利用GIS制图方法对长春市地下水污染环境和易损性评价研究
摘要
长春是吉林省省会，坐落在东北平原中部，人口600万。最近十年地区经济发展迅
速，这导致了人口的激增、工业的增长以及由此引发的城市供水的不足。同时，水污
染、固体废弃物和污水排放等环境问题却又逐年增加。城市给水的45%来自地下水，
饮用水主要来自城市东部和南部的石头口门水库和新立城水库。然而，随着地区建设
的发展，地下水尤其是深井水也成为城区重要的饮用水源。但是长春市区多数地下水
研究却还只停留在水利厅和环保局的年度或季度报告水平上。鉴于以上问题，笔者采
取了资料收集、野外踏查、试验研究等方法（约两个月野外工作和两年的实验室研
究）在2002-2004年期间对长春的地下水污染进行了研究。野外工作包括对井水、地表
水的取样测试，污水排放处的总量监测以及GPS地理定位等，笔者采用了GIS及其它
一些数据处理软件进行了图件的绘制和模型的建立等工作。
研究发现，工业废水和固体废物填埋场的垃圾渗滤液是长春市地下水污染的主要
来源，因此废物填埋场周围监测井中的NO3 、总Fe及Mn2+要比其他地方高。城市地表
-
水体中BOD5、高锰酸盐指数、NO3 、总Fe和Mn2+也比较高。地表监测资料表明，远
-
离城市尤其靠近新立城水库和石头口门水库的地方受到污染的影响较小。从1991-1998
年监测来看，大部分化学物质尤其位于浅层地下水中的化学物质的平均浓度普遍高于
饮用水的标准。
水化学类型的确定是研究地下水污染的有效方法，当某一地区的地下水化学含量
与环境背景值相差较大时，即可以看作地下水受到了某种程度的污染。笔者主要采用
Piper三线图的方法来分析地下水的质量，从而将浅层和深层地下水分成四种水化学类
型：1）HCO3 -Ca2+水和HCO3 -Ca2+, Mg2+水或 HCO3 -Mg2+, Ca2+水; 2) SO4 -Ca2+水和
- - - 2-
SO4 -Ca2+, Mg2+水; 3) Cl- -Ca2+水; 4) CO3 - Na+水。因为Piper三线图没有反映任何地理
信息，本研究采用了基于Piper三线图的GIS矢量图模型来研究地下水的水化学类型。
这些地球化学类型表明，城市绝大部分地区无论浅层还是深层地下水都属重碳酸盐
水。
对1991-1998年的双变量统计分析表明，无论在浅层还是在深层地下水中，NO3 与
-
大多数离子，尤其Ca2+, Cl- 和 TDS有很强的正相关性。由于相关性分析仅揭示了离子
对行为的相似性，但是并没有很好地说明离子团行为的相似性，所以笔者采用了要素
分析的方法辅助解释数据的水文地球化学特性。要素分析法表明，Ca2+, Cl-, NO3 ,
-
Mg2+, TH和TDS为“污染要素”，它们在大多数情况下产生的变异作用可以占到总污
染物作用的30%。分析结果还表明长春市的北部和西部地区的地下水水污染较重。
基于中国地下水标准的污染指数分布图表明浅层地下水比深层地下水更易于受到
污染，该区域污染指数范围值为4.25-7.2，1995年有51%的浅层监测井处于较差水质区
域， 1996年为35%，1997年为24%，1998年竟高达71%，而同比位于该水域的深层监
测井受污染比率1995年为19%，1996年为22%，1998年为48%。
笔者运用ArcView GIS空间分析的方法建立了评估长春市地下水污染脆弱度的两
个模型，即DRASTIC模型和GOD模型。这两个模型都是进行运算的。DRASTIC模型
表明该市绝大部分地区都处于中等脆弱带，GOD模型显示90%地区都位于中等脆弱带
内。说明这两个模型有很强的正相关性。
研究还发现，人为过程尤其所排放污染物质的贡献对地下水质量的影响是非常大
的。
The Changchun City, capital of Jilin Province, is situated in the central part of
Northeast Plain of China. The population is about 6×106. The City has witnessed
a rapid urbanization and economic growth over the last ten years. This has lead to
rapid increase in population, industries and consequently a deficit in water supply.
In addition many environmental problems such as water pollution, solid wastes
and sewage effluents management have been increased. Groundwater assures
about 45 % of total water supply of the city. Drinking was mostly served by
surface water from Shitoukoumen and Xinlicheng reservoirs located in the east
and south of the city. However, with the development of urban construction the
groundwater especially from deep boreholes is also used for drinking purpose in
suburban areas. Most of groundwater pollutions researches done in Changchun
City remain the annual or sporadic reports provided by the Water Resources
offices or Environmental agencies. In light of the above-mentioned problems,
this research on groundwater pollution was conducted in Changchun City from
2002-2004. The main methodologies used to carry out this research include desk
study, field works, laboratory works (about 2 months fieldwork, and 2 years
laboratory works) .The field works include wells water, surface water and waste
dumped sites monitoring inventory and geographical locations recording using
GPS. The GIS and statistical software were used for mapping and modeling
works.
From the research, it was clear that, industrial effluents and leachate from
solid wastes disposal sites were the major sources of groundwater pollution in
Changchun City therefore NO3 TFe and Mn2+ ions were higher in groundwater
-
,
monitoring wells near waste dumped sites. BOD, Permanganate Index, NO3 TFe -
,
and Mn2+ were higher in surface water bodies inside the City. The surface
monitoring sites, far from the city especially Shitoukoumen and Xinlicheng
reservoirs were less impacted by the pollution.
The median concentrations values of most of chemical species monitored
from 1991 to 1998 especially for the shallow aquifer data were higher than the
standard for drinking water.
The determination of hydrochemical facies type is a tool to control
groundwater from pollution any deviation from background water facies can be
related to pollution. The most used tool to determine water quality is by plotting
on Piper diagram, which determine 4 classes of water facies for both shallow and
deep groundwater: (1) HCO3 -Ca2+ and HCO3 -Ca2+, Mg2+ or HCO3 -Mg2+, Ca2+;
- - -
(2) SO4 -Ca2+and SO4 -Ca2+, Mg2+; (3) Cl--Ca2+; and (4) CO3 - Na+. Because of
2- 2- 2-
Piper diagram does not have any geographical references, a GIS mapping model
based on the piper diagram construction references were used here for mapping
the groundwater chemical type. The maps of geochemical facies showed that
HCO3 water type occupied the largest area of the city for both shallow and deep
-
groundwater data.
Statistical bivariate analysis showed strong positive coefficient of correlation
for NO3 with most of the major ions specially Ca2+, Cl-, for both shallow and
-
deep groundwater from 1991 to 1998. Since correlation analysis reveals
similarities in the behavior of pairs of ions, and does not conveniently identify
groups of ions that behave similarly, factor analysis is carried out to help in
hydrogeochemical interpretation of the data. The Factor analysis showed that
141
Ca2+, Cl-, NO3 , Mg2+, TH and TDS were frequently loaded in Factor I which
-
represents in most of the cases more than 30% of total variances and termed as
“Pollution Factor” .The results showed that the
速，这导致了人口的激增、工业的增长以及由此引发的城市供水的不足。同时，水污
染、固体废弃物和污水排放等环境问题却又逐年增加。城市给水的45%来自地下水，
饮用水主要来自城市东部和南部的石头口门水库和新立城水库。然而，随着地区建设
的发展，地下水尤其是深井水也成为城区重要的饮用水源。但是长春市区多数地下水
研究却还只停留在水利厅和环保局的年度或季度报告水平上。鉴于以上问题，笔者采
取了资料收集、野外踏查、试验研究等方法（约两个月野外工作和两年的实验室研
究）在2002-2004年期间对长春的地下水污染进行了研究。野外工作包括对井水、地表
水的取样测试，污水排放处的总量监测以及GPS地理定位等，笔者采用了GIS及其它
一些数据处理软件进行了图件的绘制和模型的建立等工作。
研究发现，工业废水和固体废物填埋场的垃圾渗滤液是长春市地下水污染的主要
来源，因此废物填埋场周围监测井中的NO3 、总Fe及Mn2+要比其他地方高。城市地表
-
水体中BOD5、高锰酸盐指数、NO3 、总Fe和Mn2+也比较高。地表监测资料表明，远
-
离城市尤其靠近新立城水库和石头口门水库的地方受到污染的影响较小。从1991-1998
年监测来看，大部分化学物质尤其位于浅层地下水中的化学物质的平均浓度普遍高于
饮用水的标准。
水化学类型的确定是研究地下水污染的有效方法，当某一地区的地下水化学含量
与环境背景值相差较大时，即可以看作地下水受到了某种程度的污染。笔者主要采用
Piper三线图的方法来分析地下水的质量，从而将浅层和深层地下水分成四种水化学类
型：1）HCO3 -Ca2+水和HCO3 -Ca2+, Mg2+水或 HCO3 -Mg2+, Ca2+水; 2) SO4 -Ca2+水和
- - - 2-
SO4 -Ca2+, Mg2+水; 3) Cl- -Ca2+水; 4) CO3 - Na+水。因为Piper三线图没有反映任何地理
信息，本研究采用了基于Piper三线图的GIS矢量图模型来研究地下水的水化学类型。
这些地球化学类型表明，城市绝大部分地区无论浅层还是深层地下水都属重碳酸盐
水。
对1991-1998年的双变量统计分析表明，无论在浅层还是在深层地下水中，NO3 与
-
大多数离子，尤其Ca2+, Cl- 和 TDS有很强的正相关性。由于相关性分析仅揭示了离子
对行为的相似性，但是并没有很好地说明离子团行为的相似性，所以笔者采用了要素
分析的方法辅助解释数据的水文地球化学特性。要素分析法表明，Ca2+, Cl-, NO3 ,
-
Mg2+, TH和TDS为“污染要素”，它们在大多数情况下产生的变异作用可以占到总污
染物作用的30%。分析结果还表明长春市的北部和西部地区的地下水水污染较重。
基于中国地下水标准的污染指数分布图表明浅层地下水比深层地下水更易于受到
污染，该区域污染指数范围值为4.25-7.2，1995年有51%的浅层监测井处于较差水质区
域， 1996年为35%，1997年为24%，1998年竟高达71%，而同比位于该水域的深层监
测井受污染比率1995年为19%，1996年为22%，1998年为48%。
笔者运用ArcView GIS空间分析的方法建立了评估长春市地下水污染脆弱度的两
个模型，即DRASTIC模型和GOD模型。这两个模型都是进行运算的。DRASTIC模型
表明该市绝大部分地区都处于中等脆弱带，GOD模型显示90%地区都位于中等脆弱带
内。说明这两个模型有很强的正相关性。
研究还发现，人为过程尤其所排放污染物质的贡献对地下水质量的影响是非常大
的。
The Changchun City, capital of Jilin Province, is situated in the central part of
Northeast Plain of China. The population is about 6×106. The City has witnessed
a rapid urbanization and economic growth over the last ten years. This has lead to
rapid increase in population, industries and consequently a deficit in water supply.
In addition many environmental problems such as water pollution, solid wastes
and sewage effluents management have been increased. Groundwater assures
about 45 % of total water supply of the city. Drinking was mostly served by
surface water from Shitoukoumen and Xinlicheng reservoirs located in the east
and south of the city. However, with the development of urban construction the
groundwater especially from deep boreholes is also used for drinking purpose in
suburban areas. Most of groundwater pollutions researches done in Changchun
City remain the annual or sporadic reports provided by the Water Resources
offices or Environmental agencies. In light of the above-mentioned problems,
this research on groundwater pollution was conducted in Changchun City from
2002-2004. The main methodologies used to carry out this research include desk
study, field works, laboratory works (about 2 months fieldwork, and 2 years
laboratory works) .The field works include wells water, surface water and waste
dumped sites monitoring inventory and geographical locations recording using
GPS. The GIS and statistical software were used for mapping and modeling
works.
From the research, it was clear that, industrial effluents and leachate from
solid wastes disposal sites were the major sources of groundwater pollution in
Changchun City therefore NO3 TFe and Mn2+ ions were higher in groundwater
-
,
monitoring wells near waste dumped sites. BOD, Permanganate Index, NO3 TFe -
,
and Mn2+ were higher in surface water bodies inside the City. The surface
monitoring sites, far from the city especially Shitoukoumen and Xinlicheng
reservoirs were less impacted by the pollution.
The median concentrations values of most of chemical species monitored
from 1991 to 1998 especially for the shallow aquifer data were higher than the
standard for drinking water.
The determination of hydrochemical facies type is a tool to control
groundwater from pollution any deviation from background water facies can be
related to pollution. The most used tool to determine water quality is by plotting
on Piper diagram, which determine 4 classes of water facies for both shallow and
deep groundwater: (1) HCO3 -Ca2+ and HCO3 -Ca2+, Mg2+ or HCO3 -Mg2+, Ca2+;
- - -
(2) SO4 -Ca2+and SO4 -Ca2+, Mg2+; (3) Cl--Ca2+; and (4) CO3 - Na+. Because of
2- 2- 2-
Piper diagram does not have any geographical references, a GIS mapping model
based on the piper diagram construction references were used here for mapping
the groundwater chemical type. The maps of geochemical facies showed that
HCO3 water type occupied the largest area of the city for both shallow and deep
-
groundwater data.
Statistical bivariate analysis showed strong positive coefficient of correlation
for NO3 with most of the major ions specially Ca2+, Cl-, for both shallow and
-
deep groundwater from 1991 to 1998. Since correlation analysis reveals
similarities in the behavior of pairs of ions, and does not conveniently identify
groups of ions that behave similarly, factor analysis is carried out to help in
hydrogeochemical interpretation of the data. The Factor analysis showed that
141
Ca2+, Cl-, NO3 , Mg2+, TH and TDS were frequently loaded in Factor I which
-
represents in most of the cases more than 30% of total variances and termed as
“Pollution Factor” .The results showed that the
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quality constituents Water Resources Bulletin 29(5): 797-806.
ZHANG Lihua, 1993: A preliminary discussion of the present situation on pollution of
groundwater in Changchun City and its tendency Journal of Jilin Geology (in Chinese)
volume 12 number 4 december 1993, 75-81
Zhao Yongsheng : The Landfill problems and countermeasures in China – A case study
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Chinese) Jilin Science Press, 112p.
ZHU Cai-Xia, 2001: A study on groundwater developmental environment of Changchun
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