小型内燃机电子燃油喷射和闭环控制系统的研究
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摘要
本研究主要针对GY6系列125ml坐式摩托车发动机，开发出一套电控燃油喷射加三元催化器闭环控制系统。将该系统应用于发动机，在LZDC-15型直流电力测功系统上对控制参数进行了标定，并以此为基础与原机的动力性、经济性和排放特性进行了对比实验。在研究开发过程中借鉴了目前已广泛应用于汽车发动机上的电控燃油喷射的成熟技术，对其进行适当改动和精简，以达降低系统成本的目的，使新系统能够适应在摩托车发动机上的应用。
系统中对空燃比的控制没有沿用通常的控制方式，而是采用了占空比控制方式，这使控制系统的硬件和软件都得到了简化，提高了系统的稳定性和抗干扰能力。
在研究中还提出了通过喷油器喷油特性估算燃油消耗量的方法，解决了电喷系统油耗难于测定的问题。
实验证明本系统可以精确控制可燃混合气空燃比，配合三元催化器使用后使排放得到了大幅度降低，同时平均功率和扭矩比原机都有所提高，油耗降低。利用系统可以精确控制空燃比的特性，在实验中还对氧传感器进行了标定，获得了所用氧传感器的特性曲线。
将这套系统应用于摩托车，可在整车成本提高不多的情况下，大幅度提高发动机的动力性和经济性，降低排放，提高整车的技术水平。而且该系统经适当的技术匹配后可应用于绝大多数摩托车发动机，具有良好的应用前景。
In this study we developed a closed-loop electric control system，which used Electric Fuel Injection (EFI) and Three Way Catalyst converter (TWC) technology，on GY6 125ml scooter engine．We selected the controls parameter of the system on LZDC-15 direct current electrical dynamometer system．Then on the base of this work we do some experiments to compare the power，the economy and the emission performance with the original engine．During the research we used the EFI technology，which used on the automobile engine as a reference．But this technology can't be used on the motorcycle directly because of its high cost．So in order to lower down the cost of the system，we do some modification and simplification work on it．After the modification，the system can be fit for the application on the motorcycle very well．
In the system we don't use the common method to control the A/F．We adopt a new one，which called the duty-ratio-control method to do so．By using this kind of method we can simplify the hardware and the software and enhance the stability and anti-jamming performance of the system．
In the research we also use a new method to estimate the fuel consumption of the engine．It is very hard to measure the fuel consumption of the EFI system directly．But we must get the data to compare with the original engine．After some study we found that through the characteristic of the nozzle we can estimate fuel consumption．By this way the problem has been solved．
It has been testified by the experiment that the system can accurately control the A/F of the flammable mixture．Using together with the TWC，the system can lower down the emission of the engine greatly．At the same time the average power and torque are higher and the fuel consumption is lower down than before．Because the system can control the A/F accurately，we use it to get the output characteristic curve of the oxygen sensor．
Through applying this system on motorcycle we can enhance the power and economy and lower down the emission performance of the vehicle．On the other hand the cost does not raise more．After some matching work the system can be applied on almost all kinds of motorcycle engines．We trust that the system has a good future．
系统中对空燃比的控制没有沿用通常的控制方式，而是采用了占空比控制方式，这使控制系统的硬件和软件都得到了简化，提高了系统的稳定性和抗干扰能力。
在研究中还提出了通过喷油器喷油特性估算燃油消耗量的方法，解决了电喷系统油耗难于测定的问题。
实验证明本系统可以精确控制可燃混合气空燃比，配合三元催化器使用后使排放得到了大幅度降低，同时平均功率和扭矩比原机都有所提高，油耗降低。利用系统可以精确控制空燃比的特性，在实验中还对氧传感器进行了标定，获得了所用氧传感器的特性曲线。
将这套系统应用于摩托车，可在整车成本提高不多的情况下，大幅度提高发动机的动力性和经济性，降低排放，提高整车的技术水平。而且该系统经适当的技术匹配后可应用于绝大多数摩托车发动机，具有良好的应用前景。
In this study we developed a closed-loop electric control system，which used Electric Fuel Injection (EFI) and Three Way Catalyst converter (TWC) technology，on GY6 125ml scooter engine．We selected the controls parameter of the system on LZDC-15 direct current electrical dynamometer system．Then on the base of this work we do some experiments to compare the power，the economy and the emission performance with the original engine．During the research we used the EFI technology，which used on the automobile engine as a reference．But this technology can't be used on the motorcycle directly because of its high cost．So in order to lower down the cost of the system，we do some modification and simplification work on it．After the modification，the system can be fit for the application on the motorcycle very well．
In the system we don't use the common method to control the A/F．We adopt a new one，which called the duty-ratio-control method to do so．By using this kind of method we can simplify the hardware and the software and enhance the stability and anti-jamming performance of the system．
In the research we also use a new method to estimate the fuel consumption of the engine．It is very hard to measure the fuel consumption of the EFI system directly．But we must get the data to compare with the original engine．After some study we found that through the characteristic of the nozzle we can estimate fuel consumption．By this way the problem has been solved．
It has been testified by the experiment that the system can accurately control the A/F of the flammable mixture．Using together with the TWC，the system can lower down the emission of the engine greatly．At the same time the average power and torque are higher and the fuel consumption is lower down than before．Because the system can control the A/F accurately，we use it to get the output characteristic curve of the oxygen sensor．
Through applying this system on motorcycle we can enhance the power and economy and lower down the emission performance of the vehicle．On the other hand the cost does not raise more．After some matching work the system can be applied on almost all kinds of motorcycle engines．We trust that the system has a good future．
引文
1 吴晓红，罗代升，何小海，陶德元．摩托车电喷控制系统的研究．四川大学学报(自然科学版)．2002，39（5）：957~960
2 胡春明，谢辉，尧命发，汪洋．摩托车电喷系统的匹配技术及其开发系统的研究．小型内燃机与摩托车．2002，31（2）：22~25
3宋建锋，李国岫，张欣．现代控制技术在发动机空燃比控制中的应用．小型内燃机与摩托车．2001，30(4):11~14
4 Joon-Ho Yoo， Joseph V． Bonadies， Eric Detwiler， Mitch Ober， Dennis Reed． A Study of a Fast Light-Off Planar Oxygen Sensor Application for Exhaust Emissions Reduction． SAE TECHNICAL PAPER SERIES 2000-01-0888
5 Takeshi Takiyamaa， Eisuke Shiomib， Shigeyuki Moritaa．Air–fuel ratio control system using pulse width and amplitude modulation at transient state． JSAE Review． 2001， 22:537～544
6 Shinichiro Horiuchi， Toshiyuki Tamatsukuri， Shinya Nohtomi．An automotive lateral controller based on generalized predictive control theory． JSAE Review． 2000， 21: 53～59
7 Andrew Mills． Controlling the sensitivity of optical oxygen sensors． Sensors and Actuators B． 1998， 51:60～68
8 黄英，张付军，孙业保，赵长禄，刘福水．JL462 Q汽油机集中控制系统的研究． 内燃机学报． 1997，15(1):51～61
9 吴森．Motronic发动机电子控制系统的功能及控制原理． 武汉汽车工业大学学报． 1999， 21(3):5～9
10 Michael Majors， James Stori， Dan Cho． An Adaptive Neural Network Control Method for Automotive Fuel-Injection System． IEEE． 1993，104~109
11 胡春明，朱棣，尧命发．摩托车汽油机LPG供气装置的应用研究． 小型内燃机与摩托车． 2001， 30(2):14～17
12 张振东，陈万忠，姚喜贵．汽油机怠速转速闭环控制系统的研究． 农业机械学报． 2000，(1):12～14
13 刘利，卓斌．PID控制在电控汽油机λ闭环控制中的应用及相关参数的标定． 车用发动机． 2000，(1):17～20
14 段晖辉，姜卓，卓斌．汽油机集中式电子控制系统的研究．内燃机学报．2001， 19(1):55～61
15 姜卓，段晖辉，卓斌．汽油机新电控单元MIC1．0 ECU的喷油控制． 车用发动机． 1999， (6):26～31
16 姜卓，卓斌，段晖辉．汽油机新型电控系统ECU的硬件设计． 车用发动机． 1999， (4):10～14
17 顾善愚，赵奎翰，刘建京，饶如麟．汽油-液化石油气(LPG)两用燃料发动机的研究． 内燃机学报． 2001， 19(4):323~327
18 胡准庆，贾萍稳，张欣．双燃料发动机电子控制系统的设计．北京汽车． 1999．(3): 1~5
19 李维，周龙保，董英斌．提高化学计量比汽油机的燃油经济性及降低排放的研究．内燃机学报． 2001， 19(2):143~147
20 Jae-Hyun Lee，Duk-Dong Lee，A SrF2-based oxygen sensor operative at low temperature．Sensors and Actuators B． 1998， 46: 169～173
21 Robert W．Weeks，John J． Moskwa．Automotive Engine Modeling for Real-Time Control Using MATLAB/SIMULINK． SAE 950417
22 Andrew Mills．Controlling the sensitivity of optical oxygen sensors．Sensors and Actuators B．1998，51：60~68
23 陈羽中．三元催化器结构原理与性能评价．四川工业学院学报．2001，20（4）：1~3
24 Hiroshi Inagaki， Akira Ohata， Tokuta Inoue． An Adaptive Fuel Injection Control with Internal Model in Automotive Engines． IEEE． 1990， 78~83
25 雷复兴，刘晖，吴卫江，刘庆国，王中平．ZrO2 基氧传感器在汽车尾气净化中的应用． 耐火材料． 1999，33(4):211～213
26 Sei-Bum Choi， Mooncheol Won． Fuel-Injection Control of S．I． Engines． IEEE． 1994，1609~1614
27 Andreas Bastian．Modeling Fuel Injection Control Maps Using Fuzzy Logic． IEEE．1994， 740~743
28 G．K．I．Mann， B．G．Hu， R．G．Gosine． Time-domain Based Design and Analysis of New PID Tuning Rules． IEE Proc． Control Theory Appl． 2001， 148(3):251~262
29 Sigeru Omatu， Takeshi Iwasa， Michifumi Yoshioka． Skill-Based PID Control by Using Neural Networks． IEEE． 1998， 1972~1977
30 Q．He， S．D．Garvey． To Automatically Select PID Structures for Various Electrical Drive Applications． IEE． 1996
31 George K． I． Mann， Bao-Gang Hu， Raymond G． Gosine． Analysis of Direct Action Fuzzy PID Controller Structures． IEEE． 1999， 371~388
32 Erich P． Brandt， Yanying Wang， Jessy W． Grizzle． Dynamic Modeling of a Three-Way Catalyst for SI Engine Exhaust Emission Control． IEEE． 2000， 767~776
33 Giovanni Fiengo， Luigi Glielmo， Stefania Santini， Gabriele Serra． Control Oriented Models for TWC-equipped Spark Ignition Engines during the Warm-up
Phase． AACC． 2002， 1761~1766
34 吴斌，董蔚，周大森．对摩托车点火系统电子控制的研究．小型内燃机．1996，25（3）：24~27
35 穆卫强，孙成军，周大森． 霍尔传感器在小型内燃机电控系统中的应用．小型内燃机与摩托车．2001，30（4）：15~18
36 孙成军，周大森．小型发动机LPG电控喷射的空燃比控制特性研究．北京工业大学学报．2002，28（2）：168~172
37 Peter J．Maloney．A Production Wide-Range AFR Control Algorithm for Direct-Injection Gasoline Application．SAE Technical Paper Series 2001-01-0260
38 Albert T． Lee， Mark Wilcutts， Per Tunestal， J．Karl Hedrick． A method of lean air–fuel ratio control using combustion pressure measurement． JSAE Review． 2001， 22: 389～393
39 Hyun-Joon， Ho-Seong Jeong， Dong-Wan Kim． A Design on Robust PD Control System for Optimal Fuel-Injection． IEEE． 1999，403~406
40 李兴虎，张博彦，韩爱民，金克成，王新征．加热式氧传感器在点燃式发动机空燃比测量中的应用研究．内燃机学报．2002，20（3）：217~220
2 胡春明，谢辉，尧命发，汪洋．摩托车电喷系统的匹配技术及其开发系统的研究．小型内燃机与摩托车．2002，31（2）：22~25
3宋建锋，李国岫，张欣．现代控制技术在发动机空燃比控制中的应用．小型内燃机与摩托车．2001，30(4):11~14
4 Joon-Ho Yoo， Joseph V． Bonadies， Eric Detwiler， Mitch Ober， Dennis Reed． A Study of a Fast Light-Off Planar Oxygen Sensor Application for Exhaust Emissions Reduction． SAE TECHNICAL PAPER SERIES 2000-01-0888
5 Takeshi Takiyamaa， Eisuke Shiomib， Shigeyuki Moritaa．Air–fuel ratio control system using pulse width and amplitude modulation at transient state． JSAE Review． 2001， 22:537～544
6 Shinichiro Horiuchi， Toshiyuki Tamatsukuri， Shinya Nohtomi．An automotive lateral controller based on generalized predictive control theory． JSAE Review． 2000， 21: 53～59
7 Andrew Mills． Controlling the sensitivity of optical oxygen sensors． Sensors and Actuators B． 1998， 51:60～68
8 黄英，张付军，孙业保，赵长禄，刘福水．JL462 Q汽油机集中控制系统的研究． 内燃机学报． 1997，15(1):51～61
9 吴森．Motronic发动机电子控制系统的功能及控制原理． 武汉汽车工业大学学报． 1999， 21(3):5～9
10 Michael Majors， James Stori， Dan Cho． An Adaptive Neural Network Control Method for Automotive Fuel-Injection System． IEEE． 1993，104~109
11 胡春明，朱棣，尧命发．摩托车汽油机LPG供气装置的应用研究． 小型内燃机与摩托车． 2001， 30(2):14～17
12 张振东，陈万忠，姚喜贵．汽油机怠速转速闭环控制系统的研究． 农业机械学报． 2000，(1):12～14
13 刘利，卓斌．PID控制在电控汽油机λ闭环控制中的应用及相关参数的标定． 车用发动机． 2000，(1):17～20
14 段晖辉，姜卓，卓斌．汽油机集中式电子控制系统的研究．内燃机学报．2001， 19(1):55～61
15 姜卓，段晖辉，卓斌．汽油机新电控单元MIC1．0 ECU的喷油控制． 车用发动机． 1999， (6):26～31
16 姜卓，卓斌，段晖辉．汽油机新型电控系统ECU的硬件设计． 车用发动机． 1999， (4):10～14
17 顾善愚，赵奎翰，刘建京，饶如麟．汽油-液化石油气(LPG)两用燃料发动机的研究． 内燃机学报． 2001， 19(4):323~327
18 胡准庆，贾萍稳，张欣．双燃料发动机电子控制系统的设计．北京汽车． 1999．(3): 1~5
19 李维，周龙保，董英斌．提高化学计量比汽油机的燃油经济性及降低排放的研究．内燃机学报． 2001， 19(2):143~147
20 Jae-Hyun Lee，Duk-Dong Lee，A SrF2-based oxygen sensor operative at low temperature．Sensors and Actuators B． 1998， 46: 169～173
21 Robert W．Weeks，John J． Moskwa．Automotive Engine Modeling for Real-Time Control Using MATLAB/SIMULINK． SAE 950417
22 Andrew Mills．Controlling the sensitivity of optical oxygen sensors．Sensors and Actuators B．1998，51：60~68
23 陈羽中．三元催化器结构原理与性能评价．四川工业学院学报．2001，20（4）：1~3
24 Hiroshi Inagaki， Akira Ohata， Tokuta Inoue． An Adaptive Fuel Injection Control with Internal Model in Automotive Engines． IEEE． 1990， 78~83
25 雷复兴，刘晖，吴卫江，刘庆国，王中平．ZrO2 基氧传感器在汽车尾气净化中的应用． 耐火材料． 1999，33(4):211～213
26 Sei-Bum Choi， Mooncheol Won． Fuel-Injection Control of S．I． Engines． IEEE． 1994，1609~1614
27 Andreas Bastian．Modeling Fuel Injection Control Maps Using Fuzzy Logic． IEEE．1994， 740~743
28 G．K．I．Mann， B．G．Hu， R．G．Gosine． Time-domain Based Design and Analysis of New PID Tuning Rules． IEE Proc． Control Theory Appl． 2001， 148(3):251~262
29 Sigeru Omatu， Takeshi Iwasa， Michifumi Yoshioka． Skill-Based PID Control by Using Neural Networks． IEEE． 1998， 1972~1977
30 Q．He， S．D．Garvey． To Automatically Select PID Structures for Various Electrical Drive Applications． IEE． 1996
31 George K． I． Mann， Bao-Gang Hu， Raymond G． Gosine． Analysis of Direct Action Fuzzy PID Controller Structures． IEEE． 1999， 371~388
32 Erich P． Brandt， Yanying Wang， Jessy W． Grizzle． Dynamic Modeling of a Three-Way Catalyst for SI Engine Exhaust Emission Control． IEEE． 2000， 767~776
33 Giovanni Fiengo， Luigi Glielmo， Stefania Santini， Gabriele Serra． Control Oriented Models for TWC-equipped Spark Ignition Engines during the Warm-up
Phase． AACC． 2002， 1761~1766
34 吴斌，董蔚，周大森．对摩托车点火系统电子控制的研究．小型内燃机．1996，25（3）：24~27
35 穆卫强，孙成军，周大森． 霍尔传感器在小型内燃机电控系统中的应用．小型内燃机与摩托车．2001，30（4）：15~18
36 孙成军，周大森．小型发动机LPG电控喷射的空燃比控制特性研究．北京工业大学学报．2002，28（2）：168~172
37 Peter J．Maloney．A Production Wide-Range AFR Control Algorithm for Direct-Injection Gasoline Application．SAE Technical Paper Series 2001-01-0260
38 Albert T． Lee， Mark Wilcutts， Per Tunestal， J．Karl Hedrick． A method of lean air–fuel ratio control using combustion pressure measurement． JSAE Review． 2001， 22: 389～393
39 Hyun-Joon， Ho-Seong Jeong， Dong-Wan Kim． A Design on Robust PD Control System for Optimal Fuel-Injection． IEEE． 1999，403~406
40 李兴虎，张博彦，韩爱民，金克成，王新征．加热式氧传感器在点燃式发动机空燃比测量中的应用研究．内燃机学报．2002，20（3）：217~220