土石山区坡面径流集散工程效益评价体系研究
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摘要
干旱缺水与水土流失并存是长期影响陕西南部山区人民生活和农业生产发展的重要限制性因素,也是我国干旱、半干旱土石山区普遍存在的共性问题。一方面,农村生活及农业生产严重缺水,另一方面,强烈的水土流失又使得大量地表径流流失。如何充分地开发利用坡面径流资源已成为促进我国干旱土石山区经济发展和改善生态环境的有效途径之一,同时也成为当今缺水国家和地区研究和关注的热点问题之一。
本文依托陕南地区坡面径流利用技术项目,在查阅了大量国内外文献的基础上,对干旱土石山区水土流失和干旱缺水的矛盾进行了深入的分析,提出了以水为中心的坡面径流集蓄的水土保持新思路,并在此基础上提出了一套完整的和适合于当地的坡面径流集散工程配置理论,对解决干旱、半干旱土石山区坡面径流集散工程系统优化配置等实际问题有很大的指导意义。
同时本文也展开了干旱土石山区坡面集水工程储水体地址选择的有关讨论,对储水体选址的相关原则以及布置典型进行了分析总结,并借鉴运筹学中的层次分析理论,以定量和定性分析相结合的方法,建立了坡面径流集散工程效益分析评价的层次递阶模型,经过认真筛选和分析,提出了包括经济效益、生态效益和社会效益三大类共11项评价指标的体系。分析计算出各指标对总目标即综合效益的权重,建立了综合效益评价的数学模型。
最后以项目区中的白河县马利沟小流域为典型,对作者所提出的理论进行了验证,并对白河县水窖的修建提出了一些意见和想法。
Water shortage and soil erosion both are important restrictive factors which affect local agricultural development and the life for people living in the mountainous areas in southern of shaanxi. And also it is a common problem in the Arid and Semi-arid Area of our country. On one hand, rural life and agricultural production are faced with serious water shortage; on the other hand, heavy soil erosion leads to the lost of runoff on surface of the ground a lot in this area. Thus, how to utilize and develope the resources of runoff on slope has become one of the most effective measures to promote economic development and improve the ecological environment in the earth-rock mountainous areas of arid and semi-arid area of our country. Meanwhile, it is also one of the focus issues concerned by the nations and regions which is short of water.
Relying on the project of making use of technology on runoff on slope in the southern Shaanxi, based on consulting plenty of Chinese and foreign literature, this article analyzes the contradictions of soil erosion and drought in the dry earth-rock mountainous areas thoroughly. With water as the center, this artical also listed a completely new idea about soil and water conservation which is based on collecting runoff on slope. On that base, this article set a suit of complete disposition technique theory for the collecting and distributing runoff on slope which is suitable for local surface which has a great significance to solve practical problems in the earth-rock mountainous areas of arid and semi-arid area such as optimizing disposition technique of collecting and distributing project system for runoff on slope.
At the same time, the selective methods about tank’s location on slope catchment project were also discussed, and also the relevant principles and disposal modle about the location of tank were summarized. The article apllying analytical hierarchical process theory in operational research established the model of assessing the collecting and distributing runoff on slope project. After careful screening and analysis, this article established the system of assessing index system including three dominating aspects such as economic efficiency,ecological efficiency and social efficiency including a total of 11 subordinate indexes. On the basis of analyzing the relation between each index and synthetical goal, the mathematics mode of assessing synthetical efficiency was made.
Finally, take the small watershed of Maligou in Baihe County as a typical,the theory advanced by the author was verified, and a number of suggestions and ideas about cellar in Baihe County were made.
本文依托陕南地区坡面径流利用技术项目,在查阅了大量国内外文献的基础上,对干旱土石山区水土流失和干旱缺水的矛盾进行了深入的分析,提出了以水为中心的坡面径流集蓄的水土保持新思路,并在此基础上提出了一套完整的和适合于当地的坡面径流集散工程配置理论,对解决干旱、半干旱土石山区坡面径流集散工程系统优化配置等实际问题有很大的指导意义。
同时本文也展开了干旱土石山区坡面集水工程储水体地址选择的有关讨论,对储水体选址的相关原则以及布置典型进行了分析总结,并借鉴运筹学中的层次分析理论,以定量和定性分析相结合的方法,建立了坡面径流集散工程效益分析评价的层次递阶模型,经过认真筛选和分析,提出了包括经济效益、生态效益和社会效益三大类共11项评价指标的体系。分析计算出各指标对总目标即综合效益的权重,建立了综合效益评价的数学模型。
最后以项目区中的白河县马利沟小流域为典型,对作者所提出的理论进行了验证,并对白河县水窖的修建提出了一些意见和想法。
Water shortage and soil erosion both are important restrictive factors which affect local agricultural development and the life for people living in the mountainous areas in southern of shaanxi. And also it is a common problem in the Arid and Semi-arid Area of our country. On one hand, rural life and agricultural production are faced with serious water shortage; on the other hand, heavy soil erosion leads to the lost of runoff on surface of the ground a lot in this area. Thus, how to utilize and develope the resources of runoff on slope has become one of the most effective measures to promote economic development and improve the ecological environment in the earth-rock mountainous areas of arid and semi-arid area of our country. Meanwhile, it is also one of the focus issues concerned by the nations and regions which is short of water.
Relying on the project of making use of technology on runoff on slope in the southern Shaanxi, based on consulting plenty of Chinese and foreign literature, this article analyzes the contradictions of soil erosion and drought in the dry earth-rock mountainous areas thoroughly. With water as the center, this artical also listed a completely new idea about soil and water conservation which is based on collecting runoff on slope. On that base, this article set a suit of complete disposition technique theory for the collecting and distributing runoff on slope which is suitable for local surface which has a great significance to solve practical problems in the earth-rock mountainous areas of arid and semi-arid area such as optimizing disposition technique of collecting and distributing project system for runoff on slope.
At the same time, the selective methods about tank’s location on slope catchment project were also discussed, and also the relevant principles and disposal modle about the location of tank were summarized. The article apllying analytical hierarchical process theory in operational research established the model of assessing the collecting and distributing runoff on slope project. After careful screening and analysis, this article established the system of assessing index system including three dominating aspects such as economic efficiency,ecological efficiency and social efficiency including a total of 11 subordinate indexes. On the basis of analyzing the relation between each index and synthetical goal, the mathematics mode of assessing synthetical efficiency was made.
Finally, take the small watershed of Maligou in Baihe County as a typical,the theory advanced by the author was verified, and a number of suggestions and ideas about cellar in Baihe County were made.
引文
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[2]Sharma K D. Runoff behaviour of water harvesting micro-catchments[J]. Agricultwal Water Management, 1986, 11: 137-144
[3]Karnieli A, Asher J B. An empirical approach for predicting runoff yield under desert conditions[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 1988, 14: 243-252
[4]Ghobar H M A, Kay M G. Predicting runoff from a micro-catchment [J]. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Resources, 1990, 45: 101-105.
[5]Za-slavsky D, Sinai G. Surface hydrology [J]. Journal of Hydraulic Div ADCE, 1981, 107(1): 1-93
[6] Hillel D, Hornberger G M. Physical model of the hydrology of stopping get erogenous Gelds Soil SciSoc AMJ, 1979, 1: 434-439.
[7]Boers T M, Asher J B. A linear regression model combined with a soil water balance model design micro-catchments for water harvesting in arid zones[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 1986, 1: 1l -20
[8]Boers T M, Asher J B. Comparision of a kinematic wave model(KWM)with a linear regression model(LRM)to design micro-catch-menu for water harvesting in arid zones[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 1986, 2: 11-18
[9]Schreiber H A, Frasier G W. Increasing ranger and forage production by water harvesting[J]. Journal of Range Manage, 1978, 31: 37-40
[10]Amold J G, Stockle C O. Simulation of supplemental irrigation from on-farm ponds[J]. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 1991, 117 (3): 51-62
[11]Sushil Pandel. The economy of water harvesting and tropical of India[J]. Agriculture System, 1991, 36 (2): 34-41
[12]Oweis T, Taimeh A. Over all evaluation of on-farm water harvesting systems in the arid regions[J]. International Conference on Land and Water Resources Management in the Mediterranean Region, Valenzano, Bari, Italy, 1994, 3: 763-781
[13]Gupta K K, Deelstra J, Sharma K D, et.al. Estimation of water harvesting potential for a semi-arid area using GIS and remote sensing[J]. Proceedings of an International Symposium(5th Scientific Assembly of the IAHS),Rahat, Morocco, 1997: 53-62
[14]刘小勇,吴普特.雨水资源集蓄利用研究综述[J],自然资源学报, 2000, 15(2): 189
[15]朱强,李元红,王治军.雨水集蓄利用学科发展与展望[A],中国水利学会.中国水利学会专业学术综述(第五集)[C],北京:中国水利水电出版社, 2003
[16]Dominguez M A C, Eric Schiller, Nikolai S S. Sizing of rainwater storage tanks in urban zones[Z]. Mannheim, Germany: 10th international conference on rainwater catchments systems, 2001.
[17]中华人民共和国水利部.雨水集蓄利用工程技术规范[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2001
[18]张新燕,蔡焕杰,王健.降雨聚集条件下蓄水工程优化设计研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2002,20(4):84-86
[19]姚文艺,李勉.黄土高原土壤侵蚀及综合治理研究评述.中国水土保持, 2005(4): 15-17
[20]郭廷辅,段巧甫.水土保持径流调控理论与实践.北京:中国水利水电出版社, 2004
[21]吴普特,高建恩,黄土高原水土保持新论[M].郑州:黄河水利出版社, 2006: 10-13
[22]刘小勇,吴普特.雨水资源集蓄利用研究综述.自然资源学报, 2000, 15(2): 189-193
[23]詹道江,叶守泽.工程水文学[M].北京:中国水利出版社, 1979: 180-194
[24]詹道江,叶守泽.工程水文学[M].北京:中国水利出版社, 1979: 213-214
[25]水利部农村水利司农水处,雨水集蓄利用技术与实践[M],北京:中国水利水电出版社, 2001
[26]金彦兆,郑惠艳.甘肃省雨水集蓄利用技术的发展与实践[A].吴普特.中国西北地区水资源开发战略与利用技术[C].北京:中国水利水电出版社, 2000:285
[27]Batchelor C. H.,The Accuracy of Evapotranspiration Estimated with the FAO Modified Penman Equation[J], Irrigation Science, 1984(5): 223-233
[28]St?ckle.Claudio O,17-18
[37]赖建华,蓄水池在高山缺水地区的应用[J],浙江水利科技, 2000, (3): 37-38
[38]水利部农村水利司农水处,雨水集蓄利用技术与实践[M],北京:中国水利水电出版社, 2001: 73-74
[39]李怀有,赵安成,郭永乐.黄土高原沟壑区集雨节水灌溉技术[M].郑州:黄河水利出版社, 2002: 2
[40]水利部农村水利司农水处,雨水集蓄利用技术与实践[M],北京:中国水利水电出版社, 2001:1-2
[41]陈维杰.集雨节灌技术[M].郑州:黄河水利出版社, 2003: 2
[42]Sushil Pandey,林性粹,印度半干旱热带地区径流集蓄与补充灌溉的经济性, Agricultural Systems, 1991, 36(2): 207-220
[43]Chen Jian, Li Yunwu, Qiu Bing, et al. Integrated System of Rainwater Harvest and Water and Energy Saving Irrigation in Mountainous and Hilly Areas[J]. Transactions of the CSAE, 2002, 18(5): 92-95
[44]汪志农,林性粹,黄冠华,等.灌溉排水工程学[M],北京:中国农业出版社, 1998: 181-185
[45]李萍,山丘区小流域雨水集蓄与综合治理开发技术研究[D],南京:河海大学, 2004: 20
[46]张新燕,蔡焕杰,王健.降雨聚集条件下系统优化模拟模型的设计研究[J].干旱地区农业研究, 2002, 20(4): 85
[47]付晓刚,李云峰,刘利年,等.干旱土石山区集雨水窖工程的配置技术研究[J].中国农村水利水电, 2007, (10): 31-34
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