洞庭湖湿地生态系统保护与管理研究
|
摘要
湿地生态系统是继森林生态系统和陆地生态系统的又一重要的生态系统,在抵御洪水、调节径流、控制污染、调节气候、美化环境、维持全球生态系统的平衡等方面有着举足轻重的作用。它既是陆地上的天然蓄水库,又是众多野生动植物资源特别是珍稀水禽的繁殖和越冬地。湿地与人类息息相关,是人类拥有的宝贵资源,因此湿地被称为“生命的摇篮”、“地球之肾”和“鸟类的乐园”
洞庭湖湿地是我国乃至世界重要的湿地保护区域,然而由于历史以及人为因素的影响,洞庭湖湿地生态系统正面临着严重的破坏。那么正确认识生态系统面临的问题,采取有效的方法和手段控制湿地生态系统的恶化,就迫切需要对湿地生态系统现状进行分析和加强湿地生态系统的保护与管理研究。
本文以生态学、经济学、系统科学和可持续发展科学为指导,正面分析了洞庭湖区地貌、气候、水文、社会经济状况、生物组成成分、生态系统类型与生态系统特征等情况,全面、系统的掌握导致洞庭湖湿地生态系统破坏的主要问题和原因,为洞庭湖湿地生态系统的保护与管理工作提供良好的依据和数据支持；采取了数据分析,图表分析、对比分析、案例分析和主成分分析法,对其主要问题和原因、保护与管理问题及其重要性、保护与管理对策等问题进行了如下研究：
(1)通过数据分析证明了对湿地的盲目开垦和改造是导致泥沙淤积、湖泊萎缩、调蓄功能下降是最直接最根本的原因。
(2)采用主成分分析法,建立了水质分析模型,找到了对洞庭湖区水质造成严重污染的主要化学物质成分,并对这些污染成分提出处理措施。
(3)选取了鸟类和鱼类资源逐量减少的数字信息说明了野生动植物栖息地遭到破坏的原因是由于树种的不合理种植和外来物种的入侵。
(4)针对洞庭湖湿地生态系统面临的主要问题,提出宣传教育、实行湿地保护管理工作数据分享、建立洞庭湖湿地生态效益补偿体制、合理规划自然保护区、加强生态工程建设、完善水质监测系统、大力发展湿地产业等对策。
湿地生态系统涉及到社会的诸多方面。受社会、经济、自然环境等多种因素的制约,是一个复杂的生态系统,湿地生态系统的保护与管理的研究也是一项复杂的系统工程。随着湿地资源的不断开发利用,对湿地生态系统的保护与管理工作的要求就越来越高,那么,加强洞庭湖湿地生态系统的保护与管理,维持其生态系统平衡就显得至关重要。
Wetland ecosystem is an important ecosystem after the forest and land ecosystem, which plays a significant role in defending flood, regulating runoff, controlling contamination, adjusting climate, beautifying environment, sustaining the balance of global ecosystem. Not only is it a natural reservoir, but also a breeding and wintering ground for various wild animals and plants, especially for rare aquatic birds. Wetland is closely linked to human being and it is also a precious resource so that it's called "cradle of life", "kidney of earth", "paradise of bird".
Dongting lake is an important wetland conservation area in china even for the whole world. Owing to the effect from human and history, its wetland ecosystem is facing serious damage now. It is badly needed to analyze the current situation of wetland and step up protection and management research for wetland ecosystem if we want to adopt effective methods to control the deterioration
Directed by ecology, economics, system science and sustainable science, this article analyzes the Dongting lake's geomorphology, climate, hydrology, social and economic situation, component parts of biology, patterns and characters of ecosystem, etc., and systematically and fully masters the main problems and causes which result in the damage to Dongting lake's wetland ecosystem, provides good proof and measures for its protection and management. It also adopts data analysis, graph analysis, contrast analysis, case analysis and main components analysis to research the main problems, causes, deficient protection and management as well as their importance, countermeasures and plans as follows:
1) It is proved through data analysis that haphazard cultivation and transformation is the fundamental and direct cause leading to the lake being silted and shrunk, water storage capability being decreased.
2) Main ingredients analysis is adopted to find main chemical substantial ingredients which causes serious contamination to the water in Dongting lake. In addition, the countermeasures are also proposed
3) Gradual decreased numbers of bird and fish shows that causes of damage to living area of wild animals and plants is due to unreasonable planting and invasion of foreign species.
4) Aiming to the main problems that wetland ecosystem of dongting lake is facing,Ⅰpropose to improve the wetland protection law, map out a reasonable plan for natural preserve, enforce the construction of ecological project, improve the water quality monitoring system, develop wetland industries, etc.
Wetland ecosystem involves lots of domain of society. It is a very complex ecosystem, controlled and curbed by many factors such as society, economy, natural environment, etc., so the research of protection and management for wetland ecosystem is a complicated system project too. With the continuous exploitation to the wetland resource, the protection and management work are required to higher level. Thus, it appears more important for us to enforce the protection and management for dongting lake's wetland ecosystem and maintain its balance.
洞庭湖湿地是我国乃至世界重要的湿地保护区域,然而由于历史以及人为因素的影响,洞庭湖湿地生态系统正面临着严重的破坏。那么正确认识生态系统面临的问题,采取有效的方法和手段控制湿地生态系统的恶化,就迫切需要对湿地生态系统现状进行分析和加强湿地生态系统的保护与管理研究。
本文以生态学、经济学、系统科学和可持续发展科学为指导,正面分析了洞庭湖区地貌、气候、水文、社会经济状况、生物组成成分、生态系统类型与生态系统特征等情况,全面、系统的掌握导致洞庭湖湿地生态系统破坏的主要问题和原因,为洞庭湖湿地生态系统的保护与管理工作提供良好的依据和数据支持；采取了数据分析,图表分析、对比分析、案例分析和主成分分析法,对其主要问题和原因、保护与管理问题及其重要性、保护与管理对策等问题进行了如下研究：
(1)通过数据分析证明了对湿地的盲目开垦和改造是导致泥沙淤积、湖泊萎缩、调蓄功能下降是最直接最根本的原因。
(2)采用主成分分析法,建立了水质分析模型,找到了对洞庭湖区水质造成严重污染的主要化学物质成分,并对这些污染成分提出处理措施。
(3)选取了鸟类和鱼类资源逐量减少的数字信息说明了野生动植物栖息地遭到破坏的原因是由于树种的不合理种植和外来物种的入侵。
(4)针对洞庭湖湿地生态系统面临的主要问题,提出宣传教育、实行湿地保护管理工作数据分享、建立洞庭湖湿地生态效益补偿体制、合理规划自然保护区、加强生态工程建设、完善水质监测系统、大力发展湿地产业等对策。
湿地生态系统涉及到社会的诸多方面。受社会、经济、自然环境等多种因素的制约,是一个复杂的生态系统,湿地生态系统的保护与管理的研究也是一项复杂的系统工程。随着湿地资源的不断开发利用,对湿地生态系统的保护与管理工作的要求就越来越高,那么,加强洞庭湖湿地生态系统的保护与管理,维持其生态系统平衡就显得至关重要。
Wetland ecosystem is an important ecosystem after the forest and land ecosystem, which plays a significant role in defending flood, regulating runoff, controlling contamination, adjusting climate, beautifying environment, sustaining the balance of global ecosystem. Not only is it a natural reservoir, but also a breeding and wintering ground for various wild animals and plants, especially for rare aquatic birds. Wetland is closely linked to human being and it is also a precious resource so that it's called "cradle of life", "kidney of earth", "paradise of bird".
Dongting lake is an important wetland conservation area in china even for the whole world. Owing to the effect from human and history, its wetland ecosystem is facing serious damage now. It is badly needed to analyze the current situation of wetland and step up protection and management research for wetland ecosystem if we want to adopt effective methods to control the deterioration
Directed by ecology, economics, system science and sustainable science, this article analyzes the Dongting lake's geomorphology, climate, hydrology, social and economic situation, component parts of biology, patterns and characters of ecosystem, etc., and systematically and fully masters the main problems and causes which result in the damage to Dongting lake's wetland ecosystem, provides good proof and measures for its protection and management. It also adopts data analysis, graph analysis, contrast analysis, case analysis and main components analysis to research the main problems, causes, deficient protection and management as well as their importance, countermeasures and plans as follows:
1) It is proved through data analysis that haphazard cultivation and transformation is the fundamental and direct cause leading to the lake being silted and shrunk, water storage capability being decreased.
2) Main ingredients analysis is adopted to find main chemical substantial ingredients which causes serious contamination to the water in Dongting lake. In addition, the countermeasures are also proposed
3) Gradual decreased numbers of bird and fish shows that causes of damage to living area of wild animals and plants is due to unreasonable planting and invasion of foreign species.
4) Aiming to the main problems that wetland ecosystem of dongting lake is facing,Ⅰpropose to improve the wetland protection law, map out a reasonable plan for natural preserve, enforce the construction of ecological project, improve the water quality monitoring system, develop wetland industries, etc.
Wetland ecosystem involves lots of domain of society. It is a very complex ecosystem, controlled and curbed by many factors such as society, economy, natural environment, etc., so the research of protection and management for wetland ecosystem is a complicated system project too. With the continuous exploitation to the wetland resource, the protection and management work are required to higher level. Thus, it appears more important for us to enforce the protection and management for dongting lake's wetland ecosystem and maintain its balance.
引文
[1]Cowardin, L.M. et al. Casification of Wetlands And Deepwater Habitats of The United states, U. S. Fish and wildife Service Pub. FWS/OBS-79/31, Washington, D. C.1979,103.
[2]Zoltai, S. C. An Outline of The Wetland Regions of Canada, in proceedings of a workshop on canadian wetlands environment, C. D. A. Rubec and F. C. Pouett,eds. Canada lands directorate, ecological land classifications series,No.12, Sakaton,Saskatchewan,1979,1-8.
[3]Wilen B O et al. Wetlands of the U. S. in:Whigjam(ed):Wetlands of the world I. Kuver Academic Publishers, Netherlands,1993.
[4]湿地国际-中国项目办事处.湿地公约宣传册.1999
[5]Mitsch WJ,Wu xy, Nairn P W. Grating and restoring wetlands. BoilSci. 1998,48(12):1019-1030.
[6]Misch WJ et al. Wetland of the old and new world:ecology and management in:Misch.W.J.(ed).Global-wetlands,old world and new. Elsevier,Netherlands,1994.
[7]Maltby,E.:Waterlogged wealth, why waste the world's wet place? 1-130, Earthscan, London, Paris and Washington, D.C.1986.
[8]Pearson S M. Landscape-level processes and wetland conservation in the southern Appalachian Mountains,Water,Air&Soil pollution,1994,3-4:321-332.
[9]Brinson M M. Ahydrogeomorphic classification for wetlands. Wetlands research program technical report WRP·DL R. U. S. Army Engineers Waterways Experiment Station,Vicksburg,M S.1993.
[10]刘厚田.湿地的定义和类型划分[J].生态学杂志,1995,14(4)：73-77
[11]Brinson M M. Ahydrogeomorphic classification for wetlands. Wetlands research program technical report WRP·DL R. U. S. Army Engineers Waterways Experiment Station,Vicksburg,M S.1993.
[12]Brison MM. Developing an approach for assessing the functions of wetlands:Old world and new. Elsevier, Amsterdam.1995.
[13]Brinson,M.M. Primary producticity,decomposition and consumer activity in freshwater wetlands. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst.1981,12:123-161.
[14]Cowrding L M,Golet F C. U. S. fish and wildife service wetland classification:a review.in:Finlayson C M, Van der Valk A Geds. Classification and Inventory of the World's Wetlands. Netherlands:Kluwer Academic Publishiers,1995, 139-152.
[15]Brinson, M.M.A Hydrogemorphic Classitication for Wetlands. Wetlands Research Program Technical Report WRP-DE-4, U.S.Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS.1993.
[16]Brinson, M.M. Changes in the functioning of wetlands along enxironmental gradients. Wetlands,1993:65-74.
[17]Brinson, M.M.,B.L.Swift, R.C. Plantico, and J.S. Barclay.1981. Riparian ecosystem:their ecology and status. FWS/OBS-81/17, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC.1981,151.
[18]倪晋仁,殷康前,赵智杰.湿地综合分类：Ⅰ.分类[J].自然资源学报1998,13(3)：214-221.
[19]陈建伟,黄桂林.中国湿地分类及其划分指标的探索[J].林业资源管理,1995(5)：65-71.
[20]马学慧,吕宪国,杨青等.三江平原沼泽地碳循环初探.地理科学,1996,16(4)：324-329.
[21]黄桂林,张建军,李玉祥.辽河三角洲湿地分类及现状分析——辽河三角洲湿地资源及其生物多样性的遥感监测系列论文之一[J].林业资源管理,2000(4)：51-56.
[22]刘红玉,吕国宪,刘振乾等.辽河三角洲湿地资源与区域持续发展[J].地理科学,2000,20(6)：545-551.
[23]陈建伟,黄桂林.中国湿地分类及其划分指标的探索[J].林业资源管理,1995(5)：16-45.
[24]殷康前,倪晋仁.湿地研究综述[J].生态学报,1998,18(5)：539-545.
[25]柴岫,郎惠卿等.若尔盖高原沼泽[J].北京：科学出版社.1965.1-25.
[26]孙广友.试论沼泽综合分类系统[J].地理学报,1998,53(6)：141-148.
[27]刘兴土.中国沼泽分类系统的探讨[J].地理科学,1997,17(增刊)：389-401.
[28]吕宪国,黄锡畴.我国湿地研究进展[J].地理科学,1998,18(4)：293-300.
[29]祝廷成,董厚德.生态系统浅说[M].北京：科学出版社,1983.
[30]彩晓明.生态系统生态学[M].北京：科学出版社,2000.
[31]刘成武,杨志荣,方中权等.自然资源论[M].北京：科学出版社,2002.
[32]贾忠华,罗纨,王文焰等.对湿地定义和湿地水文特征的探讨[J].水土保持学报,2001,15(6)：117-120
[33]黄第藩,杨世倬等.长江中下游三大淡水湖的湖泊地质及其形成与发展.海洋与‘湖沼,1965,7(4).
[34]Wilen BOetal. Wetlands of the world I. Netherlands:Kluver Academic Publishers. 1993.
[35]田应兵,宋光煜,艾天成.湿地土壤及其生态功能[J].生态学杂志,2002,21(6)：36-39.
[36]孟宪民,刘银良.三江平原沼泽土壤微生物主要类群的数量与组成[J].北京：科学出版社,1996,36-45.
[37]秦大河.气候变化的事实、影响及对策[J].学会月刊,2002,10：35-37.
[38]何池全.湿地植物生态过程理论及其应用----三江平原典型湿地研究[J].上海：上海科学技术出版社,2003.
[39]郭少聪.华南植物园退化水体的恢复研究[J].生态科学,2000,17(3)：1-5.
[40]邱东茹,吴振斌.富营养化浅水湖泊沉水水生植被的衰退与恢复[J]湖泊科学,1997,9(1)：82-88.
[41]王瑞山、王毅勇,杨青等.我国湿地资源现状、问题与对策[J].资源科学,2000,22(1)：9-18.
[42]Mitsch, W.J. & J.G. Gosselink:Wetland,1-473, VNR Co.,New York,1986.
[43]刘国城,孙天经等.生物圈科学引论[J].哈尔滨：东北林业大学出版社,1986.
[44]陈利顶,傅伯杰.干扰的类型、特征及其生态学意义[J].生态学报,2000,20(4)：581-586.
[45]傅国斌,李克让.全球变暖与湿地生态系统的研究进展[J].地理研究,2001,20(1)：120-128.
[46]张树清,张柏,汪爱华.三江平原湿地消长与区域气候变化关系研究[J].地球科学进展,2001,(3)：23-26.
[47]Sealthun.N.R, Aittoniemi, P. Bergsstrom, S.etal..1998. Climate change impactsof runoff and hydropower in the Nordic countries.TemaNord no.522.Nordic Council of Ministers,126-132.
[48]Nicholls R.J. Frank M. J. Hoozemans, Marcel Marchand.1999. Increasing flood risk and wetland losses due to global sea-level rise:regional analyses [J]. Global Environmental Change,9, S69-S87.
[49]杨亚妮.湿地生态系统研究及防治退化对策[J].自然杂志,2002,24(2)：95-99.
[50]赵魅义,张文芬等.大兴安岭森林大火对环境的影响与对策[M].北京：科学出版社,1994.1-9.
[51]刘成武,杨志荣,方中权等.自然资源论[M].北京：科学出版社,2002.
[52]鲁奇,刘洋.中国湿地消失的因素及保护对策[J].环境保护,2001,10：21-23.
[53]Jorgensen,S.E.& W.J. Mitsch:Application of ecological modeling in environmental management,Part B,283-305,Elsevier Scientific publ,Co.,New York,1983.
[54]刘兴土.松嫩平原退化土地整治与农业发展[J].北京：科学出版社,2001.
[55]任海、彭少麟编著.恢复生态学导论[M].北京：科学出版社,2002,38
[56]许木启,黄玉瑶.受损水域生态系统恢复与重建研究[J].生态学报,1998,18(5)：547-557.
[57]章家恩,徐琪.现代生态学研究的几大热点问题透视J].地理科学进展,1997,16(3)：29-37.
[58]赵康.公路建设对湿地资源的影响与保护对策[J].森林工程,2002,18(6)：3-4.
[59]E.马尔特比等著.生态系统管理----科学与社会问题[J].康乐,韩兴国等译北京：科学出版社,1996.
[60]吕宪国,李文呈.论中国湿地保护的优先科研领域[J].地理科学,1997,17(增刊)：414-418.
[61]Vorosmarty C J, et al. The storage and aging of continental runoff in large reservoir systems of the world. Ambio,1997,26:210-219.
[62]McCartney M P, Sulllivan C, Acreman M C. Ecosystems impacts of large dames. www:dams.org.
[63]贾蓉芬,刘东生,林本海.陕西兰田段家坡黄土剖面有机质磁性的初步研究.地球化学,1992,(3)：234-242.
[64]《鄱阳湖研究》编委会.鄱阳湖研究[M].上海：上海科学技术出版社,1988.52-63.
[65]Hasler A D et al.. Demonstration of the antagoni-stic action of large aquatic plant on algae androtifers[M]. New York,1949.
[66]Mitsch WJ, Gosselin JG Wetlands. New York:Van Nostrand Reinhold Company Inc.,2000:89-125; [2]Downing JA,... Ecological Modelling,1997,105:1-21.
[67]Odum HT, Ewel KC, Mitsch WJ. Recycling treated sewage through Cypress wetlands in Florida//D'ltri FM.Wastewater Renovation and Reuse. New York:Marcel.1977:35-67.
[68]Van der Valk P, Zaal M A, Creemers-Molenaar J. Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in inflorescence and seed derived callus cultures of Poa pratensis[J]. Plant Cell Reports,1988,7(12):644-647.
[69]Boyd L A, Dale P J.Callus production and plant regeneration from mature embryos of Poa pratensis[J]. Plant Breeding,1986,97(3):246-254.
[70]Clements J D. Construction of a nontoxic fusion peptide for immunization against Escherichia coli strains that produce heat-labile and heat-stable enterotoxin.
[71]Odum E P. Basic Ecology. Philadephia:Saunders College Publishing,1983
[72]Spurr S H, Barnes B V. Forest ecology. New York:John Wiley & Sons,1980
[73]Mueller-Dombois D, Ellenberg H.植被生态学的目的和方法.鲍显诚等译.北京：科学出版社,1986.
[74]王文卿,刘纯慧,晁敏.从第五届国际湿地会议看湿地保护与研究趋势[J]生态学杂志,1997,16(5)：72-76.
[75]Mitsch W J, James G. Gosselink. Wetlands [M]. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company Inc.,2000.1-43,356-430.
[76]Allan Crowe. Quebec 2000:Millennium Wetland Event Prgram with Abstracts [C]. Quebec, Canada, Elizabeth MacKay,2000.1-256.
[77]姜文等.湿地资源开发可持续环境影响评价研究[J].中国环境科学,1997,17(5)：406-409.
[78]王秀丽等.湿地自然资源的保护和可持续发展利用[J].东北水利水电,2000,18(12)：37-38.
[79]杜群,李猛.美国农田湿地保护法律制度[J].环境保护.2004,(2)：61-63.
[80]忠言.湿地在为我们工作[J].环境.2004,(2)：6-7.
[81]林业部野生动物和森林植物保护司.湿地保护与合理利用指南.北京：中国林业出版社.1994.
[82]林业部野生动物与森林植物保护司.湿地保护与合理利用——中国湿地保护研讨文集.北京：中国林业出版社,1996.
[83]福建省自然保护区可持续管理.浙江林学院学报,2002,19(1)：53-57.
[85]Heyes A, Moore T R. Mercury and methylmercury in decomposing vegetation of a pristine and impounded wetland [J] Journal of Environmental Quality,1998, 27(3):591-599.
[86]Visser J M, Sasser C E et al. Long-term vegetation change in Louisiana tidal marshes,1968-1992[J]. Wetlands,1999,19(1):168-175.
[87]Thormann M N, Bayley S E. Aboveground production and nutrient content of the vegetation in six peatland in alberta, Canadda[J].Plant Ecology,1997,131:1-16.
[88]Cashin G E et al. Wetland alteration trends on the North Carolina coastal plain[J].Wetalnds,1992,12(2):63-71.
[89]Yavitt J B. Methane and carbon dioxide dynamics in Typha latifolia (L) wetlands in central New York State [J].Wetlands,1997,17(3):394-406.
[90]Redfield.G W.Ecological research for aquatiscience and environmental restoration in South Florida [J]. Ecological Applications,2000,10(4):900-1005.
[91]Sylvie Larose, Jonathan Price et al. Rewetting of a cutover peatland:hydrologic assessment [J]. Wetlands,1997,17(3):416-424.
[92]Wilcox D A, Whillans T H. Techniques for restoration of disturbed coastal wetlands of the Great lakes [J]. Wetlands,1999,19(4):716-732.
[93]Wilson R F, Mitsch W J. Functional assessment of five wetlands constructed to mitigate wetland loss in Ohio, USA [J]. Wetlands,1996,16(4):436-451.
[94]Paul Keddy. Wetland restoration:the potential for assembly rule in the service of conservation Wetlands [J],1999,19(4):716-732.
[95]章家恩,徐琪.生态退化研究的基本内容与框架[J].水土保持通报,1997,17(6)：46-53.
[96]张自华译.在农业区修建沼泽地以削减下游洪水和改善水质[J].水土保持通报,1997,17(4)：55-62.
[97]贺缠生,傅伯杰,陈利顶.非点源污染的管理及控制[J].环境科学,1998,19(5)：87-91.
[98]倪学明,陈路,周远捷等.东湖水生植被恢复与调控技术研究[A].见：陈宜瑜主编.中国湿地研究[C].长春：吉林科学技术出版社,1995,271-221.
[99]林鹏,李振基,郑文教等.深圳福田红树林群落特征研究[A].见：郎惠卿,林鹏,陆健健主编.中国湿地研究和保护[C].上海：华东师范大学出版社,1998.20-27.
[100]包维楷,陈庆恒.退化山地生态系统恢复和重建问题的探讨[J].山地学报,1999,17(1)：22-27.
[101]湖南省国土委员会办公室.湖南国土资源[Z],湖南省国土委员会印,1985：485-494,434-435,539-540.
[102]童潜明.地质作用与三峡工程对洞庭湖演变的影响及其对策研究,三峡工程与洞庭湖关系研究[M].湖南省政协经济科技委员会编,2002：292-312.
[103]聂芳容.三峡工程与洞庭湖[M].湖南人民出版社,2000：9,12.
[104]钟吕云,田大作,戴建中.洞庭湖区现状分析与长远规划,湖南省山河库湖综合治理与开发规划办公室编：湖南省山河库湖综合治理与开发规划[C].湖南科学技术出版社,2001：82,119.
[105]湖南省统计局编,2000年湖南省统计年鉴[Z],湖南统计出版社,2001.
[106]高吉喜等.洪水易损性评价---洞庭湖地区案例研究[M].北京：中国环境出版社,2004：45-46.
[107]袁正科.洞庭湖区林网洲滩湿地考察与利用之管见——兼论湖区杨树发展规模与湿地保护[J].湖南林业科技,2003(3)：6-12.
[108]张素珍等.湿地生态系统服务功能及价值评估[J].水土保持研究,2005(6)：125-128.
[109]甘明辉,张有兴,刘卞波.三峡工程对洞庭湖防洪排涝影响及对策研究,湖南省政协经济科技委员会编：三峡工程与洞庭湖关系研究[M].湖南科学技术出版社,2002：62-67.
[110]窦鸿身,姜加虎主编.洞庭湖[M].中国科学技术大学出版社,2000(ii)：3-5,218-220.
[111]窦鸿身,姜加虎主编.洞庭湖[M].中国科学技术大学出版社,2000(ii)：3-5, 100-102.
[112]臧润国,刘静艳,董大方.林隙动态与森林生物多样性[M],中国林业出版社,1999：34-35.
[113]邵家驹.应用陆地卫星图象监测洞庭湖区钉螺孽生态环境[D].湖南省经济地理所印,1984：5-7.
[114]李星照,袁正科.湖南省洞庭湖区植被类型分布现状调查报告[R].湖南省洞庭湖区生态地球化学调查项目部等,2005.
[115]湖南省农业厅.湖南土壤.农业出版社,1989：399-400.
[116]朱建国.我国湿地资源立法管理问题思考[J].土地科学,2000(1)：34-38.
[2]Zoltai, S. C. An Outline of The Wetland Regions of Canada, in proceedings of a workshop on canadian wetlands environment, C. D. A. Rubec and F. C. Pouett,eds. Canada lands directorate, ecological land classifications series,No.12, Sakaton,Saskatchewan,1979,1-8.
[3]Wilen B O et al. Wetlands of the U. S. in:Whigjam(ed):Wetlands of the world I. Kuver Academic Publishers, Netherlands,1993.
[4]湿地国际-中国项目办事处.湿地公约宣传册.1999
[5]Mitsch WJ,Wu xy, Nairn P W. Grating and restoring wetlands. BoilSci. 1998,48(12):1019-1030.
[6]Misch WJ et al. Wetland of the old and new world:ecology and management in:Misch.W.J.(ed).Global-wetlands,old world and new. Elsevier,Netherlands,1994.
[7]Maltby,E.:Waterlogged wealth, why waste the world's wet place? 1-130, Earthscan, London, Paris and Washington, D.C.1986.
[8]Pearson S M. Landscape-level processes and wetland conservation in the southern Appalachian Mountains,Water,Air&Soil pollution,1994,3-4:321-332.
[9]Brinson M M. Ahydrogeomorphic classification for wetlands. Wetlands research program technical report WRP·DL R. U. S. Army Engineers Waterways Experiment Station,Vicksburg,M S.1993.
[10]刘厚田.湿地的定义和类型划分[J].生态学杂志,1995,14(4)：73-77
[11]Brinson M M. Ahydrogeomorphic classification for wetlands. Wetlands research program technical report WRP·DL R. U. S. Army Engineers Waterways Experiment Station,Vicksburg,M S.1993.
[12]Brison MM. Developing an approach for assessing the functions of wetlands:Old world and new. Elsevier, Amsterdam.1995.
[13]Brinson,M.M. Primary producticity,decomposition and consumer activity in freshwater wetlands. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst.1981,12:123-161.
[14]Cowrding L M,Golet F C. U. S. fish and wildife service wetland classification:a review.in:Finlayson C M, Van der Valk A Geds. Classification and Inventory of the World's Wetlands. Netherlands:Kluwer Academic Publishiers,1995, 139-152.
[15]Brinson, M.M.A Hydrogemorphic Classitication for Wetlands. Wetlands Research Program Technical Report WRP-DE-4, U.S.Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS.1993.
[16]Brinson, M.M. Changes in the functioning of wetlands along enxironmental gradients. Wetlands,1993:65-74.
[17]Brinson, M.M.,B.L.Swift, R.C. Plantico, and J.S. Barclay.1981. Riparian ecosystem:their ecology and status. FWS/OBS-81/17, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC.1981,151.
[18]倪晋仁,殷康前,赵智杰.湿地综合分类：Ⅰ.分类[J].自然资源学报1998,13(3)：214-221.
[19]陈建伟,黄桂林.中国湿地分类及其划分指标的探索[J].林业资源管理,1995(5)：65-71.
[20]马学慧,吕宪国,杨青等.三江平原沼泽地碳循环初探.地理科学,1996,16(4)：324-329.
[21]黄桂林,张建军,李玉祥.辽河三角洲湿地分类及现状分析——辽河三角洲湿地资源及其生物多样性的遥感监测系列论文之一[J].林业资源管理,2000(4)：51-56.
[22]刘红玉,吕国宪,刘振乾等.辽河三角洲湿地资源与区域持续发展[J].地理科学,2000,20(6)：545-551.
[23]陈建伟,黄桂林.中国湿地分类及其划分指标的探索[J].林业资源管理,1995(5)：16-45.
[24]殷康前,倪晋仁.湿地研究综述[J].生态学报,1998,18(5)：539-545.
[25]柴岫,郎惠卿等.若尔盖高原沼泽[J].北京：科学出版社.1965.1-25.
[26]孙广友.试论沼泽综合分类系统[J].地理学报,1998,53(6)：141-148.
[27]刘兴土.中国沼泽分类系统的探讨[J].地理科学,1997,17(增刊)：389-401.
[28]吕宪国,黄锡畴.我国湿地研究进展[J].地理科学,1998,18(4)：293-300.
[29]祝廷成,董厚德.生态系统浅说[M].北京：科学出版社,1983.
[30]彩晓明.生态系统生态学[M].北京：科学出版社,2000.
[31]刘成武,杨志荣,方中权等.自然资源论[M].北京：科学出版社,2002.
[32]贾忠华,罗纨,王文焰等.对湿地定义和湿地水文特征的探讨[J].水土保持学报,2001,15(6)：117-120
[33]黄第藩,杨世倬等.长江中下游三大淡水湖的湖泊地质及其形成与发展.海洋与‘湖沼,1965,7(4).
[34]Wilen BOetal. Wetlands of the world I. Netherlands:Kluver Academic Publishers. 1993.
[35]田应兵,宋光煜,艾天成.湿地土壤及其生态功能[J].生态学杂志,2002,21(6)：36-39.
[36]孟宪民,刘银良.三江平原沼泽土壤微生物主要类群的数量与组成[J].北京：科学出版社,1996,36-45.
[37]秦大河.气候变化的事实、影响及对策[J].学会月刊,2002,10：35-37.
[38]何池全.湿地植物生态过程理论及其应用----三江平原典型湿地研究[J].上海：上海科学技术出版社,2003.
[39]郭少聪.华南植物园退化水体的恢复研究[J].生态科学,2000,17(3)：1-5.
[40]邱东茹,吴振斌.富营养化浅水湖泊沉水水生植被的衰退与恢复[J]湖泊科学,1997,9(1)：82-88.
[41]王瑞山、王毅勇,杨青等.我国湿地资源现状、问题与对策[J].资源科学,2000,22(1)：9-18.
[42]Mitsch, W.J. & J.G. Gosselink:Wetland,1-473, VNR Co.,New York,1986.
[43]刘国城,孙天经等.生物圈科学引论[J].哈尔滨：东北林业大学出版社,1986.
[44]陈利顶,傅伯杰.干扰的类型、特征及其生态学意义[J].生态学报,2000,20(4)：581-586.
[45]傅国斌,李克让.全球变暖与湿地生态系统的研究进展[J].地理研究,2001,20(1)：120-128.
[46]张树清,张柏,汪爱华.三江平原湿地消长与区域气候变化关系研究[J].地球科学进展,2001,(3)：23-26.
[47]Sealthun.N.R, Aittoniemi, P. Bergsstrom, S.etal..1998. Climate change impactsof runoff and hydropower in the Nordic countries.TemaNord no.522.Nordic Council of Ministers,126-132.
[48]Nicholls R.J. Frank M. J. Hoozemans, Marcel Marchand.1999. Increasing flood risk and wetland losses due to global sea-level rise:regional analyses [J]. Global Environmental Change,9, S69-S87.
[49]杨亚妮.湿地生态系统研究及防治退化对策[J].自然杂志,2002,24(2)：95-99.
[50]赵魅义,张文芬等.大兴安岭森林大火对环境的影响与对策[M].北京：科学出版社,1994.1-9.
[51]刘成武,杨志荣,方中权等.自然资源论[M].北京：科学出版社,2002.
[52]鲁奇,刘洋.中国湿地消失的因素及保护对策[J].环境保护,2001,10：21-23.
[53]Jorgensen,S.E.& W.J. Mitsch:Application of ecological modeling in environmental management,Part B,283-305,Elsevier Scientific publ,Co.,New York,1983.
[54]刘兴土.松嫩平原退化土地整治与农业发展[J].北京：科学出版社,2001.
[55]任海、彭少麟编著.恢复生态学导论[M].北京：科学出版社,2002,38
[56]许木启,黄玉瑶.受损水域生态系统恢复与重建研究[J].生态学报,1998,18(5)：547-557.
[57]章家恩,徐琪.现代生态学研究的几大热点问题透视J].地理科学进展,1997,16(3)：29-37.
[58]赵康.公路建设对湿地资源的影响与保护对策[J].森林工程,2002,18(6)：3-4.
[59]E.马尔特比等著.生态系统管理----科学与社会问题[J].康乐,韩兴国等译北京：科学出版社,1996.
[60]吕宪国,李文呈.论中国湿地保护的优先科研领域[J].地理科学,1997,17(增刊)：414-418.
[61]Vorosmarty C J, et al. The storage and aging of continental runoff in large reservoir systems of the world. Ambio,1997,26:210-219.
[62]McCartney M P, Sulllivan C, Acreman M C. Ecosystems impacts of large dames. www:dams.org.
[63]贾蓉芬,刘东生,林本海.陕西兰田段家坡黄土剖面有机质磁性的初步研究.地球化学,1992,(3)：234-242.
[64]《鄱阳湖研究》编委会.鄱阳湖研究[M].上海：上海科学技术出版社,1988.52-63.
[65]Hasler A D et al.. Demonstration of the antagoni-stic action of large aquatic plant on algae androtifers[M]. New York,1949.
[66]Mitsch WJ, Gosselin JG Wetlands. New York:Van Nostrand Reinhold Company Inc.,2000:89-125; [2]Downing JA,... Ecological Modelling,1997,105:1-21.
[67]Odum HT, Ewel KC, Mitsch WJ. Recycling treated sewage through Cypress wetlands in Florida//D'ltri FM.Wastewater Renovation and Reuse. New York:Marcel.1977:35-67.
[68]Van der Valk P, Zaal M A, Creemers-Molenaar J. Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in inflorescence and seed derived callus cultures of Poa pratensis[J]. Plant Cell Reports,1988,7(12):644-647.
[69]Boyd L A, Dale P J.Callus production and plant regeneration from mature embryos of Poa pratensis[J]. Plant Breeding,1986,97(3):246-254.
[70]Clements J D. Construction of a nontoxic fusion peptide for immunization against Escherichia coli strains that produce heat-labile and heat-stable enterotoxin.
[71]Odum E P. Basic Ecology. Philadephia:Saunders College Publishing,1983
[72]Spurr S H, Barnes B V. Forest ecology. New York:John Wiley & Sons,1980
[73]Mueller-Dombois D, Ellenberg H.植被生态学的目的和方法.鲍显诚等译.北京：科学出版社,1986.
[74]王文卿,刘纯慧,晁敏.从第五届国际湿地会议看湿地保护与研究趋势[J]生态学杂志,1997,16(5)：72-76.
[75]Mitsch W J, James G. Gosselink. Wetlands [M]. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company Inc.,2000.1-43,356-430.
[76]Allan Crowe. Quebec 2000:Millennium Wetland Event Prgram with Abstracts [C]. Quebec, Canada, Elizabeth MacKay,2000.1-256.
[77]姜文等.湿地资源开发可持续环境影响评价研究[J].中国环境科学,1997,17(5)：406-409.
[78]王秀丽等.湿地自然资源的保护和可持续发展利用[J].东北水利水电,2000,18(12)：37-38.
[79]杜群,李猛.美国农田湿地保护法律制度[J].环境保护.2004,(2)：61-63.
[80]忠言.湿地在为我们工作[J].环境.2004,(2)：6-7.
[81]林业部野生动物和森林植物保护司.湿地保护与合理利用指南.北京：中国林业出版社.1994.
[82]林业部野生动物与森林植物保护司.湿地保护与合理利用——中国湿地保护研讨文集.北京：中国林业出版社,1996.
[83]福建省自然保护区可持续管理.浙江林学院学报,2002,19(1)：53-57.
[85]Heyes A, Moore T R. Mercury and methylmercury in decomposing vegetation of a pristine and impounded wetland [J] Journal of Environmental Quality,1998, 27(3):591-599.
[86]Visser J M, Sasser C E et al. Long-term vegetation change in Louisiana tidal marshes,1968-1992[J]. Wetlands,1999,19(1):168-175.
[87]Thormann M N, Bayley S E. Aboveground production and nutrient content of the vegetation in six peatland in alberta, Canadda[J].Plant Ecology,1997,131:1-16.
[88]Cashin G E et al. Wetland alteration trends on the North Carolina coastal plain[J].Wetalnds,1992,12(2):63-71.
[89]Yavitt J B. Methane and carbon dioxide dynamics in Typha latifolia (L) wetlands in central New York State [J].Wetlands,1997,17(3):394-406.
[90]Redfield.G W.Ecological research for aquatiscience and environmental restoration in South Florida [J]. Ecological Applications,2000,10(4):900-1005.
[91]Sylvie Larose, Jonathan Price et al. Rewetting of a cutover peatland:hydrologic assessment [J]. Wetlands,1997,17(3):416-424.
[92]Wilcox D A, Whillans T H. Techniques for restoration of disturbed coastal wetlands of the Great lakes [J]. Wetlands,1999,19(4):716-732.
[93]Wilson R F, Mitsch W J. Functional assessment of five wetlands constructed to mitigate wetland loss in Ohio, USA [J]. Wetlands,1996,16(4):436-451.
[94]Paul Keddy. Wetland restoration:the potential for assembly rule in the service of conservation Wetlands [J],1999,19(4):716-732.
[95]章家恩,徐琪.生态退化研究的基本内容与框架[J].水土保持通报,1997,17(6)：46-53.
[96]张自华译.在农业区修建沼泽地以削减下游洪水和改善水质[J].水土保持通报,1997,17(4)：55-62.
[97]贺缠生,傅伯杰,陈利顶.非点源污染的管理及控制[J].环境科学,1998,19(5)：87-91.
[98]倪学明,陈路,周远捷等.东湖水生植被恢复与调控技术研究[A].见：陈宜瑜主编.中国湿地研究[C].长春：吉林科学技术出版社,1995,271-221.
[99]林鹏,李振基,郑文教等.深圳福田红树林群落特征研究[A].见：郎惠卿,林鹏,陆健健主编.中国湿地研究和保护[C].上海：华东师范大学出版社,1998.20-27.
[100]包维楷,陈庆恒.退化山地生态系统恢复和重建问题的探讨[J].山地学报,1999,17(1)：22-27.
[101]湖南省国土委员会办公室.湖南国土资源[Z],湖南省国土委员会印,1985：485-494,434-435,539-540.
[102]童潜明.地质作用与三峡工程对洞庭湖演变的影响及其对策研究,三峡工程与洞庭湖关系研究[M].湖南省政协经济科技委员会编,2002：292-312.
[103]聂芳容.三峡工程与洞庭湖[M].湖南人民出版社,2000：9,12.
[104]钟吕云,田大作,戴建中.洞庭湖区现状分析与长远规划,湖南省山河库湖综合治理与开发规划办公室编：湖南省山河库湖综合治理与开发规划[C].湖南科学技术出版社,2001：82,119.
[105]湖南省统计局编,2000年湖南省统计年鉴[Z],湖南统计出版社,2001.
[106]高吉喜等.洪水易损性评价---洞庭湖地区案例研究[M].北京：中国环境出版社,2004：45-46.
[107]袁正科.洞庭湖区林网洲滩湿地考察与利用之管见——兼论湖区杨树发展规模与湿地保护[J].湖南林业科技,2003(3)：6-12.
[108]张素珍等.湿地生态系统服务功能及价值评估[J].水土保持研究,2005(6)：125-128.
[109]甘明辉,张有兴,刘卞波.三峡工程对洞庭湖防洪排涝影响及对策研究,湖南省政协经济科技委员会编：三峡工程与洞庭湖关系研究[M].湖南科学技术出版社,2002：62-67.
[110]窦鸿身,姜加虎主编.洞庭湖[M].中国科学技术大学出版社,2000(ii)：3-5,218-220.
[111]窦鸿身,姜加虎主编.洞庭湖[M].中国科学技术大学出版社,2000(ii)：3-5, 100-102.
[112]臧润国,刘静艳,董大方.林隙动态与森林生物多样性[M],中国林业出版社,1999：34-35.
[113]邵家驹.应用陆地卫星图象监测洞庭湖区钉螺孽生态环境[D].湖南省经济地理所印,1984：5-7.
[114]李星照,袁正科.湖南省洞庭湖区植被类型分布现状调查报告[R].湖南省洞庭湖区生态地球化学调查项目部等,2005.
[115]湖南省农业厅.湖南土壤.农业出版社,1989：399-400.
[116]朱建国.我国湿地资源立法管理问题思考[J].土地科学,2000(1)：34-38.