句容水库农业流域反硝化对氮的去除作用
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摘要
农业流域水体沉积物和土壤的反硝化作用是农业氮素去除的重要途径。但是,我国对农业流域反硝化作用的研究主要集中在农田土壤,且多为田块尺度,对水体沉积物反硝化作用的研究较少,本文对这两个方面进行了初步探讨。
2007年5月、8月、11月和2008年2月,在句容水库农业流域的水塘、河流和水库中,采用自行设计制作的无扰动采样器采集了沉积物柱样,使用乙炔抑制法测定了水体沉积物反硝化作用,研究了沉积物反硝化潜势的季节变化及其影响因素。结果表明,水体沉积物反硝化潜势存在显著的季节差异,水塘沉积物的反硝化潜势范围在9.27～25.67μgN·m-2h-1之间,河流沉积物的反硝化潜势范围在8.85～64.04μgN·m-2·h-1之间,水库沉积物的反硝化潜势范围在5.01～28.18μgN·m-2·h-1之间。沉积物反硝化潜势的季节变化与上覆水的温度、NH4+、NO3-和TDN的浓度,及沉积物的OM和TN含量的季节变化有关。
采用乙炔抑制法,研究了温度、NO3-浓度、沉积物深度对沉积物反硝化作用的影响。结果表明,沉积物的反硝化速率与温度、沉积物深度具有显著相关关系,与NO3-浓度不具有显著相关关系。沉积物反硝化作用主要发生在0～15cm厚度范围内,最高的反硝化潜势发生深度在0～5cm厚度。本试验对比了NO3-质量平衡法和乙炔抑制法测定沉积物反硝化作用的研究结果,表明两种方法具有很好的相关关系,但乙炔抑制法测定结果只有NO3-质量平衡法的25%左右。可见,采用乙炔抑制法测定沉积物的反硝潜势,可能存在低估反硝化作用的问题。
采用密闭箱法测定了水塘、河流和水库表面排放的N2O排放通量。结果表明,水塘N2O的排放速率范围-0.42～16.76μgN·m-2·h-1,河流的N2O排放速率范围0.29～8.41μgN·m-2·h-1,水库的N2O的排放速率范围0.27～10.40μgN·m-2·h-1并且N2O排放速率最大值在2月份。水体是N2O排放的重要来源。水体温度的季节变化与水体N2O的排放量季节变化的趋势不一致。
用乙炔抑制原状土柱培养法,测定土壤反硝化作用。结果表明,农田土壤的反硝化作用明显大于森林和茶园；种植不同作物的农田土壤的反硝化速率变化范围在0.01～239.14 kgN·ha-1·yr-1之间；旱地反硝化速率年平均值为19.3kgN·ha-1·yr-1,水田反硝化速率年平均值为8.35kgN·ha-1·yr-1;农田土壤反硝化去除的总氮量为31.93kgN·ha-1·yr-1。相关分析表明,土壤反硝化速率的季节变化与土壤NO3-、NH4+含量之间不具有显著相关关系。6月份含水率与反硝化速率有显著负相关关系,3月份含水率与反硝化速率之间有极显著正相关关系,其它月份无显著相关关系。
The denitrification of sediment and soil are considered as the most important way to remove nitrogen from agricultural watershed. However, most studies about denitrification in agricultural watershed mainly focus on farmland soil, based on field scale, and studies on sediment denitrification of water body are rare. So the objective of the paper was to explore the soil and sediment denitrification in Jurong reservoir agricultural watershed.
Seasonal variation in denitrification potential of sediments of five ponds, a river and a reservoir in Jurong reservoir agricultural watershed were studied from May 2007 to February 2008. Denitrification potential of sediment cores were measured by acetylene inhibition technique. The results showed that denitrification potential of the sediments in the watershed was low, with seasonal average ranging from 9.27to25.67μgN·m-2h-1 for pond sediments,8.85 to 64.04μgN·m-2·h-1 for river sediments and 5.01 to 28.18μgN·m-2·h-1 for reservoir sediments, respectively. The seasonal variation in denitrification potential was influenced by water temperature, content of organic matter and TN in sediments and NH4+, NO3-, and TDN concentration in overlaying water.
The acetylene inhibition technique was also used to investigate the effect of variables on sediment denitrification potential, including temperature, the NO3- concentration and sediment depth. The results showed that there was significant correlation between sediment denitrificatio potential and these variables except the NO3- concentration. And the sediment denitrification potential of different depth was determined. Results showed that denitrification mainly existed within 15 cm depth, and the biggest value of denitrification potential took place in the depth of 5 cm. In addition, NO3- mass balance and acetylene inhibition were used to measure sediment denitrification potential, the result showed that there was significant correlation between the two ways. However, the result in acetylene inhibition was only about 25% of the result in the other way. Maybe the denitrification potential was underestimated in acetylene inhibition method.
N2O gas samples were collected from water surface emission by chamber method, and the N2O fluxes discharging from water body including the ponds, river and reservoir were also measured. The result showed that N2O emission flux ranging from-0.42～16.76μgN·m-2·h-1 for the ponds,0.29～8.41μg·m-2·h-1 for the river and 0.27～10.10μgN·m-2·h-1 for the reservoir, respectively. The value of N2O emission flux in February was the bigger than the other month value. The seasonal variation trend in N2O emission flux of water surface emission disaccorded with that of concentration of N2O in atmospheric and water temperature. Total N2O emission flux of water surface was 188 kgN·yr-1 in Jurong reservoir agricultural watershed. So the water body was important emission source of N2O.
Seasonal variation in denitrification rate of soil was studied using acetylene inhibition technique from June 2008 to March 2009. The result showed that the denitrification rate was much bigger in farmland than that in forest and in tea garden. The denitrification rate of different crops changed from 0.01 to 239.14 kgN·ha-1·yr-1. The enitrification rate of the same crop, take wheat for example, was bigger in paddy field than that in upland. Annual average denitrification rate was 19.3kgN·ha-1·yr-1 for upland and 8.35kgN·ha-1·yr-1 for paddy field. The removal amount of nitrogen by soil denitrification was 31.93tonN·yr-1. There was no significant correlation between soil denitrification rate and NH4+ and NO3-. However, there was significant correlation between soil denitrification rate and soil moisture in June and March except that in August and December. While the relationship was negative correlation in June and that was positive correlation in March. Therefore, soil moisture was limiting factor of soil denitrification.
2007年5月、8月、11月和2008年2月,在句容水库农业流域的水塘、河流和水库中,采用自行设计制作的无扰动采样器采集了沉积物柱样,使用乙炔抑制法测定了水体沉积物反硝化作用,研究了沉积物反硝化潜势的季节变化及其影响因素。结果表明,水体沉积物反硝化潜势存在显著的季节差异,水塘沉积物的反硝化潜势范围在9.27～25.67μgN·m-2h-1之间,河流沉积物的反硝化潜势范围在8.85～64.04μgN·m-2·h-1之间,水库沉积物的反硝化潜势范围在5.01～28.18μgN·m-2·h-1之间。沉积物反硝化潜势的季节变化与上覆水的温度、NH4+、NO3-和TDN的浓度,及沉积物的OM和TN含量的季节变化有关。
采用乙炔抑制法,研究了温度、NO3-浓度、沉积物深度对沉积物反硝化作用的影响。结果表明,沉积物的反硝化速率与温度、沉积物深度具有显著相关关系,与NO3-浓度不具有显著相关关系。沉积物反硝化作用主要发生在0～15cm厚度范围内,最高的反硝化潜势发生深度在0～5cm厚度。本试验对比了NO3-质量平衡法和乙炔抑制法测定沉积物反硝化作用的研究结果,表明两种方法具有很好的相关关系,但乙炔抑制法测定结果只有NO3-质量平衡法的25%左右。可见,采用乙炔抑制法测定沉积物的反硝潜势,可能存在低估反硝化作用的问题。
采用密闭箱法测定了水塘、河流和水库表面排放的N2O排放通量。结果表明,水塘N2O的排放速率范围-0.42～16.76μgN·m-2·h-1,河流的N2O排放速率范围0.29～8.41μgN·m-2·h-1,水库的N2O的排放速率范围0.27～10.40μgN·m-2·h-1并且N2O排放速率最大值在2月份。水体是N2O排放的重要来源。水体温度的季节变化与水体N2O的排放量季节变化的趋势不一致。
用乙炔抑制原状土柱培养法,测定土壤反硝化作用。结果表明,农田土壤的反硝化作用明显大于森林和茶园；种植不同作物的农田土壤的反硝化速率变化范围在0.01～239.14 kgN·ha-1·yr-1之间；旱地反硝化速率年平均值为19.3kgN·ha-1·yr-1,水田反硝化速率年平均值为8.35kgN·ha-1·yr-1;农田土壤反硝化去除的总氮量为31.93kgN·ha-1·yr-1。相关分析表明,土壤反硝化速率的季节变化与土壤NO3-、NH4+含量之间不具有显著相关关系。6月份含水率与反硝化速率有显著负相关关系,3月份含水率与反硝化速率之间有极显著正相关关系,其它月份无显著相关关系。
The denitrification of sediment and soil are considered as the most important way to remove nitrogen from agricultural watershed. However, most studies about denitrification in agricultural watershed mainly focus on farmland soil, based on field scale, and studies on sediment denitrification of water body are rare. So the objective of the paper was to explore the soil and sediment denitrification in Jurong reservoir agricultural watershed.
Seasonal variation in denitrification potential of sediments of five ponds, a river and a reservoir in Jurong reservoir agricultural watershed were studied from May 2007 to February 2008. Denitrification potential of sediment cores were measured by acetylene inhibition technique. The results showed that denitrification potential of the sediments in the watershed was low, with seasonal average ranging from 9.27to25.67μgN·m-2h-1 for pond sediments,8.85 to 64.04μgN·m-2·h-1 for river sediments and 5.01 to 28.18μgN·m-2·h-1 for reservoir sediments, respectively. The seasonal variation in denitrification potential was influenced by water temperature, content of organic matter and TN in sediments and NH4+, NO3-, and TDN concentration in overlaying water.
The acetylene inhibition technique was also used to investigate the effect of variables on sediment denitrification potential, including temperature, the NO3- concentration and sediment depth. The results showed that there was significant correlation between sediment denitrificatio potential and these variables except the NO3- concentration. And the sediment denitrification potential of different depth was determined. Results showed that denitrification mainly existed within 15 cm depth, and the biggest value of denitrification potential took place in the depth of 5 cm. In addition, NO3- mass balance and acetylene inhibition were used to measure sediment denitrification potential, the result showed that there was significant correlation between the two ways. However, the result in acetylene inhibition was only about 25% of the result in the other way. Maybe the denitrification potential was underestimated in acetylene inhibition method.
N2O gas samples were collected from water surface emission by chamber method, and the N2O fluxes discharging from water body including the ponds, river and reservoir were also measured. The result showed that N2O emission flux ranging from-0.42～16.76μgN·m-2·h-1 for the ponds,0.29～8.41μg·m-2·h-1 for the river and 0.27～10.10μgN·m-2·h-1 for the reservoir, respectively. The value of N2O emission flux in February was the bigger than the other month value. The seasonal variation trend in N2O emission flux of water surface emission disaccorded with that of concentration of N2O in atmospheric and water temperature. Total N2O emission flux of water surface was 188 kgN·yr-1 in Jurong reservoir agricultural watershed. So the water body was important emission source of N2O.
Seasonal variation in denitrification rate of soil was studied using acetylene inhibition technique from June 2008 to March 2009. The result showed that the denitrification rate was much bigger in farmland than that in forest and in tea garden. The denitrification rate of different crops changed from 0.01 to 239.14 kgN·ha-1·yr-1. The enitrification rate of the same crop, take wheat for example, was bigger in paddy field than that in upland. Annual average denitrification rate was 19.3kgN·ha-1·yr-1 for upland and 8.35kgN·ha-1·yr-1 for paddy field. The removal amount of nitrogen by soil denitrification was 31.93tonN·yr-1. There was no significant correlation between soil denitrification rate and NH4+ and NO3-. However, there was significant correlation between soil denitrification rate and soil moisture in June and March except that in August and December. While the relationship was negative correlation in June and that was positive correlation in March. Therefore, soil moisture was limiting factor of soil denitrification.
引文
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