伽玛射线暴辐射效率、辐射能及早期余辉研究
|
摘要
伽玛射线暴(简称伽玛暴)是来自宇宙空间的伽玛射线短时间内大爆发的现象。这种现象最初由美国的Vela军事卫星于1967年偶然发现。1973年，美国著名的ApJ杂志在其Letter上发表了Vela卫星观测到的16个伽玛暴，标志着伽玛暴的正式发现。由于伽玛暴时标很短，光变复杂，并释放出甚至超过超新星爆炸的巨大能量，因此引起了天文学家们的广泛关注。目前虽然伽玛暴研究已经取得了许多重要进展，但仍有些根本性的问题没有解决。比如，伽玛暴起源于什么样的天体，如何产生高能伽玛射线等等。最近，Swift卫星发射上天，观测到了许多新现象，为我们研究伽玛暴早期余辉性质，进而揭示伽玛暴本身性质奠定了观测基础。
本文综述了伽玛暴到目前所取得的观测和理论成果，并介绍了本人在攻读博士期间对伽玛暴效率、能量和早期余辉性质等问题所做的探索。本论文包括三部分，综述部分(第一章)，工作部分(第二章到第四章)和问题和展望部分(第五章)。
第一章我们简单介绍了伽玛暴及其余辉的观测进展，并较为详细地介绍了伽玛暴目前的主流模型，包括火球激波模型，极早期正反激波过程，标准余辉模型，以及后标准效应等。
第二章我们研究了边缘膨胀效应对伽玛暴辐射效率估计的影响。过去，通常用晚期余辉(约10小时)和早期的瞬时伽玛辐射数据来计算各向同性等价能量，从而估计出伽玛暴的辐射效率。这在喷流张角在瞬时辐射和晚期余辉阶段基本不变的情况下是正确的，但伽玛暴喷流可能存在边缘膨胀，这种情况下用各向同性等价辐射能和动能会高估效率。我们用前人推导的动力学演化方程组用数值方法计算了共动系声速膨胀下喷流张角的演化，得到喷流改正的能量。我们发现用典型参数，考虑边缘膨胀后，伽玛暴的辐射效率比原来的典型值(0.1)降低了约1／2。如果暴周是致密介质，则效率降低会更显著。我们取了两个微观物理参数限定比较好的pre-Swift暴(GRB 980703和GRB 000926)，详细计算了他们的张角演化和效率，确认了我们前面的结果。因此，在利用晚期余辉来估计效率时，喷流边缘膨胀效应可能需要考虑。
第三章我们用数值方法来计算了伽玛暴喷流的张角，并计算了喷流改正的能量。通常用解析近似的动力学演化方程，假设光速边缘膨胀并利用观测到的余辉光变拐折时间来计算伽玛暴喷流的初始张角。这对于喷流极端相对论膨胀情况是近似合理的。但伽玛暴喷流到晚期余辉阶段已经处于中等相对论阶段，此时仍假定边缘膨胀为光速已不太合理，而用演化的共动系声速边缘膨胀可能更合理些。我们用前人给出的声速边缘膨胀演化方程，并结合晚期观测到的余辉拐折反推出伽玛暴喷流的初始张角。我们取了一个较新的样本重新计算伽玛暴的能量并做了统计研究，发现伽玛暴的能量成团性并不好。我们还检验了E_p-E_γ关系，发现它们的相关性略有改善，但幂率指数由原来的0.71降为0.64，这可能为理论上解释这一关系提供限制。
第四章我们考虑了伽玛暴喷流可能象活动星系核等天体的喷流一样存在运动方向发生变化现象。由于伽玛暴喷流的体洛仑兹因子＞100，因此运动方向微小的变化都可能引起显著的光变。目前还不清楚喷流“弯曲”的原因，因此我们假定了两个观测时间与喷流视角的关系，并计算了早期余辉的光变曲线，发现有些与观测的结果相似。我们认为对于某些暴，早期X-ray余辉可能产生于喷流的“弯曲”。
最后一章，我们总结了目前伽玛暴中还存在的一些问题，并对一些具体的问题提出了一些个人看法。我们还简单介绍了一下GLAST卫星，并对GLAST时代伽玛暴的研究进行了展望。
Gamma-ray burst (GRB) is a kind of phenomenon that is the energy burst in gamma rays with a short duration. It was discovered for the first time by Vela satellite in 1976 by chance. In 1973, a paper including 16 bursts discovered by Vela was published in ApJL, which marks the official discovery of GRB. For GRB is characterized by short duration, complicated structure of light curves and a large quantity of energy output, which is even more than supernova explosion, it have caused a wide concern. Though many progresses have been made to date, some intrinsic issues haven't solved, such as what is the origin of GRB, how gamma rays are produced and so on. Recently, Swift is launched successfully, some new characters have been observed, which is the base for us to study the early afterglow properties and then understand the properties of GRB.
In my thesis, the observational and theory progresses are reviewed, and some works including the problems of GRB efficiency , energetics and early afterglow properties are introduced during my pursuing PHD. This thesis consists of three parts. The first chapter is review, the second to the fourth ones are my works and the last chapter is the problems and prospects.
In the second chapter, we study jet sideways expansion effect on estimating the GRB efficiency. Usually, the isotropic equivalent energy is calculated with the prompt emission and late afterglow data and the efficiency is derived. This is only valid for the case that jet opening angles are the same during the two phases. However, jet sideways expansion can exist during the outward expansion of jet. In this case, the usual method to estimate the GRB efficiency is not valid. We calculate the evolution of jet opening angles numerically and derive the collimation-corrected emission and kinetic energy. We find that with the typical parameters, the GRB efficiency is decreased by a factor of 1/2 (for the typical efficiency 0.1). If the circumburst is dense, this effect is more significant. We also take two pre-swift bursts (GRB 980703 and GRB 000926) for case studies, which confirm our previous results. So when the efficiency is derived with the late afterglow data, jet sideways expansion effect needs to be considered.
In the third chapter, we use the numerical method to calculate the initial jet opening angle of GRB. The opening angle is usually derived with the afterglow light curve breaks through an analytical method with the assumption that the speed of expanding laterally is the light speed. This is only valid approximately. At the late time, the jet enters a phase of a moderate relativistic expansion, so this assumption is invalid. A more reasonable assumption is that the jet expands laterally at the comoving sound speed c_s. Using the hydrodynamic evolution equation group with the sideways expansion at the local sound speed derived by previous authors and the observed light curve breaks, we numerically derive the initial opening angles. With a new sample of GRB, we make a statistical study, and find that the energy clustering seems not to exist. We also test the E_p—E_γrelation, and find that the correlation improve slightly, while the power change from 0.71 to 0.64, which may provide constrain on model to interpret this relation in theory.
In the fourth chapter, we consider a possible case that the GRB jet may travel in a curve line like the observed AGN jet. For a large Lorentz factor (7 > 100), a slight change of the view line angle will cause a significant light curve variation. Without knowing the mechanism of the bent of jet, we assume two relations between the view line angle and the observed time, and the light curve is calculated. We find some of the resulted light curves are similar to the observed ones. We argue that for some burst, the early X-ray afterglow may result from the bent of GRB jet.
In the last chapter, we summarize the present problems in GRB. Some ideas are presented for some concrete problems. We also present a brief introduction to GLAST satellite and propose prospects.
本文综述了伽玛暴到目前所取得的观测和理论成果，并介绍了本人在攻读博士期间对伽玛暴效率、能量和早期余辉性质等问题所做的探索。本论文包括三部分，综述部分(第一章)，工作部分(第二章到第四章)和问题和展望部分(第五章)。
第一章我们简单介绍了伽玛暴及其余辉的观测进展，并较为详细地介绍了伽玛暴目前的主流模型，包括火球激波模型，极早期正反激波过程，标准余辉模型，以及后标准效应等。
第二章我们研究了边缘膨胀效应对伽玛暴辐射效率估计的影响。过去，通常用晚期余辉(约10小时)和早期的瞬时伽玛辐射数据来计算各向同性等价能量，从而估计出伽玛暴的辐射效率。这在喷流张角在瞬时辐射和晚期余辉阶段基本不变的情况下是正确的，但伽玛暴喷流可能存在边缘膨胀，这种情况下用各向同性等价辐射能和动能会高估效率。我们用前人推导的动力学演化方程组用数值方法计算了共动系声速膨胀下喷流张角的演化，得到喷流改正的能量。我们发现用典型参数，考虑边缘膨胀后，伽玛暴的辐射效率比原来的典型值(0.1)降低了约1／2。如果暴周是致密介质，则效率降低会更显著。我们取了两个微观物理参数限定比较好的pre-Swift暴(GRB 980703和GRB 000926)，详细计算了他们的张角演化和效率，确认了我们前面的结果。因此，在利用晚期余辉来估计效率时，喷流边缘膨胀效应可能需要考虑。
第三章我们用数值方法来计算了伽玛暴喷流的张角，并计算了喷流改正的能量。通常用解析近似的动力学演化方程，假设光速边缘膨胀并利用观测到的余辉光变拐折时间来计算伽玛暴喷流的初始张角。这对于喷流极端相对论膨胀情况是近似合理的。但伽玛暴喷流到晚期余辉阶段已经处于中等相对论阶段，此时仍假定边缘膨胀为光速已不太合理，而用演化的共动系声速边缘膨胀可能更合理些。我们用前人给出的声速边缘膨胀演化方程，并结合晚期观测到的余辉拐折反推出伽玛暴喷流的初始张角。我们取了一个较新的样本重新计算伽玛暴的能量并做了统计研究，发现伽玛暴的能量成团性并不好。我们还检验了E_p-E_γ关系，发现它们的相关性略有改善，但幂率指数由原来的0.71降为0.64，这可能为理论上解释这一关系提供限制。
第四章我们考虑了伽玛暴喷流可能象活动星系核等天体的喷流一样存在运动方向发生变化现象。由于伽玛暴喷流的体洛仑兹因子＞100，因此运动方向微小的变化都可能引起显著的光变。目前还不清楚喷流“弯曲”的原因，因此我们假定了两个观测时间与喷流视角的关系，并计算了早期余辉的光变曲线，发现有些与观测的结果相似。我们认为对于某些暴，早期X-ray余辉可能产生于喷流的“弯曲”。
最后一章，我们总结了目前伽玛暴中还存在的一些问题，并对一些具体的问题提出了一些个人看法。我们还简单介绍了一下GLAST卫星，并对GLAST时代伽玛暴的研究进行了展望。
Gamma-ray burst (GRB) is a kind of phenomenon that is the energy burst in gamma rays with a short duration. It was discovered for the first time by Vela satellite in 1976 by chance. In 1973, a paper including 16 bursts discovered by Vela was published in ApJL, which marks the official discovery of GRB. For GRB is characterized by short duration, complicated structure of light curves and a large quantity of energy output, which is even more than supernova explosion, it have caused a wide concern. Though many progresses have been made to date, some intrinsic issues haven't solved, such as what is the origin of GRB, how gamma rays are produced and so on. Recently, Swift is launched successfully, some new characters have been observed, which is the base for us to study the early afterglow properties and then understand the properties of GRB.
In my thesis, the observational and theory progresses are reviewed, and some works including the problems of GRB efficiency , energetics and early afterglow properties are introduced during my pursuing PHD. This thesis consists of three parts. The first chapter is review, the second to the fourth ones are my works and the last chapter is the problems and prospects.
In the second chapter, we study jet sideways expansion effect on estimating the GRB efficiency. Usually, the isotropic equivalent energy is calculated with the prompt emission and late afterglow data and the efficiency is derived. This is only valid for the case that jet opening angles are the same during the two phases. However, jet sideways expansion can exist during the outward expansion of jet. In this case, the usual method to estimate the GRB efficiency is not valid. We calculate the evolution of jet opening angles numerically and derive the collimation-corrected emission and kinetic energy. We find that with the typical parameters, the GRB efficiency is decreased by a factor of 1/2 (for the typical efficiency 0.1). If the circumburst is dense, this effect is more significant. We also take two pre-swift bursts (GRB 980703 and GRB 000926) for case studies, which confirm our previous results. So when the efficiency is derived with the late afterglow data, jet sideways expansion effect needs to be considered.
In the third chapter, we use the numerical method to calculate the initial jet opening angle of GRB. The opening angle is usually derived with the afterglow light curve breaks through an analytical method with the assumption that the speed of expanding laterally is the light speed. This is only valid approximately. At the late time, the jet enters a phase of a moderate relativistic expansion, so this assumption is invalid. A more reasonable assumption is that the jet expands laterally at the comoving sound speed c_s. Using the hydrodynamic evolution equation group with the sideways expansion at the local sound speed derived by previous authors and the observed light curve breaks, we numerically derive the initial opening angles. With a new sample of GRB, we make a statistical study, and find that the energy clustering seems not to exist. We also test the E_p—E_γrelation, and find that the correlation improve slightly, while the power change from 0.71 to 0.64, which may provide constrain on model to interpret this relation in theory.
In the fourth chapter, we consider a possible case that the GRB jet may travel in a curve line like the observed AGN jet. For a large Lorentz factor (7 > 100), a slight change of the view line angle will cause a significant light curve variation. Without knowing the mechanism of the bent of jet, we assume two relations between the view line angle and the observed time, and the light curve is calculated. We find some of the resulted light curves are similar to the observed ones. We argue that for some burst, the early X-ray afterglow may result from the bent of GRB jet.
In the last chapter, we summarize the present problems in GRB. Some ideas are presented for some concrete problems. We also present a brief introduction to GLAST satellite and propose prospects.
引文
[1] Mazets, E., Golenetskii, Sv., Ilinskii, Vn., A Cosmic Gamma-Ray Flare Observed with Kosmos 461., JETP Lett., 1974, 19: 77
[2] Cline, T. L., Desai, U. D., Klebesadel, R. W. et al., Energy Spectra of Cosmic Gamma-Ray Bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 1973, 185: L1
[3] Klebesadel, R. W., Strong, I. B. & Olson, R. A., Observations of Gamma-Ray Bursts of Cosmic Origin, Astrophysical Journal, 1973, 182: L85
[4] Murakami, T., Fujii, M., Hayashida, K. et al., Evidence for cyclotron absorption from spectral features in gamma-ray bursts seen with Ginga, Nature, 1988, 335: 234
[5] Meegan, C. A., Fishman, G. J., Wilson, R. B. et al., Spatial distribution of gammaray bursts observed by BATSE, Nature, 1992, 355: 143-145
[6] Fishman, G. J. & Meegan, C. A., Gamma-Ray Bursts, Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 1995, 33: 415-458
[7] Kouveliotou, C., Meegan, C. A., Fishman, G. J. et al., Identification of two Classes of gamma-ray bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 1993, 413: L101-L104
[8] Meegan, C. A., Pendleton, G. N., Briggs, M. S. et al., The Third BATSE Gamma-Ray Burst Catalog, Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 1996, 106: 65
[9] Costa, E., Frontera, F., Heise, J. et al., Discovery of an X-ray afterglow associated with the gamma-ray burst of 28 February 1997, Nature, 1997, 387: 783-785
[10] Van Paradijs, J., Groot, P. J., Galama, T. et al., Transient optical emission from the error box of the gamma-ray burst of 28 February 1997, Nature, 1997, 386: 686-689
[11] Galama, T. J., Vreeswijk, P. M., Van Paradijs, J. et al., An unusual supernova in the error box of the gamma-ray burst of 25 April 1998, Nature, 1998, 395: 670-672
[12] Stanek, K. Z., Matheson, T., Garnavich, P. M. et al., Spectroscopic Discovery of the Supernova 2003dh Associated with GRB 030329, Astrophysical Journal, 2003, 591: L17-L20
[13] Djorgovski, S. G., Frail, D. A., Kulkarni, S. R. et al., The Afterglow and the Host Galaxy of the Dark Burst GRB 970828, Astrophysical Journal, 2001, 562: 654-663
[14] Lazzati, D., Covino, S. & Ghisellini, G., On the role of extinction in failed gammaray burst optical/infrared afterglows, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2002, 330: 583-590
[15] Lamb, D. Q. & Reichart, D. E., Gamma-Ray Bursts as a Probe of the Very High Redshift Universe, Astrophysical Journal 2000, 536:1-18
[16] De Pasquale, M., Piro, L., Perna, R. et al., A Comparative Study of the X-Ray Afterglow Properties of Optically Bright and Dark Gamma-Ray Bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 2003, 592:1018-1024
[17] Frail, D. A., Kulkarni, S. R., Sari, R. et al., Beaming in Gamma-Ray Bursts: Evidence for a Standard Energy Reservoir, Astrophysical Journal, 2001, 562: L55-L58
[18] Heise, J., In't Zand, J., Kippen, R. M. et al., X-Ray Flashes and X-Ray Rich Gamma Ray Bursts, In Gamma-ray Bursts in the Afterglow Era, page 16, 2001
[19] Kippen, R. M., Woods, P. M., Heise, J. et al., Spectral Characteristics of X-Ray Flashes Compared to Gamma-Ray Bursts, volume 662 of Gamma-Ray Burst and Afterglow Astronomy 2001: A Workshop Celebrating the First Year of the HETE Mission, 2003
[20] Band, D. L., Postlaunch Analysis of Swift's Gamma-Ray Burst Detection Sensitivity, Astrophysical Journal, 2006, 644: 378-384
[21] Nousek, J. A., Kouveliotou, C., Grupe, D. et al., Evidence for a Canonical Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglow Light Curve in the Swift XRT Data, Astrophysical Journal, 2006, 642: 389-400
[22] Zhang, B., Fan, Y. Z., Dyks, J. et al., Physical Processes Shaping Gamma-Ray Burst X-Ray Afterglow Light Curves: Theoretical Implications from the Swift X-Ray Telescope Observations, Astrophysical Journal, 2006, 642:354-370
[23] Pe'er, A., Meszaros, P. & Rees, M. J., Radiation from an Expanding Cocoon as an Explanation of the Steep Decay Observed in GRB Early Afterglow Light Curves, Astrophysical Journal, 2006, 652: 482-489
[24] Burrows, D. N., Romano, P., Falcone, A. et al., Bright X-ray Flares in Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows, Science, 2005, 309: 1833-1835
[25] Panaitescu, A., The energetics and environment of the short-GRB afterglows 050709 and 050724, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2006, 367: L42-L46
[26] Dai, Z. G., Wang, X. Y., Wu, X. F. et al., X-ray Flares from Postmerger Millisecond Pulsars, Science, 2006, 311: 1127-1129
[27] Granot, J. & Kumar, P., Distribution of gamma-ray burst ejecta energy with Lorentz factor, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2006, 366: L13-L16
[28] Ioka, K., Toma, K., Yamazaki, R. et al., Efficiency crisis of swift gamma-ray bursts with shallow X-ray afterglows: prior activity or time-dependent microphysics?, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2006, 458: 7-12
[29] Zhang, B., Liang, E., Page, K. L. et al., GRB Radiative Efficiencies Derived from the Swift Data: GRBs versus XRFs, Long versus Short, Astrophysical Journal, 2007, 655: 989-1001
[30] Blake, C. H., Bloom, J. S., Starr, D. L. et al., An infrared flash contemporaneous with the gamma-rays of GRB 041219a, Nature, 2005, 435:181-184
[31] Klotz, A., Gendre, B., Stratta, G. et al., Continuous optical monitoring during the prompt emission of GRB 060111B, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2006, 451:L39-L42
[32] Blustin, A. J., Band, D., Barthelmy, S. et al., Swift Panchromatic Observations of the Bright Gamma-Ray Burst GRB 050525a, Astrophysical Journal, 2006, 637:901-913
[33] Gendre, B., Galli, A., Corsi, A. et al., The gamma-ray burst 050904: evidence for a termination shock?, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2007, 462:565-573
[34] Jelinek, M., Prouza, M., Kubanek, P. et al., The bright optical flash from GRB 060117, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2006, 454:L119-L122
[35] Oates, S. R., Mundell, C. G., Piranomonte, S. et al., Anatomy of a dark burst-the afterglow of GRB 060108, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2006, 372:327-337
[36] Wei, D. M., The GRB early optical flashes from internal shocks: application to GRB990123, GRB041219a and GRB060111b, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2007, 374:525-529
[37] Meszaros, P., Theories of Gamma-Ray Bursts, Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2002, 40:137-169
[38] Meszaros, P., Gamma-ray bursts, Reports of Progress in Physics, 2006, 69:2259-2322
[39] Piran, T., Gamma-ray bursts and the fireball model, Physics Reports, 1999, 314:575-667
[40] Piran, T., The Beaming Factor and Other Open Questions In GRB Jets, 2005, February 1, 2005 To appear in the proceedings of the Rome GRB meeting, Oct 2004. Typos corrected in the revised version; Nuovo Cim. 28C (20(}5) 373-380
[41] Sari, R. E., Gamma Ray Bursts and Their Afterglows, Relativistic Jets: The Common Physics of A GN, Microquasars, and Gamma-Ray Bursts, 2006, 856:33-56
[42] Zhang, B. & Meszaros, P., Gamma-Ray Bursts: progress, problems & prospects, International Journal of Modern Physics A, 2004, 19:2385-2472
[43] Zhang, B., Gamma-ray bursts in the swift era, Chinese Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2007, 7:1-50
[44] 董云明，伽玛暴光变曲线部分性质的理论与统计分析，博士学位论文，云南天文台
[45] 吴雪峰，伽玛射线暴及其余辉—喷流、环境和辐射机制，博士学位论文，南京大学天文系
[46] 范一中，伽玛射线暴的认识，博士学位论文，南京大学天文系
[47] 邹远川，伽玛射线暴及其余辉：正反激波，孤儿余辉和喷流结构，博士学位论文，南京大学天文系
[48] Liang, E.-W., Zhang, B.-B., Stamatikos, M. et al., Temporal Profiles and Spectral Lags of XRF 060218, Astrophysical Journal, 2006, 653:L81-L84
[49] Bhat, P. N., Fishman, G. J., Meegan, C. A. et al., Spectral evolution of a subclass of gamma-ray bursts observed by BATSE, Astrophysical Journal, 1994, 426:604-611
[50] Koshut, T. M., Kouveliotou, C., Paciesas, W. S. et al., Gamma-Ray Burst Precursor Activity as Observed with BATSE, Astrophysical Journal, 1995, 452:145
[51] Ramirez-Ruiz, E. & Merloni, A., Quiescent times in gamma-ray bursts-Ⅰ. An observed correlation between the durations of subsequent emission episodes, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2001, 320:L25-L29
[52] Ramirez-Ruiz, E., Merloni, A. & Rees, M. J., Quiescent times in gamma-ray bursts-Ⅱ. Dormant periods in the central engine?, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2001, 324:1147-1158
[53] Qin, Y.-P., Xie, G.-Z., Xue, S.-J. et al., The Hardness-Duration Correlation in the Two Classes of Gamma-Ray Bursts, Publications of the Astronomical Society of. Japan, 2000, 52:759
[54] Kulkarni, S. R., Berger, E., Bloom, J. S. et al., The Afterglows of Gamma-Ray Bursts, In Gamma-ray Bursts, 5th Huntsville Symposium, volume 526, page 277, 2000
[55] Amati, L., Frontera, F., Tavani, M. et al., Intrinsic spectra and energetics of BeppoSAX Gamma-Ray Bursts with known redshifts, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2002, 390:81-89
[56] Band, D., Matteson, J., Ford, L. et al., BATSE observations of gamma-ray burst spectra. Ⅰ-Spectral diversity, Astrophysical Journal, 1993, 413:281-292
[57] Preece, R. D., Briggs, M. S., Mallozzi, R. S. et al., The BATSE Gamma-Ray Burst Spectral Catalog. Ⅰ. High Time Resolution Spectroscopy of Bright Bursts Using High Energy Resolution Data, Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 2000, 126:19-36
[58] Ghirlanda, G., Ghisellini, G. & Lazzati, D., The Collimation-corrected Gamma-Ray Burst Energies Correlate with the Peak Energy of Their νF_ν Spectrum, Astrophysical Journal, 2004, 616:331-338
[59] Gonzalez, M. M., Dingus, B. L., Kaneko, Y. et al., A gamma-ray burst with a high-energy spectral component inconsistent with the synchrotron shock model, Nature, 2003, 424:749-751
[60] Atkins, R., Benbow, W., Berley, D. et al., Evidence for TEV Emission from GRB 970417A, Astrophysical Journal, 2000, 533:L119-L122
[61] Hurley, K., Dingus, B. L., Mukherjee, R. et al., Detection of a Gamma-Ray Burst of Very Long Duration and Very High Energy, Nature, 1994, 372:652
[62] Salamon, M. H. & Stecker, F. W., Absorption of High-Energy Gamma Rays by Interactions with Extragalactic Starlight Photons at High Redshifts and the High-Energy Gamma-Ray Background, Astrophysical Journal, 1998, 493:547
[63] Primack, J. R., Bullock, J. S., Somerville, R. S. et al., Probing galaxy formation with TeV gamma ray absorption, Astroparticle Physics, 1999, 11: 93-102
[64] Akerlof, C., Balsano, R., Barthelmy, S. et al., Observation of contemporaneous optical radiation from a gamma-ray burst, Nature, 1999, 398: 400-402
[65] Rykoff, E. S., Yost, S. A., Krimm, H. A. et al., Prompt Optical Detection of GRB 050401 with ROTSE-Ⅲa, Astrophysical Journal, 2005, 631: L121-L124
[66] Sari, R. E., Piran, T. & Halpern, J. P., Jets in Gamma-Ray Bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 1999, 519: L17-L20
[67] Paciesas, W. S., Meegan, C. A., Pendleton, G. N. et al., The Fourth BATSE Gamma-Ray Burst Catalog (Revised), Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 1999, 122: 465-495
[68] Wijers, R. A. M. J., Bloom, J. S., Bagla, J. S. et al., Gamma-ray bursts from stellar remnants-Probing the universe at high redshift, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 1998, 294: L13-L17
[69] Schmidt, M., Luminosity Function of Gamma-Ray Bursts Derived without Benefit of Redshifts, Astrophysical Journal, 2001, 552: 36-41
[70] Schmidt, M., Higdon, J. C. & Hueter, G., Application of the V/V_(max) test to gammaray bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 1988, 329: L85-L87
[71] Fishman, G. J. & Meegan, C. A., Gamma-Ray Bursts, Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 1995, 33: 415-458
[72] Kommers, J. M., Lewin, W. H. G., Kouveliotou, C. et al., The Intensity Distribution of Faint Gamma-Ray Bursts Detected with BATSE, Astrophysical Journal, 2000, 533:696-709
[73] Piran, T., The physics of gamma-ray bursts, Reviews of Modern Physics, 2005, 76: 1143-1210
[74] Piro, L., X-Ray Afterglows and Features of Gamma-Ray Bursts, In Gamma-ray Bursts in the Afterglow Era, page 97, 2001
[75] Piran, T., Kumar, P., Panaitescu, A. et al., The Energy of Long-Duration Gamma-Ray Bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 2001, 560: L167-L169
[76] Piro, L., Costa, E., Feroci, M. et al., Iron line signatures in X-ray afterglows of GRB by BeppoSAX, Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series, 1999, 138: 431-432
[77] Yoshida, A., Namiki, M., Otani, C. et al., What did ASCA see in the GRB 970828 afterglow?, Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series, 1999, 138: 433-434
[78] Amati, L., Frontera, F., Vietri, M. et al., Discovery of a Transient Absorption Edge in the X-ray Spectrum of GRB 990705, Science, 2000, 290: 953-955
[79] Piro, L., Garmire, G., Garcia, M. et al., Observation of X-ray Lines from a Gamma-Ray Burst (GRB991216): Evidence of Moving Ejecta from the Progenitor, Science, 2000, 290: 955-958
[80] Watson, D., Reeves, J. N., Osborne, J. et al., The X-ray afterglows of gamma-ray bursts GRB 001025A and GRB 010220 observed with XMM-Newton, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2002, 393: L1-L5
[81] Antonelli, L. A., Piro, L., Vietri, M. et al., Discovery of a Redshifted Iron K Line in the X-Ray Afterglow of GRB 000214, Astrophysical Journal, 2000, 545: L39-L42
[82] Reeves, J. N., Watson, D., Osborne, J. P. et al., The signature of supernova ejecta in the X-ray afterglow of the gamma-ray burst 011211, Nature, 2002, 416: 512-515
[83] Metzger, M. R., Djorgovski, S. G., Kulkarni, S. R. et al., Spectral constraints on the redshift of the optical counterpart to the gamma-ray burst of 8 May 1997, Nature, 1997, 387: 878-880
[84] Bloom, J. S., Djorgovski, S. G. & Kulkarni, S. R., The Redshift and the Ordinary Host Galaxy of GRB 970228, Astrophysical Journal, 2001, 554: 678-683
[85] Haislip, J. B., Nysewander, M. C., Reichart, D. E. et al., A photometric redshift of z=6.39 ? 0.12 for GRB 050904, Nature, 2006, 440: 181-183
[86] Harrison, F. A., Bloom, J. S., Frail, D. A. et al., Optical and Radio Observations of the Afterglow from GRB 990510: Evidence for a Jet, Astrophysical Journal, 1999, 523: L121-L124
[87] Paczynski, B., Are Gamma-Ray Bursts in Star-Forming Regions?, Astrophysical Journal, 1998, 494: L45
[88] Iwamoto, K., Mazzali, P. A., Nomoto, K. et al., A hypernova model for the supernova associated with the gamma-ray burst of 25 April 1998, Nature, 1998, 395: 672-674
[89] Bersier, D., Mcleod, B., Garnavich, P. M. et al., The Strongly Polarized Afterglow of GRB 020405, Astrophysical Journal, 2003, 583: L63-L66
[90] Covino, S., Lazzati, D., Malesani, D. et al., Polarimetric observations of GRB 011211, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2002, 392: 865-868
[91] Greiner, J., Klose, S., Reinsch, K. et al., Evolution of the polarization of the optical afterglow of the gamma-ray burst GRB030329, Nature, 2003, 426: 157-159
[92] Wijers, R. A. M. J., Vreeswijk, P. M., Galama, T. J. et al., Detection of Polarization in the Afterglow of GRB 990510 with the ESO Very Large Telescope, Astrophysical Journal, 1999, 523: L33-L36
[93] Frail, D. A., Kuikarni, S. R., Berger, E. et al., A Complete Catalog of Radio Afterglows: The First Five Years, Astronomical Journal, 2003, 125: 2299-2306
[94] Frail, D. A., Kulkarni, S. R., Nicastro, L. et al., The radio afterglow from the gammaray burst of 8 May 1997, Nature, 1997, 389:261-263
[95] Goodman, J., Radio scintillation of gamma-ray-burst afterglows, New Astronomy, 1997, 2: 449-460
[96] Kulkarni, S. R., Djorgovski, S. G., Odewahn, S. C. et al., The afterglow, redshift and extreme energetics of the gamma-ray burst of 23 January 1999, Nature, 1999, 398: 389-394
[97] Frail, D. A., Berger, E., Galama, T. et al., The Enigmatic Radio Afterglow of GRB 991216, Astrophysical Journal, 2000, 538: L129-L132
[98] Berger, E., Soderberg, A. M., Frail, D. A. et al., A Radio Flare from GRB 020405: Evidence for a Uniform Medium around a Massive Stellar Progenitor, Astrophysical Journal, 2003, 587: L5-L8
[99] Kumar, P. & Panaitescu, A., Afterglow Emission from Naked Gamma-Ray Bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 2000, 541: L51-L54
[100] Dermer, C. D., Curvature Effects in Gamma-Ray Burst Colliding Shells, Astrophysical Journal, 2004, 614: 284-292
[101] Meszaros, P. & Rees, M. J., Optical and Long-Wavelength Afterglow from Gamma-Ray Bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 1997, 476: 232
[102] Sari, R. E., Piran, T. & Narayan, R., Spectra and Light Curves of Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows, Astrophysical Journal, 1998, 497: L17
[103] Chevalier, R. A. & Li, Z.-Y., Wind Interaction Models for Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows: The Case for Two Types of Progenitors, Astrophysical Journal, 2000, 536: 195-212
[104] Rhoads, J. E., The Dynamics and Light Curves of Beamed Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows, Astrophysical Journal, 1999, 525: 737-749
[105] Rossi, E., Lazzati, D. & Rees, M. J., Afterglow light curves, viewing angle and the jet structure of gamma-ray bursts, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2002, 332: 945-950
[106] Zhang, B. & Meszaros, P., Gamma-Ray Burst Beaming: A Universal Configuration with a Standard Energy Reservoir?, Astrophysical Journal, 2002, 571: 876-879
[107] Falcone, A. D., Burrows, D. N., Lazzati, D. et al., The Giant X-Ray Flare of GRB 050502B: Evidence for Late-Time Internal Engine Activity, Astrophysical Journal, 2006, 641: 1010-1017
[108] Barthelmy, S. D., Chincarini, G., Burrows, D. N. et al., An origin for short gammaray bursts unassociated with current star formation, Nature, 2005, 438:994-996
[109] Berger, E., The Afterglows and Host Galaxies of Short GRBs: An Overview, In Gamma-Ray Bursts in the Swift Era, volume 836, pages 33-42, 2006
[110] Gehrels, N., Sarazin, C. L., O'brien, P. T. et al., A short gamma-ray burst apparently associated with an elliptical galaxy at redshift z=0.225, Nature, 2005, 437: 851-854
[111] De Ugarte Postigo, A., Castro-Tirado, A. J., Guziy, S. et al., GRB 060121: Implications of a Short-/Intermediate-Duration gamma-Ray Burst at High Redshift, Astrophysical Journal, 2006, 648: L83-L87
[112] Roming, P. W. A., Schady, P., Fox, D. B. et al., Very Early Optical Afterglows of Gamma-Ray Bursts: Evidence for Relative Paucity of Detection, Astrophysical Journal, 2006, 652:1416-1422
[113] Mirabal, N., Halpern, J. P., An, D. et al., GRB 060218/SN 2006aj: A Gamma-Ray Burst and Prompt Supernova at z=0.0335, Astrophysical Journal, 2006, 643:L99-L102
[114] Campana, S., Mangano, V., Blustin, A. J. et al., The association of GRB 060218 with a supernova and the evolution of the shock wave, Nature, 2006, 442:1008-1010
[115] Fan, Y.-Z., Piran, T. & Xu, D., The interpretation and implication of the afterglow of GRB 060218, Journal of Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, 2006, 09:013
[116] Price, P. A., Berger, E. & Fox, D. B., GRB 060614: redshift, GRB Coordinates Network, 2006, 5275, 1
[117] Norris, J. P., Marani, G. F. & Bonnell, J. T., Connection between Energy-dependent Lags and Peak Luminosity in Gamma-Ray Bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 2000, 534:248-257
[118] Gehrels, N., Norris, J. P., Barthelmy, S. D. et al., A new gamma-ray burst classification scheme from GRB060614, Nature, 2006, 444:1044-1046
[119] Gal-Yam, A., Fox, D. B., .Price, P. A. et al., A novel explosive process is required for the gamma-ray burst GRB 060614, Nature, 2006, 444:1053-1055
[120] Fynbo, J. P. U., Watson, D., Thone Christina, C. et al., No supernovae associated with two long-duration gamma-ray bursts, Nature, 2006, 444:1047-1049
[121] Della Valle, M., Chincarini, G., Panagia, N. et al., An enigmatic long-lasting gammaray burst not accompanied by a bright supernova, Nature, 2006, 444:1050-1052
[122] Zhang, B., Astrophysics: A burst of new ideas, Nature, 2006, 444, 1010-1011
[123] Mundell, C. G., Melandri, A., Guidorzi, C. et al., The Remarkable Afterglow of GRB 061007: Implications for Optical Flashes and GRB Fireballs, Astrophysical Journal, 2007, 660:489-495
[124] Schady, P., De Pasquale, M., Page, M. J. et al., Extreme Properties Of GRB061007: A Highly Energetic Or A Highly Collimated Burst? ArXiv Astrophysics e-prints, 2006, November 1, Submitted to MNRAS, 11 pages, 3 figures
[125] Bloom, J. S., Kulkarni, S. R. & Djorgovski, S. G., The Observed Offset Distribution of Gamma-Ray Bursts from Their Host Galaxies: A Robust Clue to the Nature of the Progenitors, Astronomical Journal, 2002, 123:1111-1148
[126] Berger, E., Price, P. A., Cenko, S. B. et al., The afterglow and elliptical host galaxy of the short gamma-ray burst GRB 050724, Nature, 2005, 438:988-990
[127] Brandt, N. & Podsiadlowski, P., The effects of high-velocity supernova kicks on the orbital properties and sky distributions of neutron-star binaries, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 1995, 274:461-484
[128] Tutukov, A. V., Yungelson, L. R. & Blaes, O. M., Merging of Binary White Dwarfs Neutron Stars and Black-Holes Under the Influence of Gravitational Wave Radiation Theories of gamma-ray bursts, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 1994, 268: 871
[129] Bloom, J. S., Sigurdsson, S. & Pols, O. R., The spatial distribution of coalescing neutron star binaries: implications for gamma-ray bursts, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 1999, 305:763-769
[130] Fruchter, A. S., Levan, A. J., Strolger, L. et al., Long gamma-ray bursts and corecollapse supernovae have different environments, Nature, 2006, 441: 463-468
[131] Totani, T., Cosmological Gamma-Ray Bursts and Evolution of Galaxies, Astrophysical Journal, 1997, 486: L71
[132] Band, D. L., Gamma-Ray Burst Spectral Evolution through Cross-Correlations of Discriminator Light Curves, Astrophysical Journal, 1997, 486: 928
[133] Reichart, D. E., Lamb, D. Q., Fenimore, E. E. et al., A Possible Cepheid-like Luminosity Estimator for the Long Gamma-Ray Bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 2001, 552: 57-71
[134] Fenimore, E. E, & Ramirez-Ruiz, E., Redshifts For 220 BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts Determined by Variability and the Cosmological Consequences, ArXiv Astrophysics e-prints, 2000, astro-ph/0004176
[135] Schaefer, B. E., Deng, M. & Band, D. L., Redshifts and Luminosities for 112 Gamma-Ray Bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 2001, 563: L123-L127
[136] Lloyd-Ronning, N. M. & Ramirez-Ruiz, E., On the Spectral Energy Dependence of Gamma-Ray Burst Variability, Astrophysical Journal, 2002, 576:101-106
[137] Amati, L., Intrinsic spectra and energetics of cosmological Gamma-Ray Bursts, Chinese Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement, 2003, 3: 455-460
[138] Lamb, D. Q., Donaghy, T. Q. & Graziani, C., A unified jet model of X-ray flashes and gamma-ray bursts, New Astronomy Review, 2004, 48: 459-464
[139] Sakamoto, T., Lamb, D. Q., Graziani, C. et al., High Energy Transient Explorer 2 Observations of the Extremely Soft X-Ray Flash XRF 020903, Astrophysical Journal, 2004, 602: 875-885
[140] Amati, L., The E_(p,i)—E_(iso) correlation in gamma-ray bursts: updated observational status, re-analysis and main implications, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2006, 372: 233-245
[141] Borgonovo, L. & Ryde, F., On the Hardness-Intensity Correlation in Gamma-Ray Burst Pulses, Astrophysical Journal, 2001, 548: 770-786
[142] Liang, E. W., Dai, Z. G. & Wu, X. F., The Luminosity-E_iSUB?pi/SUB? Relation within Gamma-Ray Bursts and the Implications for Fireball Models, Astrophysical Journal, 2004, 606: L29-L32
[143] Yonetoku, D., Murakami, T., Nakamura, T. et al., Gamma-Ray Burst Formation Rate Inferred from the Spectral Peak Energy-Peak Luminosity Relation, Astrophysical Journal, 2004, 609:935-951
[144] Wei, D. M. & Gao, W. H., Are there cosmological evolution trends on gamma-ray burst features?, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2003, 345:743-746
[145] Frail, D. A., Kulkarni, S. R., Sari, R. et al., Beaming in Gamma-Ray Bursts: Evidence for a Standard Energy Reservoir, Astrophysical Journal, 2001, 562:L55-L58
[146] Bloom, J. S., Frail, D. A. & Kulkarni, S. R., Gamma-Ray Burst Energetics and the Gamma-Ray Burst Hubble Diagram: Promises and Limitations, Astrophysical Journal, 2003, 594:674-683
[147] Dai, Z. G., Liang, E. W. & Xu, D., Constraining Ω_M and Dark Energy with Gamma-Ray Bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 2004, 612:L101-L104
[148] Ghirlanda, G., Ghisellini, G., Lazzati, D. et al., Gamma-Ray Bursts: New Rulers to Measure the Universe, Astrophysical Journal, 2004, 613:L13-L16
[149] Xu, D., Dai, Z. G. & Liang, E. W., Can Gamma-Ray Bursts Be Used to Measure Cosmology? A Further Analysis, Astrophysical Journal, 2005, 633:603-610
[150] Liang, E. & Zhang, B., Model-independent Multivariable Gamma-Ray Burst Luminosity Indicator and Its Possible Cosmological Implications, Astrophysical Journal, 2005, 633:611-623
[151] Firmani, C., Ghisellini, G., Avila-Reese, V. et al., Discovery of a tight correlation among the prompt emission properties of long gamma-ray bursts, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2006, 370:185-197
[152] Cavallo, G. & Rees, M. J., A qualitative study of cosmic fireballs and gamma-ray bursts, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 1978, 183:359-365
[153] Piran, T., Shemi, A. & Narayan, R., Hydrodynamics of Relativistic Fireballs, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 1993, 263:861
[154] Meszaros, P., Laguna, P. & Rees, M. J., Gasdynamics of retativistically expanding gamma-ray burst sources - Kinematics, energetics, magnetic fields, and efficiency, Astrophysical Journal, 1993, 415:181-190
[155] Goodman, J., Are gamma-ray bursts optically thick?, Astrophysical Journal, 1986, 308:L47-L50
[156] Paczynski, B., Gamma-ray bursters at cosmological distances, Astrophysical Journal, 1986, 308:L43-L46
[157] Krolik, J. H. & Pier, E. A., Relativistic motion in gamma-ray bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 1991, 373:277-284
[158] Lithwick, Y. & Sari, R. E., Lower Limits on Lorentz Factors in Gamma-Ray Bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 2001, 555:540-545
[159] Paczynski, B. & Xu, G., Neutrino bursts from gamma-ray bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 1994, 427: 708-713
[160] Rees, M. J. & Meszaros, P., Unsteady outflow models for cosmological gamma-ray bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 1994, 430: L93-L96
[161] Rees, M. J. & Meszaros, P., Relativistic fireballs-Energy conversion and time-scales, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 1992, 258: 41P-43P
[162] Meszaros, P. & Rees, M. J., Relativistic fireballs and their impact on external matter-Models for cosmological gamma-ray bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 1993, 405:278-284
[163] Katz, J. I., Two populations and models of gamma-ray bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 1994, 422: 248-259
[164] Sari, R. E., Narayan, R., & Piran, T., Cooling Timescales and Temporal Structure of Gamma-Ray Bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 1996, 473, 204
[165] Blandford, R. D. & Mckee, C. F., Fluid dynamics of relativistic blast waves, Physics of Fluids, 1976, 19: 1130-1138
[166] Sari, R. E. & Piran, T., Hydrodynamic Timescales and Temporal Structure of Gamma-Ray Bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 1995, 455: L143
[167] Rees, M. J. & Meszaros, P., Refreshed Shocks and Afterglow Longevity in Gamma-Ray Bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 1998, 496:L1
[168] Kumar, P. & Piran, T., Some Observational Consequences of Gamma-Ray Burst Shock Models, Astrophysical Journal, 2000, 532:286-293
[169] Sari, R. E. & Meszaros, P., Impulsive and Varying Injection in Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows, Astrophysical Journal, 2000, 535: L33-L37
[170] Granot, J., Nakar, E. & Piran, T., Astrophysics: refreshed shocks from a gamma-ray burst, Nature, 2003, 426:138-139
[171] Kobayashi, S., Piran, T. & Sari, R. E., Can Internal Shocks Produce the Variability in Gamma-Ray Bursts?, Astrophysical Journal, 1997, 490: 92
[172] Fenimore, E. E., Madras, C. D. & Nayakshin, S., Expanding Relativistic Shells and Gamma-Ray Burst Temporal Structure, Astrophysical Journal, 1996, 473: 998
[173] Sari, R. E. & Piran, T., Cosmological gamma-ray bursts: internal versus external shocks, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 1997, 287: 110-116
[174] Sari, R. E. & Piran, T., Variability in Gamma-Ray Bursts: A Clue, Astrophysical Journal, 1997, 485: 270
[175] Guetta, D., Spada, M. & Waxman, E., Efficiency and Spectrum of Internal Gamma-Ray Burst Shocks, Astrophysical Journal, 2001, 557: 399-407
[176] Kobayashi, S. & Sari, R. E., Ultraefficient Internal Shocks, Astrophysical Journal, 2001, 551: 934-939
[177] Kumar, P., Gamma-Ray Burst Energetics, Astrophysical Journal, 1999, 523:L113-L116
[178] Panaitescu, A. & Kumar, P., Properties of Relativistic Jets in Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows, Astrophysical Journal, 2002, 571:779-789
[179] Kumar, P., The Distribution of Burst Energy and Shock Parameters for Gamma-Ray Bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 2000, 538:L125-L128
[180] Freedman, D. L. & Waxman, E., On the Energy of Gamma-Ray Bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 2001, 547:922-928
[181] Lloyd-Ronning, N. M. & Zhang, B., On the Kinetic Energy and Radiative Efficiency of Gamma-Ray Bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 2004, 613:477-483
[182] Wei, D. M. & Lu, T., Diverse Temporal Properties of Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows, Astrophysical Journal, 1998, 505:252-254
[183] Fan, Y. & Piran, T., Gamma-ray burst efficiency and possible physical processes shaping the early afterglow, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2006, 369:197-206
[184] De Jager, O. C., Harding, A. K., Michelson, P. F. et al., Gamma-Ray Observations of the Crab Nebula: A Study of the Synchro-Compton Spectrum, Astrophysical Journal, 1996, 457:253
[185] Sari, R. E., Hydrodynamics of Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglow, Astrophysical Journal, 1997, 489:L37
[186] Rybicki, G. B. & Lightman, A. P., Radiative processes in astrophysics, New York, Wiley-Interscience, 1979. 393 p., 1979, n/a 1, 1979
[187] Galama, T. J., Wijers, R. A. M. J., Bremer, M. et al., The Radio-to-X-Ray Spectrum of GRB 970508 on 1997 May 21.0 UT, Astrophysical Journal, 1998, 500:L97
[188] Panaitescu, A. & Kumar, P., Jet Energy and Other Parameters for the Afterglows of GRB 980703, GRB 990123, GRB 990510, and GRB 991216 Determined from Modeling of Multifrequency Data, Astrophysical Journal, 2001, 554:667-677
[189] 尤峻汉，天体物理中的辐射机制，第二版，1998
[190] Sari, R. E. & Esin, A. A., On the Synchrotron Self-Compton Emission from Relativistic Shocks and Its Implications for Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows, Astrophysical Journal, 2001, 548:787-799
[191] Preece, R. D., Briggs, M. S., Mallozzi, R. S. et al., The Synchrotron Shock Model Confronts a "Line of Death" in the BATSE Gamma-Ray Burst Data, Astrophysical Journal, 1998, 506:L23-L26
[192] Eichler, D. & Levinson, A., A Compact Fireball Model of Gamma-Ray Bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 2000, 529:146-150
[193] Rees, M. J. & Meszaros, P., Dissipative Photosphere Models of Gamma-Ray Bursts and X-Ray Flashes, Astrophysical Journal, 2005, 628:847-852
[194] Meszaros, P., Ramirez-Ruiz, E., Rees, M. J. et al., X-Ray-rich Gamma-Ray Bursts, Photospheres, and Variability, Astrophysical Journal, 2002, 578:812-817
[195] Kobayashi, S., Light Curves of Gamma-Ray Burst Optical Flashes, Astrophysical Journal, 2000, 545:807-812
[196] Sari, R. E. & Piran, T., Predictions for the Very Early Afterglow and the Optical Flash, Astrophysical Journal, 1999, 520:641-649
[197] Fan, Y.-Z., Dai, Z.-G., Huang, Y.-F. et al., Optical Flash of GRB 990123: Constraints on the Physical Parameters of the Reverse Shock, Chinese Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2002, 2:449-453
[198] Fan, Y. Z. & Wei, D. M., Late internal-shock model for bright X-ray flares in gammaray burst afterglows and GRB 011121, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2005, 364:L42-L46
[199] Zhang, B., Kobayashi, S. & Meszaros, P., Gamma-Ray Burst Early Optical Afterglows: Implications for the Initial Lorentz Factor and the Central Engine, Astrophysical Journal, 2003, 595:950-954
[200] Waxman, E., Angular Size and Emission Timescales of Relativistic Fireballs, Astrophysical Journal, 1997, 491:L19
[201] Yost, S. A., Harrison, F. A., Sari, R. et al., A Study of the Afterglows of Four Gamma-Ray Bursts: Constraining the Explosion and Fireball Model, Astrophysical Journal, 2003, 597:459-473
[202] Waxman, E., Gamma-Ray-Burst Afterglow: Supporting the Cosmological Fireball Model, Constraining Parameters, and Making Predictions, Astrophysical Journal, 1997, 485:L5
[203] Panaitescu, A. & Kumar, P., Fundamental Physical Parameters of Collimated Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows, Astrophysical Journal, 2001, 560:L49-L53
[204] Vietri, M., The Afterglow of Gamma-Ray Bursts: The Cases of GRB 970228 and GRB 970508, Astrophysical Journal, 1997, 488:L105
[205] Katz, J. I. & Piran, T., Persistent Counterparts to Gamma-Ray Bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 1997, 490:772
[206] Granot, J. & Sari, R. E., The Shape of Spectral Breaks in Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows, Astrophysical Journal, 2002, 568:820-829
[207] Huang, Y. F., Dai, Z. G. & Lu, T., A generic dynamical model of gamma-ray burst remnants, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 1999, 309:513-516
[208] Huang, Y. F., Gou, L. J., Dai, Z. G. et al., Overall Evolution of Jetted Gamma-Ray Burst Ejecta, Astrophysical Journal, 2000, 543:90-96
[209] Rees, M. J., Appearance of Relativistically Expanding Radio Sources, Nature, 1966, 211:468
[210] Sari, R. E., The Observed Size and Shape of Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglow, Astrophysical Journal, 1998, 494: L49
[211] Granot, J., Piran, T. & Sari, R. E., Images and Spectra from the Interior of a Relativistic Fireball, Astrophysical Journal, 1999, 513: 679-689
[212] Granot, J., Piran, T. & Sari, R. E., Synchrotron Self-Absorption in Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglow, Astrophysical Journal, 1999, 527: 236-246
[213] Huang, Y. F., Lu, Y., Wong, A. Y. L. et al., A Detailed Study on the Equal Arrival Time Surface Effect in Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows, 2007, January 1, 2007 Accepted for publication in: Chin. J. Astron. Astrophys., 15 pages, 8 embedded eps figures
[214] Panaitescu, A. & Meszaros, P., Simulations of Gamma-Ray Bursts from External Shocks: Time: Variability and Spectral Correlations, Astrophysical Journal, 1998, 492: 683
[215] Kumar, P. & Panaitescu, A., Steepening of Afterglow Decay for Jets Interacting with Stratified Media, Astrophysical Journal, 2000, 541: L9-L12
[216] Gou, L. J., Dai, Z. G., Huang, Y. F. et al., Gamma-ray burst afterglows from jetted shocks in wind environments, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2001, 368: 464-470
[217] Mao, J.-R., Wang, J.-C., Granot, J. et al., On the Light Curves of GRB Afterglows Radiative Hydromagnetic Shocks in Relativistic Outflow Sources, Chinese Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2001, 1: 433
[218] Wu, X. F., Dai, Z. G., Huang, Y. F. et al., Afterglow light curves of jetted gammaray burst ejecta in stellar winds, Chinese Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2004, 4: 455-472
[219] Moderski, R., Sikora, M. & Bulik, T., On Beaming Effects in Afterglow Light Curves, Astrophysical Journal, 2000, 529: 151-156
[220] Cannizzo, J. K., Gehrels, N. & Vishniac, E. T., A Numerical Gamma-Ray Burst Simulation Using Three-Dimensional Relativistic Hydrodynamics: The Transition from Spherical to Jetlike Expansion, Astrophysical Journal, 2004, 601: 380-390
[221] Kumar, P. & Granot, J., The Evolution of a Structured Relativistic Jet and GammaRay Burst Afterglow Light Curves, Astrophysical Journal, 2003, 591: 1075-1085
[222] Granot, J. & Kumar, P., Constraining the Structure of Gamma-Ray Burst Jets through the Afterglow Light Curves, Astrophysical Journal, 2003, 591: 1086-1096
[223] Sheth, K., Frail, D. A., White, S. et al., Millimeter Observations of GRB 030329: Continued Evidence for a Two-Component Jet, Astrophysical Journal, 2003, 595: L33-L36
[224] Huang, Y. F., Wu, X. F., Dai, Z. G. et al., Rebrightening of XRF 030723: Further Evidence for a Two-Component Jet in a Gamma-Ray Burst, Astrophysical Journal, 2004, 605: 300-306
[225] Wu, X. F., Dai, Z. G., Huang, Y. F. et al., Gamma-ray bursts: polarization of afterglows from two-component jets, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2005, 357:1197-1204
[226] Granot, J., Afterglow,Light Curves from Impulsive Relativistic Jets with an Unconventional Structure, Astrophysical Journal, 2005, 631:1022-1031
[227] Meszaros, P., Rees, M. J. & Wijers, R. A. M. J., Viewing Angle and Environment Effects in Gamma-Ray Bursts: Sources of Afterglow Diversity, Astrophysical Journal, 1998, 499:301
[228] Dai, Z. G. & Lu, T., The Afterglow of GRB 990123 and a Dense Medium, Astrophysical Journal, 1999, 519:L155-L158
[229] Wu, X. F., Dai, Z. G., Huang, Y. F. et al., Optical flashes and very early afterglows in wind environments, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2003, 342:1131-1138
[230] Eldridge, J. J., Genet, F., Daigne, F. et al., The circumstellar environment of Wolf-Rayet stars and gamma-ray burst afterglows, Monthly Notices o.f the Royal Astronomical Society, 2006, 367:186-200
[231] Chevalier, R. A. & Li, Z.-Y., Gamma-Ray Burst Environments and Progenitors, Astrophysical Journal, 1999, 520:L29-L32
[232] Panaitescu, A. & Meszaros, P., Rings in Fireball Afterglows, Astrophysical Journal, 1998, 493:L31
[233] Dai, Z. G. & Lu, T., Gamma-ray burst afterglows: effects of radiative corrections and non-uniformity of the surrounding medium, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 1998, 298:87-92
[234] Wang, X. & Loeb, A., Variability of Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows due to Interstellar Turbulence, Astrophysical Journal, 2000, 535:788-797
[235] Nakar, E., Piran, T. & Granot, J., Variability in GRB afterglows and GRB 021004, New Astronomy, 2003, 8:495-505
[236] Ramirez-Ruiz, E., Garcia-Segura, G., Salmonson, J. D. et al., The State of the Circumstellar Medium Surrounding Gamma-Ray Burst Sources and Its Effect on the Afterglow Appearance, Astrophysical Journal, 2005, 631:435-445
[237] Dai, Z. G. & Lu, T., Hydrodynamics of Relativistic Blast Waves in a Density-Jump Medium.and Their Emission Signature, Astrophysical Journal, 2002, 565:L87-L90
[238] Dai, Z. G. & Wu, X. F., GRB 030226 in a Density-Jump Medium, Astrophysical Journal, 2003, 591:L21-L24
[239] Nakar, E. & Piran, T., Modeling Fluctuations in Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglow Light Curves, Astrophysical Journal, 2003, 598:400-410
[240] Nakar, E. & Gran6t, J., Smooth Light Curves from a Bumpy Ride: Relativistic Blast Wave Encounters a Density Jump, 2006, June 1, 2006 16 pages, 14 figures
[241] Shao, L. & Dai, Z. G., Behavior of X-Ray Dust Scattering and Implications for X-Ray Afterglows of Gamma-Ray Bursts, ArXiv Astrophysics e-prints, 2007, astroph/0703009
[242] Zhang, B. & Meszaros, P., Gamma-Ray Bursts with Continuous Energy Injection and Their Afterglow Signature, Astrophysical Journal, 2002, 566:712-722
[243] Dai, Z. G. & Lu, T., Gamma-ray burst afterglows and evolution of postburst fireballs with energy injection from strongly magnetic millisecond pulsars, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 1998, 333:L87-L90
[244] Zhang, B. & Meszaros, P., Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglow with Continuous Energy In-jection: Signature of a Highly Magnetized Millisecond Pulsar, Astrophysical Journal, 2001, 552:L35-L38
[245] Meszaros, P. & Rees, M. J., Poynting Jets from Black Holes and Cosmological Gamma-Ray Bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 1997, 482:L29
[246] Cheng, K. S.& Lu, T., Gamma-Ray Bursts: Afterglows and Central Engines, Chinese Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2001, 1:1-20
[247] Woosley, s. E., Zhang, W. & Heger, A., The Central Engines of Gamma-Ray Bursts, In Gamma-Ray Burst and Afterglow Astronomy 2001: A Workshop Celebrating the First Year of the HETE Mission, volume 662, pages 185-192, 2003
[248] Usov, V. V., Millisecond pulsars with extremely strong magnetic fields as a cosmological source of gamma-ray bursts, Nature, 1992, 357:472-474
[249] Cheng, K. S. & Dai, Z. G., Conversion of Neutron Stars to Strange Stars as a Possible Origin of gamma-Ray Bursts, Physical Review Letters, 1996, 77:1210-1213
[250] Dai, Z. G. & Lu, T., gamma-Ray Bursts and Afterglows from Rotating Strange Stars and Neutron Stars, Physical Review Letters, 1998, 81:4301-4304
[251] Granot, J., K(?)Nigl, A. & Piran, T., Implications of the early X-ray afterglow light curves of Swift gamma-ray bursts, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2006, 370:1946-1960
[252] Rhoads, J. E., How to Tell a Jet from a Balloon: A Proposed Test for Beaming in Gamma-Ray Bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 1997, 487:L1
[253] Panaitescu, A. & Meszaros, P., Dynamical Evolution, Light Curves, and Spectra of Spherical and Collimated Gamma-Ray Burst Remnants, Astrophysical Journal, 1999, 526:707-715
[254] Berger, E., Kulkarni, S. R. & Frail, D. A., A Standard Kinetic Energy Reservoir in Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows, Astrophysical Journal, 2003, 590:379-385
[255] Huang, Y. F. & Cheng, K. S., Gamma-ray bursts: optical afterglows in the deep Newtonian phase, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2003, 341:263-269
[256] Perri, M., Giommi, P., Capalbi, M. et al., Swift XRT observations of the breaking X-ray afterglow of GRB 050318, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2005, 442:L1-L5
[257] Press, W. H., Teukolsky, S. A., Vetterling, W. T. et al., Numerical recipes in FOR-TRAN. The art of scientific computing , Cambridge: University Press, 1992, 2nd ed.
[258] Zhao, X. & Bai, J. M., Jet Sideways Expansion Effect on Estimating the Gamma-Ray Burst Efficiency, Astrophysical Journal, 2006, 653:L1-L4
[259] Xu, L. & Dai, Z.-G., Effect of Conversion Efficiency on Gamma-Ray Burst Energy, Chinese Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2004, 4:267-274
[260] Wei, D. M. & Jin, Z. P., GRB afterglow light curves from uniform and non-uniform jets, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2003, 400:415-419
[261] Bloom, J. S., Kulkarni, S. R., Djorgovski, S. G. et al., The unusual afterglow of the gamma-ray burst of 26 March 1998 as evidence for a supernova connection, Nature, 1999, 401:453-456
[262] Reichart, D. E., GRB 970228 Revisited: Evidence for a Supernova in the Light Curve and Late Spectral Energy Distribution of the Afterglow, Astrophysical Journal, 1999, 521:L111-L115
[263] Bloom, J. S., Kulkarni, S. R., Price, P. A. et al., Detection of a Supernova Signature Associated with GRB 011121, Astrophysical Journal, 2002, 572:L45-L49
[264] Garnavich, P. M., Stanek, K. Z., Wyrzykowski, L. et al., Discovery of the Low-Redshift Optical Afterglow of GRB 011121 and Its Progenitor Supernova SN 2001ke, Astrophysical Journal, 2003, 582:924-932
[265] Hjorth, J., Sollerman, J., M, P. et al., A very energetic supernova associated with the gamma-ray burst of 29 March 2003, Nature, 2003, 423:847-850.
[266] Tagliaferri, G., Goad, M., Chincarini, G. et al., An unexpectedly rapid decline in the X-ray afterglow emission of long gamma-ray bursts, Nature, 2005, 436:985-988
[267] Cusumano, G., Mangano, V., Angelini, L. et al., Swift XRT Observations of the Afterglow of GRB 050319, Astrophysical Journal, 2006, 639:316-322
[268] Rykoff, E. S., Mangano, V., Yost, S. A. et al., The Anomalous Early Afterglow of GRB 050801, Astrophysical Journal, 2006, 638:L5-L8
[269] Koide, S., A Two-dimensional Simulation of a Relativistic Jet Bent by an Oblique Magnetic Field, Astrophysical Journal, 1997, 478:66
[270] Fendt, C. & Zinnecker, H., Possible bending mechanisms of protostellar jets, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 1998, 334:750-755
[271] Mao, S. & Yi, I., Relativistic beaming and gamma-ray bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 1994, 424:L131-L134
[272] Woods, E. & Loeb, A., Constraints on Off-Axis X-Ray Emission from Beamed Gamma-Ray Bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 1999, 523:187-191
[273] Vaughan, S., Goad, M. R., Beardmore, A. P. et al., Swift Observations of the X-Ray-Bright GRB 050315, Astrophysical Journal, 2006, 638:920-929
[274] De Pasquale, M., Grupe, D., Poole, T. S. et al., Swift observations of GRB 050712, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2006, 370:1859-1866
[275] O'brien, P. T., Willingale, R., Osborne, J. et al., The Early X-Ray Emission from GRBs, Astrophysical Journal, 2006, 647:1213-1237
[276] Groot, P. J., Galama, T. J., Vreeswijk, P. M. et al., The Rapid Decay of the Optical Emission from GRB 980326 and Its Possible Implications, Astrophysical Journal, 1998, 502:L123
[277] Reichart, D. E. & Price, P. A., Evidence for a Molecular Cloud Origin of Gamma-Ray Bursts: Implications for the Nature of Star Formation in the Universe, Astrophysical Journal, 2002, 565:174-181
[278] Berger, E., Kulkarni, S. R., Bloom, J. S. et al., The Faint Optical Afterglow and Host Galaxy of GRB 020124: Implications for the Nature of Dark Gamma-Ray Bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 2002, 581:981-987
[279] Ioka, K. & Nakamura, T., Peak Luminosity-Spectral Lag Relation Caused by the Viewing Angle of the Collimated Gamma-Ray Bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 2001, 554:L163-L167
[280] Fendt, C., & Zinnecker, H., Are bent protostellar jets a signature of hidden binary systems?, IAUS, 2000, 200, 112
[281] Friedman, A. S. & Bloom, J. S., Toward a More Standardized Candle Using Gamma-Ray Burst Energetics and Spectra, Astrophysical Journal, 2005, 627:1-25
[282] Yamazaki, R., Ioka, K. & Nakamura, T., X-Ray Flashes from Off-Axis Gamma-Ray Bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 2002, 571:L31-L35
[283] Yamazaki, R., Ioka, K. & Nakamura, T., Peak Energy-Isotropic Energy Relation in the Off-Axis Gamma-Ray Burst Model, Astrophysical Journal, 2004, 606:L33-L36
[284] Rossi, E. M., Lazzati, D., Salmonson, J. D. et al., The polarization of afterglow emission reveals gamma-ray bursts jet structure, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2004, 354:86-100
[285] Jin, Z.-P. & Wei, D.-M., X-ray Flashes from Off-axis Nonuniform Jets, Chinese Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2004, 4:473-480
[286] Lamb, D. Q., Donaghy, T. Q. & Graziani, C., A Unified Jet Model of X-Ray Flashes, X-Ray-rich Gamma-Ray Bursts, and Gamma-Ray Bursts. I. Power-Law-shaped Universal and Top-Hat-shaped Variable Opening Angle Jet Models, Astrophysical Journal, 2005, 620:355-378
[287] Dermer, C. D., Chiang, J. & Bottcher, M., Fireball Loading and the Blast-Wave Model of Gamma-Ray Bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 1999, 513:656-668
[288] Huang, Y. F., Dai, Z. G. & Lu, T., Failed gamma-ray bursts and orphan afterglows, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2002, 332:735-740
[289] Woosley, S. E., Eastman, R. G. & Schmidt, B. P., Gamma-Ray Bursts and Type IC Supernova SN 1998BW, Astrophysical Journal, 1999, 516:788-796
[290] Zhang, W., Woosley, S. E. & Macfadyen, A. I., Relativistic Jets in Collapsars, Astrophysical Journal, 2003, 586:356-371
[291] Zhang, W., Woosley, S. E. & Heger, A., The Propagation and Eruption of Relativistic Jets from the Stellar Progenitors of Gamma-Ray Bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 2004, 608:365-377
[292] Ramirez-Ruiz, E., Celotti, A. & Rees, M. J., Events in the life of a cocoon surrounding a light, collapsar jet, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2002, 337:1349-1356
[293] Ryde, F., The Cooling Behavior of Thermal Pulses in Gamma-Ray Bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 2004, 614:827-846
[294] Fan, Y. Z. & Wei, D. M., Late internal-shock model for bright X-ray flares in gammaray burst afterglows and GRB 011121, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2005, 364:L42-L46
[295] Wang, X.-Y., Li, Z. & Meszaros, P., GeV-TeV and X-Ray Flares from Gamma-Ray Bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 2006, 641:L89-L92
[296] Fan, Y. & Piran, T., Sub-GeV flashes in gamma-ray burst afterglows as probes of underlying bright far-ultraviolet flares, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2006, 370:L24-L28
[297] Gehrels, N., Michelson, P., Bloom, J. S. et al., GLAST: the next-generation high energy gamma-ray astronomy mission The spatial distribution of coalescing neutron star binaries: implications for gamma-ray bursts, Astroparticle Physics, 1999, 11:277-282
[298] Bahcall, J. N. & Meszaros, P., 5-10 GeV Neutrinos from Gamma-Ray Burst Fireballs, Physical Review Letters, 2000, 85:1362-1365
[299] Meszaros, P. & Rees, M. J., Delayed GEV Emission from Cosmological Gamma-Ray Bursts-Impact of a Relativistic Wind on External Matter, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 1994, 269:L41
[300] Pilla, R. P. & Loeb, A., Emission Spectra from Internal Shocks in Gamma-Ray Burst Sources, Astrophysical Journal, 1998, 494:L167
[301] Razzaque, S., Meszaros, P. & Zhang, B., GeV and Higher Energy Photon Interac tions in Gamma-Ray Burst Fireballs and Surroundings, Astrophysical Journal, 2004, 613:1072-1078
[302] Pe'er, A. & Waxman, E., Prompt Gamma-Ray Burst Spectra: Detailed Calculations and the Effect of Pair Production, Astrophysical Journal, 2004, 613:448-459
[303] Pe'er, A. & Waxman, E., Time-dependent Numerical Model for the Emission of Radiation from Relativistic Plasma, Astrophysical Journal, 2005, 628:857-866
[304] Pe'er, A. & Zhang, B., Synchrotron Emission in Small-Scale Magnetic Fields as a Possible Explanation for Prompt Emission Spectra of Gamma-Ray Bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 2006, 653:454-461
[305] Totani, T., TEV Burst of Gamma-Ray Bursts and Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays, Astrophysical Journal, 1998, 509:L81-L84
[306] Bhattacharjee, P. & Gupta, N., The proton synchrotron model of TeV gamma ray bursts and their detectability by AMANDA/ICECUBE type detectors, Astroparticle Physics, 2003, 20:169-187
[307] Fragile, P. C., Mathews, G. J., Poirier, J. et al., Constraints on models for TeV gamma rays from gamma-ray bursts, Astroparticle Physics, 2004, 20:591-607
[308] Granot, J. & Guetta, D., Explaining the High-Energy Spectral Component in GRB 941017, Astrophysical Journal, 2003, 598:L11-L14
[309] Kobayashi, S., Zhang, B., Meszaros, P. et al., Inverse Compton X-Ray Flare from Gamma-Ray Burst Reverse Shock, Astrophysical Journal, 2007, 655:391-395
[310] Panaitescu, A. & Meszaros, P., Gamma-Ray Bursts from Upscattered Self-absorbed Synchrotron Emission, Astrophysical Journal, 2000, 544:L17-L21
[311] Dermer, C. D. & Chiang, J., High Energy Radiation from Gamma Ray Bursts, American Institute of Physics Conference Series, 2000, 515, 225
[312] Zhang, B. & Meszaros, P., High-Energy Spectral Components in Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows, Astrophysical Journal, 2001, 559:110-122
[313] Beloborodov, A. M., Optical and GeV-TeV Flashes from Gamma-Ray Bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 2005, 618:L13-L16
[314] Plaga, R., Detecting Intergalactic Magnetic Fields Using Time Delays in Pulses of Gamma-Rays, Nature, 1995, 374:430
[315] Dai, Z. G. & Lu, T., Spectrum and Duration of Delayed MeV-GeV Emission of Gamma-Ray Bursts in Cosmic Background Radiation Fields, Astrophysical Journal, 2002, 580:1013-1016
[316] Wang, X. Y., Cheng, K. S., Dai, Z. G. et al., Constraining the Origin of TeV Photons from Gamma-Ray Bursts with Delayed MeV-GeV Emission Formed by Interaction With Cosmic Infrared/Microwave Background Photons, Astrophysical Journal, 2004, 604:306-311
[2] Cline, T. L., Desai, U. D., Klebesadel, R. W. et al., Energy Spectra of Cosmic Gamma-Ray Bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 1973, 185: L1
[3] Klebesadel, R. W., Strong, I. B. & Olson, R. A., Observations of Gamma-Ray Bursts of Cosmic Origin, Astrophysical Journal, 1973, 182: L85
[4] Murakami, T., Fujii, M., Hayashida, K. et al., Evidence for cyclotron absorption from spectral features in gamma-ray bursts seen with Ginga, Nature, 1988, 335: 234
[5] Meegan, C. A., Fishman, G. J., Wilson, R. B. et al., Spatial distribution of gammaray bursts observed by BATSE, Nature, 1992, 355: 143-145
[6] Fishman, G. J. & Meegan, C. A., Gamma-Ray Bursts, Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 1995, 33: 415-458
[7] Kouveliotou, C., Meegan, C. A., Fishman, G. J. et al., Identification of two Classes of gamma-ray bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 1993, 413: L101-L104
[8] Meegan, C. A., Pendleton, G. N., Briggs, M. S. et al., The Third BATSE Gamma-Ray Burst Catalog, Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 1996, 106: 65
[9] Costa, E., Frontera, F., Heise, J. et al., Discovery of an X-ray afterglow associated with the gamma-ray burst of 28 February 1997, Nature, 1997, 387: 783-785
[10] Van Paradijs, J., Groot, P. J., Galama, T. et al., Transient optical emission from the error box of the gamma-ray burst of 28 February 1997, Nature, 1997, 386: 686-689
[11] Galama, T. J., Vreeswijk, P. M., Van Paradijs, J. et al., An unusual supernova in the error box of the gamma-ray burst of 25 April 1998, Nature, 1998, 395: 670-672
[12] Stanek, K. Z., Matheson, T., Garnavich, P. M. et al., Spectroscopic Discovery of the Supernova 2003dh Associated with GRB 030329, Astrophysical Journal, 2003, 591: L17-L20
[13] Djorgovski, S. G., Frail, D. A., Kulkarni, S. R. et al., The Afterglow and the Host Galaxy of the Dark Burst GRB 970828, Astrophysical Journal, 2001, 562: 654-663
[14] Lazzati, D., Covino, S. & Ghisellini, G., On the role of extinction in failed gammaray burst optical/infrared afterglows, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2002, 330: 583-590
[15] Lamb, D. Q. & Reichart, D. E., Gamma-Ray Bursts as a Probe of the Very High Redshift Universe, Astrophysical Journal 2000, 536:1-18
[16] De Pasquale, M., Piro, L., Perna, R. et al., A Comparative Study of the X-Ray Afterglow Properties of Optically Bright and Dark Gamma-Ray Bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 2003, 592:1018-1024
[17] Frail, D. A., Kulkarni, S. R., Sari, R. et al., Beaming in Gamma-Ray Bursts: Evidence for a Standard Energy Reservoir, Astrophysical Journal, 2001, 562: L55-L58
[18] Heise, J., In't Zand, J., Kippen, R. M. et al., X-Ray Flashes and X-Ray Rich Gamma Ray Bursts, In Gamma-ray Bursts in the Afterglow Era, page 16, 2001
[19] Kippen, R. M., Woods, P. M., Heise, J. et al., Spectral Characteristics of X-Ray Flashes Compared to Gamma-Ray Bursts, volume 662 of Gamma-Ray Burst and Afterglow Astronomy 2001: A Workshop Celebrating the First Year of the HETE Mission, 2003
[20] Band, D. L., Postlaunch Analysis of Swift's Gamma-Ray Burst Detection Sensitivity, Astrophysical Journal, 2006, 644: 378-384
[21] Nousek, J. A., Kouveliotou, C., Grupe, D. et al., Evidence for a Canonical Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglow Light Curve in the Swift XRT Data, Astrophysical Journal, 2006, 642: 389-400
[22] Zhang, B., Fan, Y. Z., Dyks, J. et al., Physical Processes Shaping Gamma-Ray Burst X-Ray Afterglow Light Curves: Theoretical Implications from the Swift X-Ray Telescope Observations, Astrophysical Journal, 2006, 642:354-370
[23] Pe'er, A., Meszaros, P. & Rees, M. J., Radiation from an Expanding Cocoon as an Explanation of the Steep Decay Observed in GRB Early Afterglow Light Curves, Astrophysical Journal, 2006, 652: 482-489
[24] Burrows, D. N., Romano, P., Falcone, A. et al., Bright X-ray Flares in Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows, Science, 2005, 309: 1833-1835
[25] Panaitescu, A., The energetics and environment of the short-GRB afterglows 050709 and 050724, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2006, 367: L42-L46
[26] Dai, Z. G., Wang, X. Y., Wu, X. F. et al., X-ray Flares from Postmerger Millisecond Pulsars, Science, 2006, 311: 1127-1129
[27] Granot, J. & Kumar, P., Distribution of gamma-ray burst ejecta energy with Lorentz factor, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2006, 366: L13-L16
[28] Ioka, K., Toma, K., Yamazaki, R. et al., Efficiency crisis of swift gamma-ray bursts with shallow X-ray afterglows: prior activity or time-dependent microphysics?, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2006, 458: 7-12
[29] Zhang, B., Liang, E., Page, K. L. et al., GRB Radiative Efficiencies Derived from the Swift Data: GRBs versus XRFs, Long versus Short, Astrophysical Journal, 2007, 655: 989-1001
[30] Blake, C. H., Bloom, J. S., Starr, D. L. et al., An infrared flash contemporaneous with the gamma-rays of GRB 041219a, Nature, 2005, 435:181-184
[31] Klotz, A., Gendre, B., Stratta, G. et al., Continuous optical monitoring during the prompt emission of GRB 060111B, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2006, 451:L39-L42
[32] Blustin, A. J., Band, D., Barthelmy, S. et al., Swift Panchromatic Observations of the Bright Gamma-Ray Burst GRB 050525a, Astrophysical Journal, 2006, 637:901-913
[33] Gendre, B., Galli, A., Corsi, A. et al., The gamma-ray burst 050904: evidence for a termination shock?, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2007, 462:565-573
[34] Jelinek, M., Prouza, M., Kubanek, P. et al., The bright optical flash from GRB 060117, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2006, 454:L119-L122
[35] Oates, S. R., Mundell, C. G., Piranomonte, S. et al., Anatomy of a dark burst-the afterglow of GRB 060108, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2006, 372:327-337
[36] Wei, D. M., The GRB early optical flashes from internal shocks: application to GRB990123, GRB041219a and GRB060111b, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2007, 374:525-529
[37] Meszaros, P., Theories of Gamma-Ray Bursts, Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2002, 40:137-169
[38] Meszaros, P., Gamma-ray bursts, Reports of Progress in Physics, 2006, 69:2259-2322
[39] Piran, T., Gamma-ray bursts and the fireball model, Physics Reports, 1999, 314:575-667
[40] Piran, T., The Beaming Factor and Other Open Questions In GRB Jets, 2005, February 1, 2005 To appear in the proceedings of the Rome GRB meeting, Oct 2004. Typos corrected in the revised version; Nuovo Cim. 28C (20(}5) 373-380
[41] Sari, R. E., Gamma Ray Bursts and Their Afterglows, Relativistic Jets: The Common Physics of A GN, Microquasars, and Gamma-Ray Bursts, 2006, 856:33-56
[42] Zhang, B. & Meszaros, P., Gamma-Ray Bursts: progress, problems & prospects, International Journal of Modern Physics A, 2004, 19:2385-2472
[43] Zhang, B., Gamma-ray bursts in the swift era, Chinese Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2007, 7:1-50
[44] 董云明，伽玛暴光变曲线部分性质的理论与统计分析，博士学位论文，云南天文台
[45] 吴雪峰，伽玛射线暴及其余辉—喷流、环境和辐射机制，博士学位论文，南京大学天文系
[46] 范一中，伽玛射线暴的认识，博士学位论文，南京大学天文系
[47] 邹远川，伽玛射线暴及其余辉：正反激波，孤儿余辉和喷流结构，博士学位论文，南京大学天文系
[48] Liang, E.-W., Zhang, B.-B., Stamatikos, M. et al., Temporal Profiles and Spectral Lags of XRF 060218, Astrophysical Journal, 2006, 653:L81-L84
[49] Bhat, P. N., Fishman, G. J., Meegan, C. A. et al., Spectral evolution of a subclass of gamma-ray bursts observed by BATSE, Astrophysical Journal, 1994, 426:604-611
[50] Koshut, T. M., Kouveliotou, C., Paciesas, W. S. et al., Gamma-Ray Burst Precursor Activity as Observed with BATSE, Astrophysical Journal, 1995, 452:145
[51] Ramirez-Ruiz, E. & Merloni, A., Quiescent times in gamma-ray bursts-Ⅰ. An observed correlation between the durations of subsequent emission episodes, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2001, 320:L25-L29
[52] Ramirez-Ruiz, E., Merloni, A. & Rees, M. J., Quiescent times in gamma-ray bursts-Ⅱ. Dormant periods in the central engine?, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2001, 324:1147-1158
[53] Qin, Y.-P., Xie, G.-Z., Xue, S.-J. et al., The Hardness-Duration Correlation in the Two Classes of Gamma-Ray Bursts, Publications of the Astronomical Society of. Japan, 2000, 52:759
[54] Kulkarni, S. R., Berger, E., Bloom, J. S. et al., The Afterglows of Gamma-Ray Bursts, In Gamma-ray Bursts, 5th Huntsville Symposium, volume 526, page 277, 2000
[55] Amati, L., Frontera, F., Tavani, M. et al., Intrinsic spectra and energetics of BeppoSAX Gamma-Ray Bursts with known redshifts, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2002, 390:81-89
[56] Band, D., Matteson, J., Ford, L. et al., BATSE observations of gamma-ray burst spectra. Ⅰ-Spectral diversity, Astrophysical Journal, 1993, 413:281-292
[57] Preece, R. D., Briggs, M. S., Mallozzi, R. S. et al., The BATSE Gamma-Ray Burst Spectral Catalog. Ⅰ. High Time Resolution Spectroscopy of Bright Bursts Using High Energy Resolution Data, Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 2000, 126:19-36
[58] Ghirlanda, G., Ghisellini, G. & Lazzati, D., The Collimation-corrected Gamma-Ray Burst Energies Correlate with the Peak Energy of Their νF_ν Spectrum, Astrophysical Journal, 2004, 616:331-338
[59] Gonzalez, M. M., Dingus, B. L., Kaneko, Y. et al., A gamma-ray burst with a high-energy spectral component inconsistent with the synchrotron shock model, Nature, 2003, 424:749-751
[60] Atkins, R., Benbow, W., Berley, D. et al., Evidence for TEV Emission from GRB 970417A, Astrophysical Journal, 2000, 533:L119-L122
[61] Hurley, K., Dingus, B. L., Mukherjee, R. et al., Detection of a Gamma-Ray Burst of Very Long Duration and Very High Energy, Nature, 1994, 372:652
[62] Salamon, M. H. & Stecker, F. W., Absorption of High-Energy Gamma Rays by Interactions with Extragalactic Starlight Photons at High Redshifts and the High-Energy Gamma-Ray Background, Astrophysical Journal, 1998, 493:547
[63] Primack, J. R., Bullock, J. S., Somerville, R. S. et al., Probing galaxy formation with TeV gamma ray absorption, Astroparticle Physics, 1999, 11: 93-102
[64] Akerlof, C., Balsano, R., Barthelmy, S. et al., Observation of contemporaneous optical radiation from a gamma-ray burst, Nature, 1999, 398: 400-402
[65] Rykoff, E. S., Yost, S. A., Krimm, H. A. et al., Prompt Optical Detection of GRB 050401 with ROTSE-Ⅲa, Astrophysical Journal, 2005, 631: L121-L124
[66] Sari, R. E., Piran, T. & Halpern, J. P., Jets in Gamma-Ray Bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 1999, 519: L17-L20
[67] Paciesas, W. S., Meegan, C. A., Pendleton, G. N. et al., The Fourth BATSE Gamma-Ray Burst Catalog (Revised), Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 1999, 122: 465-495
[68] Wijers, R. A. M. J., Bloom, J. S., Bagla, J. S. et al., Gamma-ray bursts from stellar remnants-Probing the universe at high redshift, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 1998, 294: L13-L17
[69] Schmidt, M., Luminosity Function of Gamma-Ray Bursts Derived without Benefit of Redshifts, Astrophysical Journal, 2001, 552: 36-41
[70] Schmidt, M., Higdon, J. C. & Hueter, G., Application of the V/V_(max) test to gammaray bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 1988, 329: L85-L87
[71] Fishman, G. J. & Meegan, C. A., Gamma-Ray Bursts, Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 1995, 33: 415-458
[72] Kommers, J. M., Lewin, W. H. G., Kouveliotou, C. et al., The Intensity Distribution of Faint Gamma-Ray Bursts Detected with BATSE, Astrophysical Journal, 2000, 533:696-709
[73] Piran, T., The physics of gamma-ray bursts, Reviews of Modern Physics, 2005, 76: 1143-1210
[74] Piro, L., X-Ray Afterglows and Features of Gamma-Ray Bursts, In Gamma-ray Bursts in the Afterglow Era, page 97, 2001
[75] Piran, T., Kumar, P., Panaitescu, A. et al., The Energy of Long-Duration Gamma-Ray Bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 2001, 560: L167-L169
[76] Piro, L., Costa, E., Feroci, M. et al., Iron line signatures in X-ray afterglows of GRB by BeppoSAX, Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series, 1999, 138: 431-432
[77] Yoshida, A., Namiki, M., Otani, C. et al., What did ASCA see in the GRB 970828 afterglow?, Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series, 1999, 138: 433-434
[78] Amati, L., Frontera, F., Vietri, M. et al., Discovery of a Transient Absorption Edge in the X-ray Spectrum of GRB 990705, Science, 2000, 290: 953-955
[79] Piro, L., Garmire, G., Garcia, M. et al., Observation of X-ray Lines from a Gamma-Ray Burst (GRB991216): Evidence of Moving Ejecta from the Progenitor, Science, 2000, 290: 955-958
[80] Watson, D., Reeves, J. N., Osborne, J. et al., The X-ray afterglows of gamma-ray bursts GRB 001025A and GRB 010220 observed with XMM-Newton, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2002, 393: L1-L5
[81] Antonelli, L. A., Piro, L., Vietri, M. et al., Discovery of a Redshifted Iron K Line in the X-Ray Afterglow of GRB 000214, Astrophysical Journal, 2000, 545: L39-L42
[82] Reeves, J. N., Watson, D., Osborne, J. P. et al., The signature of supernova ejecta in the X-ray afterglow of the gamma-ray burst 011211, Nature, 2002, 416: 512-515
[83] Metzger, M. R., Djorgovski, S. G., Kulkarni, S. R. et al., Spectral constraints on the redshift of the optical counterpart to the gamma-ray burst of 8 May 1997, Nature, 1997, 387: 878-880
[84] Bloom, J. S., Djorgovski, S. G. & Kulkarni, S. R., The Redshift and the Ordinary Host Galaxy of GRB 970228, Astrophysical Journal, 2001, 554: 678-683
[85] Haislip, J. B., Nysewander, M. C., Reichart, D. E. et al., A photometric redshift of z=6.39 ? 0.12 for GRB 050904, Nature, 2006, 440: 181-183
[86] Harrison, F. A., Bloom, J. S., Frail, D. A. et al., Optical and Radio Observations of the Afterglow from GRB 990510: Evidence for a Jet, Astrophysical Journal, 1999, 523: L121-L124
[87] Paczynski, B., Are Gamma-Ray Bursts in Star-Forming Regions?, Astrophysical Journal, 1998, 494: L45
[88] Iwamoto, K., Mazzali, P. A., Nomoto, K. et al., A hypernova model for the supernova associated with the gamma-ray burst of 25 April 1998, Nature, 1998, 395: 672-674
[89] Bersier, D., Mcleod, B., Garnavich, P. M. et al., The Strongly Polarized Afterglow of GRB 020405, Astrophysical Journal, 2003, 583: L63-L66
[90] Covino, S., Lazzati, D., Malesani, D. et al., Polarimetric observations of GRB 011211, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2002, 392: 865-868
[91] Greiner, J., Klose, S., Reinsch, K. et al., Evolution of the polarization of the optical afterglow of the gamma-ray burst GRB030329, Nature, 2003, 426: 157-159
[92] Wijers, R. A. M. J., Vreeswijk, P. M., Galama, T. J. et al., Detection of Polarization in the Afterglow of GRB 990510 with the ESO Very Large Telescope, Astrophysical Journal, 1999, 523: L33-L36
[93] Frail, D. A., Kuikarni, S. R., Berger, E. et al., A Complete Catalog of Radio Afterglows: The First Five Years, Astronomical Journal, 2003, 125: 2299-2306
[94] Frail, D. A., Kulkarni, S. R., Nicastro, L. et al., The radio afterglow from the gammaray burst of 8 May 1997, Nature, 1997, 389:261-263
[95] Goodman, J., Radio scintillation of gamma-ray-burst afterglows, New Astronomy, 1997, 2: 449-460
[96] Kulkarni, S. R., Djorgovski, S. G., Odewahn, S. C. et al., The afterglow, redshift and extreme energetics of the gamma-ray burst of 23 January 1999, Nature, 1999, 398: 389-394
[97] Frail, D. A., Berger, E., Galama, T. et al., The Enigmatic Radio Afterglow of GRB 991216, Astrophysical Journal, 2000, 538: L129-L132
[98] Berger, E., Soderberg, A. M., Frail, D. A. et al., A Radio Flare from GRB 020405: Evidence for a Uniform Medium around a Massive Stellar Progenitor, Astrophysical Journal, 2003, 587: L5-L8
[99] Kumar, P. & Panaitescu, A., Afterglow Emission from Naked Gamma-Ray Bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 2000, 541: L51-L54
[100] Dermer, C. D., Curvature Effects in Gamma-Ray Burst Colliding Shells, Astrophysical Journal, 2004, 614: 284-292
[101] Meszaros, P. & Rees, M. J., Optical and Long-Wavelength Afterglow from Gamma-Ray Bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 1997, 476: 232
[102] Sari, R. E., Piran, T. & Narayan, R., Spectra and Light Curves of Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows, Astrophysical Journal, 1998, 497: L17
[103] Chevalier, R. A. & Li, Z.-Y., Wind Interaction Models for Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows: The Case for Two Types of Progenitors, Astrophysical Journal, 2000, 536: 195-212
[104] Rhoads, J. E., The Dynamics and Light Curves of Beamed Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows, Astrophysical Journal, 1999, 525: 737-749
[105] Rossi, E., Lazzati, D. & Rees, M. J., Afterglow light curves, viewing angle and the jet structure of gamma-ray bursts, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2002, 332: 945-950
[106] Zhang, B. & Meszaros, P., Gamma-Ray Burst Beaming: A Universal Configuration with a Standard Energy Reservoir?, Astrophysical Journal, 2002, 571: 876-879
[107] Falcone, A. D., Burrows, D. N., Lazzati, D. et al., The Giant X-Ray Flare of GRB 050502B: Evidence for Late-Time Internal Engine Activity, Astrophysical Journal, 2006, 641: 1010-1017
[108] Barthelmy, S. D., Chincarini, G., Burrows, D. N. et al., An origin for short gammaray bursts unassociated with current star formation, Nature, 2005, 438:994-996
[109] Berger, E., The Afterglows and Host Galaxies of Short GRBs: An Overview, In Gamma-Ray Bursts in the Swift Era, volume 836, pages 33-42, 2006
[110] Gehrels, N., Sarazin, C. L., O'brien, P. T. et al., A short gamma-ray burst apparently associated with an elliptical galaxy at redshift z=0.225, Nature, 2005, 437: 851-854
[111] De Ugarte Postigo, A., Castro-Tirado, A. J., Guziy, S. et al., GRB 060121: Implications of a Short-/Intermediate-Duration gamma-Ray Burst at High Redshift, Astrophysical Journal, 2006, 648: L83-L87
[112] Roming, P. W. A., Schady, P., Fox, D. B. et al., Very Early Optical Afterglows of Gamma-Ray Bursts: Evidence for Relative Paucity of Detection, Astrophysical Journal, 2006, 652:1416-1422
[113] Mirabal, N., Halpern, J. P., An, D. et al., GRB 060218/SN 2006aj: A Gamma-Ray Burst and Prompt Supernova at z=0.0335, Astrophysical Journal, 2006, 643:L99-L102
[114] Campana, S., Mangano, V., Blustin, A. J. et al., The association of GRB 060218 with a supernova and the evolution of the shock wave, Nature, 2006, 442:1008-1010
[115] Fan, Y.-Z., Piran, T. & Xu, D., The interpretation and implication of the afterglow of GRB 060218, Journal of Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, 2006, 09:013
[116] Price, P. A., Berger, E. & Fox, D. B., GRB 060614: redshift, GRB Coordinates Network, 2006, 5275, 1
[117] Norris, J. P., Marani, G. F. & Bonnell, J. T., Connection between Energy-dependent Lags and Peak Luminosity in Gamma-Ray Bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 2000, 534:248-257
[118] Gehrels, N., Norris, J. P., Barthelmy, S. D. et al., A new gamma-ray burst classification scheme from GRB060614, Nature, 2006, 444:1044-1046
[119] Gal-Yam, A., Fox, D. B., .Price, P. A. et al., A novel explosive process is required for the gamma-ray burst GRB 060614, Nature, 2006, 444:1053-1055
[120] Fynbo, J. P. U., Watson, D., Thone Christina, C. et al., No supernovae associated with two long-duration gamma-ray bursts, Nature, 2006, 444:1047-1049
[121] Della Valle, M., Chincarini, G., Panagia, N. et al., An enigmatic long-lasting gammaray burst not accompanied by a bright supernova, Nature, 2006, 444:1050-1052
[122] Zhang, B., Astrophysics: A burst of new ideas, Nature, 2006, 444, 1010-1011
[123] Mundell, C. G., Melandri, A., Guidorzi, C. et al., The Remarkable Afterglow of GRB 061007: Implications for Optical Flashes and GRB Fireballs, Astrophysical Journal, 2007, 660:489-495
[124] Schady, P., De Pasquale, M., Page, M. J. et al., Extreme Properties Of GRB061007: A Highly Energetic Or A Highly Collimated Burst? ArXiv Astrophysics e-prints, 2006, November 1, Submitted to MNRAS, 11 pages, 3 figures
[125] Bloom, J. S., Kulkarni, S. R. & Djorgovski, S. G., The Observed Offset Distribution of Gamma-Ray Bursts from Their Host Galaxies: A Robust Clue to the Nature of the Progenitors, Astronomical Journal, 2002, 123:1111-1148
[126] Berger, E., Price, P. A., Cenko, S. B. et al., The afterglow and elliptical host galaxy of the short gamma-ray burst GRB 050724, Nature, 2005, 438:988-990
[127] Brandt, N. & Podsiadlowski, P., The effects of high-velocity supernova kicks on the orbital properties and sky distributions of neutron-star binaries, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 1995, 274:461-484
[128] Tutukov, A. V., Yungelson, L. R. & Blaes, O. M., Merging of Binary White Dwarfs Neutron Stars and Black-Holes Under the Influence of Gravitational Wave Radiation Theories of gamma-ray bursts, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 1994, 268: 871
[129] Bloom, J. S., Sigurdsson, S. & Pols, O. R., The spatial distribution of coalescing neutron star binaries: implications for gamma-ray bursts, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 1999, 305:763-769
[130] Fruchter, A. S., Levan, A. J., Strolger, L. et al., Long gamma-ray bursts and corecollapse supernovae have different environments, Nature, 2006, 441: 463-468
[131] Totani, T., Cosmological Gamma-Ray Bursts and Evolution of Galaxies, Astrophysical Journal, 1997, 486: L71
[132] Band, D. L., Gamma-Ray Burst Spectral Evolution through Cross-Correlations of Discriminator Light Curves, Astrophysical Journal, 1997, 486: 928
[133] Reichart, D. E., Lamb, D. Q., Fenimore, E. E. et al., A Possible Cepheid-like Luminosity Estimator for the Long Gamma-Ray Bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 2001, 552: 57-71
[134] Fenimore, E. E, & Ramirez-Ruiz, E., Redshifts For 220 BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts Determined by Variability and the Cosmological Consequences, ArXiv Astrophysics e-prints, 2000, astro-ph/0004176
[135] Schaefer, B. E., Deng, M. & Band, D. L., Redshifts and Luminosities for 112 Gamma-Ray Bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 2001, 563: L123-L127
[136] Lloyd-Ronning, N. M. & Ramirez-Ruiz, E., On the Spectral Energy Dependence of Gamma-Ray Burst Variability, Astrophysical Journal, 2002, 576:101-106
[137] Amati, L., Intrinsic spectra and energetics of cosmological Gamma-Ray Bursts, Chinese Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement, 2003, 3: 455-460
[138] Lamb, D. Q., Donaghy, T. Q. & Graziani, C., A unified jet model of X-ray flashes and gamma-ray bursts, New Astronomy Review, 2004, 48: 459-464
[139] Sakamoto, T., Lamb, D. Q., Graziani, C. et al., High Energy Transient Explorer 2 Observations of the Extremely Soft X-Ray Flash XRF 020903, Astrophysical Journal, 2004, 602: 875-885
[140] Amati, L., The E_(p,i)—E_(iso) correlation in gamma-ray bursts: updated observational status, re-analysis and main implications, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2006, 372: 233-245
[141] Borgonovo, L. & Ryde, F., On the Hardness-Intensity Correlation in Gamma-Ray Burst Pulses, Astrophysical Journal, 2001, 548: 770-786
[142] Liang, E. W., Dai, Z. G. & Wu, X. F., The Luminosity-E_iSUB?pi/SUB? Relation within Gamma-Ray Bursts and the Implications for Fireball Models, Astrophysical Journal, 2004, 606: L29-L32
[143] Yonetoku, D., Murakami, T., Nakamura, T. et al., Gamma-Ray Burst Formation Rate Inferred from the Spectral Peak Energy-Peak Luminosity Relation, Astrophysical Journal, 2004, 609:935-951
[144] Wei, D. M. & Gao, W. H., Are there cosmological evolution trends on gamma-ray burst features?, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2003, 345:743-746
[145] Frail, D. A., Kulkarni, S. R., Sari, R. et al., Beaming in Gamma-Ray Bursts: Evidence for a Standard Energy Reservoir, Astrophysical Journal, 2001, 562:L55-L58
[146] Bloom, J. S., Frail, D. A. & Kulkarni, S. R., Gamma-Ray Burst Energetics and the Gamma-Ray Burst Hubble Diagram: Promises and Limitations, Astrophysical Journal, 2003, 594:674-683
[147] Dai, Z. G., Liang, E. W. & Xu, D., Constraining Ω_M and Dark Energy with Gamma-Ray Bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 2004, 612:L101-L104
[148] Ghirlanda, G., Ghisellini, G., Lazzati, D. et al., Gamma-Ray Bursts: New Rulers to Measure the Universe, Astrophysical Journal, 2004, 613:L13-L16
[149] Xu, D., Dai, Z. G. & Liang, E. W., Can Gamma-Ray Bursts Be Used to Measure Cosmology? A Further Analysis, Astrophysical Journal, 2005, 633:603-610
[150] Liang, E. & Zhang, B., Model-independent Multivariable Gamma-Ray Burst Luminosity Indicator and Its Possible Cosmological Implications, Astrophysical Journal, 2005, 633:611-623
[151] Firmani, C., Ghisellini, G., Avila-Reese, V. et al., Discovery of a tight correlation among the prompt emission properties of long gamma-ray bursts, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2006, 370:185-197
[152] Cavallo, G. & Rees, M. J., A qualitative study of cosmic fireballs and gamma-ray bursts, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 1978, 183:359-365
[153] Piran, T., Shemi, A. & Narayan, R., Hydrodynamics of Relativistic Fireballs, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 1993, 263:861
[154] Meszaros, P., Laguna, P. & Rees, M. J., Gasdynamics of retativistically expanding gamma-ray burst sources - Kinematics, energetics, magnetic fields, and efficiency, Astrophysical Journal, 1993, 415:181-190
[155] Goodman, J., Are gamma-ray bursts optically thick?, Astrophysical Journal, 1986, 308:L47-L50
[156] Paczynski, B., Gamma-ray bursters at cosmological distances, Astrophysical Journal, 1986, 308:L43-L46
[157] Krolik, J. H. & Pier, E. A., Relativistic motion in gamma-ray bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 1991, 373:277-284
[158] Lithwick, Y. & Sari, R. E., Lower Limits on Lorentz Factors in Gamma-Ray Bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 2001, 555:540-545
[159] Paczynski, B. & Xu, G., Neutrino bursts from gamma-ray bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 1994, 427: 708-713
[160] Rees, M. J. & Meszaros, P., Unsteady outflow models for cosmological gamma-ray bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 1994, 430: L93-L96
[161] Rees, M. J. & Meszaros, P., Relativistic fireballs-Energy conversion and time-scales, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 1992, 258: 41P-43P
[162] Meszaros, P. & Rees, M. J., Relativistic fireballs and their impact on external matter-Models for cosmological gamma-ray bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 1993, 405:278-284
[163] Katz, J. I., Two populations and models of gamma-ray bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 1994, 422: 248-259
[164] Sari, R. E., Narayan, R., & Piran, T., Cooling Timescales and Temporal Structure of Gamma-Ray Bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 1996, 473, 204
[165] Blandford, R. D. & Mckee, C. F., Fluid dynamics of relativistic blast waves, Physics of Fluids, 1976, 19: 1130-1138
[166] Sari, R. E. & Piran, T., Hydrodynamic Timescales and Temporal Structure of Gamma-Ray Bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 1995, 455: L143
[167] Rees, M. J. & Meszaros, P., Refreshed Shocks and Afterglow Longevity in Gamma-Ray Bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 1998, 496:L1
[168] Kumar, P. & Piran, T., Some Observational Consequences of Gamma-Ray Burst Shock Models, Astrophysical Journal, 2000, 532:286-293
[169] Sari, R. E. & Meszaros, P., Impulsive and Varying Injection in Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows, Astrophysical Journal, 2000, 535: L33-L37
[170] Granot, J., Nakar, E. & Piran, T., Astrophysics: refreshed shocks from a gamma-ray burst, Nature, 2003, 426:138-139
[171] Kobayashi, S., Piran, T. & Sari, R. E., Can Internal Shocks Produce the Variability in Gamma-Ray Bursts?, Astrophysical Journal, 1997, 490: 92
[172] Fenimore, E. E., Madras, C. D. & Nayakshin, S., Expanding Relativistic Shells and Gamma-Ray Burst Temporal Structure, Astrophysical Journal, 1996, 473: 998
[173] Sari, R. E. & Piran, T., Cosmological gamma-ray bursts: internal versus external shocks, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 1997, 287: 110-116
[174] Sari, R. E. & Piran, T., Variability in Gamma-Ray Bursts: A Clue, Astrophysical Journal, 1997, 485: 270
[175] Guetta, D., Spada, M. & Waxman, E., Efficiency and Spectrum of Internal Gamma-Ray Burst Shocks, Astrophysical Journal, 2001, 557: 399-407
[176] Kobayashi, S. & Sari, R. E., Ultraefficient Internal Shocks, Astrophysical Journal, 2001, 551: 934-939
[177] Kumar, P., Gamma-Ray Burst Energetics, Astrophysical Journal, 1999, 523:L113-L116
[178] Panaitescu, A. & Kumar, P., Properties of Relativistic Jets in Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows, Astrophysical Journal, 2002, 571:779-789
[179] Kumar, P., The Distribution of Burst Energy and Shock Parameters for Gamma-Ray Bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 2000, 538:L125-L128
[180] Freedman, D. L. & Waxman, E., On the Energy of Gamma-Ray Bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 2001, 547:922-928
[181] Lloyd-Ronning, N. M. & Zhang, B., On the Kinetic Energy and Radiative Efficiency of Gamma-Ray Bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 2004, 613:477-483
[182] Wei, D. M. & Lu, T., Diverse Temporal Properties of Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows, Astrophysical Journal, 1998, 505:252-254
[183] Fan, Y. & Piran, T., Gamma-ray burst efficiency and possible physical processes shaping the early afterglow, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2006, 369:197-206
[184] De Jager, O. C., Harding, A. K., Michelson, P. F. et al., Gamma-Ray Observations of the Crab Nebula: A Study of the Synchro-Compton Spectrum, Astrophysical Journal, 1996, 457:253
[185] Sari, R. E., Hydrodynamics of Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglow, Astrophysical Journal, 1997, 489:L37
[186] Rybicki, G. B. & Lightman, A. P., Radiative processes in astrophysics, New York, Wiley-Interscience, 1979. 393 p., 1979, n/a 1, 1979
[187] Galama, T. J., Wijers, R. A. M. J., Bremer, M. et al., The Radio-to-X-Ray Spectrum of GRB 970508 on 1997 May 21.0 UT, Astrophysical Journal, 1998, 500:L97
[188] Panaitescu, A. & Kumar, P., Jet Energy and Other Parameters for the Afterglows of GRB 980703, GRB 990123, GRB 990510, and GRB 991216 Determined from Modeling of Multifrequency Data, Astrophysical Journal, 2001, 554:667-677
[189] 尤峻汉，天体物理中的辐射机制，第二版，1998
[190] Sari, R. E. & Esin, A. A., On the Synchrotron Self-Compton Emission from Relativistic Shocks and Its Implications for Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows, Astrophysical Journal, 2001, 548:787-799
[191] Preece, R. D., Briggs, M. S., Mallozzi, R. S. et al., The Synchrotron Shock Model Confronts a "Line of Death" in the BATSE Gamma-Ray Burst Data, Astrophysical Journal, 1998, 506:L23-L26
[192] Eichler, D. & Levinson, A., A Compact Fireball Model of Gamma-Ray Bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 2000, 529:146-150
[193] Rees, M. J. & Meszaros, P., Dissipative Photosphere Models of Gamma-Ray Bursts and X-Ray Flashes, Astrophysical Journal, 2005, 628:847-852
[194] Meszaros, P., Ramirez-Ruiz, E., Rees, M. J. et al., X-Ray-rich Gamma-Ray Bursts, Photospheres, and Variability, Astrophysical Journal, 2002, 578:812-817
[195] Kobayashi, S., Light Curves of Gamma-Ray Burst Optical Flashes, Astrophysical Journal, 2000, 545:807-812
[196] Sari, R. E. & Piran, T., Predictions for the Very Early Afterglow and the Optical Flash, Astrophysical Journal, 1999, 520:641-649
[197] Fan, Y.-Z., Dai, Z.-G., Huang, Y.-F. et al., Optical Flash of GRB 990123: Constraints on the Physical Parameters of the Reverse Shock, Chinese Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2002, 2:449-453
[198] Fan, Y. Z. & Wei, D. M., Late internal-shock model for bright X-ray flares in gammaray burst afterglows and GRB 011121, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2005, 364:L42-L46
[199] Zhang, B., Kobayashi, S. & Meszaros, P., Gamma-Ray Burst Early Optical Afterglows: Implications for the Initial Lorentz Factor and the Central Engine, Astrophysical Journal, 2003, 595:950-954
[200] Waxman, E., Angular Size and Emission Timescales of Relativistic Fireballs, Astrophysical Journal, 1997, 491:L19
[201] Yost, S. A., Harrison, F. A., Sari, R. et al., A Study of the Afterglows of Four Gamma-Ray Bursts: Constraining the Explosion and Fireball Model, Astrophysical Journal, 2003, 597:459-473
[202] Waxman, E., Gamma-Ray-Burst Afterglow: Supporting the Cosmological Fireball Model, Constraining Parameters, and Making Predictions, Astrophysical Journal, 1997, 485:L5
[203] Panaitescu, A. & Kumar, P., Fundamental Physical Parameters of Collimated Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows, Astrophysical Journal, 2001, 560:L49-L53
[204] Vietri, M., The Afterglow of Gamma-Ray Bursts: The Cases of GRB 970228 and GRB 970508, Astrophysical Journal, 1997, 488:L105
[205] Katz, J. I. & Piran, T., Persistent Counterparts to Gamma-Ray Bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 1997, 490:772
[206] Granot, J. & Sari, R. E., The Shape of Spectral Breaks in Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows, Astrophysical Journal, 2002, 568:820-829
[207] Huang, Y. F., Dai, Z. G. & Lu, T., A generic dynamical model of gamma-ray burst remnants, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 1999, 309:513-516
[208] Huang, Y. F., Gou, L. J., Dai, Z. G. et al., Overall Evolution of Jetted Gamma-Ray Burst Ejecta, Astrophysical Journal, 2000, 543:90-96
[209] Rees, M. J., Appearance of Relativistically Expanding Radio Sources, Nature, 1966, 211:468
[210] Sari, R. E., The Observed Size and Shape of Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglow, Astrophysical Journal, 1998, 494: L49
[211] Granot, J., Piran, T. & Sari, R. E., Images and Spectra from the Interior of a Relativistic Fireball, Astrophysical Journal, 1999, 513: 679-689
[212] Granot, J., Piran, T. & Sari, R. E., Synchrotron Self-Absorption in Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglow, Astrophysical Journal, 1999, 527: 236-246
[213] Huang, Y. F., Lu, Y., Wong, A. Y. L. et al., A Detailed Study on the Equal Arrival Time Surface Effect in Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows, 2007, January 1, 2007 Accepted for publication in: Chin. J. Astron. Astrophys., 15 pages, 8 embedded eps figures
[214] Panaitescu, A. & Meszaros, P., Simulations of Gamma-Ray Bursts from External Shocks: Time: Variability and Spectral Correlations, Astrophysical Journal, 1998, 492: 683
[215] Kumar, P. & Panaitescu, A., Steepening of Afterglow Decay for Jets Interacting with Stratified Media, Astrophysical Journal, 2000, 541: L9-L12
[216] Gou, L. J., Dai, Z. G., Huang, Y. F. et al., Gamma-ray burst afterglows from jetted shocks in wind environments, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2001, 368: 464-470
[217] Mao, J.-R., Wang, J.-C., Granot, J. et al., On the Light Curves of GRB Afterglows Radiative Hydromagnetic Shocks in Relativistic Outflow Sources, Chinese Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2001, 1: 433
[218] Wu, X. F., Dai, Z. G., Huang, Y. F. et al., Afterglow light curves of jetted gammaray burst ejecta in stellar winds, Chinese Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2004, 4: 455-472
[219] Moderski, R., Sikora, M. & Bulik, T., On Beaming Effects in Afterglow Light Curves, Astrophysical Journal, 2000, 529: 151-156
[220] Cannizzo, J. K., Gehrels, N. & Vishniac, E. T., A Numerical Gamma-Ray Burst Simulation Using Three-Dimensional Relativistic Hydrodynamics: The Transition from Spherical to Jetlike Expansion, Astrophysical Journal, 2004, 601: 380-390
[221] Kumar, P. & Granot, J., The Evolution of a Structured Relativistic Jet and GammaRay Burst Afterglow Light Curves, Astrophysical Journal, 2003, 591: 1075-1085
[222] Granot, J. & Kumar, P., Constraining the Structure of Gamma-Ray Burst Jets through the Afterglow Light Curves, Astrophysical Journal, 2003, 591: 1086-1096
[223] Sheth, K., Frail, D. A., White, S. et al., Millimeter Observations of GRB 030329: Continued Evidence for a Two-Component Jet, Astrophysical Journal, 2003, 595: L33-L36
[224] Huang, Y. F., Wu, X. F., Dai, Z. G. et al., Rebrightening of XRF 030723: Further Evidence for a Two-Component Jet in a Gamma-Ray Burst, Astrophysical Journal, 2004, 605: 300-306
[225] Wu, X. F., Dai, Z. G., Huang, Y. F. et al., Gamma-ray bursts: polarization of afterglows from two-component jets, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2005, 357:1197-1204
[226] Granot, J., Afterglow,Light Curves from Impulsive Relativistic Jets with an Unconventional Structure, Astrophysical Journal, 2005, 631:1022-1031
[227] Meszaros, P., Rees, M. J. & Wijers, R. A. M. J., Viewing Angle and Environment Effects in Gamma-Ray Bursts: Sources of Afterglow Diversity, Astrophysical Journal, 1998, 499:301
[228] Dai, Z. G. & Lu, T., The Afterglow of GRB 990123 and a Dense Medium, Astrophysical Journal, 1999, 519:L155-L158
[229] Wu, X. F., Dai, Z. G., Huang, Y. F. et al., Optical flashes and very early afterglows in wind environments, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2003, 342:1131-1138
[230] Eldridge, J. J., Genet, F., Daigne, F. et al., The circumstellar environment of Wolf-Rayet stars and gamma-ray burst afterglows, Monthly Notices o.f the Royal Astronomical Society, 2006, 367:186-200
[231] Chevalier, R. A. & Li, Z.-Y., Gamma-Ray Burst Environments and Progenitors, Astrophysical Journal, 1999, 520:L29-L32
[232] Panaitescu, A. & Meszaros, P., Rings in Fireball Afterglows, Astrophysical Journal, 1998, 493:L31
[233] Dai, Z. G. & Lu, T., Gamma-ray burst afterglows: effects of radiative corrections and non-uniformity of the surrounding medium, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 1998, 298:87-92
[234] Wang, X. & Loeb, A., Variability of Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows due to Interstellar Turbulence, Astrophysical Journal, 2000, 535:788-797
[235] Nakar, E., Piran, T. & Granot, J., Variability in GRB afterglows and GRB 021004, New Astronomy, 2003, 8:495-505
[236] Ramirez-Ruiz, E., Garcia-Segura, G., Salmonson, J. D. et al., The State of the Circumstellar Medium Surrounding Gamma-Ray Burst Sources and Its Effect on the Afterglow Appearance, Astrophysical Journal, 2005, 631:435-445
[237] Dai, Z. G. & Lu, T., Hydrodynamics of Relativistic Blast Waves in a Density-Jump Medium.and Their Emission Signature, Astrophysical Journal, 2002, 565:L87-L90
[238] Dai, Z. G. & Wu, X. F., GRB 030226 in a Density-Jump Medium, Astrophysical Journal, 2003, 591:L21-L24
[239] Nakar, E. & Piran, T., Modeling Fluctuations in Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglow Light Curves, Astrophysical Journal, 2003, 598:400-410
[240] Nakar, E. & Gran6t, J., Smooth Light Curves from a Bumpy Ride: Relativistic Blast Wave Encounters a Density Jump, 2006, June 1, 2006 16 pages, 14 figures
[241] Shao, L. & Dai, Z. G., Behavior of X-Ray Dust Scattering and Implications for X-Ray Afterglows of Gamma-Ray Bursts, ArXiv Astrophysics e-prints, 2007, astroph/0703009
[242] Zhang, B. & Meszaros, P., Gamma-Ray Bursts with Continuous Energy Injection and Their Afterglow Signature, Astrophysical Journal, 2002, 566:712-722
[243] Dai, Z. G. & Lu, T., Gamma-ray burst afterglows and evolution of postburst fireballs with energy injection from strongly magnetic millisecond pulsars, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 1998, 333:L87-L90
[244] Zhang, B. & Meszaros, P., Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglow with Continuous Energy In-jection: Signature of a Highly Magnetized Millisecond Pulsar, Astrophysical Journal, 2001, 552:L35-L38
[245] Meszaros, P. & Rees, M. J., Poynting Jets from Black Holes and Cosmological Gamma-Ray Bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 1997, 482:L29
[246] Cheng, K. S.& Lu, T., Gamma-Ray Bursts: Afterglows and Central Engines, Chinese Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2001, 1:1-20
[247] Woosley, s. E., Zhang, W. & Heger, A., The Central Engines of Gamma-Ray Bursts, In Gamma-Ray Burst and Afterglow Astronomy 2001: A Workshop Celebrating the First Year of the HETE Mission, volume 662, pages 185-192, 2003
[248] Usov, V. V., Millisecond pulsars with extremely strong magnetic fields as a cosmological source of gamma-ray bursts, Nature, 1992, 357:472-474
[249] Cheng, K. S. & Dai, Z. G., Conversion of Neutron Stars to Strange Stars as a Possible Origin of gamma-Ray Bursts, Physical Review Letters, 1996, 77:1210-1213
[250] Dai, Z. G. & Lu, T., gamma-Ray Bursts and Afterglows from Rotating Strange Stars and Neutron Stars, Physical Review Letters, 1998, 81:4301-4304
[251] Granot, J., K(?)Nigl, A. & Piran, T., Implications of the early X-ray afterglow light curves of Swift gamma-ray bursts, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2006, 370:1946-1960
[252] Rhoads, J. E., How to Tell a Jet from a Balloon: A Proposed Test for Beaming in Gamma-Ray Bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 1997, 487:L1
[253] Panaitescu, A. & Meszaros, P., Dynamical Evolution, Light Curves, and Spectra of Spherical and Collimated Gamma-Ray Burst Remnants, Astrophysical Journal, 1999, 526:707-715
[254] Berger, E., Kulkarni, S. R. & Frail, D. A., A Standard Kinetic Energy Reservoir in Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows, Astrophysical Journal, 2003, 590:379-385
[255] Huang, Y. F. & Cheng, K. S., Gamma-ray bursts: optical afterglows in the deep Newtonian phase, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2003, 341:263-269
[256] Perri, M., Giommi, P., Capalbi, M. et al., Swift XRT observations of the breaking X-ray afterglow of GRB 050318, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2005, 442:L1-L5
[257] Press, W. H., Teukolsky, S. A., Vetterling, W. T. et al., Numerical recipes in FOR-TRAN. The art of scientific computing , Cambridge: University Press, 1992, 2nd ed.
[258] Zhao, X. & Bai, J. M., Jet Sideways Expansion Effect on Estimating the Gamma-Ray Burst Efficiency, Astrophysical Journal, 2006, 653:L1-L4
[259] Xu, L. & Dai, Z.-G., Effect of Conversion Efficiency on Gamma-Ray Burst Energy, Chinese Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2004, 4:267-274
[260] Wei, D. M. & Jin, Z. P., GRB afterglow light curves from uniform and non-uniform jets, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2003, 400:415-419
[261] Bloom, J. S., Kulkarni, S. R., Djorgovski, S. G. et al., The unusual afterglow of the gamma-ray burst of 26 March 1998 as evidence for a supernova connection, Nature, 1999, 401:453-456
[262] Reichart, D. E., GRB 970228 Revisited: Evidence for a Supernova in the Light Curve and Late Spectral Energy Distribution of the Afterglow, Astrophysical Journal, 1999, 521:L111-L115
[263] Bloom, J. S., Kulkarni, S. R., Price, P. A. et al., Detection of a Supernova Signature Associated with GRB 011121, Astrophysical Journal, 2002, 572:L45-L49
[264] Garnavich, P. M., Stanek, K. Z., Wyrzykowski, L. et al., Discovery of the Low-Redshift Optical Afterglow of GRB 011121 and Its Progenitor Supernova SN 2001ke, Astrophysical Journal, 2003, 582:924-932
[265] Hjorth, J., Sollerman, J., M, P. et al., A very energetic supernova associated with the gamma-ray burst of 29 March 2003, Nature, 2003, 423:847-850.
[266] Tagliaferri, G., Goad, M., Chincarini, G. et al., An unexpectedly rapid decline in the X-ray afterglow emission of long gamma-ray bursts, Nature, 2005, 436:985-988
[267] Cusumano, G., Mangano, V., Angelini, L. et al., Swift XRT Observations of the Afterglow of GRB 050319, Astrophysical Journal, 2006, 639:316-322
[268] Rykoff, E. S., Mangano, V., Yost, S. A. et al., The Anomalous Early Afterglow of GRB 050801, Astrophysical Journal, 2006, 638:L5-L8
[269] Koide, S., A Two-dimensional Simulation of a Relativistic Jet Bent by an Oblique Magnetic Field, Astrophysical Journal, 1997, 478:66
[270] Fendt, C. & Zinnecker, H., Possible bending mechanisms of protostellar jets, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 1998, 334:750-755
[271] Mao, S. & Yi, I., Relativistic beaming and gamma-ray bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 1994, 424:L131-L134
[272] Woods, E. & Loeb, A., Constraints on Off-Axis X-Ray Emission from Beamed Gamma-Ray Bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 1999, 523:187-191
[273] Vaughan, S., Goad, M. R., Beardmore, A. P. et al., Swift Observations of the X-Ray-Bright GRB 050315, Astrophysical Journal, 2006, 638:920-929
[274] De Pasquale, M., Grupe, D., Poole, T. S. et al., Swift observations of GRB 050712, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2006, 370:1859-1866
[275] O'brien, P. T., Willingale, R., Osborne, J. et al., The Early X-Ray Emission from GRBs, Astrophysical Journal, 2006, 647:1213-1237
[276] Groot, P. J., Galama, T. J., Vreeswijk, P. M. et al., The Rapid Decay of the Optical Emission from GRB 980326 and Its Possible Implications, Astrophysical Journal, 1998, 502:L123
[277] Reichart, D. E. & Price, P. A., Evidence for a Molecular Cloud Origin of Gamma-Ray Bursts: Implications for the Nature of Star Formation in the Universe, Astrophysical Journal, 2002, 565:174-181
[278] Berger, E., Kulkarni, S. R., Bloom, J. S. et al., The Faint Optical Afterglow and Host Galaxy of GRB 020124: Implications for the Nature of Dark Gamma-Ray Bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 2002, 581:981-987
[279] Ioka, K. & Nakamura, T., Peak Luminosity-Spectral Lag Relation Caused by the Viewing Angle of the Collimated Gamma-Ray Bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 2001, 554:L163-L167
[280] Fendt, C., & Zinnecker, H., Are bent protostellar jets a signature of hidden binary systems?, IAUS, 2000, 200, 112
[281] Friedman, A. S. & Bloom, J. S., Toward a More Standardized Candle Using Gamma-Ray Burst Energetics and Spectra, Astrophysical Journal, 2005, 627:1-25
[282] Yamazaki, R., Ioka, K. & Nakamura, T., X-Ray Flashes from Off-Axis Gamma-Ray Bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 2002, 571:L31-L35
[283] Yamazaki, R., Ioka, K. & Nakamura, T., Peak Energy-Isotropic Energy Relation in the Off-Axis Gamma-Ray Burst Model, Astrophysical Journal, 2004, 606:L33-L36
[284] Rossi, E. M., Lazzati, D., Salmonson, J. D. et al., The polarization of afterglow emission reveals gamma-ray bursts jet structure, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2004, 354:86-100
[285] Jin, Z.-P. & Wei, D.-M., X-ray Flashes from Off-axis Nonuniform Jets, Chinese Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2004, 4:473-480
[286] Lamb, D. Q., Donaghy, T. Q. & Graziani, C., A Unified Jet Model of X-Ray Flashes, X-Ray-rich Gamma-Ray Bursts, and Gamma-Ray Bursts. I. Power-Law-shaped Universal and Top-Hat-shaped Variable Opening Angle Jet Models, Astrophysical Journal, 2005, 620:355-378
[287] Dermer, C. D., Chiang, J. & Bottcher, M., Fireball Loading and the Blast-Wave Model of Gamma-Ray Bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 1999, 513:656-668
[288] Huang, Y. F., Dai, Z. G. & Lu, T., Failed gamma-ray bursts and orphan afterglows, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2002, 332:735-740
[289] Woosley, S. E., Eastman, R. G. & Schmidt, B. P., Gamma-Ray Bursts and Type IC Supernova SN 1998BW, Astrophysical Journal, 1999, 516:788-796
[290] Zhang, W., Woosley, S. E. & Macfadyen, A. I., Relativistic Jets in Collapsars, Astrophysical Journal, 2003, 586:356-371
[291] Zhang, W., Woosley, S. E. & Heger, A., The Propagation and Eruption of Relativistic Jets from the Stellar Progenitors of Gamma-Ray Bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 2004, 608:365-377
[292] Ramirez-Ruiz, E., Celotti, A. & Rees, M. J., Events in the life of a cocoon surrounding a light, collapsar jet, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2002, 337:1349-1356
[293] Ryde, F., The Cooling Behavior of Thermal Pulses in Gamma-Ray Bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 2004, 614:827-846
[294] Fan, Y. Z. & Wei, D. M., Late internal-shock model for bright X-ray flares in gammaray burst afterglows and GRB 011121, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2005, 364:L42-L46
[295] Wang, X.-Y., Li, Z. & Meszaros, P., GeV-TeV and X-Ray Flares from Gamma-Ray Bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 2006, 641:L89-L92
[296] Fan, Y. & Piran, T., Sub-GeV flashes in gamma-ray burst afterglows as probes of underlying bright far-ultraviolet flares, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2006, 370:L24-L28
[297] Gehrels, N., Michelson, P., Bloom, J. S. et al., GLAST: the next-generation high energy gamma-ray astronomy mission The spatial distribution of coalescing neutron star binaries: implications for gamma-ray bursts, Astroparticle Physics, 1999, 11:277-282
[298] Bahcall, J. N. & Meszaros, P., 5-10 GeV Neutrinos from Gamma-Ray Burst Fireballs, Physical Review Letters, 2000, 85:1362-1365
[299] Meszaros, P. & Rees, M. J., Delayed GEV Emission from Cosmological Gamma-Ray Bursts-Impact of a Relativistic Wind on External Matter, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 1994, 269:L41
[300] Pilla, R. P. & Loeb, A., Emission Spectra from Internal Shocks in Gamma-Ray Burst Sources, Astrophysical Journal, 1998, 494:L167
[301] Razzaque, S., Meszaros, P. & Zhang, B., GeV and Higher Energy Photon Interac tions in Gamma-Ray Burst Fireballs and Surroundings, Astrophysical Journal, 2004, 613:1072-1078
[302] Pe'er, A. & Waxman, E., Prompt Gamma-Ray Burst Spectra: Detailed Calculations and the Effect of Pair Production, Astrophysical Journal, 2004, 613:448-459
[303] Pe'er, A. & Waxman, E., Time-dependent Numerical Model for the Emission of Radiation from Relativistic Plasma, Astrophysical Journal, 2005, 628:857-866
[304] Pe'er, A. & Zhang, B., Synchrotron Emission in Small-Scale Magnetic Fields as a Possible Explanation for Prompt Emission Spectra of Gamma-Ray Bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 2006, 653:454-461
[305] Totani, T., TEV Burst of Gamma-Ray Bursts and Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays, Astrophysical Journal, 1998, 509:L81-L84
[306] Bhattacharjee, P. & Gupta, N., The proton synchrotron model of TeV gamma ray bursts and their detectability by AMANDA/ICECUBE type detectors, Astroparticle Physics, 2003, 20:169-187
[307] Fragile, P. C., Mathews, G. J., Poirier, J. et al., Constraints on models for TeV gamma rays from gamma-ray bursts, Astroparticle Physics, 2004, 20:591-607
[308] Granot, J. & Guetta, D., Explaining the High-Energy Spectral Component in GRB 941017, Astrophysical Journal, 2003, 598:L11-L14
[309] Kobayashi, S., Zhang, B., Meszaros, P. et al., Inverse Compton X-Ray Flare from Gamma-Ray Burst Reverse Shock, Astrophysical Journal, 2007, 655:391-395
[310] Panaitescu, A. & Meszaros, P., Gamma-Ray Bursts from Upscattered Self-absorbed Synchrotron Emission, Astrophysical Journal, 2000, 544:L17-L21
[311] Dermer, C. D. & Chiang, J., High Energy Radiation from Gamma Ray Bursts, American Institute of Physics Conference Series, 2000, 515, 225
[312] Zhang, B. & Meszaros, P., High-Energy Spectral Components in Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows, Astrophysical Journal, 2001, 559:110-122
[313] Beloborodov, A. M., Optical and GeV-TeV Flashes from Gamma-Ray Bursts, Astrophysical Journal, 2005, 618:L13-L16
[314] Plaga, R., Detecting Intergalactic Magnetic Fields Using Time Delays in Pulses of Gamma-Rays, Nature, 1995, 374:430
[315] Dai, Z. G. & Lu, T., Spectrum and Duration of Delayed MeV-GeV Emission of Gamma-Ray Bursts in Cosmic Background Radiation Fields, Astrophysical Journal, 2002, 580:1013-1016
[316] Wang, X. Y., Cheng, K. S., Dai, Z. G. et al., Constraining the Origin of TeV Photons from Gamma-Ray Bursts with Delayed MeV-GeV Emission Formed by Interaction With Cosmic Infrared/Microwave Background Photons, Astrophysical Journal, 2004, 604:306-311