台湾海峡和台湾东部海域水母类的物种多样性、丰度和分布研究
|
摘要
本文分析了2006-2007年“近海海洋综合调查与评价专项”(908专项)春夏秋冬四个航次的台湾海峡调查数据和1995-1997年“中日副热带环流”春夏秋冬四个航次的台湾东部海域调查数据,通过对水母类数量、物种数、优势种空间聚集特征等指标的分析,探讨了台湾海峡和台湾东部海域水母类种类多样性和数量分布。研究结果如下:
1.台湾海峡春夏秋冬四个航次102个站位样品中,共鉴定出水母类189种:其中水螅水母121种(占水母类种类数64.02%)、管水母54种(占28.57%)、钵水母7种(占3.7%)、栉水母7种(占3.7%)。种类数夏季最高,春季次之,秋季最低;台湾海峡南部水母类种类数高于北部。台湾东部海域共鉴定水母类88种:其中管水母48种(占水母类种类数54.54%)、水螅水母35种(占39.77%)、钵水母2种(占2.27%)、栉水母3种(占3.41%)。种类数夏季最高,冬季次之,秋季最低,台湾东部海域水母类外海种类数高于近岸。
2.台湾海峡水母类包括四个生态类群:近岸暖温、近岸暖水、大洋广布和大洋狭布。台湾东部海域水母类生态类群为近岸暖水、大洋广布、大洋狭布和大洋深水。
3.综合四航次数据,台湾海峡水母类四季平均丰度12.65 ind*m-3,季节变化为夏季>春季>秋季>冬季,平面分布上近岸大于外海。各类群平均丰度和所占水母类总量比例:管水母类平均丰度7.76 ind*m-3,占水母类总量69.10%;水螅水母类平均丰度3.29 ind*m-3,占29.30%;栉水母平均丰度0.14 ind*m-3,占1.25%;钵水母平均丰度0.14 ind*m-3,占1.25%。台湾东部海域水母类四季平均丰度为0.81 ind*m-3,季节变化为夏季>冬季>春季>秋季,平面分布上南部高于北部,外海大于近岸。各类群平均丰度和所占水母类总量比例:管水母类平均丰度0.65 ind*m-3,占水母类总丰度80.24%,水螅水母类平均丰度0.16 ind*m-3,占19.57%;栉水母平均丰度0.0008 ind*m-3,占0.1%;钵水母平均丰度0.0006 ind*m-3,占0.08%。
4.台湾海峡水母类优势种为管水母类的双生水母、拟细浅室水母和水螅水母类的半口壮丽水母和四叶小舌水母。优势种丰度占水母类总丰度80%。台湾东部海域水母类主要优势种分别为管水母类的小拟多面水母、扭歪爪室水母、巴斯水母、尖角水母、螺旋尖角水母、爪室水母、方拟多面水母、细浅室水母、拟双生水母以及水螅水母类的宽膜棍手水母和半口壮丽水母,优势种丰度占水母类总丰度82.22%。两海域优势种均有明显的季节消长。
5.台湾海峡水母类多样性指数季节变化为春季(2.17)>冬季(1.96)>秋季(1.68)>夏季(1.52),平面分布上南部高于北部。多样性指数与种类数季节变化不同步,但二者具有显著同步变化的趋势;多样性指数与丰度季节变化差异明显,无显著线性相关。台湾东部海域多样性指数季节变化为夏季(3.59)>冬季(3.54)>春季(3.35)>秋季(2.95),多样性指数平面分布四季均表现出外海大于近岸的特征。多样性指数与种类数季节变化显著相关;多样性指数与丰度季节变化无显著相关。
6.从水母类种类组成、数量分布、优势种、多样性指数以及生态类群等指标分析可见,台湾东部海域与台湾海峡相比,有更强的热带大洋海域属性。
7.台湾海峡仔稚鱼与鱼卵四季丰度变化趋势均为春季>夏季>秋季>冬季,分析结果表明,与水母类丰度无明显相关关系,但在空间分布上鱼卵、仔稚鱼与水母有负相关趋势,体现了它们的直接摄食或食物竞争关系。
Based on the data from the survey of 908 (2006-2007) in Taiwan Strait and the data from cooperation Survey of subtropical circulation between China and Janpan(1995-1997)in the waters off eastern Taiwan,using several statistical methods and ecology analysis tools,the species composition,temporal and spatial variation of abundance and biodiversity characteristic are described , and the effect of environmental factors on the Medusae community were discussed by analying diversity index.
The brief results of this study are described as following:
1. 189 Medusae species were identified in Taiwan Strait,in which ,121 are Hydrozoans,54 are Siphonophores,7 are Scyphozoans,and 7 are Ctenophore,including 20 new species and 4 new records in Taiwan strait. The seasonal variations of species in number follows the order of summer > spring> winter> autumn with the number105,104,91 and 84,higher species number occurred in the southern part of the strait. While 88 Medusae species were recorded in the waters off eastern Taiwan,including 48 Siphonophores,35 Hydrozoans,2 Scyphozoans and 3 Ctenophore. The seasonal variations of species in number follows the order of summer > winter> spring> autumn with the number71,50,48 and 34,higher species number occurred in offshore.
2. Reference to the data before,according to distribution and the seasonal variation of abundance of Medusae and the adaptability of Medusae to the different habitat,the Medusae species in Taiwan strait were classified into four ecological groups: neritic warm-temperate,neritic warm-water,oceanic eurythermal warm-water and oceanic tropical species.Whihe the Medusae species in the waters off eastern Taiwan were classified into different four ecological groups: neritic warm-water,oceanic eurythermal warm-water,oceanic tropical and oceanic deep-water species.
3. Four curise of Medusae abundance in Taiwan Strait exhibited obvious seasonal change with the mean abundance of 12.65 ind*m-3: high in the summer,followed by spring and autumn,low in winter. The horizontal distribution of abundance in nearshore was larger than in offshore.While the Medusae abundance in the waters off eastern Taiwan also showed an apparent seasonal change with the mean abundance of 0.81 ind*m-3,highest in summer and lowest in autumn. The different from result in the Taiwan Strait,the horizontal distribution of abundance in nearshore was smaller than in offshore.
4. The most dominant species,together they contributed to 80% of the numerical total of Medusae in Taiwan Strait were Diphyes chamissoni and Lensia subtiloides(Siphonophorae) , Liriope tetraphylla and Aglaura hemistoma (Hydromedusae). While there are evlenve most dominant species of Medusae in the waters off eastern Taiwan with contributing to 82.22% of the numerical total of Medusae:Abylopsis eschscholtzi,Chelophyes contorta,Bassia bassensi,Eudoxoides mitra,Abyla tetragona,Eudoxoides spiralis,Chelophyes appendiculata Lensia subtilis and Diphyes bojani (Siphonophorae),Rhopalonema velatum and Aglaura hemistoma (Hydromedusae).The dominat species of Medusae exhibited apparent seasonal succession,and different dominant species showed different seasonal distribution patterns.
5. The dynamics of Medusae diversity and the cause were analyzed. In Taiwan Strait the biodiversity showed that it was higher in south than north and was higher in spring(2.17) and winter(1.96) than in autumn(1.68) and summer(1.52). While it was higher offshore than nearshore and higher in in summer(3.59) and winter(3.54) than in spring(3.35) and autumn(2.95). They all found that the number of species was closely correlated with H′value,while the abundance was not correlated with it significantly. Moreover,the distribution of species diversity is associated with main environmental factor in Taiwan Strait such as water temperature and salinity,which are results of the seasonal changes of water system.
6. Compared to the result in Taiwan Strait ,the species composition,temporal and spatial variation of abundance and biodiversity characteristic of Medusae in the waters off eastern Taiwan are all shown that they have more tropical oceanic properties.
7. Distribution and the seasonal variation of abundance of fish egg and larvaes are discussed. All of their abundance peaked in spring,and got the second highest in summer,and the lowest in winter,which is different from Medusae’s. The high abundance of fish egg and larvaes was mostly found at the edges of the concentrated region of Medusa,it showed that there was a negative correlationbetween fish egg and larvaes and Medusae in distribution pattern. This result not only reflects their predation and food competition,but also provide the scientific information to fisheries management.
1.台湾海峡春夏秋冬四个航次102个站位样品中,共鉴定出水母类189种:其中水螅水母121种(占水母类种类数64.02%)、管水母54种(占28.57%)、钵水母7种(占3.7%)、栉水母7种(占3.7%)。种类数夏季最高,春季次之,秋季最低;台湾海峡南部水母类种类数高于北部。台湾东部海域共鉴定水母类88种:其中管水母48种(占水母类种类数54.54%)、水螅水母35种(占39.77%)、钵水母2种(占2.27%)、栉水母3种(占3.41%)。种类数夏季最高,冬季次之,秋季最低,台湾东部海域水母类外海种类数高于近岸。
2.台湾海峡水母类包括四个生态类群:近岸暖温、近岸暖水、大洋广布和大洋狭布。台湾东部海域水母类生态类群为近岸暖水、大洋广布、大洋狭布和大洋深水。
3.综合四航次数据,台湾海峡水母类四季平均丰度12.65 ind*m-3,季节变化为夏季>春季>秋季>冬季,平面分布上近岸大于外海。各类群平均丰度和所占水母类总量比例:管水母类平均丰度7.76 ind*m-3,占水母类总量69.10%;水螅水母类平均丰度3.29 ind*m-3,占29.30%;栉水母平均丰度0.14 ind*m-3,占1.25%;钵水母平均丰度0.14 ind*m-3,占1.25%。台湾东部海域水母类四季平均丰度为0.81 ind*m-3,季节变化为夏季>冬季>春季>秋季,平面分布上南部高于北部,外海大于近岸。各类群平均丰度和所占水母类总量比例:管水母类平均丰度0.65 ind*m-3,占水母类总丰度80.24%,水螅水母类平均丰度0.16 ind*m-3,占19.57%;栉水母平均丰度0.0008 ind*m-3,占0.1%;钵水母平均丰度0.0006 ind*m-3,占0.08%。
4.台湾海峡水母类优势种为管水母类的双生水母、拟细浅室水母和水螅水母类的半口壮丽水母和四叶小舌水母。优势种丰度占水母类总丰度80%。台湾东部海域水母类主要优势种分别为管水母类的小拟多面水母、扭歪爪室水母、巴斯水母、尖角水母、螺旋尖角水母、爪室水母、方拟多面水母、细浅室水母、拟双生水母以及水螅水母类的宽膜棍手水母和半口壮丽水母,优势种丰度占水母类总丰度82.22%。两海域优势种均有明显的季节消长。
5.台湾海峡水母类多样性指数季节变化为春季(2.17)>冬季(1.96)>秋季(1.68)>夏季(1.52),平面分布上南部高于北部。多样性指数与种类数季节变化不同步,但二者具有显著同步变化的趋势;多样性指数与丰度季节变化差异明显,无显著线性相关。台湾东部海域多样性指数季节变化为夏季(3.59)>冬季(3.54)>春季(3.35)>秋季(2.95),多样性指数平面分布四季均表现出外海大于近岸的特征。多样性指数与种类数季节变化显著相关;多样性指数与丰度季节变化无显著相关。
6.从水母类种类组成、数量分布、优势种、多样性指数以及生态类群等指标分析可见,台湾东部海域与台湾海峡相比,有更强的热带大洋海域属性。
7.台湾海峡仔稚鱼与鱼卵四季丰度变化趋势均为春季>夏季>秋季>冬季,分析结果表明,与水母类丰度无明显相关关系,但在空间分布上鱼卵、仔稚鱼与水母有负相关趋势,体现了它们的直接摄食或食物竞争关系。
Based on the data from the survey of 908 (2006-2007) in Taiwan Strait and the data from cooperation Survey of subtropical circulation between China and Janpan(1995-1997)in the waters off eastern Taiwan,using several statistical methods and ecology analysis tools,the species composition,temporal and spatial variation of abundance and biodiversity characteristic are described , and the effect of environmental factors on the Medusae community were discussed by analying diversity index.
The brief results of this study are described as following:
1. 189 Medusae species were identified in Taiwan Strait,in which ,121 are Hydrozoans,54 are Siphonophores,7 are Scyphozoans,and 7 are Ctenophore,including 20 new species and 4 new records in Taiwan strait. The seasonal variations of species in number follows the order of summer > spring> winter> autumn with the number105,104,91 and 84,higher species number occurred in the southern part of the strait. While 88 Medusae species were recorded in the waters off eastern Taiwan,including 48 Siphonophores,35 Hydrozoans,2 Scyphozoans and 3 Ctenophore. The seasonal variations of species in number follows the order of summer > winter> spring> autumn with the number71,50,48 and 34,higher species number occurred in offshore.
2. Reference to the data before,according to distribution and the seasonal variation of abundance of Medusae and the adaptability of Medusae to the different habitat,the Medusae species in Taiwan strait were classified into four ecological groups: neritic warm-temperate,neritic warm-water,oceanic eurythermal warm-water and oceanic tropical species.Whihe the Medusae species in the waters off eastern Taiwan were classified into different four ecological groups: neritic warm-water,oceanic eurythermal warm-water,oceanic tropical and oceanic deep-water species.
3. Four curise of Medusae abundance in Taiwan Strait exhibited obvious seasonal change with the mean abundance of 12.65 ind*m-3: high in the summer,followed by spring and autumn,low in winter. The horizontal distribution of abundance in nearshore was larger than in offshore.While the Medusae abundance in the waters off eastern Taiwan also showed an apparent seasonal change with the mean abundance of 0.81 ind*m-3,highest in summer and lowest in autumn. The different from result in the Taiwan Strait,the horizontal distribution of abundance in nearshore was smaller than in offshore.
4. The most dominant species,together they contributed to 80% of the numerical total of Medusae in Taiwan Strait were Diphyes chamissoni and Lensia subtiloides(Siphonophorae) , Liriope tetraphylla and Aglaura hemistoma (Hydromedusae). While there are evlenve most dominant species of Medusae in the waters off eastern Taiwan with contributing to 82.22% of the numerical total of Medusae:Abylopsis eschscholtzi,Chelophyes contorta,Bassia bassensi,Eudoxoides mitra,Abyla tetragona,Eudoxoides spiralis,Chelophyes appendiculata Lensia subtilis and Diphyes bojani (Siphonophorae),Rhopalonema velatum and Aglaura hemistoma (Hydromedusae).The dominat species of Medusae exhibited apparent seasonal succession,and different dominant species showed different seasonal distribution patterns.
5. The dynamics of Medusae diversity and the cause were analyzed. In Taiwan Strait the biodiversity showed that it was higher in south than north and was higher in spring(2.17) and winter(1.96) than in autumn(1.68) and summer(1.52). While it was higher offshore than nearshore and higher in in summer(3.59) and winter(3.54) than in spring(3.35) and autumn(2.95). They all found that the number of species was closely correlated with H′value,while the abundance was not correlated with it significantly. Moreover,the distribution of species diversity is associated with main environmental factor in Taiwan Strait such as water temperature and salinity,which are results of the seasonal changes of water system.
6. Compared to the result in Taiwan Strait ,the species composition,temporal and spatial variation of abundance and biodiversity characteristic of Medusae in the waters off eastern Taiwan are all shown that they have more tropical oceanic properties.
7. Distribution and the seasonal variation of abundance of fish egg and larvaes are discussed. All of their abundance peaked in spring,and got the second highest in summer,and the lowest in winter,which is different from Medusae’s. The high abundance of fish egg and larvaes was mostly found at the edges of the concentrated region of Medusa,it showed that there was a negative correlationbetween fish egg and larvaes and Medusae in distribution pattern. This result not only reflects their predation and food competition,but also provide the scientific information to fisheries management.
引文
毕役. 2011.深海栉水母.百科知识.动物之美[J]. 2:44.
蔡秉及,连光山,等. 1995.台湾海峡西部海域浮游动物的基本特征[J].海洋学报. 17(2):93-98.
曹文清,林元烧. 2001.厦门港球型侧腕水母染色体组型[J].厦门大学学报(自然科学版). 40(3):804-806.
陈清潮. 1983.南海北部和中部的管水母类[A].国科学院南海海洋研究所.南海海洋生物研究论文集(一)[C].北京:海洋出版社. 7-15.
陈清潮,黄良民,尹健强,张谷贤. 1994.南沙群岛海区浮游动物多样性研究[C].南沙群岛及其邻近海区海洋生物多样性研究,北京:海洋出版社. 42-50.
陈雪梅. 1989.第十二章鱼类的食性.大亚湾环境与资源[M],徐恭昭等著.合肥市:安徽科学技术出版社.273-292.
陈怡伶. 2002,.屏东大鹏湾海月水母种群动态及食性研究[D].国立中山大学海洋资源研究所硕士论文. 1-83.
程家骅,李圣法,丁峰元,等. 2004.东、黄海大型水母暴发现象及其可能成因浅析[J].现代渔业信息. 19(5) :10 -12.
崔培. 2008. P0M模型在台湾海峡潮波形态分布及污染物扩散研究中的应用[D].厦门大学.
大森,信. 1981.远东水域的食用水母渔业及其生物学述评[J].日本东京水产大学. Bull. plankton. Soe. Jpn. 28(1):68.
丁耕芜,陈介康. 1981.海蜇的生活史[J].水产学报. 5(2):93-102.
范洪亮. 1982.海蜇螯伤的临床表现及处理[J].海洋药物. 1(l):42.
方金钏,李福振,洪幼环,等. 1979.闽南-台湾浅滩渔场浮游动物调查报告[ J ].福建水产科技, (3) :1-73.
福建海洋研究所. 1988.台湾海峡中、北部海洋综合调查研究报告[M].北京:海洋出版社.
高尚武,东海水母类的研究[J].海洋科学集刊,1982,19:43-50.
顾剑平,林乾良. 1985.海蜇的药用[J].海洋药物. 4(3):47.
国家海洋局. 1988.南海中部海域环境资源综合调查报告[R].北京:海洋出版社. 162-214.
国家海洋局第三海洋研究所. 2007.我国近海海洋综合调查与评价(908专项)ST06区块水体环境调查与研究.春季[R].
和振武. 1983, a.烟台沿海潮间带腔肠动物的生态观察[J].新乡师范学院学报(自然科学版). (3):63-73.
和振武. 1984, b.烟台沿海的钵水母[J].新乡师范学院学报(自然科学版). (4):70-72.
和振武. 1985, c.秦皇岛和北戴河的水母类[J].河南师范大学学报(自然科学版). (4):69-73.
和振武. 2006.中国的钵水母[J].河南师范大学学报(自然科学版). 34(3):194-196.
洪惠馨. 1985.中国海域钵水母类分类的研究[J].厦门水产学院学报. (2):7-18.
洪惠馨. 2002.水母与海蜇[J].生物学通报. 37(2):13-16.
洪惠馨,张士美. 1989.中国海域钵水母类的几种新记录[J].厦门水产学院学报. 2:11-15.
洪惠馨,林利民,李长玲. 2009.中国海域钵水母类新纪录(Ⅱ) [J].集美大学学报:自然科学版. 14(1) :20-23.
洪惠馨,林利民. 2010.中国海域钵水母类(Scyphomedusae)区系的研究[J].集美大学学报(自然科学版). 15(1):18-24.
胡义波,姜乃澄. 2006.浙江两地产索氏桃花水母核糖体小亚基rRNA基因序列分析[J ] .浙江大学学报(理学版) . 33 (5) :559-566.
黄加祺,陈栩,许振祖. 1991.闽南-台湾浅滩渔场上升流区水母类的生态研究[M].见:闽南-台湾浅滩渔场上升流区生态研究.北京:科学出版社. 456-468.
黄加祺,许振祖. 1994, a.闽江口水母类的分布[J].厦门大学学报(自然科学版). 33(增刊):160-164.
黄加祺,许振祖. 1995, b.海坛岛海域各类水母的分布[J].厦门大学学报(自然科学版). 34(2):306-309.
黄加祺,许振祖,郭东晖. 2010, a.台湾海峡南部水螅水母纲两新种形态特征[J].台湾海峡. 29(1):1-4.
黄加祺,许振祖,林茂,等. 2010, b.台湾海峡及其邻近海域软水母亚纲二新种记述[J].厦门大学学报(自然科学版). 49(1):87-90.
黄丽萍. 1987.北部湾北部近岸的水母类[J].广西海洋. 1:1-11.
计光辅. 2007.海蜇的药用功效[J]家庭中医药. 7(7):68.
蒋双,陈介康. 1994.黄渤海水螅水母、管水母和栉水母的地理分布[J].海洋通报. 13(3):17-23.
金德祥. 1936.福建省海洋生物采集调查报告[R].海洋生物研究所刊物. 1(1):104.
李培军,谭克非,叶昌臣. 1988.辽宁湾海蜇生长的研究[J].水产学报. (3):242-250.
李少菁,黄加祺等. 2006.台湾海峡浮游生物生态学研究[J].厦门大学学报(自然科学版). 45, 2(增刊):24-31.
李宗质. 1988.海蜇螯伤致死1例[J].中华内科杂志. (7):439.
连光山,侯舒民,陈孝麟,等. 1981.浮游生物[A].中华人民共和国国家海洋局.“实践”号海
洋调查船中太平洋西部调查报告[R].北京:海洋出版社. 74-88.
林茂. 1989, a.台湾海峡西部水域管水母的生态研究[J].海洋通报. 8(3):65-71.
林茂. 1989, b.大亚湾水母类的分类和区系[C].大亚湾海洋生态文集(I).北京:海洋出版社. 59-65.
林茂. 1992.南海中部管水母类生态的初步研究[J].海洋学报. 14(2):99-105.
林茂,张金标. 1989.台湾海峡西部海域水螅水母类和栉水母类的生态研究[J].海洋学报. 11(5):624-628.
林茂,张金标. 1989, a.台湾海峡西部水螅水母类和栉水母类的生态研究[J].海洋学报. 11(5):621-628.
林茂,张金标. 1989, b.厦门港及邻近海域水螅水母类、管水母类和栉水母类的生态研究.海洋学报. 11(4):493-500.
林茂,许振祖,黄加祺等. 2009.台湾海峡软水母亚纲二新种[J].水产学报. 33(3):452-455.
林茂,许振祖,黄加祺等. 2010.中国介螅水母属二新种[J].水产学报. 34(1):67-71.
林元烧. 1994.台湾海峡中、北部水母的种类分布[J].厦门大学学报(自然科学版). 33(增刊):165-172.
刘红斌. 1 9 90 . 19 8 6年春季东海黑潮区管水母类组成与分布的初步研究,黑潮调查论文选(一) ,北京:海洋出版社. 2 6 7-2 7 6.
刘康克. 2002.认识台湾附近的海洋环境.二十一世纪海洋台湾[J].科学月刊杂志社. 8-17页.
刘希光. 2004.海蜇的化学组成及其生物活性研究[D]青岛:中国科学研究生院.
刘希光,于华华,赵增芹,等. 2004, a.海蜇中微量汞的微波消解-原子荧光光谱法测定[J]. 分析测试学报. 23(6):101-103.
刘希光,于华华,赵增芹,等. 2005, b.微波消解-氢化物发生-原子荧光法测定海蜇中的痕量砷和硒[J].光谱学与光谱分析. 25(6):964-967.
刘希光,于华华,李学刚,等. 2006, c.海蜇中常量和微量元素的同时测定[J].海洋学报. 28(2):151-155.
李少菁,黄加祺等. 2006.台湾海峡浮游生物生态学研究[J].厦门大学学报(自然科学版). 45, 2(增刊):24-31.
李宗质. 1988.海蜇螯伤致死1例[J].中华内科杂志. (7):439.
连光山,侯舒民,陈孝麟,等. 1981.浮游生物[A].中华人民共和国国家海洋局.“实践”号海洋调查船中太平洋西部调查报告[R].北京:海洋出版社. 74-88.
林茂. 1989, a.台湾海峡西部水域管水母的生态研究[J].海洋通报. 8(3):65-71.
林茂. 1989, b.大亚湾水母类的分类和区系[C].大亚湾海洋生态文集(I).北京:海洋出版社. 59-65.
林茂. 1992.南海中部管水母类生态的初步研究[J].海洋学报. 14(2):99-105.
林茂,张金标. 1989.台湾海峡西部海域水螅水母类和栉水母类的生态研究[J].海洋学报. 11(5):624-628.
林茂,张金标. 1989, a.台湾海峡西部水螅水母类和栉水母类的生态研究[J].海洋学报. 11(5):621-628.
林茂,张金标. 1989, b.厦门港及邻近海域水螅水母类、管水母类和栉水母类的生态研究.海洋学报. 11(4):493-500.
林茂,许振祖,黄加祺等. 2009.台湾海峡软水母亚纲二新种[J].水产学报. 33(3):452-455.
林茂,许振祖,黄加祺等. 2010.中国介螅水母属二新种[J].水产学报. 34(1):67-71.
林元烧. 1994.台湾海峡中、北部水母的种类分布[J].厦门大学学报(自然科学版). 33(增刊):165-172.
刘红斌. 1 9 90 . 19 8 6年春季东海黑潮区管水母类组成与分布的初步研究,黑潮调查论文选(一) ,北京:海洋出版社. 2 6 7-2 7 6.
刘康克. 2002.认识台湾附近的海洋环境.二十一世纪海洋台湾[J].科学月刊杂志社. 8-17页. 刘希光. 2004.海蜇的化学组成及其生物活性研究[D]青岛:中国科学研究生院.
刘希光,于华华,赵增芹,等. 2004, a.海蜇中微量汞的微波消解-原子荧光光谱法测定[J]. 分析测试学报. 23(6):101-103.
刘希光,于华华,赵增芹,等. 2005, b.微波消解-氢化物发生-原子荧光法测定海蜇中的痕量砷和硒[J].光谱学与光谱分析. 25(6):964-967.
刘希光,于华华,李学刚,等. 2006, c.海蜇中常量和微量元素的同时测定[J].海洋学报. 28(2):151-155.
徐兆礼,张金标,陈亚瞿. 2003.东海管水母类(Siphonophores)生态研究[J].水产学报. 27 (增刊):82-90.
徐兆礼,张凤英,罗民波. 2006.东海栉水母(Ctenophora)生态特征.生态学杂志. 25(11):1301-1305.
徐兆礼,林茂. 2006, b.东海水母类多样性特征因果分析[J].生物多样性. 14 (6):508 -516. 徐兆礼,高倩等. 2008.东海栉水母对温度和盐度生态适应的Yield-Density模型[J].生态学杂志. 27(1):68-72.
许振祖. 1965.海南岛及邻近海区浮游动物的调查研究I.水螅水母类[J].厦门大学学报(自然科学版).12(1):90-1104.
许振祖. 1983.台湾海峡西南部水螅水母的生态研究[J].海洋学报. 5(1):91-101.
许振祖,金德祥. 1962.福建沿海水母类的调查研究[J].厦门大学学报. 9 (3):206-221.
许振祖,张金标. 1964, a.福建沿海水母类的调查研究(二).南部沿海水螅水母、管水母和栉水母类的分类[J].厦门大学学报(自然科学版). 11(3):120-149.
许振祖,张金标. 1974, b.福建沿海水母类的调查研究III.中、北部沿海水母类的分类研究[J].海洋科技. 2:17-32.
许振祖,黄加琪. 1983, a.九龙江口水螅水母、管水母、钵水母类和栉水母类的生态研究[J]. 厦门大学学报. 22 (3):364-373.
许振祖,黄加祺. 1983, b.九龙江口的水螅水母类、管水母类、钵水母类和栉水母类[J].台湾海峡. 2(2):99-110.
许振祖,王文樵. 1989.厦门港水母刺胞一新种、三新型记录[J] .海洋学报. 11 (6) :749-762.
许振祖,黄加祺,陈栩. 1991.闽南-台湾浅滩渔场上升流区水螅水母新属新种新记录[C].主编:洪华生,丘书院,阮五崎,洪港船.闽南-台湾浅滩渔场上升流区生态系研究[A].北京:科学出版社. 469-486.
许振祖,黄加祺,郭东晖. 2007, a.台湾海峡南部上升流区水螅水母纲II.软水母亚纲新属新种记述[J].厦门大学学报(自然科学版). 46(5):684-689.
许振祖,黄加祺,郭东晖. 2008, b.台湾海峡南部上升流区水螅水母纲I.花水母亚纲新种新记录记述[J].海洋学报(中文版). 30(1):119-126.
许振祖,黄加祺,林茂,等. 2009, c.台湾海峡及其邻近海区单肢水母属的研究(水螅水母纲, 花水母亚纲,丝螅水母目,高手水母科) [J].动物分类学报. 34(1):111-118.
许振祖,黄加祺,林茂,等. 2009, d.台湾海峡及其邻近海区珍妮水母属的研究(丝螅水母目, 面具水母科) [J].动物分类学报. 34(4):847-853.
许振祖,黄加祺,林茂,等.中国近海水螅虫总纲生态动物地理学研究(未发表) .
余佩纹. 2006.台湾南部及北部海域管水母群聚之季节动态[D].国立中山大学.海洋生物科技暨资源研究所硕士论文.
张金标. 1984.西太平洋热带水域的钟泳亚目管水母[A].国家海洋局第三海洋研究所·西太平洋热带水域浮游生物论文集[C].北京:海洋出版社. 52-85.
张金标,许振祖. 1975.福建沿海水母类的调查研究(四).南海沿海水母类的分布[J].海洋科技:5:1-14.
张金标,江苏. 1977.浙江沿海浮游水螅水母类和栉水母类的调查研究[J].海洋科技. (7):95-107.
张金标,许振祖. 1980, a.中国海管水母类的地理分布[J].厦门大学学报(自然科学版). 19(3):100-108.
张金标,蔡秉及,陈瑞祥,等. 1981.研究海域的浮游生物[A].中华人民共和国国家海洋局. “向阳红09”海洋调查船中太平洋西部调查报告[R].北京:海洋出版社. 118-136.
张金标,林茂. 1997, b.南海管水母类的生态地理学研究[J].海洋学报. 19(4):121-131.
张金标,宁修仁,江锦祥,等. 1991.渤海、黄海、东海海洋图集·生物[M].北京:海洋出版社. 1-250.
张金标,徐兆礼,王云龙. 1999, a.台湾西部海域冬春季的水螅水母类和管水母类[J].台湾海峡. 18(1):76-82.
张金标,林茂. 2001.台湾海峡西部海域水螅水母类和管水母类的垂直分布研究[J].台湾海峡. 20(1):1-8.
张万钧. 2008.台湾周边海域水螅水母群聚之时空分布及其与水文环境之相关性[D].国立中山大学海洋生物科技暨资源研究所.
张锡烈. 1983.江苏近海水螅水母类、管水母类初步调查研究[J].黄渤海海洋. 1(1):87-92.
张玺. 1935.烟台海滨动物之分布[J].北平研究院院务汇报. 5 (5):1-66.
郑慧苑,丘书院. 1990.厦门港球型侧腕水母Pleurobrachia globasa摄食的初步研究[J].台湾海峡. 9(3):200-205.
郑连眀,林元烧,李少菁,等. 2008.台湾海峡多管水母属一新种及基于线粒体COI序列分析鉴定多管水母[J].海洋学报. 30(4):139-146.
郑平胜. 1985.东海区海蜇生产与东太平洋赤道海温关系的初步探讨[J].福建水产. (2):46-54.
周太玄,黄明显. 1957.中国产十字水母[J].生物学通报. (7):25-30.
周太玄,黄明显. 1956.黄渤海渔业敌害之一霞水母[J].生物学通报. (6):9-11.
Alldredge A L. 1984. The quantitative significance of gelatinous zooplankton as pelagic consumers. In:Fasham MJR (ed), Flows of Energy and Materials in Marine Ecosystems:Theory and Practice[M]. Plenum Press, London. p 407-433.
Alvarino A. 1971. Siphonophores of the Pacific with a review of the world distribution[J]. Bull Seripps Inst Oceanoqr. 16:1-432.
Alvarino A. 1974. Distribution of siphonophores in the regions adjacent to the Suez and Panama Canals[J]. Fishery Bulletin, US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 72:527-546.
ANGEL A Y, JANELL E M Y, LOUISE M O et al. 2002. Ult rast ructure of a novel eurytele nematocyst of Carybdea alata Reynaud (Cubozoa , Cnidaria) [J ] . Cell Tissue Res. 308:307-318.
Arai M N. 1992. Active and passive factors affecting aggregations of Hydromedusae:Areview. In:Aspect of Hydrozon Biology[M], Bouillon, J. et al. (eds). 99-108.
Attrill M J, Wright J and Edwards M. 2007. Climate related increases in jellyfish frequency suggest a more gelatinous future for the North Sea[J]. Limnol Ocean. 52:480-485.
Bigelow H B. 1919. The Siphonophorae[J]. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology of Harvard College. 38:173-402.
Bigelow H B and Sears M. 1937. Siphonophorae. Rep. Danish Oceanogr[M]. Exped. Medit. II Biology. H. 2, 1-144, figs. 1-83.
Chun C. 1882. Die Gewebe der Siphonophores[J]. Zoologische Anzeiger. 5:400-406.
Costello T. 1988. Laboratory culture and feeding of the Hydromedusa Cladonema californkum Hymes (Anthomedusa, Cladonemidae )[J]. J. Exp. Mar. Biot. Ecol. 123:177-188.
Gong G C, Shyu C Z, Shih W H and liu K K. 1992. Temperature fluctuation of the cold water off Northern Taiwan:June-December, 1990[J], Acta Oceanographica Taiwanica. 28, 118-127.
Graham W M, Pagès F and Hamner W M. 2001. A physical context for gelatinous zooplankton aggregations:a review[J]. Hydrobiologia. 451:199-212.
Greve W and T R Parsons. 1977. Photosynthesis and fish production:Hypothetical effects of climatic change and pollution[J]. Helgol Meer. 30:666-672.
Haeckel E. 1869. Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Siphonophores. Natuurk. Verh Prov[M]. Utechtsch Gennoots. 6:1-120.
Harbison G R. 1993. The potential of fishes for the control of gelatinous zooplankton[J]. ICES Statutory Meeting, Biological Oceanography Session S C. M. L:74.
Hargitt C W. 1927. Hydroids of South China [J]. Bull Mus comp Harv coll. 67(16):491-520.
Hsu H F. 1928. On a new species of Hydromedusae [J]. Contr Biol Lab Sci Soc China Nanking. 4:1-7.
Jan S et al. 2000. Seasonal variation of the circulation in the Taiwan Strait[J]. Journal of Marine systems. 35 (3-4):249-268.
Kramp P L. 1961. Synopsis of the medusae of the world [J]. J Mar Biol Ass UK. 40:1-459.
Kramp P L. 1965. The Hydromedusae of the Pacific and Indian Oceans[R], Dana-Report II. 72, 1-200.
Kramp P L. 1968. The Hydromedusae of the Pacific and Indian Ocean II and III [A]. The Carlsbery Foundation. Dana Rep[R]. Copenhagen:Bianco Luco A/S. 72:132-192.
Kremer P. 1979. Predation by the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island[J]. Estuaries. 2:97-105.
Kremer P M & Reeve M R. 1989. Growth dynamics of a Ctenophore(Mnenjopsis) in relation to a variable food supply, carbon budgets and growth mode[J]. J. Plankton Res. 11:553-574.
Lin Mao, Xu Zhenzu, Huang Jiaqi et al. 2010. Two new species of Ectopleura from Taiwan Strait, China (Cnidaria, Hydroidomedusae )[J]. Acta Oceanal. Sin. 29(2):56-61.
Lindahl O and L Hernroth. 1983. Phyto-zooplankton community in coastal waters of western Sweden and ecosystem off balance [J]. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 10:119-126.
Ling S W. 1937. Studies on Chinese Hydrozoa I. On some Hydromedusae from Chekiang coast [J]. Peking Nat Hist Bull. 11(4):351-365.
Ling S W. 1938. Studies on Chinese Hydrozoa II. Report on some common hydroidae from the East saddle Island [J]. Lingnan Sci J. 17(2):175-184, 17(3):357-366.
Ling S W. 1939. Studies on Chineae Stauromedusae. Further studies on some Stauromedusae from China [J]. Lingnan Sci J. 18 (3):281-291.
Link J S and Ford M D. 2006, Widespread and persistent increase of Ctenophora in the continental shelf ecosystem off NE USA[J]. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 320:153-159.
Lo W T. 1995. Scales of spatital and temporal variability in the night-time distribution on siphonophores in the North Atlantic Ocean at Bermuda[D]. Ph D. thesis, Texas Agricultural and Mechanical University.
Longhurst A. 1995. Seasonal cycles in pelagic production and consumption[J]. Prog Ocean. 36:77-167.
Lynam C P, Hay S J and Brierly A S. 2005. Jellyfish abundance and climatic variation:contrasting responses in oceanographically distinct regions of the North Sea, and possible implications for fisheries[J]. J Mar Biol Assoc U K. 85:435-450.
Mackie G O, Pugh P R and Purcell J E. 1987. Siphonophores Biology[M]. Adv. Mar. Biol. 24:97-262.
Matsakpis S & Conver R J. 1991. A bundance and feeding of medusae and their potential impact as predators on other zooplankton in Bcd ford Basin during spring[J]. Can. J. Fish A quat. Sci. 48:149-1430.
Mianzan H W, Mari N, Prenski B and Sanchez F. 1996. Fish predation on neritic ctenophores from the Argentine continental shelf:a neglected food resource [J]. Fish Res. 27:69–79.
Mills C E. 1981. Diversity of swimming behavior on hydromedusae as related to the feeding and utilization of space[J]. Mar. Biol. 64:185-189.
Mills C E. 1995. Medusae, siphonophores, and ctenophores as planktivorous predators changing global ecosystems[J]. ICES J Mar Sci. 52:575-581.
Mills C E. 2001. Jellyfish blooms:are populations increasing globally in response to changing ocean conditions[J]. Hydrobiologia. 451:55-68.
Nitani H. 1972. Beginning of the Kuroshio. Kuroshio, physical aspects of the Japan Current[M]. University Tokyo Press, Tokyo. 29-163.
Pakhomov Ye A. 1993. Feeding habits and estimate of ration of Gray Notothenia, Notothenia squamlfrons squamifrons, on the Ob and Lena tablemounts (Indlan sector 01 Antarctica) [J]. J lchthyol. 33:57-71.
Purcell J E, White J R, Nemazie D A and Wright D A. 1999. Temperature, salinity and food effects on asexual reproduction and abundance of the scyphozoan Chrysaora quinquecirrha[J]. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 180:187-196.
Purcell J E. 2005. Climate effects on formation of jellyfish and ctenophore blooms:a review[J]. J Mar Biol Assoc U K. 85:461-476.
Reeve M R. et al. 1978. Laboratory studies of ingestion and food utilization in lobate and tentaculate Ctenophore[J], Limnol Oceangr. 23(4):740-751.
Rengarajan K. 1975. Distribution of siphonophores along the west coast of India and the Laccadive Sea [J]. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India. 17:56-72.
Schneider G. 1989. The common jellyfish Aurelia aurita:standing stock, excretion and nutrient regeneration in the Kiel Bight, western Baltic[J]. Mar Biol. 100:507-514.
Schneider G and Behrends G. 1998. Top-down control in a neritic plankton system by Aurelia aurita medusaea summary[J]. Ophelia. 48:71-82.
Sears M. 1953. Notes on siphonophores. A revision of the Abylinae[J]. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology of Harvard College . 109:1-119.
Stepanyants S D. 1977. Siphonophora of the central part of the Pacific Ocean[A]. Exploration of the Fauna of the Seas, , Marine Plankton (Systematic and Faunisties)[C]. Beijing:Science Press. 54-81.
Tang T Y and Tang W T. 1994. Current on the Edge of the Continental Shelf Northest of Taiwan, Terrestrial[J], Atmospheric and Oceanic sciences. 5, 335-348.
Tang T Y, Tai J H and Yang Y J. 2000. The flow pattern north of Taiwan and the migration of the Kuroshio[J]. Continental Shelf Research. 20, 349-371.
Totton A K. 1954. Siphonophora of the Indian Ocean together with systematic and biological notes on related specimens fron other oceans[J]. Discovery Reports. 27:1-162.
Tu T J. 1931. Notes on Invertebrates Collected from the Coast of Tsingta and Chefoo [J]. Sci Rept Nat Tsing Hua Univ Ser B. 1 (3):83-99.
Verity P G and V Smetacek. 1996. Organism life cycles, predation, and the structure of marine pelagic ecosystems[J]. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 130:277-293.
WESTFALL J A , ELLL IOTT C F , CARL IN R W. 2002. Ultrast ructural evidence for two-cell and three-cell neural pathways in the tentacle epidermis of the sea anemone Aiptasiapallida[J ] . J of Morphology . 251:83-92.
Wilson D P. 1947. The Portuguese Man-of-war, Pyhsalia physalis L. , in British and adjacent seas[J]. J. Mar. Biol. Asso. U. K. 27:139-172.
Wulf G. 1994. The 1989 German Bight invasion of Muggiaea atlantica[J]. ICES J Mar Sci. 51(4):355-358.
Xu Z L, Li C J. 2005. Horizontal distribution and dominant species of heteropods in the East China Sea[J]. J. Plankton Res . 27:373-382.
Yang Y, Liu J H and Koga M. 1999. Taiwan current (Kuroshio)and impinging eddies[J]. Journal of Oceanography. 55:609-617.
蔡秉及,连光山,等. 1995.台湾海峡西部海域浮游动物的基本特征[J].海洋学报. 17(2):93-98.
曹文清,林元烧. 2001.厦门港球型侧腕水母染色体组型[J].厦门大学学报(自然科学版). 40(3):804-806.
陈清潮. 1983.南海北部和中部的管水母类[A].国科学院南海海洋研究所.南海海洋生物研究论文集(一)[C].北京:海洋出版社. 7-15.
陈清潮,黄良民,尹健强,张谷贤. 1994.南沙群岛海区浮游动物多样性研究[C].南沙群岛及其邻近海区海洋生物多样性研究,北京:海洋出版社. 42-50.
陈雪梅. 1989.第十二章鱼类的食性.大亚湾环境与资源[M],徐恭昭等著.合肥市:安徽科学技术出版社.273-292.
陈怡伶. 2002,.屏东大鹏湾海月水母种群动态及食性研究[D].国立中山大学海洋资源研究所硕士论文. 1-83.
程家骅,李圣法,丁峰元,等. 2004.东、黄海大型水母暴发现象及其可能成因浅析[J].现代渔业信息. 19(5) :10 -12.
崔培. 2008. P0M模型在台湾海峡潮波形态分布及污染物扩散研究中的应用[D].厦门大学.
大森,信. 1981.远东水域的食用水母渔业及其生物学述评[J].日本东京水产大学. Bull. plankton. Soe. Jpn. 28(1):68.
丁耕芜,陈介康. 1981.海蜇的生活史[J].水产学报. 5(2):93-102.
范洪亮. 1982.海蜇螯伤的临床表现及处理[J].海洋药物. 1(l):42.
方金钏,李福振,洪幼环,等. 1979.闽南-台湾浅滩渔场浮游动物调查报告[ J ].福建水产科技, (3) :1-73.
福建海洋研究所. 1988.台湾海峡中、北部海洋综合调查研究报告[M].北京:海洋出版社.
高尚武,东海水母类的研究[J].海洋科学集刊,1982,19:43-50.
顾剑平,林乾良. 1985.海蜇的药用[J].海洋药物. 4(3):47.
国家海洋局. 1988.南海中部海域环境资源综合调查报告[R].北京:海洋出版社. 162-214.
国家海洋局第三海洋研究所. 2007.我国近海海洋综合调查与评价(908专项)ST06区块水体环境调查与研究.春季[R].
和振武. 1983, a.烟台沿海潮间带腔肠动物的生态观察[J].新乡师范学院学报(自然科学版). (3):63-73.
和振武. 1984, b.烟台沿海的钵水母[J].新乡师范学院学报(自然科学版). (4):70-72.
和振武. 1985, c.秦皇岛和北戴河的水母类[J].河南师范大学学报(自然科学版). (4):69-73.
和振武. 2006.中国的钵水母[J].河南师范大学学报(自然科学版). 34(3):194-196.
洪惠馨. 1985.中国海域钵水母类分类的研究[J].厦门水产学院学报. (2):7-18.
洪惠馨. 2002.水母与海蜇[J].生物学通报. 37(2):13-16.
洪惠馨,张士美. 1989.中国海域钵水母类的几种新记录[J].厦门水产学院学报. 2:11-15.
洪惠馨,林利民,李长玲. 2009.中国海域钵水母类新纪录(Ⅱ) [J].集美大学学报:自然科学版. 14(1) :20-23.
洪惠馨,林利民. 2010.中国海域钵水母类(Scyphomedusae)区系的研究[J].集美大学学报(自然科学版). 15(1):18-24.
胡义波,姜乃澄. 2006.浙江两地产索氏桃花水母核糖体小亚基rRNA基因序列分析[J ] .浙江大学学报(理学版) . 33 (5) :559-566.
黄加祺,陈栩,许振祖. 1991.闽南-台湾浅滩渔场上升流区水母类的生态研究[M].见:闽南-台湾浅滩渔场上升流区生态研究.北京:科学出版社. 456-468.
黄加祺,许振祖. 1994, a.闽江口水母类的分布[J].厦门大学学报(自然科学版). 33(增刊):160-164.
黄加祺,许振祖. 1995, b.海坛岛海域各类水母的分布[J].厦门大学学报(自然科学版). 34(2):306-309.
黄加祺,许振祖,郭东晖. 2010, a.台湾海峡南部水螅水母纲两新种形态特征[J].台湾海峡. 29(1):1-4.
黄加祺,许振祖,林茂,等. 2010, b.台湾海峡及其邻近海域软水母亚纲二新种记述[J].厦门大学学报(自然科学版). 49(1):87-90.
黄丽萍. 1987.北部湾北部近岸的水母类[J].广西海洋. 1:1-11.
计光辅. 2007.海蜇的药用功效[J]家庭中医药. 7(7):68.
蒋双,陈介康. 1994.黄渤海水螅水母、管水母和栉水母的地理分布[J].海洋通报. 13(3):17-23.
金德祥. 1936.福建省海洋生物采集调查报告[R].海洋生物研究所刊物. 1(1):104.
李培军,谭克非,叶昌臣. 1988.辽宁湾海蜇生长的研究[J].水产学报. (3):242-250.
李少菁,黄加祺等. 2006.台湾海峡浮游生物生态学研究[J].厦门大学学报(自然科学版). 45, 2(增刊):24-31.
李宗质. 1988.海蜇螯伤致死1例[J].中华内科杂志. (7):439.
连光山,侯舒民,陈孝麟,等. 1981.浮游生物[A].中华人民共和国国家海洋局.“实践”号海
洋调查船中太平洋西部调查报告[R].北京:海洋出版社. 74-88.
林茂. 1989, a.台湾海峡西部水域管水母的生态研究[J].海洋通报. 8(3):65-71.
林茂. 1989, b.大亚湾水母类的分类和区系[C].大亚湾海洋生态文集(I).北京:海洋出版社. 59-65.
林茂. 1992.南海中部管水母类生态的初步研究[J].海洋学报. 14(2):99-105.
林茂,张金标. 1989.台湾海峡西部海域水螅水母类和栉水母类的生态研究[J].海洋学报. 11(5):624-628.
林茂,张金标. 1989, a.台湾海峡西部水螅水母类和栉水母类的生态研究[J].海洋学报. 11(5):621-628.
林茂,张金标. 1989, b.厦门港及邻近海域水螅水母类、管水母类和栉水母类的生态研究.海洋学报. 11(4):493-500.
林茂,许振祖,黄加祺等. 2009.台湾海峡软水母亚纲二新种[J].水产学报. 33(3):452-455.
林茂,许振祖,黄加祺等. 2010.中国介螅水母属二新种[J].水产学报. 34(1):67-71.
林元烧. 1994.台湾海峡中、北部水母的种类分布[J].厦门大学学报(自然科学版). 33(增刊):165-172.
刘红斌. 1 9 90 . 19 8 6年春季东海黑潮区管水母类组成与分布的初步研究,黑潮调查论文选(一) ,北京:海洋出版社. 2 6 7-2 7 6.
刘康克. 2002.认识台湾附近的海洋环境.二十一世纪海洋台湾[J].科学月刊杂志社. 8-17页.
刘希光. 2004.海蜇的化学组成及其生物活性研究[D]青岛:中国科学研究生院.
刘希光,于华华,赵增芹,等. 2004, a.海蜇中微量汞的微波消解-原子荧光光谱法测定[J]. 分析测试学报. 23(6):101-103.
刘希光,于华华,赵增芹,等. 2005, b.微波消解-氢化物发生-原子荧光法测定海蜇中的痕量砷和硒[J].光谱学与光谱分析. 25(6):964-967.
刘希光,于华华,李学刚,等. 2006, c.海蜇中常量和微量元素的同时测定[J].海洋学报. 28(2):151-155.
李少菁,黄加祺等. 2006.台湾海峡浮游生物生态学研究[J].厦门大学学报(自然科学版). 45, 2(增刊):24-31.
李宗质. 1988.海蜇螯伤致死1例[J].中华内科杂志. (7):439.
连光山,侯舒民,陈孝麟,等. 1981.浮游生物[A].中华人民共和国国家海洋局.“实践”号海洋调查船中太平洋西部调查报告[R].北京:海洋出版社. 74-88.
林茂. 1989, a.台湾海峡西部水域管水母的生态研究[J].海洋通报. 8(3):65-71.
林茂. 1989, b.大亚湾水母类的分类和区系[C].大亚湾海洋生态文集(I).北京:海洋出版社. 59-65.
林茂. 1992.南海中部管水母类生态的初步研究[J].海洋学报. 14(2):99-105.
林茂,张金标. 1989.台湾海峡西部海域水螅水母类和栉水母类的生态研究[J].海洋学报. 11(5):624-628.
林茂,张金标. 1989, a.台湾海峡西部水螅水母类和栉水母类的生态研究[J].海洋学报. 11(5):621-628.
林茂,张金标. 1989, b.厦门港及邻近海域水螅水母类、管水母类和栉水母类的生态研究.海洋学报. 11(4):493-500.
林茂,许振祖,黄加祺等. 2009.台湾海峡软水母亚纲二新种[J].水产学报. 33(3):452-455.
林茂,许振祖,黄加祺等. 2010.中国介螅水母属二新种[J].水产学报. 34(1):67-71.
林元烧. 1994.台湾海峡中、北部水母的种类分布[J].厦门大学学报(自然科学版). 33(增刊):165-172.
刘红斌. 1 9 90 . 19 8 6年春季东海黑潮区管水母类组成与分布的初步研究,黑潮调查论文选(一) ,北京:海洋出版社. 2 6 7-2 7 6.
刘康克. 2002.认识台湾附近的海洋环境.二十一世纪海洋台湾[J].科学月刊杂志社. 8-17页. 刘希光. 2004.海蜇的化学组成及其生物活性研究[D]青岛:中国科学研究生院.
刘希光,于华华,赵增芹,等. 2004, a.海蜇中微量汞的微波消解-原子荧光光谱法测定[J]. 分析测试学报. 23(6):101-103.
刘希光,于华华,赵增芹,等. 2005, b.微波消解-氢化物发生-原子荧光法测定海蜇中的痕量砷和硒[J].光谱学与光谱分析. 25(6):964-967.
刘希光,于华华,李学刚,等. 2006, c.海蜇中常量和微量元素的同时测定[J].海洋学报. 28(2):151-155.
徐兆礼,张金标,陈亚瞿. 2003.东海管水母类(Siphonophores)生态研究[J].水产学报. 27 (增刊):82-90.
徐兆礼,张凤英,罗民波. 2006.东海栉水母(Ctenophora)生态特征.生态学杂志. 25(11):1301-1305.
徐兆礼,林茂. 2006, b.东海水母类多样性特征因果分析[J].生物多样性. 14 (6):508 -516. 徐兆礼,高倩等. 2008.东海栉水母对温度和盐度生态适应的Yield-Density模型[J].生态学杂志. 27(1):68-72.
许振祖. 1965.海南岛及邻近海区浮游动物的调查研究I.水螅水母类[J].厦门大学学报(自然科学版).12(1):90-1104.
许振祖. 1983.台湾海峡西南部水螅水母的生态研究[J].海洋学报. 5(1):91-101.
许振祖,金德祥. 1962.福建沿海水母类的调查研究[J].厦门大学学报. 9 (3):206-221.
许振祖,张金标. 1964, a.福建沿海水母类的调查研究(二).南部沿海水螅水母、管水母和栉水母类的分类[J].厦门大学学报(自然科学版). 11(3):120-149.
许振祖,张金标. 1974, b.福建沿海水母类的调查研究III.中、北部沿海水母类的分类研究[J].海洋科技. 2:17-32.
许振祖,黄加琪. 1983, a.九龙江口水螅水母、管水母、钵水母类和栉水母类的生态研究[J]. 厦门大学学报. 22 (3):364-373.
许振祖,黄加祺. 1983, b.九龙江口的水螅水母类、管水母类、钵水母类和栉水母类[J].台湾海峡. 2(2):99-110.
许振祖,王文樵. 1989.厦门港水母刺胞一新种、三新型记录[J] .海洋学报. 11 (6) :749-762.
许振祖,黄加祺,陈栩. 1991.闽南-台湾浅滩渔场上升流区水螅水母新属新种新记录[C].主编:洪华生,丘书院,阮五崎,洪港船.闽南-台湾浅滩渔场上升流区生态系研究[A].北京:科学出版社. 469-486.
许振祖,黄加祺,郭东晖. 2007, a.台湾海峡南部上升流区水螅水母纲II.软水母亚纲新属新种记述[J].厦门大学学报(自然科学版). 46(5):684-689.
许振祖,黄加祺,郭东晖. 2008, b.台湾海峡南部上升流区水螅水母纲I.花水母亚纲新种新记录记述[J].海洋学报(中文版). 30(1):119-126.
许振祖,黄加祺,林茂,等. 2009, c.台湾海峡及其邻近海区单肢水母属的研究(水螅水母纲, 花水母亚纲,丝螅水母目,高手水母科) [J].动物分类学报. 34(1):111-118.
许振祖,黄加祺,林茂,等. 2009, d.台湾海峡及其邻近海区珍妮水母属的研究(丝螅水母目, 面具水母科) [J].动物分类学报. 34(4):847-853.
许振祖,黄加祺,林茂,等.中国近海水螅虫总纲生态动物地理学研究(未发表) .
余佩纹. 2006.台湾南部及北部海域管水母群聚之季节动态[D].国立中山大学.海洋生物科技暨资源研究所硕士论文.
张金标. 1984.西太平洋热带水域的钟泳亚目管水母[A].国家海洋局第三海洋研究所·西太平洋热带水域浮游生物论文集[C].北京:海洋出版社. 52-85.
张金标,许振祖. 1975.福建沿海水母类的调查研究(四).南海沿海水母类的分布[J].海洋科技:5:1-14.
张金标,江苏. 1977.浙江沿海浮游水螅水母类和栉水母类的调查研究[J].海洋科技. (7):95-107.
张金标,许振祖. 1980, a.中国海管水母类的地理分布[J].厦门大学学报(自然科学版). 19(3):100-108.
张金标,蔡秉及,陈瑞祥,等. 1981.研究海域的浮游生物[A].中华人民共和国国家海洋局. “向阳红09”海洋调查船中太平洋西部调查报告[R].北京:海洋出版社. 118-136.
张金标,林茂. 1997, b.南海管水母类的生态地理学研究[J].海洋学报. 19(4):121-131.
张金标,宁修仁,江锦祥,等. 1991.渤海、黄海、东海海洋图集·生物[M].北京:海洋出版社. 1-250.
张金标,徐兆礼,王云龙. 1999, a.台湾西部海域冬春季的水螅水母类和管水母类[J].台湾海峡. 18(1):76-82.
张金标,林茂. 2001.台湾海峡西部海域水螅水母类和管水母类的垂直分布研究[J].台湾海峡. 20(1):1-8.
张万钧. 2008.台湾周边海域水螅水母群聚之时空分布及其与水文环境之相关性[D].国立中山大学海洋生物科技暨资源研究所.
张锡烈. 1983.江苏近海水螅水母类、管水母类初步调查研究[J].黄渤海海洋. 1(1):87-92.
张玺. 1935.烟台海滨动物之分布[J].北平研究院院务汇报. 5 (5):1-66.
郑慧苑,丘书院. 1990.厦门港球型侧腕水母Pleurobrachia globasa摄食的初步研究[J].台湾海峡. 9(3):200-205.
郑连眀,林元烧,李少菁,等. 2008.台湾海峡多管水母属一新种及基于线粒体COI序列分析鉴定多管水母[J].海洋学报. 30(4):139-146.
郑平胜. 1985.东海区海蜇生产与东太平洋赤道海温关系的初步探讨[J].福建水产. (2):46-54.
周太玄,黄明显. 1957.中国产十字水母[J].生物学通报. (7):25-30.
周太玄,黄明显. 1956.黄渤海渔业敌害之一霞水母[J].生物学通报. (6):9-11.
Alldredge A L. 1984. The quantitative significance of gelatinous zooplankton as pelagic consumers. In:Fasham MJR (ed), Flows of Energy and Materials in Marine Ecosystems:Theory and Practice[M]. Plenum Press, London. p 407-433.
Alvarino A. 1971. Siphonophores of the Pacific with a review of the world distribution[J]. Bull Seripps Inst Oceanoqr. 16:1-432.
Alvarino A. 1974. Distribution of siphonophores in the regions adjacent to the Suez and Panama Canals[J]. Fishery Bulletin, US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 72:527-546.
ANGEL A Y, JANELL E M Y, LOUISE M O et al. 2002. Ult rast ructure of a novel eurytele nematocyst of Carybdea alata Reynaud (Cubozoa , Cnidaria) [J ] . Cell Tissue Res. 308:307-318.
Arai M N. 1992. Active and passive factors affecting aggregations of Hydromedusae:Areview. In:Aspect of Hydrozon Biology[M], Bouillon, J. et al. (eds). 99-108.
Attrill M J, Wright J and Edwards M. 2007. Climate related increases in jellyfish frequency suggest a more gelatinous future for the North Sea[J]. Limnol Ocean. 52:480-485.
Bigelow H B. 1919. The Siphonophorae[J]. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology of Harvard College. 38:173-402.
Bigelow H B and Sears M. 1937. Siphonophorae. Rep. Danish Oceanogr[M]. Exped. Medit. II Biology. H. 2, 1-144, figs. 1-83.
Chun C. 1882. Die Gewebe der Siphonophores[J]. Zoologische Anzeiger. 5:400-406.
Costello T. 1988. Laboratory culture and feeding of the Hydromedusa Cladonema californkum Hymes (Anthomedusa, Cladonemidae )[J]. J. Exp. Mar. Biot. Ecol. 123:177-188.
Gong G C, Shyu C Z, Shih W H and liu K K. 1992. Temperature fluctuation of the cold water off Northern Taiwan:June-December, 1990[J], Acta Oceanographica Taiwanica. 28, 118-127.
Graham W M, Pagès F and Hamner W M. 2001. A physical context for gelatinous zooplankton aggregations:a review[J]. Hydrobiologia. 451:199-212.
Greve W and T R Parsons. 1977. Photosynthesis and fish production:Hypothetical effects of climatic change and pollution[J]. Helgol Meer. 30:666-672.
Haeckel E. 1869. Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Siphonophores. Natuurk. Verh Prov[M]. Utechtsch Gennoots. 6:1-120.
Harbison G R. 1993. The potential of fishes for the control of gelatinous zooplankton[J]. ICES Statutory Meeting, Biological Oceanography Session S C. M. L:74.
Hargitt C W. 1927. Hydroids of South China [J]. Bull Mus comp Harv coll. 67(16):491-520.
Hsu H F. 1928. On a new species of Hydromedusae [J]. Contr Biol Lab Sci Soc China Nanking. 4:1-7.
Jan S et al. 2000. Seasonal variation of the circulation in the Taiwan Strait[J]. Journal of Marine systems. 35 (3-4):249-268.
Kramp P L. 1961. Synopsis of the medusae of the world [J]. J Mar Biol Ass UK. 40:1-459.
Kramp P L. 1965. The Hydromedusae of the Pacific and Indian Oceans[R], Dana-Report II. 72, 1-200.
Kramp P L. 1968. The Hydromedusae of the Pacific and Indian Ocean II and III [A]. The Carlsbery Foundation. Dana Rep[R]. Copenhagen:Bianco Luco A/S. 72:132-192.
Kremer P. 1979. Predation by the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island[J]. Estuaries. 2:97-105.
Kremer P M & Reeve M R. 1989. Growth dynamics of a Ctenophore(Mnenjopsis) in relation to a variable food supply, carbon budgets and growth mode[J]. J. Plankton Res. 11:553-574.
Lin Mao, Xu Zhenzu, Huang Jiaqi et al. 2010. Two new species of Ectopleura from Taiwan Strait, China (Cnidaria, Hydroidomedusae )[J]. Acta Oceanal. Sin. 29(2):56-61.
Lindahl O and L Hernroth. 1983. Phyto-zooplankton community in coastal waters of western Sweden and ecosystem off balance [J]. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 10:119-126.
Ling S W. 1937. Studies on Chinese Hydrozoa I. On some Hydromedusae from Chekiang coast [J]. Peking Nat Hist Bull. 11(4):351-365.
Ling S W. 1938. Studies on Chinese Hydrozoa II. Report on some common hydroidae from the East saddle Island [J]. Lingnan Sci J. 17(2):175-184, 17(3):357-366.
Ling S W. 1939. Studies on Chineae Stauromedusae. Further studies on some Stauromedusae from China [J]. Lingnan Sci J. 18 (3):281-291.
Link J S and Ford M D. 2006, Widespread and persistent increase of Ctenophora in the continental shelf ecosystem off NE USA[J]. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 320:153-159.
Lo W T. 1995. Scales of spatital and temporal variability in the night-time distribution on siphonophores in the North Atlantic Ocean at Bermuda[D]. Ph D. thesis, Texas Agricultural and Mechanical University.
Longhurst A. 1995. Seasonal cycles in pelagic production and consumption[J]. Prog Ocean. 36:77-167.
Lynam C P, Hay S J and Brierly A S. 2005. Jellyfish abundance and climatic variation:contrasting responses in oceanographically distinct regions of the North Sea, and possible implications for fisheries[J]. J Mar Biol Assoc U K. 85:435-450.
Mackie G O, Pugh P R and Purcell J E. 1987. Siphonophores Biology[M]. Adv. Mar. Biol. 24:97-262.
Matsakpis S & Conver R J. 1991. A bundance and feeding of medusae and their potential impact as predators on other zooplankton in Bcd ford Basin during spring[J]. Can. J. Fish A quat. Sci. 48:149-1430.
Mianzan H W, Mari N, Prenski B and Sanchez F. 1996. Fish predation on neritic ctenophores from the Argentine continental shelf:a neglected food resource [J]. Fish Res. 27:69–79.
Mills C E. 1981. Diversity of swimming behavior on hydromedusae as related to the feeding and utilization of space[J]. Mar. Biol. 64:185-189.
Mills C E. 1995. Medusae, siphonophores, and ctenophores as planktivorous predators changing global ecosystems[J]. ICES J Mar Sci. 52:575-581.
Mills C E. 2001. Jellyfish blooms:are populations increasing globally in response to changing ocean conditions[J]. Hydrobiologia. 451:55-68.
Nitani H. 1972. Beginning of the Kuroshio. Kuroshio, physical aspects of the Japan Current[M]. University Tokyo Press, Tokyo. 29-163.
Pakhomov Ye A. 1993. Feeding habits and estimate of ration of Gray Notothenia, Notothenia squamlfrons squamifrons, on the Ob and Lena tablemounts (Indlan sector 01 Antarctica) [J]. J lchthyol. 33:57-71.
Purcell J E, White J R, Nemazie D A and Wright D A. 1999. Temperature, salinity and food effects on asexual reproduction and abundance of the scyphozoan Chrysaora quinquecirrha[J]. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 180:187-196.
Purcell J E. 2005. Climate effects on formation of jellyfish and ctenophore blooms:a review[J]. J Mar Biol Assoc U K. 85:461-476.
Reeve M R. et al. 1978. Laboratory studies of ingestion and food utilization in lobate and tentaculate Ctenophore[J], Limnol Oceangr. 23(4):740-751.
Rengarajan K. 1975. Distribution of siphonophores along the west coast of India and the Laccadive Sea [J]. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India. 17:56-72.
Schneider G. 1989. The common jellyfish Aurelia aurita:standing stock, excretion and nutrient regeneration in the Kiel Bight, western Baltic[J]. Mar Biol. 100:507-514.
Schneider G and Behrends G. 1998. Top-down control in a neritic plankton system by Aurelia aurita medusaea summary[J]. Ophelia. 48:71-82.
Sears M. 1953. Notes on siphonophores. A revision of the Abylinae[J]. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology of Harvard College . 109:1-119.
Stepanyants S D. 1977. Siphonophora of the central part of the Pacific Ocean[A]. Exploration of the Fauna of the Seas, , Marine Plankton (Systematic and Faunisties)[C]. Beijing:Science Press. 54-81.
Tang T Y and Tang W T. 1994. Current on the Edge of the Continental Shelf Northest of Taiwan, Terrestrial[J], Atmospheric and Oceanic sciences. 5, 335-348.
Tang T Y, Tai J H and Yang Y J. 2000. The flow pattern north of Taiwan and the migration of the Kuroshio[J]. Continental Shelf Research. 20, 349-371.
Totton A K. 1954. Siphonophora of the Indian Ocean together with systematic and biological notes on related specimens fron other oceans[J]. Discovery Reports. 27:1-162.
Tu T J. 1931. Notes on Invertebrates Collected from the Coast of Tsingta and Chefoo [J]. Sci Rept Nat Tsing Hua Univ Ser B. 1 (3):83-99.
Verity P G and V Smetacek. 1996. Organism life cycles, predation, and the structure of marine pelagic ecosystems[J]. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 130:277-293.
WESTFALL J A , ELLL IOTT C F , CARL IN R W. 2002. Ultrast ructural evidence for two-cell and three-cell neural pathways in the tentacle epidermis of the sea anemone Aiptasiapallida[J ] . J of Morphology . 251:83-92.
Wilson D P. 1947. The Portuguese Man-of-war, Pyhsalia physalis L. , in British and adjacent seas[J]. J. Mar. Biol. Asso. U. K. 27:139-172.
Wulf G. 1994. The 1989 German Bight invasion of Muggiaea atlantica[J]. ICES J Mar Sci. 51(4):355-358.
Xu Z L, Li C J. 2005. Horizontal distribution and dominant species of heteropods in the East China Sea[J]. J. Plankton Res . 27:373-382.
Yang Y, Liu J H and Koga M. 1999. Taiwan current (Kuroshio)and impinging eddies[J]. Journal of Oceanography. 55:609-617.