热带西太平洋表层环流多时间尺度时空变化特征与机制研究
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摘要
热带西太平洋一直以来是气候学和物理海洋学的重点研究海域之一。此海域的海洋动力和海水属性，热力状态的变化与热带天气、气候变化过程变化以及我国的天气、生态、渔业、军事国防等方方面面的科学问题紧密地联系着。这个区域拥有世界大洋中最为复杂的环流系统，包括赤道流系、西边界流系和跨海盆的贯穿流。纵横交错的各支海流将形成于不同海域的水团带到热带西太平洋，经过剧烈而复杂的对流和混合之后，流入到很多其它重要的海域，如赤道太平洋，热带印度洋，还有我国的南海和东海。因此，热带西太平洋是一个温跃层水团的十字路口(Fine et al.,1994)，这些水团的路径和变化规律都极大程度上决定于这些流系走向和变化。因此，对海域的环流系统进行深入的研究是非常必要和有巨大科学意义的，同时对于加深我们对世界大洋的气候变化和我国的环境变化的理解有着重大帮助。
本文利用现有的AVISO，Quikscat观测资料，ECMWF风场，OSCAR流场再分析资料，结合一层半的线性约化重力模式，对热带西太平洋的几个重要流支从不同尺度进行了分析和探讨。重点针对几个科学问题进行了深入研究，围绕“热带西太平洋表层环流的多尺度变化”这个核心，阐述了几个重要的科学问题，得到了一些比较有新意的结论。重点强调了菲律宾海作为西太的重要海域其流场变化的独特性和作用。
本论文首先研究了菲律宾海域的高频变化特征，特别针对半年变化特征进行分析探讨。分析表明，明显的半年变化特征主要集中在两个纬度带。一个是位于吕宋海峡以东的北菲律宾海(19°N-22°N)，一个是位于棉兰老岛东南侧的南菲律宾海(4°N-7°N)，这两个海区的半年调和振幅都超过了4cm，在整个年变化过程中，其半年变化的贡献分别达到了12%和17%。尽管SSH变化有着明显的半年特征，但是北赤道流分叉纬度却表现出极弱的半年信号，其半年振幅仅仅达到了0.3°。就这两个区域来看，其年变化同相位，对NBL产生一致的作用，然而他们的半年变化却是反相位的，因此两个海区对于NBL的影响是相反作用，进而彼此抵消，因此NBL半年变化表现的异常之弱。利用ECMWF风场驱动的一层半线性约化重力模式，我们对两个纬度带的半年变化机制进行了探讨，我们发现南北菲律宾海的变化均主要是靠局地风场强迫作用产生的。Rossby波信号从中东太平洋向西传播，对于这种半年信号的贡献非常之弱，这主要是由于沿途的耗散和局地风场的抵消作用。半年信号在北菲律宾海仅仅反应的是东亚季风系统的信号，但是在南菲律宾海反应的却是季风转换和ITCZ经向摆动年变化的共同作用。这部分工作主要突出的成果有两方面，首先明确阐释了两个半年变化突出的海域；其次利用模式和卫星观测数据合理的解释了这两个区域的半年变化。
本文另一个重要的研究成果，是棉兰老穹顶（MD）对于NEC分叉纬度的影响和贡献。MD的位置紧靠NEC分叉纬度并且伴有持续的海洋变率。我们通过20年的卫星观测资料和一层半的线性模式探讨了MD对于NEC分叉纬度的影响。我们发现分叉纬度不仅仅与分叉区域的SSH变化有关，更和MD区域的SSH变率紧密相关。MD的SSH在分叉纬度靠南的时候对分叉纬度产生了重要影响，尤其是2-9月的时候。MD在四五月份的时候阻止了分叉纬度的南下，并在七八月份的时候延缓了其北上，由此导致了分叉纬度季节变化的严重不对称性（+0.64）。而靠南年份下MD的作用更加强烈，由此导致的分叉纬度Yb的不对称性也就更加明显。在年际和年代际等更长时间尺度下，MD放大了分叉纬度振幅。其贡献达到了20%左右，并对分叉纬度近二十年来以每年0.12°的速度南移趋势做出了突出贡献。因此，随着分叉纬度的南下趋势，MD在不同尺度下对于分叉纬度的影响会越发明显和重要。
我们最后的一部分工作便是针对西太平洋表层的NECC变化进行的。利用OSCAR的流场再分析资料，结合AVISO的表层地转流数据，首先分析了NECC表层在西太平洋的季节变化特征。通过表层流和SSH数据，NECC的源头和下游的流强度，流轴位置，地转/Ekman输送等方面表现出不同的季节变化信号。就源头处而言，轻微的半年信号出现在了NECC强度变化中，但是流轴变化伴随着明显的半年信号。OSCAR得到的流强度达到了~1.4×105m2s-1。其流轴的最南位置发生12-1月，主要是由于MD的扩张作用，但是最北位置发生在了4-7月，这主要是由于哈马黑拉涡（HE）的扩张造成。而HE的SSH在十一月份的第二次上升过程造成了流轴的半年信号。在下游区域，流强度在上(下)半年达到了最小(大)值，其流强度在8月和11月表现出两次最大值。下游的流轴位置季节振幅大约比源头大3°。不论是源头还是下游的NECC变化，都不能完全用地转输送来解释NECC流强度。地转输送和Ekman输送的结合作用，造成了NECC流强度在上游弱的半年变化和下游的双最大值现象。特别就下游而言，北侧环流可以反映NECC强度，但是北侧环流并不是绝对的地转流，这主要是由于Ekman的贡献非常明显。NECC的流强度和位置都受到了波信号的影响，不同的是，源头处的NECC受到9-11(3-7)月与局地西(东)传的Rossby(Kelvin)波信号相关的HE和与西传的Rossby信号相关的MD共同作用所控制；然而下游仅仅受到与西传Rossby信号相关的北侧环流控制。
利用相同的数据对西太平洋表层的NECC年际年代际变化进行的分析和探讨，主要通过流强度，位置，流轴长度并伴随着局地环流过程和中尺度信号的变化过程。在1997-1998年和2009-2010年的El ni o事件中，NECC急流的强度表现出明显的起落，位置靠北，并且流路径加长。而在1993-1995和2002-2005年中部型的暖事件中，流强度也有明显增加，但是流轴位置和路径的变化不是特别明显。这种响应差异主要是不同El ni o事件的本质差异造成的。就1998和2010年，NECC流轴南侧反射的upwelling Kelvin波伴随着有La ni a事件激发的NECC流轴北侧的Downing Rossby信号，通过地转信号减弱了NECC强度，因此造成NECC的年际波峰到波谷的变化特征。而这个过程在1993-1995和2002-2005年是不存在的。通过正压不稳定性，加强的NECC急流在暖事件中激起了异常强的涡活动信号，从而造成了1998和2010年NECC系统的不稳定性，利用一层半的线性约化重力模式，我们揭示了NECC系统在过去五十年的红移特征。在过去二十年主要是由准年代际信号控制，并且更多的受到西太平洋局地风场强迫的作用，与ENSO相关的风场强迫缓慢变化特征相吻合。
The western tropical Pacific Ocean is an interesting and important regionfor Ocean and Climate researches, because their dynamics and thermalvariations are closely related with not only climatic modulations in tropicaloceans, but also weather/climate, environment, fishery, and military of China.There are the most complex circulation system of the global in the westernPacific ocean, they are the equatorial current system, western boundary currentsystem, and the Indonesian trhoughflow (ITF) accrossing the ocean basins. Thecrisscrossed currents bring the water mass formed in the different ocean intothe western tropical Pacific Ocean, through the complex mixing, flowing intothe different important oceans, e.g., equatorial Pacific, tropical Indian Ocean,and the East/South China Sea. As a result, the western tropical Pacific Ocean isan crossroads for the water masses (Fine et al.,1994). The variations and pathsof the water masses are affected by the circulation system. It is very necessaryand significative to research the circulation variations and mechanisms, and itwill help us to further understand their influences on the global climatevariations and our country’s environmental changes.
This article researches the variations of the different flow branches in thewestern Pacific Ocean using the AVISO data, Quikscat data, ECMWF andOSCAR reanalyze data, combining the linear reduced gravity model.Surrounding the “spatial and temporal variations of the multi-scalecirculation in the tropical western Pacific Ocean”, we expounded somescientific problems and proved some significant/innovative conclusions. Ourresults stressed the importance of the circulations in the Philippine Sea,especially their surface gyre structures.
We firstly study the high-frequency variations in the Philippine Sea,especially discussing the mechanisms in controlling the semiannual variability. Pronounced semiannual SSH variations are detected within twozonal bands: one is east of Luzon Strait (19°-22°N) in the northern PS, and theother is southeast of Mindanao coast (4°-7°N) in the southern PS. In the twonear-coast boxes where semiannual harmonic amplitude exceeds4cm, thenorthern box (NB;127°-133°E,19°-22°N) and southern box (SB;127°-133°E,4°-7°N), semiannual changes contribute considerably to the total annual SSHvariance (12%and17%, respectively). Despite prominent SSH variations inthe two boxes, the bifurcation latitude of the North Equatorial Current (NBL)shows weak semiannual fluctuations with a peak-to-peak difference of only0.3°. While the in-phase annual SSH variations between the two boxes worktogether to enhance the annual NBL changes, their out-of-phase semiannualSSH variations work to offset each other in driving displacement ofbifurcation point. Further analysis with a11/2-layer reduced-gravity modelforced by ECMWF wind stress data suggests that, the observed semiannualSSH variations are primarily driven by local wind forcing in the far westernPacific. Rossby waves propagating from eastern/central Pacific are of muchless contribution due to along-path dispersion and canceling. Semiannualsignals of wind forcing field in the northern PS reflect mainly the semiannualchanges of Asian Monsoon system, while those in the southern PS arise fromthe combined effect of Monsoon transitioning and variations of theintertropical convergence zone (ITCZ). The importance of this study in twoaspects, One is that the existence of two pronounced regions of semiannualvariations is newly elucidated. Another is that the driving mechanismspresented using the model is consistent with the satellite observation andreasonable.
Another an important research is the role of the MD in the variability ofthe North Equatorial current bifurcation. The Mindanao Dome (MD) featuresprominent oceanic variability and locates geographically close to thebifurcation latitude Ybof the Pacific North Equatorial Current. In this study,the role of the MD in the variability of Ybis examined with20yr of satellite altimetric sea surface height (SSH) data and a1.5-layer linear Rossby wavemodel. It is shown that the seasonal variations of surface Ybare related to notonly the SSH fluctuations near the bifurcation point (bifurcation box;125°-130°E,12°-15°N) but also those outstanding in the MD region (MD box;127°-132°E,6°-9°N). The impact of the MD SSH changes is significant whenbifurcation point stays at southerly latitudes during February-September,which hinders (delays) the southward leap (northward retreat) of YbinApril-May (July-August) and thus leads to the asymmetry of mean Ybseasonal cycle (with a positive skewness of γ=+0.64). Such asymmetry showsalso year-to-year variations depending on yearly mean Ybvalue. A southerlyyearly mean Ybinvolves larger contribution of the MD and thus causes largerasymmetry of Ybseasonal cycle. At interannual and longer timescales, the MDacts to amplify the fluctuations of the bifurcation. It is responsible for about20%of the total low-frequency Ybvariances and plays an important role in the0.12°yr-1southward trend of Ybin the past two decades. The impact of theMD on Ybchanges is becoming more and more significant at varioustimescales as the bifurcation point slowly migrating southward in recentyears.
The finally reaches in our article are the surface NECC variations in thewestern Pacific Ocean. Combining the OSCAR and AVISO datas, we firstlydiscuss the seasonal variations. Based on the OSCAR-derived sea surfacecurrents, and AVISO-derived sea surface height anomaly and geostrophiccurrents from the past19yr are used to investigate the annual variability ofthe surface NECC confined in the western Pacific Ocean. Inferred from thesurface current and height data, the headstream (128°-136°E) and downstream(140°-156°E) NECC emerge different seasonal features including the surfaceintensity (INT), position (YCM), and geostrophic/Ekman contribution of theNECC. Aim at the headstream NECC, the slight (solid) semiannual signalsexit in the INT (YCM) annual cycle. The OSCAR-derived INT (INTO) staysaround~1.4×105m2s-1with the weak seasonal amplitude. The southernmost (northernmost) migration of NECC is induced by the expanding of MindanaoDome (Halmahera Eddy) from December (April) through January (July). TheHE SSH increased second time in November causes the semiannual feature ofthe YCM. In the downstream, the minimum (maximum) INT reaches0.6(1.4)×105m2s-1during the first (latter) half of a year. The INTOdisplays twicemaximum respectively in August and November. The seasonal amplitude ofdownstream position is larger (~3°) than headstream. No matter theheadstream or the downstream NECC, the geostrophic transport could notexplain the eastward-flowing one hundred percent. The combined effects ofthe Ekman and geostrophic transports causes the slight semiannual variationsin headstream INTOand double maximum in INTO. Especially to thedownstream, the northern gyre can reflect the NECC intensity through theC-region (4°-6°N;143°-144°E) SSH seasonal variation but not represent thegeostrophic current due to the Ekman transport participation. The seasonalvariability of INT and YCMare both influenced by the signals of wave, thedifferentials are the headstream is modulated by the combined effects of theHE associated with the local westward (eastward)-propagating Rossby(Kelvin) waves from September (March) through November (June) and MDassociated with the westward-propagating Rossby waves from central Pacific.However, the downstream related with the northern gyre is mainlyinfluenced by the westward-propagating Rossby waves from central Pacific inthe northern flank (around5°N).
Analysis of the satellite observations during1992-2011revealspronounced interannual-to-decadal variations of the West Pacific NorthEquatorial Countercurrent (NECC) system, including the surface intensity(INT), position (YCM), and path lengthen (LCM) of the NECC jet, together withthe associated recirculation gyres and mesoscale eddies. During the1997-1998and2009-2010El Ni o events, the NECC jet showed increased INT before,and decreased INT, northward shifted position, and lengthened path after themature phase. During the1993-1995and2002-2005central Pacific warming events, it showed also increased INT but no evident changes in YCMand LCM.The varied responses arise from the different natures of individual El Ni oevents. In1998and2010, reflected upwelling Kelvin waves south of theNECC jet, together with the downwelling Rossby waves north of it inducedby the following La Ni a events, weakened the NECC jet through geostrophyand shifted it northward. This process was however absent during the1993-1995and2002-2005events. Through barotropic instability, intensifiedNECC jet during warm condition gives rise to anomalously active mesoscaleeddies which contributed to the unstable state of the system in1998and2010.Hindcast of a linear Rossby wave model reveals a reddening trend of thevariance in the NECC system during the past50years. Variations in the pasttwo decades are dominated by quasi-decadal signals and more contributed bywind forcing in the western Pacific, corresponding to the slow changes of theENSO-related wind forcing pattern.
本文利用现有的AVISO，Quikscat观测资料，ECMWF风场，OSCAR流场再分析资料，结合一层半的线性约化重力模式，对热带西太平洋的几个重要流支从不同尺度进行了分析和探讨。重点针对几个科学问题进行了深入研究，围绕“热带西太平洋表层环流的多尺度变化”这个核心，阐述了几个重要的科学问题，得到了一些比较有新意的结论。重点强调了菲律宾海作为西太的重要海域其流场变化的独特性和作用。
本论文首先研究了菲律宾海域的高频变化特征，特别针对半年变化特征进行分析探讨。分析表明，明显的半年变化特征主要集中在两个纬度带。一个是位于吕宋海峡以东的北菲律宾海(19°N-22°N)，一个是位于棉兰老岛东南侧的南菲律宾海(4°N-7°N)，这两个海区的半年调和振幅都超过了4cm，在整个年变化过程中，其半年变化的贡献分别达到了12%和17%。尽管SSH变化有着明显的半年特征，但是北赤道流分叉纬度却表现出极弱的半年信号，其半年振幅仅仅达到了0.3°。就这两个区域来看，其年变化同相位，对NBL产生一致的作用，然而他们的半年变化却是反相位的，因此两个海区对于NBL的影响是相反作用，进而彼此抵消，因此NBL半年变化表现的异常之弱。利用ECMWF风场驱动的一层半线性约化重力模式，我们对两个纬度带的半年变化机制进行了探讨，我们发现南北菲律宾海的变化均主要是靠局地风场强迫作用产生的。Rossby波信号从中东太平洋向西传播，对于这种半年信号的贡献非常之弱，这主要是由于沿途的耗散和局地风场的抵消作用。半年信号在北菲律宾海仅仅反应的是东亚季风系统的信号，但是在南菲律宾海反应的却是季风转换和ITCZ经向摆动年变化的共同作用。这部分工作主要突出的成果有两方面，首先明确阐释了两个半年变化突出的海域；其次利用模式和卫星观测数据合理的解释了这两个区域的半年变化。
本文另一个重要的研究成果，是棉兰老穹顶（MD）对于NEC分叉纬度的影响和贡献。MD的位置紧靠NEC分叉纬度并且伴有持续的海洋变率。我们通过20年的卫星观测资料和一层半的线性模式探讨了MD对于NEC分叉纬度的影响。我们发现分叉纬度不仅仅与分叉区域的SSH变化有关，更和MD区域的SSH变率紧密相关。MD的SSH在分叉纬度靠南的时候对分叉纬度产生了重要影响，尤其是2-9月的时候。MD在四五月份的时候阻止了分叉纬度的南下，并在七八月份的时候延缓了其北上，由此导致了分叉纬度季节变化的严重不对称性（+0.64）。而靠南年份下MD的作用更加强烈，由此导致的分叉纬度Yb的不对称性也就更加明显。在年际和年代际等更长时间尺度下，MD放大了分叉纬度振幅。其贡献达到了20%左右，并对分叉纬度近二十年来以每年0.12°的速度南移趋势做出了突出贡献。因此，随着分叉纬度的南下趋势，MD在不同尺度下对于分叉纬度的影响会越发明显和重要。
我们最后的一部分工作便是针对西太平洋表层的NECC变化进行的。利用OSCAR的流场再分析资料，结合AVISO的表层地转流数据，首先分析了NECC表层在西太平洋的季节变化特征。通过表层流和SSH数据，NECC的源头和下游的流强度，流轴位置，地转/Ekman输送等方面表现出不同的季节变化信号。就源头处而言，轻微的半年信号出现在了NECC强度变化中，但是流轴变化伴随着明显的半年信号。OSCAR得到的流强度达到了~1.4×105m2s-1。其流轴的最南位置发生12-1月，主要是由于MD的扩张作用，但是最北位置发生在了4-7月，这主要是由于哈马黑拉涡（HE）的扩张造成。而HE的SSH在十一月份的第二次上升过程造成了流轴的半年信号。在下游区域，流强度在上(下)半年达到了最小(大)值，其流强度在8月和11月表现出两次最大值。下游的流轴位置季节振幅大约比源头大3°。不论是源头还是下游的NECC变化，都不能完全用地转输送来解释NECC流强度。地转输送和Ekman输送的结合作用，造成了NECC流强度在上游弱的半年变化和下游的双最大值现象。特别就下游而言，北侧环流可以反映NECC强度，但是北侧环流并不是绝对的地转流，这主要是由于Ekman的贡献非常明显。NECC的流强度和位置都受到了波信号的影响，不同的是，源头处的NECC受到9-11(3-7)月与局地西(东)传的Rossby(Kelvin)波信号相关的HE和与西传的Rossby信号相关的MD共同作用所控制；然而下游仅仅受到与西传Rossby信号相关的北侧环流控制。
利用相同的数据对西太平洋表层的NECC年际年代际变化进行的分析和探讨，主要通过流强度，位置，流轴长度并伴随着局地环流过程和中尺度信号的变化过程。在1997-1998年和2009-2010年的El ni o事件中，NECC急流的强度表现出明显的起落，位置靠北，并且流路径加长。而在1993-1995和2002-2005年中部型的暖事件中，流强度也有明显增加，但是流轴位置和路径的变化不是特别明显。这种响应差异主要是不同El ni o事件的本质差异造成的。就1998和2010年，NECC流轴南侧反射的upwelling Kelvin波伴随着有La ni a事件激发的NECC流轴北侧的Downing Rossby信号，通过地转信号减弱了NECC强度，因此造成NECC的年际波峰到波谷的变化特征。而这个过程在1993-1995和2002-2005年是不存在的。通过正压不稳定性，加强的NECC急流在暖事件中激起了异常强的涡活动信号，从而造成了1998和2010年NECC系统的不稳定性，利用一层半的线性约化重力模式，我们揭示了NECC系统在过去五十年的红移特征。在过去二十年主要是由准年代际信号控制，并且更多的受到西太平洋局地风场强迫的作用，与ENSO相关的风场强迫缓慢变化特征相吻合。
The western tropical Pacific Ocean is an interesting and important regionfor Ocean and Climate researches, because their dynamics and thermalvariations are closely related with not only climatic modulations in tropicaloceans, but also weather/climate, environment, fishery, and military of China.There are the most complex circulation system of the global in the westernPacific ocean, they are the equatorial current system, western boundary currentsystem, and the Indonesian trhoughflow (ITF) accrossing the ocean basins. Thecrisscrossed currents bring the water mass formed in the different ocean intothe western tropical Pacific Ocean, through the complex mixing, flowing intothe different important oceans, e.g., equatorial Pacific, tropical Indian Ocean,and the East/South China Sea. As a result, the western tropical Pacific Ocean isan crossroads for the water masses (Fine et al.,1994). The variations and pathsof the water masses are affected by the circulation system. It is very necessaryand significative to research the circulation variations and mechanisms, and itwill help us to further understand their influences on the global climatevariations and our country’s environmental changes.
This article researches the variations of the different flow branches in thewestern Pacific Ocean using the AVISO data, Quikscat data, ECMWF andOSCAR reanalyze data, combining the linear reduced gravity model.Surrounding the “spatial and temporal variations of the multi-scalecirculation in the tropical western Pacific Ocean”, we expounded somescientific problems and proved some significant/innovative conclusions. Ourresults stressed the importance of the circulations in the Philippine Sea,especially their surface gyre structures.
We firstly study the high-frequency variations in the Philippine Sea,especially discussing the mechanisms in controlling the semiannual variability. Pronounced semiannual SSH variations are detected within twozonal bands: one is east of Luzon Strait (19°-22°N) in the northern PS, and theother is southeast of Mindanao coast (4°-7°N) in the southern PS. In the twonear-coast boxes where semiannual harmonic amplitude exceeds4cm, thenorthern box (NB;127°-133°E,19°-22°N) and southern box (SB;127°-133°E,4°-7°N), semiannual changes contribute considerably to the total annual SSHvariance (12%and17%, respectively). Despite prominent SSH variations inthe two boxes, the bifurcation latitude of the North Equatorial Current (NBL)shows weak semiannual fluctuations with a peak-to-peak difference of only0.3°. While the in-phase annual SSH variations between the two boxes worktogether to enhance the annual NBL changes, their out-of-phase semiannualSSH variations work to offset each other in driving displacement ofbifurcation point. Further analysis with a11/2-layer reduced-gravity modelforced by ECMWF wind stress data suggests that, the observed semiannualSSH variations are primarily driven by local wind forcing in the far westernPacific. Rossby waves propagating from eastern/central Pacific are of muchless contribution due to along-path dispersion and canceling. Semiannualsignals of wind forcing field in the northern PS reflect mainly the semiannualchanges of Asian Monsoon system, while those in the southern PS arise fromthe combined effect of Monsoon transitioning and variations of theintertropical convergence zone (ITCZ). The importance of this study in twoaspects, One is that the existence of two pronounced regions of semiannualvariations is newly elucidated. Another is that the driving mechanismspresented using the model is consistent with the satellite observation andreasonable.
Another an important research is the role of the MD in the variability ofthe North Equatorial current bifurcation. The Mindanao Dome (MD) featuresprominent oceanic variability and locates geographically close to thebifurcation latitude Ybof the Pacific North Equatorial Current. In this study,the role of the MD in the variability of Ybis examined with20yr of satellite altimetric sea surface height (SSH) data and a1.5-layer linear Rossby wavemodel. It is shown that the seasonal variations of surface Ybare related to notonly the SSH fluctuations near the bifurcation point (bifurcation box;125°-130°E,12°-15°N) but also those outstanding in the MD region (MD box;127°-132°E,6°-9°N). The impact of the MD SSH changes is significant whenbifurcation point stays at southerly latitudes during February-September,which hinders (delays) the southward leap (northward retreat) of YbinApril-May (July-August) and thus leads to the asymmetry of mean Ybseasonal cycle (with a positive skewness of γ=+0.64). Such asymmetry showsalso year-to-year variations depending on yearly mean Ybvalue. A southerlyyearly mean Ybinvolves larger contribution of the MD and thus causes largerasymmetry of Ybseasonal cycle. At interannual and longer timescales, the MDacts to amplify the fluctuations of the bifurcation. It is responsible for about20%of the total low-frequency Ybvariances and plays an important role in the0.12°yr-1southward trend of Ybin the past two decades. The impact of theMD on Ybchanges is becoming more and more significant at varioustimescales as the bifurcation point slowly migrating southward in recentyears.
The finally reaches in our article are the surface NECC variations in thewestern Pacific Ocean. Combining the OSCAR and AVISO datas, we firstlydiscuss the seasonal variations. Based on the OSCAR-derived sea surfacecurrents, and AVISO-derived sea surface height anomaly and geostrophiccurrents from the past19yr are used to investigate the annual variability ofthe surface NECC confined in the western Pacific Ocean. Inferred from thesurface current and height data, the headstream (128°-136°E) and downstream(140°-156°E) NECC emerge different seasonal features including the surfaceintensity (INT), position (YCM), and geostrophic/Ekman contribution of theNECC. Aim at the headstream NECC, the slight (solid) semiannual signalsexit in the INT (YCM) annual cycle. The OSCAR-derived INT (INTO) staysaround~1.4×105m2s-1with the weak seasonal amplitude. The southernmost (northernmost) migration of NECC is induced by the expanding of MindanaoDome (Halmahera Eddy) from December (April) through January (July). TheHE SSH increased second time in November causes the semiannual feature ofthe YCM. In the downstream, the minimum (maximum) INT reaches0.6(1.4)×105m2s-1during the first (latter) half of a year. The INTOdisplays twicemaximum respectively in August and November. The seasonal amplitude ofdownstream position is larger (~3°) than headstream. No matter theheadstream or the downstream NECC, the geostrophic transport could notexplain the eastward-flowing one hundred percent. The combined effects ofthe Ekman and geostrophic transports causes the slight semiannual variationsin headstream INTOand double maximum in INTO. Especially to thedownstream, the northern gyre can reflect the NECC intensity through theC-region (4°-6°N;143°-144°E) SSH seasonal variation but not represent thegeostrophic current due to the Ekman transport participation. The seasonalvariability of INT and YCMare both influenced by the signals of wave, thedifferentials are the headstream is modulated by the combined effects of theHE associated with the local westward (eastward)-propagating Rossby(Kelvin) waves from September (March) through November (June) and MDassociated with the westward-propagating Rossby waves from central Pacific.However, the downstream related with the northern gyre is mainlyinfluenced by the westward-propagating Rossby waves from central Pacific inthe northern flank (around5°N).
Analysis of the satellite observations during1992-2011revealspronounced interannual-to-decadal variations of the West Pacific NorthEquatorial Countercurrent (NECC) system, including the surface intensity(INT), position (YCM), and path lengthen (LCM) of the NECC jet, together withthe associated recirculation gyres and mesoscale eddies. During the1997-1998and2009-2010El Ni o events, the NECC jet showed increased INT before,and decreased INT, northward shifted position, and lengthened path after themature phase. During the1993-1995and2002-2005central Pacific warming events, it showed also increased INT but no evident changes in YCMand LCM.The varied responses arise from the different natures of individual El Ni oevents. In1998and2010, reflected upwelling Kelvin waves south of theNECC jet, together with the downwelling Rossby waves north of it inducedby the following La Ni a events, weakened the NECC jet through geostrophyand shifted it northward. This process was however absent during the1993-1995and2002-2005events. Through barotropic instability, intensifiedNECC jet during warm condition gives rise to anomalously active mesoscaleeddies which contributed to the unstable state of the system in1998and2010.Hindcast of a linear Rossby wave model reveals a reddening trend of thevariance in the NECC system during the past50years. Variations in the pasttwo decades are dominated by quasi-decadal signals and more contributed bywind forcing in the western Pacific, corresponding to the slow changes of theENSO-related wind forcing pattern.
引文
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