科技英语否定句中的信息传递功能
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摘要
现在科技英语已经发展成为一种很重要的英语文体。这种文体具备其自身特点。其中之一就是大量使用被动句,省略句,松散句和倒装句( Chen Xin, 1999).许多学者已经探讨并研究了各种英语句式的信息传递功能并且得出了很多结论。但是极少研究涉及科技英语中否定句的信息传递功能。
因此,作者通过随机抽样法,以美国科技杂志月刊《科学美国人》2005年单月刊为研究对象,将其中的否定句进行归纳总结。作者把以前语言研究者所得出的八种信息传递功能运用到科技英语否定句中,并且从微观的角度,即从否定句中的否定结构组织成分上来进行细致深入地分析,总结出科技英语否定句中最常用的三种信息传递功能,逐一进行微观分析,得出几处与前人不同的结论和三个新发现。
在此基础上,作者对科技英语否定句中出现频率最高的三种功能进行了详细分析和研究,在其结构组织成分对信息传递所起作用上提出了很多新观点。
Nowadays EST (English for Science and Technology) has become a very important genre of English. The genre of EST has its own distinctive linguistic characteristics, one of which is that a large number of sentences with the structures of passive voice, ellipsis, breaking-up and inversion (Chen Xin, 1999). Many scholars have probed into a variety of English sentences in the area of message transmission and some suppositions are offered by them. However, few researches concerning negative sentences in EST area have been found.
Therefore, the author has summarized message transmission functions of negative sentences in EST texts through a careful analysis of the sampling negative sentences from EST journal papers chosen randomly from a magazine entitled the Scientific America in the year 2005 (only the single-month versions from January to October), and wrote down all the negative sentences appearing within this range. The author applied the seven information transmission functions offered by previous language researchers into negative sentences in EST materials and analyzed the top three most frequently used information transmission functions from a microcosmic angle, that is , from the components of each negative structure, and then did analysis of it one by one in detail, and concluded differently for several points and made three different discoveries.
Based on the above, the author has provided more detailed and careful description of two information transmission functions, which are the top two functions appearing most frequently in the negative sentences of EST literature and put forward many new ideas about the effect of the structural components of the negative sentences of EST materials on information transmission. The two functions are: the function to emphasize a topic, and the function to describe a topic in an objective way.
因此,作者通过随机抽样法,以美国科技杂志月刊《科学美国人》2005年单月刊为研究对象,将其中的否定句进行归纳总结。作者把以前语言研究者所得出的八种信息传递功能运用到科技英语否定句中,并且从微观的角度,即从否定句中的否定结构组织成分上来进行细致深入地分析,总结出科技英语否定句中最常用的三种信息传递功能,逐一进行微观分析,得出几处与前人不同的结论和三个新发现。
在此基础上,作者对科技英语否定句中出现频率最高的三种功能进行了详细分析和研究,在其结构组织成分对信息传递所起作用上提出了很多新观点。
Nowadays EST (English for Science and Technology) has become a very important genre of English. The genre of EST has its own distinctive linguistic characteristics, one of which is that a large number of sentences with the structures of passive voice, ellipsis, breaking-up and inversion (Chen Xin, 1999). Many scholars have probed into a variety of English sentences in the area of message transmission and some suppositions are offered by them. However, few researches concerning negative sentences in EST area have been found.
Therefore, the author has summarized message transmission functions of negative sentences in EST texts through a careful analysis of the sampling negative sentences from EST journal papers chosen randomly from a magazine entitled the Scientific America in the year 2005 (only the single-month versions from January to October), and wrote down all the negative sentences appearing within this range. The author applied the seven information transmission functions offered by previous language researchers into negative sentences in EST materials and analyzed the top three most frequently used information transmission functions from a microcosmic angle, that is , from the components of each negative structure, and then did analysis of it one by one in detail, and concluded differently for several points and made three different discoveries.
Based on the above, the author has provided more detailed and careful description of two information transmission functions, which are the top two functions appearing most frequently in the negative sentences of EST literature and put forward many new ideas about the effect of the structural components of the negative sentences of EST materials on information transmission. The two functions are: the function to emphasize a topic, and the function to describe a topic in an objective way.
引文
[1] Bai Shuxia, Passage Function of English Repetition Structure. Journal of Xin Yang Normal College, 2005,4. (白淑霞.英语排比结构的语篇功能.信阳师范学院学报, 2005, 4.)
[2] Birner, B. J. Information status and word order[J]. Language, 1994, (70): 233-259.
[3] Bolinger, D. Atheory of pitch accent in English [J].Word,1958, 14: 109-149.
[4] Brown, G. , Currie, K. L.&J. Kenworthy.Questions ofIntonation[M].London: CroomHelm, 1980.
[5] Brown, G.&George Yule.Discourse Analysis[M]. Cambridge University Press, 1983.
[6] Chafe, W. The flow of thought and the flow of language [A]. Givon, T. (ed.)Syntax and Semantics Volume12: Discourse and Syntax[C]. New York: Academic Press, 1979.
[7] Chen Liping, On English Paralleled Structure Rhetorical Function in Passage. Shan Dong Foreign Language Teaching, the second periodical in 1997. (陈立平.试论英语平行式在语篇中的修辞功能.山东外语教学, 1997年第2期.)
[8] Crystal, D.The EnglishTone ofVoice[M]. London: EdwardArnold, 1975.
[9] Currie, K. L. Recent investigations in intonation [J].Work in Progress, 1978(11).
[10] Danes, F. (ed.)Papers onFunctionalSentencePerspective[C]. Prague: A-cademia, 1974.
[11] Davidson, A. Peculiar passives [J].Language,1980, 56: 42-67.
[12] Donnellan, K. S. Speaker reference, descriptions and anaphora [A]. Cole, P. (ed.)Syntax andSemantics9:Pragmatics[C]. NewYork: Academic Press, 1978.
[13] Dorgeloh, H. Inversion in Modern English [M]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1997.
[14] Feng Mei, Liu Rongqiang, ES Translation about English to Chinese. Ha ErbinIndustry University Press, 2000,6. (冯梅,刘荣强.英汉科技翻译.哈尔滨工业大学出版社, 2000, 6.)
[15] Green, G. M. Pragmatics and Natural Language Understanding, 2nd ed [M]. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., 1997.
[16] Halliday, M. A. K. An Introduction to Functional Grammar[M]. Edward Arnold, 1985.
[17] Halliday, M. A. K. and Ruqaiya Hasan. Cohesion in English [M]. London: Longman Group Ltd., 1976.
[18] Halliday, M. A. K. An Introduction to Functional Grammar [M]. London: Edward Arnold, 1994.
[19] Halliday, M. A. K. Notes on transitivity and theme in English [J].Journal ofLinguistics,1967, 3:199-244.
[20] Hankamer, J. & I. Sag. Deep and surface anaphora [J].Linguistic In-quiry,1976, 7: 391-426.
[21] Hu Qingqiu, Gong Hairong, Postgraduate Students English Grammar. Bei Jing University Press, 1999, 1. (胡青球,宫海荣.研究生英语语法.北京大学出版社, 1999, 1.)
[22] Ji Handa, Yue Hongmei, Passage Function of English Interrogative sentences. Journal of He Nan University of Science and Technology, June, 2004. (姬瀚达,岳红梅.英语疑问句的语篇功能.河南科技大学学报, 2004年6月.)
[23] Ji Jian, A New Course of EST Grammar. New Times Press, 1997,5. (季健.科技英语语法新编.新时代出版社, 1997, 5.)
[24] Kang Xiangying, Information Carrier Function of Figure of Speech. Foreign and Foreign Language Teaching, 2001. (康响英.修辞格的信息载体功能.外语与外语教学, 2001年第三期.)
[25] Leech, G. Principles of Pragmatics [M]. London: Longman Group Ltd., 1983.
[26] Levinson, S. C. Pragmatics [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1983.
[27] Li Wenge, Comparison and Understanding of English Negative expressions. Journal of Shan Xi University, Oct. 1994. (李文革.英汉否定表达法的比较与理解.陕西师大学报, 1994年10月.)
[28] Pellowe, J. &V. Jones. Establishing intonationally variable systems in a multi-dimensional linguistic space [J].Language andSpeech,1979, 22:97-116.
[29] Quirk, R., S. Greenbaum, G. Leech & J. Svartvik.A Comprehensive Grammar ofthe EnglishLanguage[M]. London: Longman, 1985.
[30] Quirk, R. et al. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language [M]. London:Longman Group Ltd., 1985.
[31] Saeed, J. I.Semantics[M]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000.
[32] Shen Yu Ping, Dai Ning, Practical English to Chinese Translation Course. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2004,1. (申雨平,戴宁.实用英汉翻译教程.外语教学与研究出版, 2004, 1.)
[33] Shi Minrui, Semantic Characteristics of Negative Words in English. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, the first periodical in 1994. (石毓智.英语否定性词语的语义特征.外语教学与研究, 1994年第1期.)
[34] Sun Xinfa, On Understanding Negative Sentences in EST. Chinese Science and Technology Translation Journal, November, 2002. (孙新法.科技英语否定句的理解.中国科技翻译, 2002年11月.)
[35] Tao Youlan, Cha Guosheng, Postgraduate Students English Translation. Fu Dan University Press, 2002, 2. (陶友兰,查国生.研究生英语翻译.复旦大学出版社, 2002, 2.)
[36] T.Hutchinson &A.Waters, English for Specific Purposes[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2002.
[37] Trimble L. English for Science and Technology: A Discourse Approach[M]. Cambridge: CUP, 1985.
[38] Van Dijk, T. A.Text and Context: Explorations in the semantics andprag-maticsofdiscourse[M]. London and NewYork: Longman, 1977.
[39] Wang Bingjun, Guo Zhenghang, Translation Techniques for Chinese to English and English to Chinese. Tian Jin University Press, 1999,8. (王秉钧,郭正行.科技英汉汉英翻译技巧.天津大学出版社, 1999, 8.)
[40] Wang Zhikui, College English to Chinese Translation Course. Shan Dong University Press, 1999,8. (王治奎.大学英汉翻译教程.山东大学出版社, 1999, 8.)
[41] Yang Shiqiao, Passage Function of EST Passive Voice Sentences. Shen Zhen Vocational and technological College, the third periodical in 2004. (杨石乔.科技英语被动句的语篇功能.深圳职业技术学院学报, 2004年第3期.)
[42] Yuan Xiufeng, Passage Function of Inverted Structure. Journal of Shao Xing Art and Science College, 1999, 12. (袁秀凤.倒装结构的语篇功能.绍兴文理学院学报, 1999, 12.)
[43] Zhang Keding, Passage Function of English Inverted Sentences. Foreign Language, the fifth periodical of 2001. (张克定.英语倒装句的语篇功能.外国语, 2001年第5期.)
[2] Birner, B. J. Information status and word order[J]. Language, 1994, (70): 233-259.
[3] Bolinger, D. Atheory of pitch accent in English [J].Word,1958, 14: 109-149.
[4] Brown, G. , Currie, K. L.&J. Kenworthy.Questions ofIntonation[M].London: CroomHelm, 1980.
[5] Brown, G.&George Yule.Discourse Analysis[M]. Cambridge University Press, 1983.
[6] Chafe, W. The flow of thought and the flow of language [A]. Givon, T. (ed.)Syntax and Semantics Volume12: Discourse and Syntax[C]. New York: Academic Press, 1979.
[7] Chen Liping, On English Paralleled Structure Rhetorical Function in Passage. Shan Dong Foreign Language Teaching, the second periodical in 1997. (陈立平.试论英语平行式在语篇中的修辞功能.山东外语教学, 1997年第2期.)
[8] Crystal, D.The EnglishTone ofVoice[M]. London: EdwardArnold, 1975.
[9] Currie, K. L. Recent investigations in intonation [J].Work in Progress, 1978(11).
[10] Danes, F. (ed.)Papers onFunctionalSentencePerspective[C]. Prague: A-cademia, 1974.
[11] Davidson, A. Peculiar passives [J].Language,1980, 56: 42-67.
[12] Donnellan, K. S. Speaker reference, descriptions and anaphora [A]. Cole, P. (ed.)Syntax andSemantics9:Pragmatics[C]. NewYork: Academic Press, 1978.
[13] Dorgeloh, H. Inversion in Modern English [M]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1997.
[14] Feng Mei, Liu Rongqiang, ES Translation about English to Chinese. Ha ErbinIndustry University Press, 2000,6. (冯梅,刘荣强.英汉科技翻译.哈尔滨工业大学出版社, 2000, 6.)
[15] Green, G. M. Pragmatics and Natural Language Understanding, 2nd ed [M]. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., 1997.
[16] Halliday, M. A. K. An Introduction to Functional Grammar[M]. Edward Arnold, 1985.
[17] Halliday, M. A. K. and Ruqaiya Hasan. Cohesion in English [M]. London: Longman Group Ltd., 1976.
[18] Halliday, M. A. K. An Introduction to Functional Grammar [M]. London: Edward Arnold, 1994.
[19] Halliday, M. A. K. Notes on transitivity and theme in English [J].Journal ofLinguistics,1967, 3:199-244.
[20] Hankamer, J. & I. Sag. Deep and surface anaphora [J].Linguistic In-quiry,1976, 7: 391-426.
[21] Hu Qingqiu, Gong Hairong, Postgraduate Students English Grammar. Bei Jing University Press, 1999, 1. (胡青球,宫海荣.研究生英语语法.北京大学出版社, 1999, 1.)
[22] Ji Handa, Yue Hongmei, Passage Function of English Interrogative sentences. Journal of He Nan University of Science and Technology, June, 2004. (姬瀚达,岳红梅.英语疑问句的语篇功能.河南科技大学学报, 2004年6月.)
[23] Ji Jian, A New Course of EST Grammar. New Times Press, 1997,5. (季健.科技英语语法新编.新时代出版社, 1997, 5.)
[24] Kang Xiangying, Information Carrier Function of Figure of Speech. Foreign and Foreign Language Teaching, 2001. (康响英.修辞格的信息载体功能.外语与外语教学, 2001年第三期.)
[25] Leech, G. Principles of Pragmatics [M]. London: Longman Group Ltd., 1983.
[26] Levinson, S. C. Pragmatics [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1983.
[27] Li Wenge, Comparison and Understanding of English Negative expressions. Journal of Shan Xi University, Oct. 1994. (李文革.英汉否定表达法的比较与理解.陕西师大学报, 1994年10月.)
[28] Pellowe, J. &V. Jones. Establishing intonationally variable systems in a multi-dimensional linguistic space [J].Language andSpeech,1979, 22:97-116.
[29] Quirk, R., S. Greenbaum, G. Leech & J. Svartvik.A Comprehensive Grammar ofthe EnglishLanguage[M]. London: Longman, 1985.
[30] Quirk, R. et al. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language [M]. London:Longman Group Ltd., 1985.
[31] Saeed, J. I.Semantics[M]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000.
[32] Shen Yu Ping, Dai Ning, Practical English to Chinese Translation Course. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2004,1. (申雨平,戴宁.实用英汉翻译教程.外语教学与研究出版, 2004, 1.)
[33] Shi Minrui, Semantic Characteristics of Negative Words in English. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, the first periodical in 1994. (石毓智.英语否定性词语的语义特征.外语教学与研究, 1994年第1期.)
[34] Sun Xinfa, On Understanding Negative Sentences in EST. Chinese Science and Technology Translation Journal, November, 2002. (孙新法.科技英语否定句的理解.中国科技翻译, 2002年11月.)
[35] Tao Youlan, Cha Guosheng, Postgraduate Students English Translation. Fu Dan University Press, 2002, 2. (陶友兰,查国生.研究生英语翻译.复旦大学出版社, 2002, 2.)
[36] T.Hutchinson &A.Waters, English for Specific Purposes[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2002.
[37] Trimble L. English for Science and Technology: A Discourse Approach[M]. Cambridge: CUP, 1985.
[38] Van Dijk, T. A.Text and Context: Explorations in the semantics andprag-maticsofdiscourse[M]. London and NewYork: Longman, 1977.
[39] Wang Bingjun, Guo Zhenghang, Translation Techniques for Chinese to English and English to Chinese. Tian Jin University Press, 1999,8. (王秉钧,郭正行.科技英汉汉英翻译技巧.天津大学出版社, 1999, 8.)
[40] Wang Zhikui, College English to Chinese Translation Course. Shan Dong University Press, 1999,8. (王治奎.大学英汉翻译教程.山东大学出版社, 1999, 8.)
[41] Yang Shiqiao, Passage Function of EST Passive Voice Sentences. Shen Zhen Vocational and technological College, the third periodical in 2004. (杨石乔.科技英语被动句的语篇功能.深圳职业技术学院学报, 2004年第3期.)
[42] Yuan Xiufeng, Passage Function of Inverted Structure. Journal of Shao Xing Art and Science College, 1999, 12. (袁秀凤.倒装结构的语篇功能.绍兴文理学院学报, 1999, 12.)
[43] Zhang Keding, Passage Function of English Inverted Sentences. Foreign Language, the fifth periodical of 2001. (张克定.英语倒装句的语篇功能.外国语, 2001年第5期.)