大庆市土壤主要有毒重金属地球化学基线研究与污染评价
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摘要
重金属元素污染是破坏土壤环境的重要因素,直接或间接危害到人体健康。大庆市是重要的石油工业城市,石油污染严重。随着大庆市城市化进程的不断加快,土壤中有毒重金属元素不断累积形成地球化学异常,这些地球化学异常的存在可能会对城市居民的生存环境带来现实或潜在的危害,因此,开展大庆市土壤主要有毒重金属的地球化学基线研究和污染评价具有十分重要的意义。
针对地处哈大齐工业走廊中心地带的典型石油城市大庆市存在的重金属污染地球化学问题,本文借助于大量实测数据和SPSS软件的统计分析功能,查清了表层土壤中重金属含量特征,应用Arc GIS的空间插值和插入等值线功能揭示了大庆市土壤主要有毒重金属As、Hg、Cd、Pb的空间分布规律。应用SPSS软件和地球化学基线理论进行土壤主要有毒重金属的地球化学基线研究,由对地球化学基线的研究入手得到其与土壤背景值的区分。应用地质累积指数法和污染程度法从不同角度对大庆市土壤主要有毒重金属污染程度进行了评价,摸清了其污染程度和环境质量状况,总结出基线值比标准值更具有针对性和实际意义。在以上工作的基础上,从大庆市土壤主要有毒重金属污染评价结果空间分布,As、Hg、Cd、Pb的迁移转化规律,As、Hg、Cd、Pb与其他重金属元素、非金属元素和氧化物的相关关系,土壤理化性质的影响及大庆市的工业特色等五个方面对大庆市土壤主要有毒重金属的污染来源和特征进行了详尽的分析。确定口鼻摄入和皮肤直接接触摄入两种途径下,大庆市民对土壤主要有毒重金属日慢性摄取量,对As和Cd对人体的致癌风险以及Hg和Pb对人体的非致癌风险进行了预测预警。这一系统化的研究过程及成果为协调大庆市发展与环境保护关系、为进行大庆市环境污染综合防治提供了科学依据。
City is important residential environment for human, but as the acceleration of industrialization process, urban environment has become more and more deteriorated, especially the soil heavy metal pollution. As, Hg, Cd, Pb of the heavy metal have strong toxicity, which tend to be uptaken by oronasals and skin exposure contact, thus they are of great harm to human beings and urban environment. So it is useful to develop pollution assessment of toxic heavy metal of soil and parse pollution souce.
An environmental geochemical baseline provides comparison and discrimination of disturbance standard of man-made or nature-made, which is the deep understanding of the first environment (natural environment) and the second environment (disturbed natural environment) by human. An geochemical baseline exploes present environmental states and supplies comparison standards of future environmental disturbance by human or nature. So study on geochemical baseline in city has important theoretical significance.
Daqing is both an important petroleum base and a new resource city.Resource-development economical pattern results in soil quality problem that restricts Daqing’s society and economic development. Studying on geochemical baseline, we carry out pollution assessment of main toxic heavy metals of soil in Daqing city, which has great significance to promote Daqing’s sustainable development
Participating in advisor’s research project“Urban eco-environment geochemistry assessment in Harbin, Daqing, Qiqihar city”, the paper choose main toxic heavy metals—As, Hg, Cd and Pb of soil in Daqing city for study object, use technology of Arc GIS, SPSS and Google Earth, apply theory of urban environmental geochemistry, pollution assessment of heavy metal in soil and heavy metal health risk assessment, then carry out studies about following aspects:
Firstly, we determine the geochemical baselines of As, Hg, Cd and Pb of soil in Daqing city based on relative accumulative frequency, which are all in the range of background value of these heavy metals in Son-nen Plain. By statistical analysis for toxic heavy metal content characteristics using SPSS, we conclude: the variation ranges of Hg, Cd and Pb are great, which of As is little. Content difference for Pb in sampling points is great, then As, which are little for Hg and Cd. There have been some anthropogenic input source effects on As, Hg, Cd and Pb. The statistical characteristics indicate that the length and strength of human activity history are also important reasons that affect accumulation degree of urban soil heavy metal.
Through Kriging interpolation and contour funtions in Arc GIS, we carry out spatial distribution analyse of main toxic heavy metals of soil in Daqing city, and obtain basic trend of superficial value and spatial distribution law: Contents of As, Hg, Cd and Pb in Daqing’s surface soil decline from the city center (high concentration) to surroundings. The content distribution of As in Daqing’s surface soil is continuous, and the concentration variation tendency is consistent with dominant wind direction—west wind. The content distribution of Hg is discontinuous and like a isolated island, high concentration of which locates near Binzhou railway and Rangtong railway. The content distribution of Cd increase from the west to east, which is consistent with dominant wind direction, but it has a high concentration island in the center of Ranghulu. The content distribution of Pb is basically continuous, in the juncture of Binzhou railway and Rangtong railway, there is a high concentration anomaly area. The spatial concentration analyse results are consistent with statistical characteristics.
Secondly, determining geo-accumulation index according to geochemical baseline, fixing the pollution states by 5 degrades using A classification method, it shows that Daqing’s soil contaminated by As, Hg, Cd and Pb moderately and more moderately reach to 74.4%, 31.6%, 72.5% and 48.2%, the order of soil pollution degree of heavy metal is As>Cd>Pb>Hg. The pollution degrades of As, Hg, Cd and Pb are dominated by first grade and second grade, which belong to nonpollution to slight pollution and moderate pollution. The pollution degrades of As and Pb are few the third degrade, which belong to moderate to strong pollution. The pollution degrades of Hg and Cd are relatively severe, in some sampling points the degrades are 3 and 4, which belong to moderate to strong pollution and strong pollution. By calculating from Contamination Degree method, we get that the integrated area isn’t polluted. The pollution state of heavy contaninated points by As, Hg, Cd and Pb obtained from these two methods approximately same. For the area whose heavy metal’s background value is low in soil, even if it had heavy metal pollution problem, we should still regard it as“nonpollution”when we evaluate it according to critical value in soil environmental quality standard. So it has more pertinence to evaluate heavy metal pollution in soil through geochemical baseline than through standard.
Then, based on spatial analyse of As, Hg, Cd and Pb pollution assessment results by Arc GIS, studying the 4 elements’toxicity and migration and transformation law, through correlation analysis between As, Hg, Cd, Pb and other metal elements, non-metal elements, oxides, combined with soil physical and chemical properties’effects on As, Hg, Cd and Pb pollution, industrial characteristics, I analyse reasons of the main toxic heavy metal pollution of soil in Daqing in details. The results show that reasons of the main toxic heavy metal pollution of soil in Daqing include natural reasons, traffic pollution, industry pollution and domestic pollution. The natural reasons are that organin matters have strong adsorption ability for As, Hg, Cd, Pb and As, Hg, Cd, Pb enrich relatively in alkaline soil whose pH is from 8.78 to 9.5. Traffic pollution comes from railway and highway transportion that can produce exhaust and dusts from tire friction. Industry pollution comes from oil production and petroleum chemical industry. Domestic pollution comes from domestic coal combustion, municipal solid wastes and wastewater. Sampling points contaminated by As, Hg, Cd and Pb locate along both sides of Rangtong railway, Binzhou railway, the junction of them, both sides of 301 national highway and urban traffic artery, also there are some degree of pollution around bogs, chemistrial industry area, oil production area, business district in the centre of city, residential area and farming area.
Finally, confirming the toxic heavy metals in soil of Daqing to be uptaken by oronasals and skin exposure contact, I calcute the chronic taken-ups per day, make prediction and precaution of carcinogenesis risk of As and Cd and non-corcinogenesis risk of Hg an Pb. As pollution of soil in Daqing can result in increase of at least 9 cancer patients per million persons, we should take preventions. Cd has no carcinogenesis risk, so it won’t do harms to local people’s health. Hg and Pb won’t have obvious non-corcinogenesis health effect on local people.
Study on geochemical baselines of the main toxic heavy metals of soil in Daqing city, to apply it on pollution assessment, to anslyze pollution reasons synthetically and to carry out health risk assessment, this systematic research process and results provide scientific basis for coordinating the relationship of Daqing city’s development and environment protect, also for putting forward countermeasures of soil heavy metal pollution in Daqing.
针对地处哈大齐工业走廊中心地带的典型石油城市大庆市存在的重金属污染地球化学问题,本文借助于大量实测数据和SPSS软件的统计分析功能,查清了表层土壤中重金属含量特征,应用Arc GIS的空间插值和插入等值线功能揭示了大庆市土壤主要有毒重金属As、Hg、Cd、Pb的空间分布规律。应用SPSS软件和地球化学基线理论进行土壤主要有毒重金属的地球化学基线研究,由对地球化学基线的研究入手得到其与土壤背景值的区分。应用地质累积指数法和污染程度法从不同角度对大庆市土壤主要有毒重金属污染程度进行了评价,摸清了其污染程度和环境质量状况,总结出基线值比标准值更具有针对性和实际意义。在以上工作的基础上,从大庆市土壤主要有毒重金属污染评价结果空间分布,As、Hg、Cd、Pb的迁移转化规律,As、Hg、Cd、Pb与其他重金属元素、非金属元素和氧化物的相关关系,土壤理化性质的影响及大庆市的工业特色等五个方面对大庆市土壤主要有毒重金属的污染来源和特征进行了详尽的分析。确定口鼻摄入和皮肤直接接触摄入两种途径下,大庆市民对土壤主要有毒重金属日慢性摄取量,对As和Cd对人体的致癌风险以及Hg和Pb对人体的非致癌风险进行了预测预警。这一系统化的研究过程及成果为协调大庆市发展与环境保护关系、为进行大庆市环境污染综合防治提供了科学依据。
City is important residential environment for human, but as the acceleration of industrialization process, urban environment has become more and more deteriorated, especially the soil heavy metal pollution. As, Hg, Cd, Pb of the heavy metal have strong toxicity, which tend to be uptaken by oronasals and skin exposure contact, thus they are of great harm to human beings and urban environment. So it is useful to develop pollution assessment of toxic heavy metal of soil and parse pollution souce.
An environmental geochemical baseline provides comparison and discrimination of disturbance standard of man-made or nature-made, which is the deep understanding of the first environment (natural environment) and the second environment (disturbed natural environment) by human. An geochemical baseline exploes present environmental states and supplies comparison standards of future environmental disturbance by human or nature. So study on geochemical baseline in city has important theoretical significance.
Daqing is both an important petroleum base and a new resource city.Resource-development economical pattern results in soil quality problem that restricts Daqing’s society and economic development. Studying on geochemical baseline, we carry out pollution assessment of main toxic heavy metals of soil in Daqing city, which has great significance to promote Daqing’s sustainable development
Participating in advisor’s research project“Urban eco-environment geochemistry assessment in Harbin, Daqing, Qiqihar city”, the paper choose main toxic heavy metals—As, Hg, Cd and Pb of soil in Daqing city for study object, use technology of Arc GIS, SPSS and Google Earth, apply theory of urban environmental geochemistry, pollution assessment of heavy metal in soil and heavy metal health risk assessment, then carry out studies about following aspects:
Firstly, we determine the geochemical baselines of As, Hg, Cd and Pb of soil in Daqing city based on relative accumulative frequency, which are all in the range of background value of these heavy metals in Son-nen Plain. By statistical analysis for toxic heavy metal content characteristics using SPSS, we conclude: the variation ranges of Hg, Cd and Pb are great, which of As is little. Content difference for Pb in sampling points is great, then As, which are little for Hg and Cd. There have been some anthropogenic input source effects on As, Hg, Cd and Pb. The statistical characteristics indicate that the length and strength of human activity history are also important reasons that affect accumulation degree of urban soil heavy metal.
Through Kriging interpolation and contour funtions in Arc GIS, we carry out spatial distribution analyse of main toxic heavy metals of soil in Daqing city, and obtain basic trend of superficial value and spatial distribution law: Contents of As, Hg, Cd and Pb in Daqing’s surface soil decline from the city center (high concentration) to surroundings. The content distribution of As in Daqing’s surface soil is continuous, and the concentration variation tendency is consistent with dominant wind direction—west wind. The content distribution of Hg is discontinuous and like a isolated island, high concentration of which locates near Binzhou railway and Rangtong railway. The content distribution of Cd increase from the west to east, which is consistent with dominant wind direction, but it has a high concentration island in the center of Ranghulu. The content distribution of Pb is basically continuous, in the juncture of Binzhou railway and Rangtong railway, there is a high concentration anomaly area. The spatial concentration analyse results are consistent with statistical characteristics.
Secondly, determining geo-accumulation index according to geochemical baseline, fixing the pollution states by 5 degrades using A classification method, it shows that Daqing’s soil contaminated by As, Hg, Cd and Pb moderately and more moderately reach to 74.4%, 31.6%, 72.5% and 48.2%, the order of soil pollution degree of heavy metal is As>Cd>Pb>Hg. The pollution degrades of As, Hg, Cd and Pb are dominated by first grade and second grade, which belong to nonpollution to slight pollution and moderate pollution. The pollution degrades of As and Pb are few the third degrade, which belong to moderate to strong pollution. The pollution degrades of Hg and Cd are relatively severe, in some sampling points the degrades are 3 and 4, which belong to moderate to strong pollution and strong pollution. By calculating from Contamination Degree method, we get that the integrated area isn’t polluted. The pollution state of heavy contaninated points by As, Hg, Cd and Pb obtained from these two methods approximately same. For the area whose heavy metal’s background value is low in soil, even if it had heavy metal pollution problem, we should still regard it as“nonpollution”when we evaluate it according to critical value in soil environmental quality standard. So it has more pertinence to evaluate heavy metal pollution in soil through geochemical baseline than through standard.
Then, based on spatial analyse of As, Hg, Cd and Pb pollution assessment results by Arc GIS, studying the 4 elements’toxicity and migration and transformation law, through correlation analysis between As, Hg, Cd, Pb and other metal elements, non-metal elements, oxides, combined with soil physical and chemical properties’effects on As, Hg, Cd and Pb pollution, industrial characteristics, I analyse reasons of the main toxic heavy metal pollution of soil in Daqing in details. The results show that reasons of the main toxic heavy metal pollution of soil in Daqing include natural reasons, traffic pollution, industry pollution and domestic pollution. The natural reasons are that organin matters have strong adsorption ability for As, Hg, Cd, Pb and As, Hg, Cd, Pb enrich relatively in alkaline soil whose pH is from 8.78 to 9.5. Traffic pollution comes from railway and highway transportion that can produce exhaust and dusts from tire friction. Industry pollution comes from oil production and petroleum chemical industry. Domestic pollution comes from domestic coal combustion, municipal solid wastes and wastewater. Sampling points contaminated by As, Hg, Cd and Pb locate along both sides of Rangtong railway, Binzhou railway, the junction of them, both sides of 301 national highway and urban traffic artery, also there are some degree of pollution around bogs, chemistrial industry area, oil production area, business district in the centre of city, residential area and farming area.
Finally, confirming the toxic heavy metals in soil of Daqing to be uptaken by oronasals and skin exposure contact, I calcute the chronic taken-ups per day, make prediction and precaution of carcinogenesis risk of As and Cd and non-corcinogenesis risk of Hg an Pb. As pollution of soil in Daqing can result in increase of at least 9 cancer patients per million persons, we should take preventions. Cd has no carcinogenesis risk, so it won’t do harms to local people’s health. Hg and Pb won’t have obvious non-corcinogenesis health effect on local people.
Study on geochemical baselines of the main toxic heavy metals of soil in Daqing city, to apply it on pollution assessment, to anslyze pollution reasons synthetically and to carry out health risk assessment, this systematic research process and results provide scientific basis for coordinating the relationship of Daqing city’s development and environment protect, also for putting forward countermeasures of soil heavy metal pollution in Daqing.
引文
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