灌水及不同氮源对马铃薯品质和产量的影响
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摘要
马铃薯作为粮食、蔬菜兼用作物,随着旱地农业的发展,其已成为我国重要的食品、工业原料。我省作为马铃薯的种植大省,近年来对马铃薯的产量、品质研究成为马铃薯科研和生产部门共同关心的问题。为了探明氮素在马铃薯种植中营养规律；提高氮肥的利用率；增加农民收入；防止或减轻环境污染；保持农业可持续发展,本试验通过采用裂区设计的大田试验,对马铃薯在不同氮素形态下吸收利用情况进行研究,得出不同氮素形态对马铃薯产量及其品质的影响,从而对马铃薯种植的合理配肥提供一定的理论依据,试验结果表明：
1.不同铵硝比及灌水条件对马铃薯不同生育期土壤全氮含量的影响
播前土壤养分测定中,全氮含量为1.18g/g(施肥前测定),经过马铃薯在生育期生长吸收,土壤中全氮含量有所变化整体趋势表现为下降。在块茎形成期,各处理中土壤中全氮含量出现变化,整体表现为施氮后土壤氮素含量增加,在没有外源氮素的补充下,马铃薯植株生长吸收氮素,使得土壤氮素含量下降。在块茎形成期到块茎增长期,处理3中土壤全氮含量降低了0.33g/g,处理2中土壤全氮含量降低了0.25g/g,土壤质地、降水条件相似时,氮素减少原因可能是不同铵硝比处理使马铃薯吸收氮素的速率有所不同,可以认为在块茎形成期到块茎增长期,苗期补水处理对土壤全氮含量动态变化影响不大。
2.不同铵硝比及灌水条件对马铃薯形态指标的影响
在灌水条件下,不同梯度硝铵比的六个处理中,在处理2中马铃薯株高最高,为67.44cm,较对照(CK)增加10.2%；其中在处理3中马铃薯茎粗最粗,为14.33mm,较对照(CK)增加20.8%。
在无灌溉不同梯度铵硝比的六个处理中,处理7中马铃薯株高最高,为65.75cm,较对照(CK)增加7.4%；在处理11中马铃薯茎粗最粗,为14.21mm,较对照(CK)增加19.8%。
3.不同铵硝比及灌水条件对马铃薯叶绿素的影响。
在灌水条件下不同梯度硝铵比的六个处理中叶绿素值均高于对照,其中在处理2中马铃薯叶绿素含量最高,为49.96mg/g,较对照(CK)增加9.8%。
在无灌溉条件下不同梯度硝铵比的六个处理中马铃薯的叶绿素含量在处理9中含量最高,为48.13mg/g,较对照(CK)增加5.8%。
4.不同铵硝比及灌水条件对马铃薯品质指标的影响
在灌水的六个处理中,处理2中马铃薯淀粉含量、Vc含量最高,为15.15%、14.58g/100g,分别较对照(CK)增加12.6%、10.5%；处理6中马铃薯干物质含量最高,为21.14%,较对照(CK)增加9.6%。
在无灌溉条件下不同梯度硝铵比的六个处理中,处理10中马铃薯淀粉含量、干物质含量最高,为14.87%、20.71%,分别较对照(CK)增加10.5%、7.4%；处理9的Vc含量最高达13.91g/100g,较对照增加5.4%。
5.不同铵硝比及灌水条件对马铃薯商品薯率的影响
从灌水条件下不同梯度铵硝比的角度看,处理1的商品薯率最高达90%,较对照提高了23个百分点,但是其单株结薯数最低,为5.44个,其次是处理2的商品薯率最高,达78%,较对照提高了5%；且处理2的单株平均结薯数最高,为9.11个。
在无灌溉条件下不同梯度硝铵比的六个处理中,处理10的商品薯率最高达83%,较对照提高了10%,马铃薯单株结薯个数处理11单株结薯个数最高,为7.00个。
6.不同铵硝比及灌水条件对马铃薯产量的影响
在灌水条件下马铃薯的产量,在处理2中马铃薯产量最高,为42.71kg,较对照(CK)增加18%。
在无灌溉的六个处理中处理8中马铃薯产量最高,为39.73,较对照(CK)增加9.8%。
综上所述,经过对试验数据分析比对可知：处理l有1项指标最优；处理2有5项指标最优；处理3有1项指标最优；处理4有2项指标最优；处理6有1项指标最优,且产量最高的处理为处理2。因此,最佳处理为处理2。
With the development of dryland farming, Potato, as food and vegetables, has become a major food, industrial raw materials in china. Potato was cultivated in a lager scale in Shanxi provience. In recent years, the output and quality of potato had been investigated by many research and production departments. The aim of this research is to clarify nitrogen nutrition in potato cultivation; to improve nitrogen use efficiency; to increase the income of peasants; to prevent from environmental pollution; to maintain sustainable agricultural development. In Shanxi Province, Xinzhou City, Academy of Agricultural Experiment Station Wuzhai County potato base,the test on potato absorption and utilization of different nitrogen forms was conducted by a randomized complete block design field experiment. The results will provide some reasonable theoretical basis. This experimental results showed that:
1. Effects of different kentite ratio and irrigation conditions on soil nitrogen content during development stages of potato.
Determination of soil samples before sowing points, the total nitrogen content of test soil is 1.18g/kg (measured before fertilization). Total nitrogen in test soil decreased after absorption of potato growing during the potato growth period. In the tuber formation stage, total nitrogen of test soil changed in different treatments. Nitrogen content increased after nitrogen fertilization.Due to nitrogen absorption of potato, nitrogen content decreased without additional nitrogen.During the tuber formation and growth stages, nitrogen decreased 0.33 g/kg in the treatment 3 and 0.25 g/kg in the treatment 2.Under the similar soil texture and rainfall conditions, reduced nitrogen content may result from effects of different kentite ratio on nitrogen absorption of potato.While,effect of seedling irrigation on the dynamic changes of total nitrogen in test soil is insignificant.
2. Effects of different kentite ratio and irrigation conditions on morphological index of potato.
Under the different irrigation conditions, the potato plant height is the hightest in treatment 2(67.44cm) and increase 10.2% compared with the control (CK). The potato stem diameter is thickest in treatment 3(14.33cm) and increase 20.8% compared with the control (CK).
Different gradient kentite ratio in the absence of irrigation, potato plant height is the highestin treatment 7(65.75cm) and increase 7.4% compared with the control (CK). The potato stem diameter is thickest in treatment 11(14.21cm) and increase 19.8% compared with the control (CK).
3. Effects of different kentite ratio and irrigation conditions on potato chlorophyll.
Under the different irrigation conditions, chlorophyll content of potato in all treatments are higher than control. The chlorophyll content of potato in treatment 2 is the highest(49.96) and increase 9.8% compared with the control (CK).
Different gradient kentite ratio in the absence of irrigation, The chlorophyll content of potato in treatment 9 is the highest(48.13) and increase 5.8% compared with the control (CK).
4. Effects of different kentite ratio and irrigation conditions on the quality Index of potato.
Under the different irrigation conditions, the potato starch content and Vc content are highest(15.15% and 14.58g/100g respectively) in treatment 2 and increase 12.6% and 10.5% respectively compared with the control (CK). The dry matter content of potato is highest in treatment 6(21.14%) and increase 9.6% compared with the control (CK).
Different gradient kentite ratio in the absence of irrigation, the potato starch content and dry matter content of potatov are highest(14.87% and 20.71% respectively) in treatment 10 and increase 10.5% and 7.4% respectively compared with the control (CK). The Vc content of potato is highest in treatment 9(13.91g/100g) and increase 5.4% compared with the control (CK).
5. Effects of different kentite ratio and irrigation conditions on the rate of the potato product.
Under the different irrigation conditions, the rate of the potato product is the highest(90%) in treatment 1 and increase 23% compared with the control (CK),while, the number of tubers per plant is lowest (5.44)。the rate of the potato product is the higher(78%) in treatment 2 than others and the number of tubers per plant is highest (9.11).
Different gradient kentite ratio in the absence of irrigation, the rate of the potato product is the highest(83%) in treatment 10 and increase 10% compared with the control (CK). The number of tubers per plant is highest in treatment 11 (7.00).
6. Effects of different kentite ratio and irrigation conditions on yield of potato.
Under the different irrigation conditions,the potato output is highest in treatment 2(42.71kg) and imcrease 18% compared with the control (CK).
Different gradient kentite ratio in the absence of irrigation, the potato output is highest in treatment 8(39.73kg) and imcrease 9.8% compared with the control (CK).
In summary,the experimental data indicated that treatment 1 has 1 optimal index, treatment 2 has 5 optimal indexes, treatment 3 has 1 optimal index, treatment 4 has 2 optimal indexes and treatment 6 has 1 optimal index.The treatment 2 can be considered as the best one because of the highest yield of potato in treatment 2.
1.不同铵硝比及灌水条件对马铃薯不同生育期土壤全氮含量的影响
播前土壤养分测定中,全氮含量为1.18g/g(施肥前测定),经过马铃薯在生育期生长吸收,土壤中全氮含量有所变化整体趋势表现为下降。在块茎形成期,各处理中土壤中全氮含量出现变化,整体表现为施氮后土壤氮素含量增加,在没有外源氮素的补充下,马铃薯植株生长吸收氮素,使得土壤氮素含量下降。在块茎形成期到块茎增长期,处理3中土壤全氮含量降低了0.33g/g,处理2中土壤全氮含量降低了0.25g/g,土壤质地、降水条件相似时,氮素减少原因可能是不同铵硝比处理使马铃薯吸收氮素的速率有所不同,可以认为在块茎形成期到块茎增长期,苗期补水处理对土壤全氮含量动态变化影响不大。
2.不同铵硝比及灌水条件对马铃薯形态指标的影响
在灌水条件下,不同梯度硝铵比的六个处理中,在处理2中马铃薯株高最高,为67.44cm,较对照(CK)增加10.2%；其中在处理3中马铃薯茎粗最粗,为14.33mm,较对照(CK)增加20.8%。
在无灌溉不同梯度铵硝比的六个处理中,处理7中马铃薯株高最高,为65.75cm,较对照(CK)增加7.4%；在处理11中马铃薯茎粗最粗,为14.21mm,较对照(CK)增加19.8%。
3.不同铵硝比及灌水条件对马铃薯叶绿素的影响。
在灌水条件下不同梯度硝铵比的六个处理中叶绿素值均高于对照,其中在处理2中马铃薯叶绿素含量最高,为49.96mg/g,较对照(CK)增加9.8%。
在无灌溉条件下不同梯度硝铵比的六个处理中马铃薯的叶绿素含量在处理9中含量最高,为48.13mg/g,较对照(CK)增加5.8%。
4.不同铵硝比及灌水条件对马铃薯品质指标的影响
在灌水的六个处理中,处理2中马铃薯淀粉含量、Vc含量最高,为15.15%、14.58g/100g,分别较对照(CK)增加12.6%、10.5%；处理6中马铃薯干物质含量最高,为21.14%,较对照(CK)增加9.6%。
在无灌溉条件下不同梯度硝铵比的六个处理中,处理10中马铃薯淀粉含量、干物质含量最高,为14.87%、20.71%,分别较对照(CK)增加10.5%、7.4%；处理9的Vc含量最高达13.91g/100g,较对照增加5.4%。
5.不同铵硝比及灌水条件对马铃薯商品薯率的影响
从灌水条件下不同梯度铵硝比的角度看,处理1的商品薯率最高达90%,较对照提高了23个百分点,但是其单株结薯数最低,为5.44个,其次是处理2的商品薯率最高,达78%,较对照提高了5%；且处理2的单株平均结薯数最高,为9.11个。
在无灌溉条件下不同梯度硝铵比的六个处理中,处理10的商品薯率最高达83%,较对照提高了10%,马铃薯单株结薯个数处理11单株结薯个数最高,为7.00个。
6.不同铵硝比及灌水条件对马铃薯产量的影响
在灌水条件下马铃薯的产量,在处理2中马铃薯产量最高,为42.71kg,较对照(CK)增加18%。
在无灌溉的六个处理中处理8中马铃薯产量最高,为39.73,较对照(CK)增加9.8%。
综上所述,经过对试验数据分析比对可知：处理l有1项指标最优；处理2有5项指标最优；处理3有1项指标最优；处理4有2项指标最优；处理6有1项指标最优,且产量最高的处理为处理2。因此,最佳处理为处理2。
With the development of dryland farming, Potato, as food and vegetables, has become a major food, industrial raw materials in china. Potato was cultivated in a lager scale in Shanxi provience. In recent years, the output and quality of potato had been investigated by many research and production departments. The aim of this research is to clarify nitrogen nutrition in potato cultivation; to improve nitrogen use efficiency; to increase the income of peasants; to prevent from environmental pollution; to maintain sustainable agricultural development. In Shanxi Province, Xinzhou City, Academy of Agricultural Experiment Station Wuzhai County potato base,the test on potato absorption and utilization of different nitrogen forms was conducted by a randomized complete block design field experiment. The results will provide some reasonable theoretical basis. This experimental results showed that:
1. Effects of different kentite ratio and irrigation conditions on soil nitrogen content during development stages of potato.
Determination of soil samples before sowing points, the total nitrogen content of test soil is 1.18g/kg (measured before fertilization). Total nitrogen in test soil decreased after absorption of potato growing during the potato growth period. In the tuber formation stage, total nitrogen of test soil changed in different treatments. Nitrogen content increased after nitrogen fertilization.Due to nitrogen absorption of potato, nitrogen content decreased without additional nitrogen.During the tuber formation and growth stages, nitrogen decreased 0.33 g/kg in the treatment 3 and 0.25 g/kg in the treatment 2.Under the similar soil texture and rainfall conditions, reduced nitrogen content may result from effects of different kentite ratio on nitrogen absorption of potato.While,effect of seedling irrigation on the dynamic changes of total nitrogen in test soil is insignificant.
2. Effects of different kentite ratio and irrigation conditions on morphological index of potato.
Under the different irrigation conditions, the potato plant height is the hightest in treatment 2(67.44cm) and increase 10.2% compared with the control (CK). The potato stem diameter is thickest in treatment 3(14.33cm) and increase 20.8% compared with the control (CK).
Different gradient kentite ratio in the absence of irrigation, potato plant height is the highestin treatment 7(65.75cm) and increase 7.4% compared with the control (CK). The potato stem diameter is thickest in treatment 11(14.21cm) and increase 19.8% compared with the control (CK).
3. Effects of different kentite ratio and irrigation conditions on potato chlorophyll.
Under the different irrigation conditions, chlorophyll content of potato in all treatments are higher than control. The chlorophyll content of potato in treatment 2 is the highest(49.96) and increase 9.8% compared with the control (CK).
Different gradient kentite ratio in the absence of irrigation, The chlorophyll content of potato in treatment 9 is the highest(48.13) and increase 5.8% compared with the control (CK).
4. Effects of different kentite ratio and irrigation conditions on the quality Index of potato.
Under the different irrigation conditions, the potato starch content and Vc content are highest(15.15% and 14.58g/100g respectively) in treatment 2 and increase 12.6% and 10.5% respectively compared with the control (CK). The dry matter content of potato is highest in treatment 6(21.14%) and increase 9.6% compared with the control (CK).
Different gradient kentite ratio in the absence of irrigation, the potato starch content and dry matter content of potatov are highest(14.87% and 20.71% respectively) in treatment 10 and increase 10.5% and 7.4% respectively compared with the control (CK). The Vc content of potato is highest in treatment 9(13.91g/100g) and increase 5.4% compared with the control (CK).
5. Effects of different kentite ratio and irrigation conditions on the rate of the potato product.
Under the different irrigation conditions, the rate of the potato product is the highest(90%) in treatment 1 and increase 23% compared with the control (CK),while, the number of tubers per plant is lowest (5.44)。the rate of the potato product is the higher(78%) in treatment 2 than others and the number of tubers per plant is highest (9.11).
Different gradient kentite ratio in the absence of irrigation, the rate of the potato product is the highest(83%) in treatment 10 and increase 10% compared with the control (CK). The number of tubers per plant is highest in treatment 11 (7.00).
6. Effects of different kentite ratio and irrigation conditions on yield of potato.
Under the different irrigation conditions,the potato output is highest in treatment 2(42.71kg) and imcrease 18% compared with the control (CK).
Different gradient kentite ratio in the absence of irrigation, the potato output is highest in treatment 8(39.73kg) and imcrease 9.8% compared with the control (CK).
In summary,the experimental data indicated that treatment 1 has 1 optimal index, treatment 2 has 5 optimal indexes, treatment 3 has 1 optimal index, treatment 4 has 2 optimal indexes and treatment 6 has 1 optimal index.The treatment 2 can be considered as the best one because of the highest yield of potato in treatment 2.
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