零价铁—炭电偶腐蚀体系去除水中As（V）的研究
|
摘要
世界范围内高砷地下水广泛存在,由于零价铁(zero valent iron, ZVI)容易获得、价格低廉、效果明显,具有环境安全性,被认为是极具应用潜力的除砷材料。使用零价铁和纳米零价铁进行除砷的实验研究,近年来越来越多地见诸报道,但以往研究和应用中零价铁除砷的反应速率和效率有待于进一步提高。
本文利用腐蚀电池强化零价铁腐蚀,加速产生对As(V)有吸附作用的铁氧化物,从而提高除砷效率的原理,将电偶腐蚀表(galvanic serial table)中活性较强的铁和惰性的石墨、碳纤维、活性炭等炭材料在水相中组成宏观腐蚀原电池,对其除砷效率和影响因素进行评价,最终选取质量比为1：1的零价铁粉与活性炭粉为最佳组合体系。通过将Fe-C除砷效果与两种材料单独除砷效果之和对比,前者除砷效率明显高于后两者之和,证实了Fe-C去除As(V)体系的改良性与实用性；对Fe单独和Fe-C除砷体系分别进行电化学分析,从腐蚀电流角度分析了加入炭材料后对除砷反应的促进作用。
作者测量了吸附反应中铁离子的溶出情况和溶液中砷的形态转化以考察Fe-C体系除砷是否会造成二次污染。反应3h后未检出铁离子,且反应过程中未产生毒性与危害更大的As(Ⅲ),说明本方法在除砷过程中的环境安全性。通过对反应产物的XRD、SEM、TEM分析,确定反应生成物种类主要是纤铁矿γ-FeOOH及磁铁矿／磁赤铁矿Fe3O4/γ-Fe2O3。
文中同时考察了原水浓度、pH、电解质浓度及常见共存阴离子对As(V)去除效率的影响。处理原水浓度越低,As(V)去除速度越快；电解质浓度也会很大程度上影响到反应速率。饮用水常见pH范围内,pH值越小反应速率越快。水中溶解氧浓度越大,除砷反应速率越快。水中共存阴离子C032-、PO43-和腐殖酸对零价铁／活性炭去除As(V)的效率影响不大,SO42-、NO3-表现为明显的促进作用,而SiO44-表现为一定的抑制作用。
本研究中,Fe-C组合具有很高的除砷效率及环境安全性,可以作为地下水除砷的应用材料。本研究所取得的成果可为进一步探寻高效、安全的除砷材料及工艺提供参考。
Ground water with high concentration arsenate is wide distribution in the world, and zero-valent iron is perceived as the most potential material for arsenate removal because of its easiness to obtain, low price, high efficiency, and environmental safety. But its efficiency and effectiveness have yet to enhance.
In this paper, zero-valent iron single is replaced by zero-valent iron/activated carbon galvanic couples to remove arsenic from aqueous. Batch tests were performed to investigate the removing efficiency of arsenic by iron with different sorts of carbon and different proportion of iron to carbon. The results shows that the zero-valent iron/activated carbon has the best efficiency of removal As(V) comparied with other sorts of carbon material. When the proportion of iron to activated carbon being one to one, the removal rate is improved noticeably by comparison of the two kind of material individually. The corrosion irror was tested to explain the mechanism of the promoting.
Product analyses proved that the system is safe. Fe ion and As(III) were not detected after the reaction. The transmission electron microscope(TEM) analyses, scanning electronic microscope(SEM) analyses and X-ray diffraction(XRD) analyses were performed to study the product of reaction between arsenate and iron-activated carbon, and the reacted solution was used for the arsenic species analysis.
Any more, the effects of the initial arsenate concentration, NaCl concentration, pH value, and some conmon anion were examined.
The study showed that zero-valent iron/activated carbon galvanic couples could be used in the field of As(V) removal, not only for its high efficiency, but also for the security to environment.
本文利用腐蚀电池强化零价铁腐蚀,加速产生对As(V)有吸附作用的铁氧化物,从而提高除砷效率的原理,将电偶腐蚀表(galvanic serial table)中活性较强的铁和惰性的石墨、碳纤维、活性炭等炭材料在水相中组成宏观腐蚀原电池,对其除砷效率和影响因素进行评价,最终选取质量比为1：1的零价铁粉与活性炭粉为最佳组合体系。通过将Fe-C除砷效果与两种材料单独除砷效果之和对比,前者除砷效率明显高于后两者之和,证实了Fe-C去除As(V)体系的改良性与实用性；对Fe单独和Fe-C除砷体系分别进行电化学分析,从腐蚀电流角度分析了加入炭材料后对除砷反应的促进作用。
作者测量了吸附反应中铁离子的溶出情况和溶液中砷的形态转化以考察Fe-C体系除砷是否会造成二次污染。反应3h后未检出铁离子,且反应过程中未产生毒性与危害更大的As(Ⅲ),说明本方法在除砷过程中的环境安全性。通过对反应产物的XRD、SEM、TEM分析,确定反应生成物种类主要是纤铁矿γ-FeOOH及磁铁矿／磁赤铁矿Fe3O4/γ-Fe2O3。
文中同时考察了原水浓度、pH、电解质浓度及常见共存阴离子对As(V)去除效率的影响。处理原水浓度越低,As(V)去除速度越快；电解质浓度也会很大程度上影响到反应速率。饮用水常见pH范围内,pH值越小反应速率越快。水中溶解氧浓度越大,除砷反应速率越快。水中共存阴离子C032-、PO43-和腐殖酸对零价铁／活性炭去除As(V)的效率影响不大,SO42-、NO3-表现为明显的促进作用,而SiO44-表现为一定的抑制作用。
本研究中,Fe-C组合具有很高的除砷效率及环境安全性,可以作为地下水除砷的应用材料。本研究所取得的成果可为进一步探寻高效、安全的除砷材料及工艺提供参考。
Ground water with high concentration arsenate is wide distribution in the world, and zero-valent iron is perceived as the most potential material for arsenate removal because of its easiness to obtain, low price, high efficiency, and environmental safety. But its efficiency and effectiveness have yet to enhance.
In this paper, zero-valent iron single is replaced by zero-valent iron/activated carbon galvanic couples to remove arsenic from aqueous. Batch tests were performed to investigate the removing efficiency of arsenic by iron with different sorts of carbon and different proportion of iron to carbon. The results shows that the zero-valent iron/activated carbon has the best efficiency of removal As(V) comparied with other sorts of carbon material. When the proportion of iron to activated carbon being one to one, the removal rate is improved noticeably by comparison of the two kind of material individually. The corrosion irror was tested to explain the mechanism of the promoting.
Product analyses proved that the system is safe. Fe ion and As(III) were not detected after the reaction. The transmission electron microscope(TEM) analyses, scanning electronic microscope(SEM) analyses and X-ray diffraction(XRD) analyses were performed to study the product of reaction between arsenate and iron-activated carbon, and the reacted solution was used for the arsenic species analysis.
Any more, the effects of the initial arsenate concentration, NaCl concentration, pH value, and some conmon anion were examined.
The study showed that zero-valent iron/activated carbon galvanic couples could be used in the field of As(V) removal, not only for its high efficiency, but also for the security to environment.
引文
[1]陈灿,施汉昌,铁屑法处理含染料废水中铁屑表面化学研究[J].环境化学,2004,23(1)：90-95
[2]陈春宁,石林,刘金香等,水中竞争性阴离子FeO除砷效率的影响研究[J].南华大学学报,2006,20(4)：52-54
[3]陈春宁,石林,熊正为,Fe。对饮用水中砷的去除效率及影响因素[J].安全与环境学报,2007,7(4)：46-49
[4]陈芳艳,唐玉斌,吕锡武等.纳米零价铁对水中Cr(Ⅵ)的还原动力学研究[J].化学世界,2007(3),144-147
[5]陈敬军,蒋柏泉,王伟,除砷技术现状与进展,江西化工,2004,2：1-4
[6]陈郁,金燮,零价铁处理污水的机理及应用[J].环境科学研究,2000,13(5)：24-26
[7]豆小敏,铁铈复合氧化物材料除砷机理及应用研究,中国科学院研究生院博士学位论文,2006,北京
[8]付庆芫,秦毅红,无机离子交换剂除砷的研究[J],矿冶工程,1995,15(2)：41～45
[9]胡丽娟,董晓丹,周琪,零价铁修复土壤及地下水的PRB技术[J].环境保护科学,2005,31(130)：48-50
[10]黄园英,刘菲,鲁雅梅.零价铁去除Cr(Ⅵ)的批实验研究[J].岩石矿物学杂志,2003,22(4)：349-351
[11]湖天觉等,选择性高分子离子交换树脂处理含砷废水[J],湖南大学学报,1998,25(6)：75-80
[12]金银龙,梁超轲,何公理,曹静祥,马凤,王汉章,应波,吉荣娣,中国地方性砷中毒分布调查(总报告)[J],卫生研究,2003,32(6)：519-540
[13]李树猷,郑宇,滕冬红,何淑敏,活性氧化铝吸附除砷再生规律研究[J],中国地方病学杂志,1993,12(1)：43-45
[14]李昕,孙贵范,金亚军等,家庭简易除砷法的研究[J],中国地方病学杂志,2001,20(1-1)：238.
[15]李晓波,胡保安,压力驱动膜技术在饮用水除砷中的应用[J],卫生研究,2007,36(3)：395-398
[16]梁美娜等,纳米氧化铁的制备及其对砷的吸附作用[J],应用化学, 2007,24(12)：1418-1423
[17]凌波,李树猷,朱琦平等,强化饮水除砷剂的研制[J],卫生研究,2001,30(3)：155-157
[18]刘菲,处理地下水中挥发性氯代脂肪烃的零价铁渗透性反应格栅研究,中国地质大学博士论文,2002,北京
[19]吕新之,砷的环境化学[J],枣庄师专学报,1998,3：41-42
[20]马红梅等,(OH)对水中砷的吸附作用[J],同济大学学报：自然科学版,2007,35(12)：1656-1660
[21]马文成,孙靖等,饮水除砷方法的研究进展[J],中国地方病防治杂志,2004,19(5)：284-285.
[22]孟凡生,王业耀,汪春香等,铬污染地下水的PRB修复试验[J].工业用水与废水,2005,36(2)：22-25
[23]穆庆斌,聂挺,使用活性氧化铝和离子交换法去除饮用水中的砷[J],建筑与预算,2007,2：85-86
[24]全燮,刘会娟,杨凤林等,二元金属体系对水中多氯有机物的催化还原脱氯特性[J].中国环境科学,1998,18(4)：333-336
[25]全燮,杨凤林,薛大明等,钯-铁催化还原法对水中三氯乙烯的快速脱氯研究[J].大连理工大学学报,1997,37(1)：46-48
[26]史卫东,马柯,朱荣.对铁碳处理硝基酚废水的研究[J].新疆环境保护,2007,29(1)：1-5.
[27]王洪兴,周娟,环境中砷的污染、中毒及防治[J],地质勘探安全,1995,4：29-31
[28]王连方,地方性砷中毒与乌脚病[M].乌鲁木齐：新疆科技卫生出版社,1997.
[29]王宜成,零价铁去除水中钼的研究[D].大连：大连理工大学,2006
[30]吴继锋,零价铁处理废水的机理及应用[J].安庆师范学院学报(自然科学版),2001,7(2)：78-79
[31]肖唐付,洪冰,杨中华等,砷的水地球化学及其环境效应[J].地质科技情报,2001,20(1)：71-76
[32]杨力,砷污染及含砷废水治理[J].有色金属.1999,(4)(总154)：27-29
[33]杨凤林,全燮,高桂英,铁屑过滤法处理染料废水的研究[J].化工环保,1998,8(6)：330-333
[34]张辉,地带性人群砷中毒的环境背景因素及其研究现状[J].地质论评,2000,46(4)：443-448
[35]张昱,新型阴离子吸附材料及吸附机理研究[D],中国科学院研究生院博士论文,2003,北京.
[36]赵萌,宁平,含砷污泥的固化处理[J],昆明理工大学学报理工版,2003,28(5)：100-104
[37]赵月朝,陈亚妍,林少彬,姚崇林,张岚,负载金属饮水除砷材料的研究[J],卫生研究,2004,33(5)：550-552
[38]赵素莲,王玲芬,饮用水中砷的危害及除砷措施,现代预防医学[J],2002,29(5)：651-652
[39]张勤,肖怀,介质性质对金属材料电化学腐蚀的影响[J].吉林化工学院学报,2006,23(1)：44-46.
[40]Arnold A W, Roberts A L. pathways and kinetics of chlorinated ethylene and chlorinated acetylene reaction with Fe0 particles [J]. Environ.Sci.Technol.,2003,34(9):1794-1801
[41]Amy G L, Edwards M, Brandhuber P, et al, Arsenic treatability options and evaluation of residual management issues[C], AWWARF,1998
[42]Altundog H S, Altundog S, Tumen F, et al, Arsenic adsorption from aqueous solutions by activated red mud[J], Waste Management,2002,22:357-363.
[43]Bang S, Johnson M D, Korfiatis G P, Meng X G, Chemical reactions between arsenic and zero-valent ironinwater[J]. Water Res.,2005.39:763-770.
[44]Biterna M, Arditsoglou A, Tsikouras E,et al., Arsenate removal by zero valent iron:Batch and column tests[J]. Hazard. Mater.,2007,149(3):548-552.
[45]Chowdhury UK, Biswas BK, Chowdhury TR, et al. Gorundwater Arsenic C ontamination in Bangladesh and West Bengal[J], India Envron Health Perspect, 2000,108(5):393-397
[46]Chen S Z, Zhan X L, Lu D B, et al., Speciation Analysis of Inorganic Arsenic in Natural Water by Carbon Nanofibers Separation and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Determination[J].Anal. Chim. Acta.,2009,634(2):192—196.
[47]C.P. Huang, L.M. Vane, Enhancing As5+removal by a Fe2+-treated activated carbon[J], Water Pollut. Contr. Fed.1989,6:1596-1603
[48]C.P. Huang, P. Fu, Treatment of As(V) containing water by activated carbon, [J]. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed.1984,56:232.
[49]CullenW R, Reimer K J. Arsenic speciation in the environment[J]. Chemical Reviews,1989,89:713-764.
[50]Doelsch E, Masion A, Rose J, et al., Chemistry and structure of colloids obtained by hydrolysis of Fe(III) in the presence of SiO4 ligands[J].Colloid Surface A-Physicochem Eng. Asp.,2003,217:121-128.
[51]E. Diamadopoulos, S. Loannidis, G.P. Sakellaropoulos, As(V) removal from aqueous solutions by fly ash[J], Water Res,1993,27(12):1773-1777.
[52]Fuhrman H, et al, Adsorption of arsenate from water using neutralized red mud [J], Journal of Colloid and Interface Science,2003,264(2):327—334
[53]Farrell J, Wang J P, O'Day P, Conklin M, Electrochemical and spectroscopic study of arsenate removal from water using zero-valent iron media[J], Environ. Sci. Technol.,2001,35(10):2026-2032
[54]F.S. Zhang, H. Itoh, Iron oxide-loaded slag for arsenic removal from aqueous system[J], Chemosphere,2005,60(3):319-325.
[55]Furukawa Y, Kim J W, Watkins J, Wilkin R T. Formation of ferrihydrite and associated iron corrosion products in permeable reactive barriers of zero-valent iron[J]. Environ.Sci.Technol.,2002,36:5469-5475.
[56]Gencii, F. H.; Tjell, J. C.; McConchie, D. Adsorption of arsenic from water using activated neutralized red mud[J]. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004,38:2428-2434.
[57]Ghurey G, Clifford D, Tripp A, Iron coagulation and direct microfihration to remove arsenic from groundwater[J], Am Water Works Assoc, 2004,96(4):143-152
[58]Giasuddin A.B.M., Kanel S.R., Choi H., Adsorption of Humic Acid onto Nanoscale Zerovalent Iron and Its Effect on Arsenic Removal [J]. Enviro.Sci. Technol.,2007,41,2022-2027
[59]H.E. Eguez, E.H. Cho, Adsorption of arsenic on activated charcoal[J]. Metals 39 (1987)38-41.
[60]Hugo S, Mercedes C, Soledad C, et al, Effect of operating conditions in removal of arsenic from water by nanofiltration membrane [J], Desalination, 2005,172(2):173-180
[61]I. Peleanu, M. Zaharescu, I. Rau, M. Crisan, A. Jitianu, A. Meghea, Nanocomposite materials for As(V) removal by magnetically intensified adsorption[J], Sep. Sci. Technol.,2002,37(16):3693-3701.
[62]J. Gautham, K. Mondal, S.B. Lalvani, Arsenate remediation using nanosized modified zerovalent iron particles[J], Environ. Prog.2005,24.
[63]Kanel S R, Greneche J M, Choi H, Arsenic(V) removal from groundwater using nano scale zero-valent iron as a colloidal reactive barrier material [J]. Environ. Sci. Technol.,2006,0(6):2045-2050.
[64]Kanel S R, Manning B, Charlet L, Choi H. Removal of Arsenic(III) from Groundwater by Nano scale Zero-Valent Iron[J]. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2005,39(5):1291-1298.
[65]Khan, A.H., Rasul, S.B., Munir, A.K.M., Alauddin, M. Habibuddowlah, M. and Hussam,A, On two simple arsenic removal methods for groundwater of Bangladesh[J], Bangladesh Environment-2000, M.F.Ahmed (Ed.), Bangladesh Poribesh Andolon,2000:151-173.
[66]Koch Membrane Systems Inc. Reverse osmosis membranes remove arsenic and salt from water supplies[J]. Mem Technol,2001(140):10-11
[67]Korte,N.E.; Fernando,Q. A review of arsenic(III) in groundwater[J]. Crit.Rev.Environ.Control 1991,21,1-39
[68]K. Nasir, A. Shujaat, T. Aqidat, A. Jamil, Immobilization of arsenic on rice husk[J], Adsorpt. Sci. Technol.,1998,16(8):655-666.
[69]Lackovic J A, Nikolaidis N P, Dobbs G M, Inorganic arsenic removal by zero-valent iron[J]. Env. Eng. Sci.2000,17(1):29-39.
[70]Lien H L, Wilkin R T, High-level arsenite removal from groundwater by zero-valent iron[J], Chemosphere,2005,59:377-386.
[71]Ljubinda V, Slavica M, Efficiency of sorbents (activated carbon and ion-exchange resins) in the removal of cyanide and arsenic ions from water[J]. Naucno-The Pregl,1988,38(6):18-23
[72]Ljubinka V, Milam M, Arsenic removal from water by chemisorption filtem[J], Environmental pollution,1992,75:279
[73]Manceau, Alain. The mechanism of anion adsorption on iron oxides:Evidence for the bonding of arsenate tetrahedra on free Fe(O, OH)6 edges[J]. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta,1995,59(17):3647-3653.
[74]Mackenzie P D, Horney D P, Sivavec T M, Mineral Precipitation and Porosity Losses in Granular Iron Columns[J]. Hazard. Mater.,1999,68(12):1-17.
[75]Manning B A, Hunt M L, Amrhein C, Yarmoff J A. Arsenic(III) and Arsenic(V) reactions with zerovalent iron corrosion products[J]. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2002,36(9):2074-2081.
[76]Mandal B K, Suzuki K T. Arsenic round the world:a review[J], Talanta, 2002,58:201-235
[77]Meng X G, Bang S, Korfiatis, G P, Effects of silicate, sulfate, and carbonate on arsenic removal by ferric chloride [J].Water Res.,2000,34:1255-1261.
[78]M.H. Rahman, N.M.Wasiuddin, M.R. Islam, Experimental and numerical modeling studies of arsenic removal withwood ash from aqueous streams [J], Can. J. Chem. Eng.,2004,82(5):968-977.
[79]Melitas N, Wang J P, Conklin M, O'Day P, Farrell J. Understanding soluble arsenate removal kinetics by zerovalent iron media[J]. Environmental Science and Environ. Sci. Technol.,2001,35:2006
[80]Mohan D, Pittman C U Jr. Arsenic removal from water/wastewater using adsorbents—A critical review[J], Hazard Mater.2007,142(1-2):1-53.
[81]Namasivayam, Senthilkumar, Removal of arsenic(V) from aqueous solution using industrial solid waste:adsorption rates and equilibrium studies [J], Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.,1998,37(12):4816-4822.
[82]Nikolaidis N P, Dobbs G M, Lackovic J A. Arsenic removal by zero-valent iron: field, laboratory and modeling studies[J], Wat. Res.,2003,37:1417-1425.
[83]Ramaswami A, Tawachsupa S, Isleyen M. Batch-mixed iron treatment of high arsenic waters[J], Wat. Res.,2001,35:4474-4479.
[84]R. Sneddon, H. Garelick, E. Valsami-Jones, An investigation into arsenic(V) removal from aqueous solutions by hydroxylapatite and bonechar[J], Mineral. Mag.,2005,69(5):769-780.
[85]Shen YS. Study of arsenic removal from dirking water[J]. Jour Awwa,1973,65: 243.
[86]Sherman, David M. and Randall, Simon R. Surface complexation of arsenic(V) to iron(III) (hydr)oxides:structural mechanism from ab initio molecular geometries and EXAFS spectroscopy[J]. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 2003,67(22):4223-4230.
[87]S.J.T. Pollard, G.D. Fowler, C.J. Sollars, R. Perry, Low cost adsorbents for waste and wastewater treatment:a review[J], Sci. Total Environ.,1992,116:31-52.
[88]Su CM, Puls RW, Arsenate and arsenite removal by zero valent iron:kinetics, redox transformation, and implications for in-situ groundwater remediation[J]. Environ.Sci. Technol.,2001,35 (7),1487-1492.
[89]Sun G. Arsenic contamination and arsenicosis in China. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol[J],2004,198(3):268-71.
[90]T.S. Singh, K.K. Pant, Equilibrium, Kinetics and thermodynamic studies for adsorption of As(III) on activated alumina[J], Sep. Purif. Technol. 2004,36:139-147.
[91]Todd P L, Matthew J E, Donald J R, The role of silicate in the adsorption/desorption of arsenite on goethite[J].Chem. Geol.,2008,252:125-135.
[92]Whanger PD, Weswing PH, Stoner jc, Arsenic levels in oregon waters[J], Environm Health Perspect,1997,19:393-397
[93]U. Schwertmann, R.M. Taylor, Natural and synthetic poorly crystallized lepidocrocite[J], Clay Miner.1979,14:285-293.
[94]Xia YJ, Liu J. An overview on chronic arsenism via drinking water in PR China[J]. Toxicology,2004,198:25-29.
[95]Xie L,Shang C. Efects of copper and palladium on the reduction of bromate by Fe(0) [J], Chemosphere,2006,64:919-930.
[96]Yamamura S, Drinking water guidelines and standards, Chapter 5 In United Nations Synthesis Report on Arsenic in Drinking Water, United Nations Administrative Committee [J], UNICEF, UNIDO, IAEA, World Bank,2001
[97]Y. Zhang, M. Yang, X.-M. Dou, H. He, D.-S.Wang, Arsenate adsorption on an Fe-Ce bimetal oxide adsorbent:role of surface properties [J], Environ. Sci. Technol.,2005,39(18):7246-7253
[98]Zhang Y Q, Amrhein C, Frankenberger JR W T. Effect of arsenate and molybdate on removal of selenate from an aqueous solution by zero-valent iron[J].Sci.Total.Environ.,2005,350(1-3):1-11
[99]Z. Gu, J. Fang, B. Deng, Preparation and evaluation of GAC-based ironcontaining adsorbents for arsenic removal[J], Environ. Sci. Technol., 2005,39(10):3833-3843
[2]陈春宁,石林,刘金香等,水中竞争性阴离子FeO除砷效率的影响研究[J].南华大学学报,2006,20(4)：52-54
[3]陈春宁,石林,熊正为,Fe。对饮用水中砷的去除效率及影响因素[J].安全与环境学报,2007,7(4)：46-49
[4]陈芳艳,唐玉斌,吕锡武等.纳米零价铁对水中Cr(Ⅵ)的还原动力学研究[J].化学世界,2007(3),144-147
[5]陈敬军,蒋柏泉,王伟,除砷技术现状与进展,江西化工,2004,2：1-4
[6]陈郁,金燮,零价铁处理污水的机理及应用[J].环境科学研究,2000,13(5)：24-26
[7]豆小敏,铁铈复合氧化物材料除砷机理及应用研究,中国科学院研究生院博士学位论文,2006,北京
[8]付庆芫,秦毅红,无机离子交换剂除砷的研究[J],矿冶工程,1995,15(2)：41～45
[9]胡丽娟,董晓丹,周琪,零价铁修复土壤及地下水的PRB技术[J].环境保护科学,2005,31(130)：48-50
[10]黄园英,刘菲,鲁雅梅.零价铁去除Cr(Ⅵ)的批实验研究[J].岩石矿物学杂志,2003,22(4)：349-351
[11]湖天觉等,选择性高分子离子交换树脂处理含砷废水[J],湖南大学学报,1998,25(6)：75-80
[12]金银龙,梁超轲,何公理,曹静祥,马凤,王汉章,应波,吉荣娣,中国地方性砷中毒分布调查(总报告)[J],卫生研究,2003,32(6)：519-540
[13]李树猷,郑宇,滕冬红,何淑敏,活性氧化铝吸附除砷再生规律研究[J],中国地方病学杂志,1993,12(1)：43-45
[14]李昕,孙贵范,金亚军等,家庭简易除砷法的研究[J],中国地方病学杂志,2001,20(1-1)：238.
[15]李晓波,胡保安,压力驱动膜技术在饮用水除砷中的应用[J],卫生研究,2007,36(3)：395-398
[16]梁美娜等,纳米氧化铁的制备及其对砷的吸附作用[J],应用化学, 2007,24(12)：1418-1423
[17]凌波,李树猷,朱琦平等,强化饮水除砷剂的研制[J],卫生研究,2001,30(3)：155-157
[18]刘菲,处理地下水中挥发性氯代脂肪烃的零价铁渗透性反应格栅研究,中国地质大学博士论文,2002,北京
[19]吕新之,砷的环境化学[J],枣庄师专学报,1998,3：41-42
[20]马红梅等,(OH)对水中砷的吸附作用[J],同济大学学报：自然科学版,2007,35(12)：1656-1660
[21]马文成,孙靖等,饮水除砷方法的研究进展[J],中国地方病防治杂志,2004,19(5)：284-285.
[22]孟凡生,王业耀,汪春香等,铬污染地下水的PRB修复试验[J].工业用水与废水,2005,36(2)：22-25
[23]穆庆斌,聂挺,使用活性氧化铝和离子交换法去除饮用水中的砷[J],建筑与预算,2007,2：85-86
[24]全燮,刘会娟,杨凤林等,二元金属体系对水中多氯有机物的催化还原脱氯特性[J].中国环境科学,1998,18(4)：333-336
[25]全燮,杨凤林,薛大明等,钯-铁催化还原法对水中三氯乙烯的快速脱氯研究[J].大连理工大学学报,1997,37(1)：46-48
[26]史卫东,马柯,朱荣.对铁碳处理硝基酚废水的研究[J].新疆环境保护,2007,29(1)：1-5.
[27]王洪兴,周娟,环境中砷的污染、中毒及防治[J],地质勘探安全,1995,4：29-31
[28]王连方,地方性砷中毒与乌脚病[M].乌鲁木齐：新疆科技卫生出版社,1997.
[29]王宜成,零价铁去除水中钼的研究[D].大连：大连理工大学,2006
[30]吴继锋,零价铁处理废水的机理及应用[J].安庆师范学院学报(自然科学版),2001,7(2)：78-79
[31]肖唐付,洪冰,杨中华等,砷的水地球化学及其环境效应[J].地质科技情报,2001,20(1)：71-76
[32]杨力,砷污染及含砷废水治理[J].有色金属.1999,(4)(总154)：27-29
[33]杨凤林,全燮,高桂英,铁屑过滤法处理染料废水的研究[J].化工环保,1998,8(6)：330-333
[34]张辉,地带性人群砷中毒的环境背景因素及其研究现状[J].地质论评,2000,46(4)：443-448
[35]张昱,新型阴离子吸附材料及吸附机理研究[D],中国科学院研究生院博士论文,2003,北京.
[36]赵萌,宁平,含砷污泥的固化处理[J],昆明理工大学学报理工版,2003,28(5)：100-104
[37]赵月朝,陈亚妍,林少彬,姚崇林,张岚,负载金属饮水除砷材料的研究[J],卫生研究,2004,33(5)：550-552
[38]赵素莲,王玲芬,饮用水中砷的危害及除砷措施,现代预防医学[J],2002,29(5)：651-652
[39]张勤,肖怀,介质性质对金属材料电化学腐蚀的影响[J].吉林化工学院学报,2006,23(1)：44-46.
[40]Arnold A W, Roberts A L. pathways and kinetics of chlorinated ethylene and chlorinated acetylene reaction with Fe0 particles [J]. Environ.Sci.Technol.,2003,34(9):1794-1801
[41]Amy G L, Edwards M, Brandhuber P, et al, Arsenic treatability options and evaluation of residual management issues[C], AWWARF,1998
[42]Altundog H S, Altundog S, Tumen F, et al, Arsenic adsorption from aqueous solutions by activated red mud[J], Waste Management,2002,22:357-363.
[43]Bang S, Johnson M D, Korfiatis G P, Meng X G, Chemical reactions between arsenic and zero-valent ironinwater[J]. Water Res.,2005.39:763-770.
[44]Biterna M, Arditsoglou A, Tsikouras E,et al., Arsenate removal by zero valent iron:Batch and column tests[J]. Hazard. Mater.,2007,149(3):548-552.
[45]Chowdhury UK, Biswas BK, Chowdhury TR, et al. Gorundwater Arsenic C ontamination in Bangladesh and West Bengal[J], India Envron Health Perspect, 2000,108(5):393-397
[46]Chen S Z, Zhan X L, Lu D B, et al., Speciation Analysis of Inorganic Arsenic in Natural Water by Carbon Nanofibers Separation and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Determination[J].Anal. Chim. Acta.,2009,634(2):192—196.
[47]C.P. Huang, L.M. Vane, Enhancing As5+removal by a Fe2+-treated activated carbon[J], Water Pollut. Contr. Fed.1989,6:1596-1603
[48]C.P. Huang, P. Fu, Treatment of As(V) containing water by activated carbon, [J]. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed.1984,56:232.
[49]CullenW R, Reimer K J. Arsenic speciation in the environment[J]. Chemical Reviews,1989,89:713-764.
[50]Doelsch E, Masion A, Rose J, et al., Chemistry and structure of colloids obtained by hydrolysis of Fe(III) in the presence of SiO4 ligands[J].Colloid Surface A-Physicochem Eng. Asp.,2003,217:121-128.
[51]E. Diamadopoulos, S. Loannidis, G.P. Sakellaropoulos, As(V) removal from aqueous solutions by fly ash[J], Water Res,1993,27(12):1773-1777.
[52]Fuhrman H, et al, Adsorption of arsenate from water using neutralized red mud [J], Journal of Colloid and Interface Science,2003,264(2):327—334
[53]Farrell J, Wang J P, O'Day P, Conklin M, Electrochemical and spectroscopic study of arsenate removal from water using zero-valent iron media[J], Environ. Sci. Technol.,2001,35(10):2026-2032
[54]F.S. Zhang, H. Itoh, Iron oxide-loaded slag for arsenic removal from aqueous system[J], Chemosphere,2005,60(3):319-325.
[55]Furukawa Y, Kim J W, Watkins J, Wilkin R T. Formation of ferrihydrite and associated iron corrosion products in permeable reactive barriers of zero-valent iron[J]. Environ.Sci.Technol.,2002,36:5469-5475.
[56]Gencii, F. H.; Tjell, J. C.; McConchie, D. Adsorption of arsenic from water using activated neutralized red mud[J]. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004,38:2428-2434.
[57]Ghurey G, Clifford D, Tripp A, Iron coagulation and direct microfihration to remove arsenic from groundwater[J], Am Water Works Assoc, 2004,96(4):143-152
[58]Giasuddin A.B.M., Kanel S.R., Choi H., Adsorption of Humic Acid onto Nanoscale Zerovalent Iron and Its Effect on Arsenic Removal [J]. Enviro.Sci. Technol.,2007,41,2022-2027
[59]H.E. Eguez, E.H. Cho, Adsorption of arsenic on activated charcoal[J]. Metals 39 (1987)38-41.
[60]Hugo S, Mercedes C, Soledad C, et al, Effect of operating conditions in removal of arsenic from water by nanofiltration membrane [J], Desalination, 2005,172(2):173-180
[61]I. Peleanu, M. Zaharescu, I. Rau, M. Crisan, A. Jitianu, A. Meghea, Nanocomposite materials for As(V) removal by magnetically intensified adsorption[J], Sep. Sci. Technol.,2002,37(16):3693-3701.
[62]J. Gautham, K. Mondal, S.B. Lalvani, Arsenate remediation using nanosized modified zerovalent iron particles[J], Environ. Prog.2005,24.
[63]Kanel S R, Greneche J M, Choi H, Arsenic(V) removal from groundwater using nano scale zero-valent iron as a colloidal reactive barrier material [J]. Environ. Sci. Technol.,2006,0(6):2045-2050.
[64]Kanel S R, Manning B, Charlet L, Choi H. Removal of Arsenic(III) from Groundwater by Nano scale Zero-Valent Iron[J]. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2005,39(5):1291-1298.
[65]Khan, A.H., Rasul, S.B., Munir, A.K.M., Alauddin, M. Habibuddowlah, M. and Hussam,A, On two simple arsenic removal methods for groundwater of Bangladesh[J], Bangladesh Environment-2000, M.F.Ahmed (Ed.), Bangladesh Poribesh Andolon,2000:151-173.
[66]Koch Membrane Systems Inc. Reverse osmosis membranes remove arsenic and salt from water supplies[J]. Mem Technol,2001(140):10-11
[67]Korte,N.E.; Fernando,Q. A review of arsenic(III) in groundwater[J]. Crit.Rev.Environ.Control 1991,21,1-39
[68]K. Nasir, A. Shujaat, T. Aqidat, A. Jamil, Immobilization of arsenic on rice husk[J], Adsorpt. Sci. Technol.,1998,16(8):655-666.
[69]Lackovic J A, Nikolaidis N P, Dobbs G M, Inorganic arsenic removal by zero-valent iron[J]. Env. Eng. Sci.2000,17(1):29-39.
[70]Lien H L, Wilkin R T, High-level arsenite removal from groundwater by zero-valent iron[J], Chemosphere,2005,59:377-386.
[71]Ljubinda V, Slavica M, Efficiency of sorbents (activated carbon and ion-exchange resins) in the removal of cyanide and arsenic ions from water[J]. Naucno-The Pregl,1988,38(6):18-23
[72]Ljubinka V, Milam M, Arsenic removal from water by chemisorption filtem[J], Environmental pollution,1992,75:279
[73]Manceau, Alain. The mechanism of anion adsorption on iron oxides:Evidence for the bonding of arsenate tetrahedra on free Fe(O, OH)6 edges[J]. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta,1995,59(17):3647-3653.
[74]Mackenzie P D, Horney D P, Sivavec T M, Mineral Precipitation and Porosity Losses in Granular Iron Columns[J]. Hazard. Mater.,1999,68(12):1-17.
[75]Manning B A, Hunt M L, Amrhein C, Yarmoff J A. Arsenic(III) and Arsenic(V) reactions with zerovalent iron corrosion products[J]. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2002,36(9):2074-2081.
[76]Mandal B K, Suzuki K T. Arsenic round the world:a review[J], Talanta, 2002,58:201-235
[77]Meng X G, Bang S, Korfiatis, G P, Effects of silicate, sulfate, and carbonate on arsenic removal by ferric chloride [J].Water Res.,2000,34:1255-1261.
[78]M.H. Rahman, N.M.Wasiuddin, M.R. Islam, Experimental and numerical modeling studies of arsenic removal withwood ash from aqueous streams [J], Can. J. Chem. Eng.,2004,82(5):968-977.
[79]Melitas N, Wang J P, Conklin M, O'Day P, Farrell J. Understanding soluble arsenate removal kinetics by zerovalent iron media[J]. Environmental Science and Environ. Sci. Technol.,2001,35:2006
[80]Mohan D, Pittman C U Jr. Arsenic removal from water/wastewater using adsorbents—A critical review[J], Hazard Mater.2007,142(1-2):1-53.
[81]Namasivayam, Senthilkumar, Removal of arsenic(V) from aqueous solution using industrial solid waste:adsorption rates and equilibrium studies [J], Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.,1998,37(12):4816-4822.
[82]Nikolaidis N P, Dobbs G M, Lackovic J A. Arsenic removal by zero-valent iron: field, laboratory and modeling studies[J], Wat. Res.,2003,37:1417-1425.
[83]Ramaswami A, Tawachsupa S, Isleyen M. Batch-mixed iron treatment of high arsenic waters[J], Wat. Res.,2001,35:4474-4479.
[84]R. Sneddon, H. Garelick, E. Valsami-Jones, An investigation into arsenic(V) removal from aqueous solutions by hydroxylapatite and bonechar[J], Mineral. Mag.,2005,69(5):769-780.
[85]Shen YS. Study of arsenic removal from dirking water[J]. Jour Awwa,1973,65: 243.
[86]Sherman, David M. and Randall, Simon R. Surface complexation of arsenic(V) to iron(III) (hydr)oxides:structural mechanism from ab initio molecular geometries and EXAFS spectroscopy[J]. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 2003,67(22):4223-4230.
[87]S.J.T. Pollard, G.D. Fowler, C.J. Sollars, R. Perry, Low cost adsorbents for waste and wastewater treatment:a review[J], Sci. Total Environ.,1992,116:31-52.
[88]Su CM, Puls RW, Arsenate and arsenite removal by zero valent iron:kinetics, redox transformation, and implications for in-situ groundwater remediation[J]. Environ.Sci. Technol.,2001,35 (7),1487-1492.
[89]Sun G. Arsenic contamination and arsenicosis in China. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol[J],2004,198(3):268-71.
[90]T.S. Singh, K.K. Pant, Equilibrium, Kinetics and thermodynamic studies for adsorption of As(III) on activated alumina[J], Sep. Purif. Technol. 2004,36:139-147.
[91]Todd P L, Matthew J E, Donald J R, The role of silicate in the adsorption/desorption of arsenite on goethite[J].Chem. Geol.,2008,252:125-135.
[92]Whanger PD, Weswing PH, Stoner jc, Arsenic levels in oregon waters[J], Environm Health Perspect,1997,19:393-397
[93]U. Schwertmann, R.M. Taylor, Natural and synthetic poorly crystallized lepidocrocite[J], Clay Miner.1979,14:285-293.
[94]Xia YJ, Liu J. An overview on chronic arsenism via drinking water in PR China[J]. Toxicology,2004,198:25-29.
[95]Xie L,Shang C. Efects of copper and palladium on the reduction of bromate by Fe(0) [J], Chemosphere,2006,64:919-930.
[96]Yamamura S, Drinking water guidelines and standards, Chapter 5 In United Nations Synthesis Report on Arsenic in Drinking Water, United Nations Administrative Committee [J], UNICEF, UNIDO, IAEA, World Bank,2001
[97]Y. Zhang, M. Yang, X.-M. Dou, H. He, D.-S.Wang, Arsenate adsorption on an Fe-Ce bimetal oxide adsorbent:role of surface properties [J], Environ. Sci. Technol.,2005,39(18):7246-7253
[98]Zhang Y Q, Amrhein C, Frankenberger JR W T. Effect of arsenate and molybdate on removal of selenate from an aqueous solution by zero-valent iron[J].Sci.Total.Environ.,2005,350(1-3):1-11
[99]Z. Gu, J. Fang, B. Deng, Preparation and evaluation of GAC-based ironcontaining adsorbents for arsenic removal[J], Environ. Sci. Technol., 2005,39(10):3833-3843