金口港兴衰历史探究
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摘要
金口港也叫金家口港,它位于即墨东北的丁字湾畔,曾经是名扬一时的北方著名港口。
今天的金口离海岸线已经有十数里之远了。但明朝和清代时的金口正好处在一个小半岛的顶端位置,它背靠一个十分宽阔的海湾,正是一个天然的避风良港。再加上丁字湾比较优越的港湾条件和金口紧连内陆的广大腹地的独特优势,当时的金口港自然具有发展成为一个大港所必须的得天独厚的自然条件。
金口经历了一段兴起、发展、辉煌到衰落的完整历史。一般认为金口港正式开埠的时间,至迟是在明代的天启年间(1621-1627)。由于金口地处青岛即墨的东北端,东临海阳,北接莱阳,南临青岛,具备“鸡鸣三县”的地理优势,辐射的市场十分广阔,加上邻近的莱阳、海阳等地的一些港口已经严重地淤积与衰落,从金口开埠的初期开始,大批来自南方的商船就频繁地来往于此,使得金口港迅速地呈现兴旺的景象。
到清代的乾隆时期,金口更发展成为胶东城区乃至整个山东的第一大海港,呈现出一派“商贾云集、商船林立”的繁荣景象。当时的金口港内可以停泊一百五十吨的沙船三十余艘,往返上海、大连、天津等港。清政府也设立了税关加以管理。
直至清朝的光绪末年,金口的吞吐量仍然是胶东半岛沿海港口之最。到了近代,随着港口的淤积以及青岛、烟台两大港口的先后崛起,金口港就逐渐失去了往日的繁华,但仍不失为一个比较重要的港口,到1945年前后才最终被彻底废弃,重新成为了人烟稀少的小村落。
金口港是一个典型的胶东港口。保存至今的“丫”字形大街原本名闻整个胶东半岛,街道的街面都是用青石板铺就,整洁宽阔；街道的两边则是带有廊道的店铺,货栈、商行、酒馆也四处林立。
金口的古建筑又深受到南方风格的影响,金口的天后宫就是完全按照当时浙江和福建的样式修建,是当时中国北方最为辉煌和有名的天后宫之一。天后宫的戏楼是即墨地方戏曲柳腔戏的主要发祥地和表演的舞台之一。李秉和及其家族是金口港的首富。李氏家族在金口的李氏庄园则是胶东最大的庄园之一。李氏庄园不仅规模宏伟,也有建筑坚固、防御强大的突出特征。这当然主要是出于满足抵御东捻军和防范当地匪患的需要。
随着金口港的发展,南北商船的频繁往来,金口沿岸许多世代以捕鱼为业的渔民也弃渔从商,将渔船改为搞运输的商船,组建了颇具规模的金口船队,进行海上商业运输。鼎盛时期的金口船队拥有大小商船近三十艘,把豆油、花生油等当地特产源源不断地运往江南上海等大城市。
金口港的商业相当繁荣,主要产业有土产、油坊、煮盐、渔业等等,色情行业也畸形地发展。与商业发展相辅相成,金口也出现了较完备的商会组织。
金口港衰落的原因是多方面的：
其自然原因主要是由于丁字湾的湾口比较狭窄,然而湾形却十分的深邃,虽然是一个天然的避风良港口,却存在着容易淤积的隐患。随着清末民初迫近地区的农业发展和人口的不断增多,入湾诸河流沿岸的植被遭到了越来越严重的破坏,导致多雨期往往是泥沙俱下,泥沙大量涌入湾内,本来港深道窄,不容易宣泄,而港口的相关管理又不得力,没有加以必要地疏浚工作,如此日积月累,使得码头日渐淤浅,退到了海岸线十数里之后,这对港口而言无疑是最为致命性的打击。
其社会原因则是由于外国资本主义的入侵,最终破坏了金口港独立自由发展的模式。
尽管金口港其特殊的自然地理位置等自然原因和它所在的社会背景等社会原因,促使它不得不过早地退出了历史的舞台,让位于烟台、青岛等邻近的港口,但也为我们正在进行的现代化建设提供了宝贵的经验教训。
当我们今天在进行港口建设的时候,首先要考虑其地理位置是否合适,湾口是否宽阔,宣泄是否通畅。同时要注意港口周边地区的环境保护,尤其是港口周边河流流域的环保。对外来物种的引进要持谨慎态度,要充分权衡利弊关系。
此外我们还可以看到：一个港口的命运与国家和民族的命运是何等的息息相关,一个地区发展的背后必须有一个强大的国家支持。
Jinkou, also known as Jinjiakou, which is located northeast of Jimo T-Bay, was once a famous port of the north.
Today's Jinkou is 10 miles far from the shoreline. However, in Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty, Jinkou is just a small peninsula at the top position, it is a natural sheltered harbor and backed by a very wide bay. Coupled with T-Bay harbor conditions of comparative advantage, and the vast inland Jinkou tight with the unique advantages of the hinterland, then Jinkou owned unique natural conditions to develop into a famous port.
Jinkou experienced a rise, development, and glory to the complete history of the decline. It is generally believed that a formal Jinkou time, at the latest revelation in the Ming Dynasty period (1621-1627). As Jinkou is located in the northeast end of Jimo, east to Haiyang, north to Laiyang,and south to Qingdao, have "attempts all three counties," the geographic advantage of radiation is very broad market, coupled with the neighboring Laiyang, Haiyang, etc. Some of the port, has a serious siltation and decline. From the early days of Jinkou,a large number of merchant ships from the South travel here frequently, which made Jinkou quickly render a thriving scene.
To Qing Dynasty's Qianlong time, Jinkou developed into the Jiaodong city, and even the entire Shandong's first big harbor, presents the prosperous picture "the businessman to converge, the merchant stands in great numbers". There, at that time might anchor 150 ton junk 30, travelled between Shanghai, Dalian, Tianjin and so on.The Qing government also set up the tax to close manages.
until the late Qing dynasty, Jinkou is still the most coastal ports of Shandong Peninsula. In modern times, with the silting of the port, as well as Qingdao, Yantai port rise gradually, Jinkou lost its bustling past, it is still a more important port, around 1945, finally was completely abandoned and once again became a small village in sparsely populated.
Jinkou, is a typical Jiaodong port. Preserved the "Y" shaped streets, the original famous throughout the Shandong Peninsula, the streets of the high street are paved with quartzite, clean wide; the street on both sides, it is with a corridor of shops, warehouses, businesses, pubs are also seen everywhere.
The old buildings in Jinkou, but also deeply affected the style of the south. Tin Hou Temple, which was in full accordance with the style of Zhejiang and Fujian were built, in northern China was the most brilliant and one of the famous Tin Hau Temple. Tin Hau Temple of the Peking Opera Theater is a local opera Jimo Liu chamber opera and performing the main stage for one of the birthplace. Li Binghe and his family, is the richest man in Jinkou. His family estate is one of the largest in. Jiaodong.Lee Manor is not only a grand scale, but also building strong, prominent features of a strong defense. Of course this is mainly due to meet against East Nian Army and prevention needs of the local banditry
With the development of Jinkou port, north-south merchant frequent exchanges Jinkou coastal fishing for many generations of fishermen, the industry, but also abandoned fishing business, will be replaced by fishing vessels engaged in the transport vessels, the Chrysostom set up large-scale vessels teams to conduct maritime commercial traffic. Heyday of Jinkou merchant fleet size of nearly 30 has to soya bean oil, peanut oil and other local specialties, shipping to major cities such as Shanghai in Jiangnan.
Jinkou relatively prosperous commercial port, the main industries of local products, oil mill, boiling salt, fisheries, etc. the sex industry is also abnormal development. And business development are mutually reinforcing, Jinkou there have been more comprehensive trade associations.
Decline of Jinkou are various reasons for this:
Its natural causes, mainly due to the T-Bay mouth is rather narrow, but the shape is very deep, though a natural shelter from the wind good port, but there is a hidden danger easily deposition. With the approaching end of the Qing area of agricultural development and population continue to increase into the Bay, along the various rivers and vegetation, has been more and more seriously damaged, leading to the rainy period is often sediment influx Bay, and have been Road narrow, is not easy to vent, but without effective management of port-related, there is no need to dredge to work, so accumulated, making Pier increasingly shallow silt, retreated from the coastline,10 miles later, the right port, no doubt, the most deadly nature of combat.
Its social causes, it is due to the invasion of foreign capitalism undermined the independence and freedom Jinkou's development model.
Although Jinkou has special geographic location and other natural causes and its social background in social causes, prompting it had to prematurely withdraw from the historical stage, so that in Yantai, Qingdao and other neighboring ports, but also we are carried out modernization has provided valuable lessons learned.
Today when we construct a port, we must first consider the suitability of its location, if the bay mouth is wide, if the giving vent is unobstructed. At the same time pay attention to environmental protection, particularly in river basins around the port environmental protection. The introduction of alien species should be cautious to fully weigh the relationship.
In addition, we can see:the fate of a port with the country and the nation's fate is how closely related to the development of an area behind, there must be a strong state support.
今天的金口离海岸线已经有十数里之远了。但明朝和清代时的金口正好处在一个小半岛的顶端位置,它背靠一个十分宽阔的海湾,正是一个天然的避风良港。再加上丁字湾比较优越的港湾条件和金口紧连内陆的广大腹地的独特优势,当时的金口港自然具有发展成为一个大港所必须的得天独厚的自然条件。
金口经历了一段兴起、发展、辉煌到衰落的完整历史。一般认为金口港正式开埠的时间,至迟是在明代的天启年间(1621-1627)。由于金口地处青岛即墨的东北端,东临海阳,北接莱阳,南临青岛,具备“鸡鸣三县”的地理优势,辐射的市场十分广阔,加上邻近的莱阳、海阳等地的一些港口已经严重地淤积与衰落,从金口开埠的初期开始,大批来自南方的商船就频繁地来往于此,使得金口港迅速地呈现兴旺的景象。
到清代的乾隆时期,金口更发展成为胶东城区乃至整个山东的第一大海港,呈现出一派“商贾云集、商船林立”的繁荣景象。当时的金口港内可以停泊一百五十吨的沙船三十余艘,往返上海、大连、天津等港。清政府也设立了税关加以管理。
直至清朝的光绪末年,金口的吞吐量仍然是胶东半岛沿海港口之最。到了近代,随着港口的淤积以及青岛、烟台两大港口的先后崛起,金口港就逐渐失去了往日的繁华,但仍不失为一个比较重要的港口,到1945年前后才最终被彻底废弃,重新成为了人烟稀少的小村落。
金口港是一个典型的胶东港口。保存至今的“丫”字形大街原本名闻整个胶东半岛,街道的街面都是用青石板铺就,整洁宽阔；街道的两边则是带有廊道的店铺,货栈、商行、酒馆也四处林立。
金口的古建筑又深受到南方风格的影响,金口的天后宫就是完全按照当时浙江和福建的样式修建,是当时中国北方最为辉煌和有名的天后宫之一。天后宫的戏楼是即墨地方戏曲柳腔戏的主要发祥地和表演的舞台之一。李秉和及其家族是金口港的首富。李氏家族在金口的李氏庄园则是胶东最大的庄园之一。李氏庄园不仅规模宏伟,也有建筑坚固、防御强大的突出特征。这当然主要是出于满足抵御东捻军和防范当地匪患的需要。
随着金口港的发展,南北商船的频繁往来,金口沿岸许多世代以捕鱼为业的渔民也弃渔从商,将渔船改为搞运输的商船,组建了颇具规模的金口船队,进行海上商业运输。鼎盛时期的金口船队拥有大小商船近三十艘,把豆油、花生油等当地特产源源不断地运往江南上海等大城市。
金口港的商业相当繁荣,主要产业有土产、油坊、煮盐、渔业等等,色情行业也畸形地发展。与商业发展相辅相成,金口也出现了较完备的商会组织。
金口港衰落的原因是多方面的：
其自然原因主要是由于丁字湾的湾口比较狭窄,然而湾形却十分的深邃,虽然是一个天然的避风良港口,却存在着容易淤积的隐患。随着清末民初迫近地区的农业发展和人口的不断增多,入湾诸河流沿岸的植被遭到了越来越严重的破坏,导致多雨期往往是泥沙俱下,泥沙大量涌入湾内,本来港深道窄,不容易宣泄,而港口的相关管理又不得力,没有加以必要地疏浚工作,如此日积月累,使得码头日渐淤浅,退到了海岸线十数里之后,这对港口而言无疑是最为致命性的打击。
其社会原因则是由于外国资本主义的入侵,最终破坏了金口港独立自由发展的模式。
尽管金口港其特殊的自然地理位置等自然原因和它所在的社会背景等社会原因,促使它不得不过早地退出了历史的舞台,让位于烟台、青岛等邻近的港口,但也为我们正在进行的现代化建设提供了宝贵的经验教训。
当我们今天在进行港口建设的时候,首先要考虑其地理位置是否合适,湾口是否宽阔,宣泄是否通畅。同时要注意港口周边地区的环境保护,尤其是港口周边河流流域的环保。对外来物种的引进要持谨慎态度,要充分权衡利弊关系。
此外我们还可以看到：一个港口的命运与国家和民族的命运是何等的息息相关,一个地区发展的背后必须有一个强大的国家支持。
Jinkou, also known as Jinjiakou, which is located northeast of Jimo T-Bay, was once a famous port of the north.
Today's Jinkou is 10 miles far from the shoreline. However, in Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty, Jinkou is just a small peninsula at the top position, it is a natural sheltered harbor and backed by a very wide bay. Coupled with T-Bay harbor conditions of comparative advantage, and the vast inland Jinkou tight with the unique advantages of the hinterland, then Jinkou owned unique natural conditions to develop into a famous port.
Jinkou experienced a rise, development, and glory to the complete history of the decline. It is generally believed that a formal Jinkou time, at the latest revelation in the Ming Dynasty period (1621-1627). As Jinkou is located in the northeast end of Jimo, east to Haiyang, north to Laiyang,and south to Qingdao, have "attempts all three counties," the geographic advantage of radiation is very broad market, coupled with the neighboring Laiyang, Haiyang, etc. Some of the port, has a serious siltation and decline. From the early days of Jinkou,a large number of merchant ships from the South travel here frequently, which made Jinkou quickly render a thriving scene.
To Qing Dynasty's Qianlong time, Jinkou developed into the Jiaodong city, and even the entire Shandong's first big harbor, presents the prosperous picture "the businessman to converge, the merchant stands in great numbers". There, at that time might anchor 150 ton junk 30, travelled between Shanghai, Dalian, Tianjin and so on.The Qing government also set up the tax to close manages.
until the late Qing dynasty, Jinkou is still the most coastal ports of Shandong Peninsula. In modern times, with the silting of the port, as well as Qingdao, Yantai port rise gradually, Jinkou lost its bustling past, it is still a more important port, around 1945, finally was completely abandoned and once again became a small village in sparsely populated.
Jinkou, is a typical Jiaodong port. Preserved the "Y" shaped streets, the original famous throughout the Shandong Peninsula, the streets of the high street are paved with quartzite, clean wide; the street on both sides, it is with a corridor of shops, warehouses, businesses, pubs are also seen everywhere.
The old buildings in Jinkou, but also deeply affected the style of the south. Tin Hou Temple, which was in full accordance with the style of Zhejiang and Fujian were built, in northern China was the most brilliant and one of the famous Tin Hau Temple. Tin Hau Temple of the Peking Opera Theater is a local opera Jimo Liu chamber opera and performing the main stage for one of the birthplace. Li Binghe and his family, is the richest man in Jinkou. His family estate is one of the largest in. Jiaodong.Lee Manor is not only a grand scale, but also building strong, prominent features of a strong defense. Of course this is mainly due to meet against East Nian Army and prevention needs of the local banditry
With the development of Jinkou port, north-south merchant frequent exchanges Jinkou coastal fishing for many generations of fishermen, the industry, but also abandoned fishing business, will be replaced by fishing vessels engaged in the transport vessels, the Chrysostom set up large-scale vessels teams to conduct maritime commercial traffic. Heyday of Jinkou merchant fleet size of nearly 30 has to soya bean oil, peanut oil and other local specialties, shipping to major cities such as Shanghai in Jiangnan.
Jinkou relatively prosperous commercial port, the main industries of local products, oil mill, boiling salt, fisheries, etc. the sex industry is also abnormal development. And business development are mutually reinforcing, Jinkou there have been more comprehensive trade associations.
Decline of Jinkou are various reasons for this:
Its natural causes, mainly due to the T-Bay mouth is rather narrow, but the shape is very deep, though a natural shelter from the wind good port, but there is a hidden danger easily deposition. With the approaching end of the Qing area of agricultural development and population continue to increase into the Bay, along the various rivers and vegetation, has been more and more seriously damaged, leading to the rainy period is often sediment influx Bay, and have been Road narrow, is not easy to vent, but without effective management of port-related, there is no need to dredge to work, so accumulated, making Pier increasingly shallow silt, retreated from the coastline,10 miles later, the right port, no doubt, the most deadly nature of combat.
Its social causes, it is due to the invasion of foreign capitalism undermined the independence and freedom Jinkou's development model.
Although Jinkou has special geographic location and other natural causes and its social background in social causes, prompting it had to prematurely withdraw from the historical stage, so that in Yantai, Qingdao and other neighboring ports, but also we are carried out modernization has provided valuable lessons learned.
Today when we construct a port, we must first consider the suitability of its location, if the bay mouth is wide, if the giving vent is unobstructed. At the same time pay attention to environmental protection, particularly in river basins around the port environmental protection. The introduction of alien species should be cautious to fully weigh the relationship.
In addition, we can see:the fate of a port with the country and the nation's fate is how closely related to the development of an area behind, there must be a strong state support.
引文
1.康熙《莱阳县志》,江苏古籍出版社、上海书店、巴蜀书社1990年《中国地方志集成》影印本。
2.乾隆《山东通志》,四库全书本。
3.清嘉庆元年(1796年)《金口天后宫庙田碑记》
4.林溥修、周翕鐄、黄念昀：同治《即墨县志》,江苏古籍出版社、上海书店、巴蜀书社1990年《中国地方志集成》影印本。
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22.姜惠居： 《从出土文物看即墨的历史沿革》,即墨文史资料,内部印行。
23.赵善伦、李荣升： 《山东海洋资源与环境》,海洋出版社,2002年版。
24.徐伦成： 《李秉和发家史话》,即墨文史资料,内部印行。
25.徐伦成： 《李秉和庄园》,即墨文史资料,内部印行。
26.徐伦成：《金口天后宫》,即墨县政协文史资料研究委员会,内部印行,2001年版。
27.徐伦成： 《金口镇志》,中国和平出版社,2005年版。
28.栾承舟： 《青岛传奇人物》, 《青岛早报》,2006年9月22日。
29.海阳县地方志编纂委员会编,荆甫斋、刘志耘主编： 《海阳县志》,内部印行,1988年版。
30.莱阳市地方史志编纂委员会编,唐太金主编： 《莱阳县志》,齐鲁书社1995年版。
31.莱阳市志编委会： 《莱阳市地名志》,内部印行,1988年版。
32.郭泮溪、安玉华： 《即墨周戈庄祭海习俗调查》
33.梁友全： 《即墨文史集萃》,青岛市新闻出版社,2004年版。
34.韩乃桂： 《金口史话》,即墨文史资料,内部印行。
35.鲍运春、李国增： 《青岛民俗》,青岛出版社,1997年版。
2.乾隆《山东通志》,四库全书本。
3.清嘉庆元年(1796年)《金口天后宫庙田碑记》
4.林溥修、周翕鐄、黄念昀：同治《即墨县志》,江苏古籍出版社、上海书店、巴蜀书社1990年《中国地方志集成》影印本。
5.许同莘等编： 《光绪条约·中德胶澳租界条约》,中华民国三年(1914)外交部印刷所铅印本。
6. 胡存约： 《海云堂随记》,手稿本。
7.崂山刻石《重修鳌山上清宫碑记》
8.屠思聪： 《中华新形势一览图》,上海世界书局,1920年初版,1924年增修版。
9. 《即墨各乡镇名称由来》,青岛新闻网即墨论坛。
10.《璞玉的嬗变——即墨金口镇科学发展纪实》,《青岛日报》2008年3月17日。
11.山东省省志编撰委员会：《山东省志·民俗志》,山东人民出版社1996年版。李露露： 《妈祖信仰》,学苑出版社,1994年版。
12.山东省省志编撰委员会： 《山东省志·海洋志》,海洋出版社,1993年版。
13.山曼： 《山东民俗》,山东友谊书社,1988年版。
14.山曼： 《齐鲁之邦的民俗与旅游》,旅游教育出版社,1995年版。
15.叶大兵： 《中国鱼岛民俗》(内部资料),温州市民俗文化研究所,1993年版。
16.即墨县人民政府地名办公室： 《山东省即墨县地名志》,内部印行,1986年版。
17.即墨县县志编篡委员会： 《即墨县志》,新华出版社,1991年版。
18.李玉尚、王金文等： 《胶东丁字湾“复原”及应用研究》,2007年版。
19.李新泰： 《齐鲁文化大观》,中共中央党校出版社,1992年版。
20.房恒林： 《明末清初金口的几家著名商号》,即墨文史资料,内部印行。
21.房恒林： 《金口商船拾零》,即墨文史资料,内部印行。
22.姜惠居： 《从出土文物看即墨的历史沿革》,即墨文史资料,内部印行。
23.赵善伦、李荣升： 《山东海洋资源与环境》,海洋出版社,2002年版。
24.徐伦成： 《李秉和发家史话》,即墨文史资料,内部印行。
25.徐伦成： 《李秉和庄园》,即墨文史资料,内部印行。
26.徐伦成：《金口天后宫》,即墨县政协文史资料研究委员会,内部印行,2001年版。
27.徐伦成： 《金口镇志》,中国和平出版社,2005年版。
28.栾承舟： 《青岛传奇人物》, 《青岛早报》,2006年9月22日。
29.海阳县地方志编纂委员会编,荆甫斋、刘志耘主编： 《海阳县志》,内部印行,1988年版。
30.莱阳市地方史志编纂委员会编,唐太金主编： 《莱阳县志》,齐鲁书社1995年版。
31.莱阳市志编委会： 《莱阳市地名志》,内部印行,1988年版。
32.郭泮溪、安玉华： 《即墨周戈庄祭海习俗调查》
33.梁友全： 《即墨文史集萃》,青岛市新闻出版社,2004年版。
34.韩乃桂： 《金口史话》,即墨文史资料,内部印行。
35.鲍运春、李国增： 《青岛民俗》,青岛出版社,1997年版。