ×104 conidia/millet with the 7-day-old culture sporulating most abundantly. Sporulation on cultures of both millet
species lasted for 6 days on non-nutritional substrate at 25C and L:D 12:12. Compared to 2.3±0.3 x104 conidia discharged from each cadaver of Myzus persicae adults killed by P. delphacis with a <60-h duration of sporulation, 5.6-1 A and 3.7-4.7 times more conidia were discharged from each of the broomcorn millets cultured for 5-11 days and from each of the foxtail millets cultured for 3-11 days, respectively, with an over doubled sporulation duration. In bioassays, conidia discharged from both millet cultures caused a mortality of 69.8% (broomcorn) and 68.7% (foxtail) in M. persicae within 7 days after exposure to conidial shower. The results indicate that the millet cultures of P. delphacis are biologically similar to aphid cadavers killed by its infection. This is the first success for solid culture of Pandora species on small grains.
Infectivity and virulence of millet culture. The 7-day-old broomcorn millet culture was bioassayed against M. persicae nymphs by exposing aphids to conidial showers at 9 different concentrations (0.4-50.1 conidia/mm2). Based on modeling of the resultant time-dose-mortality data, the estimates of LC50 for the culture against the aphid species were 3.0, 1.7, and 1.2 cominia/mm2 on days 5-7 after exposure to conidial shower; the estimates of LT50 dropped from 4.6 days at the concentration of 4.5 conidia/mm2 to 3.2 days at 26.3 conidia/mm2. All aphid cadavers exhibited typical Pandora syndrome. Thus, the millet culture of P. delphacis was highly virulent to M. persicae, suggesting an applicability of the easy and convenient millet culture method to entomophthoralean fungi.
Factors influential on sporulation of millet cultures. Three different batches of broomcorn millet cultures obtained under uniform conditions in millet processing, initial inocula level, and incubation were found not significantly differing in sporulation capacity. On non-nutritional agar plates, temperature significantly affected sp
固体培养 筛选确定了以黍米(Panicum miliaceum L.，俗称黄米)和粟米(Setaria italica L.，俗称小米)为最适固体培养基质，对飞虱虫疠霉进行了成功的繁殖试验。将菌丝生物量约为25mg/ml的菌丝液按20％的比例(v/w)接入经高温湿热灭菌并适度熟化、含水量分别为45％和42％的黍米及粟米中，在25℃和12L：12D条件下直接培养，所获3～17d黍米和粟米培养物的产孢潜能和有效产孢时间因培养天数不同而异。采用自行设计的采孢装置和精确定量测定方法，黍米培养物以培养5d的产孢量最大，达17.1±1.3×10~4个孢子／粒，培养7～11d的黍米产孢量为13.0～13.9×10~4个孢子/粒。粟米培养物以培养7d的产孢量最大，达10.9±0.62×10~4个孢子/粒，培养3～5d和9～11d的产孢量为8.5～10.7×10~4个孢子/粒。相对于新鲜蚜尸2.3±0.3×10~4个孢子/头的平均产孢量和≤60h的有效产孢时间，5～11d黍米培养物的产孢潜能高出5.6～7.4倍，3～11d的粟米培养物的产孢潜能则高出3.7～4.68倍，有效产孢时间均延长1倍以上。在培养物侵染性的定性测定中，黍米培养物接种7d内导致桃蚜感病死亡69.8％，粟米培养物引起感病死亡68.7％。结果表明，飞虱虫疠霉黍米和粟米培养物的生物学性状类似于该菌侵染致死的蚜尸，故单颗米粒培养物相当于天然虫尸的模拟物，但单颗米粒的产孢潜能和有效产孢时间远优于单头天然蚜尸。由此首次建立了利用谷物直接培养虫疠霉而制备人工模拟虫尸的技术体系和评价方法。
黍米培养物的侵染性及毒力 用飞虱虫疠霉黍米培养物作为侵染体源对桃蚜2～3龄若蚜进行了9个序列孢子剂量(0.4～50.1个孢子/mm~2)的生物测定和时间—剂量—死亡率模型模拟分析。“孢子浴”接种后第5～7d的LC_(50)分别为3.0、1.7和1.2个孢子/mm~2，LT_(50)从4.5个孢子/mm~2的4.6d下降到26.3个孢子/mm~2的3.2d，所有感病
死亡的桃蚜均表现典型的虫病霉症。结果表明，飞虱虫病霉的黍米培养物具有该菌对
寄主固有的侵染性和毒力，但接种体的制备简单易行且成本低，适用性强。
影响黍米培养物产袍的因素在黍米处理方式、初始接种量、培养条件和培养时
间等尽量一致的条件下，3个不同批次黍米培养物的总产抱量无显著差异。在不含营
养的水琼脂平板上，黍米培养物的产抱总量因温度不同而差异极显著。适温范围为
20一30℃，尤以25℃最适，可持续产抱6d，而20℃下产抱持续达7天;10℃下产抱
缓慢且量少，持续时间达gd;5℃下未见产抱，可视为该菌产抱的低温极限。在最适
温度下的不同湿度处理中，黍米培养物在水琼脂平板上产抱量最大，在惰性基质上
100%RH下的产抱量次之，而在98%RH下则未见产抱。在最适温度下，黍米培养物
在半光照半黑暗(12L12D)下的产抱量稍高于全黑暗(OL24D)和全光照(24L0D)下的产
抱量，但各光照处理间无显著差异。由此可见，在所测试的因素中，湿度和温度对黍
米培养物产抱的影响最为明显，而光照影响较小。不同培养批次间产抱量的一致性说
明黍米培养飞虱虫病霉的方法稳定性良好。
连续继代黍米培养对产袍和毒力的影响虫霉在连续继代培养中常发生生物学
性状的衰退或变异，使产抱力和毒力下降甚至丧失。在历时50d连续10次用黍米培
养物对飞虱虫病霉进行的转接继代培养中，第1次转接培养用挑碎的平板菌落接种黍
米，所获培养物的产抱量显著高于后续代次。而在第2一10次的继代培养中直接使用
上一次获得的培养物按15%的比例接种黍米，检测第2、6及10代培养物的产抱量虽
略呈下降均势，但相互间差异不显著。这说明继代培养本身对黍米培养物产抱量的影
响较小，但接种体的质和量对黍米培养物产抱量的影响则较大，使米粒充分均匀地接
触接种体是保证黍米培养物质量和获得高产抱量的主要因素。用第1、5及9代黍米
培养物对桃蚜2一3龄若蚜分别进行30 min的单剂量抱子浴接种试验，均表现很强的侵
染力，各代培养物的实际接种剂量分别为25.2个抱子/mmZ、18.7个抱子/mmZ和21.0
个抱子/mmZ，对桃蚜的LT50分别为3 .7d、4.7d和4.8d。其中，第1代培养物较强的
毒力明显主要由较高的实际接种剂量所致，但第5和第9代培养物之间在毒力方面无
明显变化。
黍米培养物的贮存虫霉培养物保存的难度较大。飞虱虫病霉黍米培养物能否在
常规条件下贮存，是黍米培养技术的重要环节。本研究用白碳黑、硅藻土和变色硅胶
对新鲜黍米培养物进行处理并在5℃和10℃下保存，均导致其快速丧失产抱能力。这
说明白碳黑、硅藻土
The entomophthoralean fungus, Pandora delphacis (Hori) Humber, (Zygomycotina: Entomophthorales) is an insect pathogen specific to homopteran insects such as planthoppers, leafhoppers, and aphids and frequently cause epizootics in insect populations. Problems with propagation of inocula at a low cost, but high efficiency, have been a technical obstacle to progress for entomophthoralean study and utilization for a long run. The present study was aimed to develop a solid-culture-based technology for easy and cheap propagation of P. delphacis F95129 inocula using small grains as substrate for fungal growth. Sporulation capacity and timing pattern were relied upon to evaluate culture quality and identify potential factors to affect the quality. Infectivity or virulence of inocula derived from the culture was assayed against the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), based on time-dose-mortality modeling. The results are summarized as follows.
Solid culture. In preliminary experiments, broomcorn millets (yielded by the crop Panicum miliaceum L.) and foxtail millets (yielded by the crop Setaria italica L.) were determined as optimal substrate for solid culture of P. delphacis. Steamed millets with water content of 45% (broomcorn) and 42% (foxtail) were inoculated with liquid culture of P. delphacis (containing mycelial mass of ~25 mg/ml) at a ratio of 20% (v/w) and then incubated at 25癈 and L:D 12:12. During a 17-day period of incubation, 12 millets of each species were sampled at 2-day intervals from day 3 on and individually assessed for their sporulation capacity and timing pattern using a self-designed device for spore collection. For the broomcorn millets, the 5-day-old culture sporulated most abundantly, discharging up to 17.111.3 x104 conidia/millet. The cultures incubated for 7-11 days also had a satisfactory sporulation capability, yielding 13.0-13.9 x104 conidia/millet. For the foxtail millets, the cultures incubated for 3-11 days produc
ed 8.5-10.9 ×104 conidia/millet with the 7-day-old culture sporulating most abundantly. Sporulation on cultures of both millet
species lasted for 6 days on non-nutritional substrate at 25C and L:D 12:12. Compared to 2.3±0.3 x104 conidia discharged from each cadaver of Myzus persicae adults killed by P. delphacis with a <60-h duration of sporulation, 5.6-1 A and 3.7-4.7 times more conidia were discharged from each of the broomcorn millets cultured for 5-11 days and from each of the foxtail millets cultured for 3-11 days, respectively, with an over doubled sporulation duration. In bioassays, conidia discharged from both millet cultures caused a mortality of 69.8% (broomcorn) and 68.7% (foxtail) in M. persicae within 7 days after exposure to conidial shower. The results indicate that the millet cultures of P. delphacis are biologically similar to aphid cadavers killed by its infection. This is the first success for solid culture of Pandora species on small grains.
Infectivity and virulence of millet culture. The 7-day-old broomcorn millet culture was bioassayed against M. persicae nymphs by exposing aphids to conidial showers at 9 different concentrations (0.4-50.1 conidia/mm2). Based on modeling of the resultant time-dose-mortality data, the estimates of LC50 for the culture against the aphid species were 3.0, 1.7, and 1.2 cominia/mm2 on days 5-7 after exposure to conidial shower; the estimates of LT50 dropped from 4.6 days at the concentration of 4.5 conidia/mm2 to 3.2 days at 26.3 conidia/mm2. All aphid cadavers exhibited typical Pandora syndrome. Thus, the millet culture of P. delphacis was highly virulent to M. persicae, suggesting an applicability of the easy and convenient millet culture method to entomophthoralean fungi.
Factors influential on sporulation of millet cultures. Three different batches of broomcorn millet cultures obtained under uniform conditions in millet processing, initial inocula level, and incubation were found not significantly differing in sporulation capacity. On non-nutritional agar plates, temperature significantly affected sp
引文
冯明光，李增智．1995．虫霉菌及其利用．有害生物的微生物防治原理和技术(陈涛主编)．湖北：科学技术出版社，273-291．
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