古罗马妇女美德:男性意识形态和妇女的应对(约公元前2世纪至公元2世纪)
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摘要
在父权制的罗马社会,男子是世界的主宰,妇女处于依附地位。男子建构了一套对妇女的压迫体系,其中也包括对妇女美德的规范,如要求妇女简朴、勤劳、贞洁、忠诚、谨慎、慈爱、顺从、虔诚等等。而从罗马建城到共和国末期,罗马妇女生活也比较质朴和单纯,她们比较遵从旧俗和这些美德规范。不过从公元前2世纪至2世纪,大概从第二次布匿战争开始至帝国初期,罗马社会产生了激烈变革,处于一个转型和变化的时期。罗马妇女的生活也发生了重大变化。她们逐渐有了鲜明的自我意识,有了强烈的自我表现欲望和个性特征,注重追求自身的幸福,对于妇女美德有了自己的诠释方式。她们不再只是听话的小女人,而是在婚姻家庭生活中努力寻求与男子同等的地位,为自己谋取利益。她们积极参与社会活动,精明地为自己聚敛财富,有较强的政治意识,也有了为争取自身权利而斗争的精神,有些甚至敢于反抗男性的统治(包括采取一些极端的手段),甚至还出现了一些妇女野心家。这是对父权制社会的一种挑战。这些都说明古罗马共和末期和帝国初期的妇女已经获得了一些政治、经济、社会权利,取得了较高的社会地位,这可以说是妇女解放的一个阶段,是妇女运动史上的一个里程碑。本文共分为两大部分。第一部分,即第一章,分别从制度体系和话语体系两方面来分析男性意识形态对妇女美德的构建。第二部分包括第二章和第三章,主要是探讨妇女是怎样具体诠释男性意识形态规范下的妇女美德要求。第二章主要是从妇女的婚姻家庭生活对这个问题进行讨论,考察了作为女儿的妇女,作为妻子的妇女和作为主妇和母亲的妇女。第三章则从六个环节来考察她们的公众生活,包括社交生活、打扮装饰、司法参与、经济活动、政治生活和宗教祭祀。从她们对这些领域活动的积极参与,发现她们有了更大的活动空间,甚至可以说,除了当兵和执政外,她们的身影几乎遍布了所有男子能进入的领域,并发挥了重要的作用。当然,应该指出的是,妇女的地位尽管在罗马共和国后期帝国初期有了很大的提高,但我们不能夸大这种提高。首先,这种提高只是相对的,即相对于罗马前期以及古代其它国家的妇女地位而言的;其次,本文所研究的妇女主要是处于整个妇女群体中的一部分,即社会中上层的妇女,而广大的下层妇女由于材料限制,研究有限,事实上,下层妇女的地位在这段时间也并没有多大的提高;最后,这种提高并不能改变男子居于统治中心的地位,妇女仍然属于第二性,只是她们的处境有所改善而已。
In ancient Rome,under patriarchy,The Men,having been established a systemof rules upon the women,especially the women virtue norms,such as frugality,industry,pudicity,fidelity,modesty,affection,obedience,piety,etc.,dominated theworld,ruling the women.Thus,the women,from the foundation of the city of Rometill late Roman Republic,around the beginning of the 2nd century BC,as a whole,were obliged to observe the rules.
     From the beginning of the 2~(nd) century BC to the end of the 2~(nd) century AD,approximately from the second Punic war to the prior period of the Roman Empire,however,innovation and transformation emerged in Roman society,which exerted agreat influence upon the women,who began to resort to a new way to protest thevirtue norms.They gradually generated self-respect consciousness,self-expressiondesire,and various personalities;who began to persue self happiness and strive forself interest and better status in their marriages and families.Furthermore,theyenergetically attended social activities,accumulated self fortune,affected the politicalaffairs,some of who even challenged the rule of the men utilizing extreme measures.This is also a challenge to the Roman patriarchy,indicating the women at that timebegan to get more and more political,economic,and social rights,and their status hadsubstantially improved,even a symbol of women's liberation.
     The paper is divided into two parts.The first one,ie.the first chapter,introducedthe construction of women virtue norms under the male ideology.And the second one,mainly discussing the response of the women to the women virtue norms establishedby rnen,includes two parts:the second chapter and the third chapter.Women'smarriage and family lives and roles,as the daughter,the wife,the matron and themother,were comprehensively observed in second chapter.The third chapterdevelops from six aspects:women's social intercourse,ornaments,judicial attendance,economic behavior,political activity and religious worship,which indicates that thewomen acquired much more broder life space then ever before.They even playedsignificant roles in the men ever occupied domains,except serving in the army andreigning the country.
     Indeed,it should be pointed out that although women status were greatlyimproved,we can not aggrandize the improvement.To begin with,it is just relativeimprovement,when comparing with women's status in early Rome and other ancient countries.Second,women here studied are just part of women at that time,i.e.upper-class and middle-class women,while excluding a great number of lower-classwomen.In fact,the status of lower-class women hadn't substantially improved.Inaddition,the improvement could not change the position of men who ruled overwomen,and women all the same belonged to the inferior gender.
引文
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    2 Cf.Natalie Kampen,Image and Status: Roman Working Women in Ostia,Berlin,1981.
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    1 西蒙娜·德·波伏娃:《第二性》,第100页。
    2 西蒙娜·德·波伏娃:《第二性》,第104页。
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    1 Cicero,Pro Plancio,29.
    2 Seneca,Epistulae,120.2-3.Honestum putant,cui ratio recti officii constat,tamquam pie curatam patris senectutem,adiutam amici paupertatem,fortem expeditionem,prudentem moderatamque sententiam.
    3 Seneca,Epistulae,120.11.Ex quo ergo virtutem intelleximus? Ostenditillam nobis ordo eius et decor et Constantia et omnium inter se actionum Concordia et magnitude super omnia efferens sese.
    4 Seneca,Epistulae,120.12.Dicam.Nunquam vir iue perfectus aaeptusque virtutem fortunae maledixit,numquam accidentia tristis excepit,civem esse se universi et militem credens labores velut imperatos subiit.Quicquid inciderat,non tamquam malum aspernatus est et in se casur delatum,sed quasi delegatum sibi.Hoc qualecumque est,inquit,meum est; asperum est,durum est,in hoc ipso navemus operam.
    1 Justinian,Institutes 1.9.
    2 Digest.1.6.4 (Ulpian).
    3 Ius vitae necisque.
    4 J.J.Bachofen,Das Mutterrecht.Eine Untersuchung (u|¨)ber the Gynaikokratie der alten Welt nach ihrer religi(o|¨)sen und rechtlichen Natur,Stuttgart,1861,p22.
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    7 M.I.Finley,`The Silent Women of Rome',Laura K.McClure,(ed.) Sexuality and Gender in the Classical World,Oxford,2002.
    1 Cato,De agri cultura,132; 134; 139.
    2 Digest 32.62 (Julian).
    3 Digest 50.16.195 pr.(Ulpian).
    4 Digest 50.16.84 (Paulus).
    5 Digest 50.16.40.1 (Ulpian).
    6 Digest 50.16.52 (Ulpian).
    7 Garaner,1995; Saller,1999; cf.Tregglari,'Questions on women Domestlcs in the Roman West,” Sschivitu,(ed.) Manomissione e Classi Dipedenti nel Mondo antico,Rome: “L'Erma”,di Bretschneider,1979,pp.185-186.
    8 The Twelve Tables,5.1.
    9 Digest 2.13.1.5 (Ulpian).
    1 Ulpian,Rules 5.8-10.
    2 Institutes 1.190.
    3 Digest 22.6.9 pr.(Paulus).
    4 Code of Justinian.6.9.6.The Theodosian Code 3.5.3.The Theodosian Code 2.16.3 Code of Justinian.1.18.13.
    5 Digest 50.17.110.4 (Paulus).
    6 The Twelve Tables,5.1.
    7 Ulpian,Rules 5.8-10.
    1 Paulus,Opinions,2.26.1-17.
    2 Dio Cassius,Historia Roinana,54.16.1-2,3~(nd) A.D.Tr.E.Cary(LCL)
    3 Suetonius,Augustus,34.
    4 Digest 3.1.1.5 (Ulpian).
    5 Digest 26.10.1.6 (Ulpian).
    6 The Theodosian Code 2.17.1.1.
    1 Seneca,Consolatio adMarciam,16.1-2.
    2 Plutarch,Numa Poinpilius,25(3)5-6.
    3 Suetonius,Augustus,64.cf.苏维托尼乌斯:《罗马十二帝王传》,张竹明等译,商务印书 馆,2000年版,第85页。
    1 Suetonius,Augustus,73.cf.苏维托尼乌斯:《罗马十二帝王传》,张竹明等译,商务印书馆,2000年版,第92页。
    2 Seneca,Consolatio ad Marciam,16.1-2.
    3 Livy,Ab urbe condita libra,praef.,1 .57.
    4 Ovid,Fasti,4.16-18.
    5 Ovid,Fasti.4.16-18.
    1 Livy,Ab urbe condita libra,praef.1,58.
    2 Valerius Maximus,Memorable Deeds and Sayings 4.4pr.Tr.M.B.F.
    3 Valerius Maximus,Memorable Deeds and Sayings 4.4pr.Tr.M.B.F.
    4 Plutarch.Life of Gaius Gracchus,19,2~(nd) cent.A.D,Tr,J.Dryden.
    5 Plutarch,Life of Gaius Gracchus,19,2~(nd) cent.A.D,Tr,J.Dryaen.
    6 Seneca.Consolatio ad Helviam,16.3.
    7 Seneca.Epistulae,120.17.
    8 Seneca,Octavia,533.
    1 Plautus,Amphitryon,145.
    2 Pliny the Younger,Letters,8.5.1-2.
    3 Pliny the Younger,Letters,6.7.
    4 Ovid, Fasti,5.155-58.
    5 G.Herbert-Brown,Ovid and the Fasti: A Historyical Study,Oxford,1994,pp.131-145
    6 Pliny the Younger,Letters,7.19.1;3;4;6.
    1 Pliny the Younger,Letters,3.16.Tr.B.Radice.
    2 Appian,Belle Civilia,4.39.cf.阿庇安:《罗马史》,商务印书馆,谢德风译,1997年版,第345-346页。
    3 Valerius Maximus,Memorable Deeds and Sayings 6.7.2.Tr.M.B.F.
    4 Valerius Maximus,Memorable Deeds and Sayings 6.7.3.Tr.M.B.F.
    5 Valerius Maximus,Memorable Deeds and Sayings 6.7.1.Tr.M.B.F.
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    3 Dio Cassius,即卡修斯。
    4 塔西佗:《历史》,第309页注释5。
    5 Seneca,Consolatio ad Marciam.16.1-2.
    1 Pliny the Younger,Letters 3.16.Tr.B.Radice.
    2 塔西佗:《编年史》,第591页。
    3 Pliny the Younger,Letters 3.19.
    4 Livy,Ab urbe condita libra,praef.2.13.
    5 Seneca,Consolatio ad Marciam,16.1-2.
    6 Toga,古罗马男子的衣服。
    7 Pliney the Elder,Historia Naturalas,34.29.
    8 Pliny the Younger,Epistles,7.19.1;3; 4; 6.
    9 Seneca,Consolatio ad Marciam,16.3-4.
    10 Plutarch,Gaius Gracchus,19,2~(nd) cent.A.D,Tr,J.Dryden
    1 Valerius Maximus,Facta et Dicta Memorabila,4.4pr.Tr.M.B.F.
    2 Livy,Ab urbe condita libra,praef 2.40.
    3 Plautus,Amphitryon,145.
    1 塔西佗:《历史》,第132页。
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    4 Patricia J.Johnson,'Ovid's Livia in Exile”,Classical World,90(1997),403.
    5 CIL 8.23888.
    1 Pliny the Younger,Epistles,4.19.2-4.
    1 塔西佗:《阿古利可拉传·日耳曼尼亚志》,马雍、傅正元译,商务印书馆,1997年版,第16页。
    2 Suetonius,Augustus,73.
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    1 Macrobius,Saturnalia,2.5.
    2 Tacitus,Annales,1.53.cf.塔西佗:《编年史》,第45页。
    3 Suetonius,Tiberius,7.
    4 “numauam enim nisi plena tollo vectore.”Macrobius, Saturnalia.2.5
    5 Suetonius,Tiberius,7.
    6 Tacitus,Annales,1.53.cf.塔西佗:《编年史》,第45页。
    7 Velleius Paterculus,Annales,2.100.
    1 Seneca,De beneficiis,6.32.
    2 Pliny the Elder,Historia Naturalis,21.3.6
    3 Cassius Dio,Historia Romana,55.10.
    4 Suetonius,Augustus,65.
    5 Cassius Dio,Historia Roniana,55.10
    6 Suetonius,Tiberius,1 1.
    7 Tacitus, Annales,3.24.
    1 Suetonius,Augustus,62.
    2 Suetonius,Augustus,69.
    3 Cassius Dio,Historia Romana,54.16
    4 Suetonius,Augustus,71.
    5 Tacitus,Annales,5.1
    1 Velleius Paterculus,Annales,2.100.
    1 Juvenal, Satires,6.
    1 Juvenal,Satires,6.
    2 塔西佗:《编年史》,第328页。
    3 Juvenal,Satires,6.
    4 Juvenal,Satires,6.
    1 Juvenal,Satires,6.
    2 四月28日至5月3日,罗马纪念女神弗罗里娅的节日。Cf.Ovid,Fasti 5.331 ff.
    3 Juvenal,Satires,6.
    4 Juvenal,Satires 6.286-295.
    5 Juvenal,Satires 6.286-295,298-300.cf Jo-Ann Shelton,As the Romans Did: A Source Book in Roman Social History,Oxford,1988,p.301.
    1 Plutarch,Numa Pompilius,25(3)5-6.
    2 Juvenal,Satires 6.434-456.cf.Jo-Ann.Shelton,As the Romans Did: A Source Book in Roman Social History,Oxford,1988,pp.300-301.
    1 贝奈戴托·克罗齐:《历史学的理论和实际》,商务印书馆,1997年版,第71-73页。
    1 Thomas Spencer Jerome,Aspects of the Study of Roman History,New York: Capricorn Books,1962,pp.73-74.
    2 玛丽·沃斯通克拉夫特、约翰·斯图尔特·穆勒:《女奴辩护·妇女的屈从地位》,商务印书馆,2007年版,第83页。
    1 CIL 6.10230/ ILS 8394.Tr.M.R.L.
    1 Richard Saller,'The family and society',John Bodel,(ed.)Epigraphic Evidence-Ancient History from Inscriptions,Routledge,2001,p.117.
    无编改内容
    1 CIL 6.1527,31670.cf Jo-Ann.Shelton,As the Romans Did: A Source Book in Roman Social History,Oxford: Oxford University Press,1988.cf.H.L.Rogers&T.R.Harley,The Life of Rome: Illustrative Passages from Latin Literature Selected and Translated,Oxoford,1927.Shelton,Oxford,1988.
    1 ILLRP 973/ILS 8403.Tr.R.Lattimore.
    2 Martial,Epigrammaton liber,10.63.
    3 ILLRP 793/ILS 7472.Tr.M.B.F.cf.Richard Saller,'The family and society',John Bodel,(ed.) Epigraphic Evidence-Ancient History from Inscriptions,Routledge,2001,p.105.
    1 CIL 1.2.1221.
    2 弗里德兰德:《罗马道德史》,1910年版,第521页起。
    3 CIL 3.3572.
    4 ILLRP 973/ILS 8403.Tr.R.Lattimore.
    5 CIL 1.2.1221.
    6 弗里德兰德:《罗马道德史》,1910年版,第521页起。
    7 CIL 6.11602.
    8 CIL 1.2.1221.
    1 CIL 6.11602.
    2 Kaibel 218.Tr.M.R.L.
    3 CIL 6 10230/ ILS 8394.Tr.M.R.L.
    4 CIL 10.816; 998/ ILS 6369.Tr.M.B.F.
    1 James Rives,`Civic and Religious Life',John Bodel,(ed.)Epigraphic Evidence-Ancient history from inscriptions,Routledge,2001,pp.135-136.
    2 奥维德:《爱经》,第90页。
    3 Ovid,Fasti,5.155-58.
    4 See G.Williams,JRS 48 (1958) 25,for instances of Obsequi on the gravestones of Roman women from varied social backgrounds and historical periods.Cf.John Peradotto and J.P.Sullivan,“Women in the Ancient World-The Arethusa Papers”,(Albany 1984),p242.
    5 Cf.CIL 6.1527=31670,the so-called Laudatio Turiae; cf.also CE 81 and 968 and the inscriptions quoted by Williams n.20; cf John Peradotto and J.P.Sullivan,“Women in the Ancient World-The Arethusa Papers”,Albany 1984,p.242.
    1 ILLRP 973/ILS 8403.Tr.R.Lattimore.
    1 ILLRP 971.Tr.M.B.F.
    2 CIL 6.11818.
    1 P.Culham,Ten Years after Pomeroy: Studies of the Image and Reality of Women in Antiquity,1987,p.15.
    2 Tacitus,Annales,4.53.cf Matrona Docta,Educated Women in the Roman Elite from Cornelia to Julia Domna,London: Routledge,2004,p.186.
    1 Tacitus,Annales,4.52.
    2 Tibullus,3.13-18.cf.Matrona Docta,Educated Women in the Roman Elite from Cornelia to Julia Domna,London: Routledge,2004,p151.Marry R.Lefkowitz and Maureen B.Fant,Women 's life in Greece and Rome-A Source Book in Translation,Baltimore: the Johns Hopkins University Press,1987,pp.131-132.
    1 Tibullus,3.13.
    2 Tibullus,3.14.
    3 Tibullus,3.15.
    4 Tibullus,3.16.
    1 Tibullus,3.17.
    2 Tibullus,3.18.
    3 Marry R.Lefkowitz and Maureen B.Fant,Women 's Life in Greece and Rome-A Source Book in Translation,Baltimore: the Johns Hopkins University Press,1987,p.159.
    4 Matrona Docta,Educated Women in the Roman Elite from Cornelia to Julia Domna,London: Routledge,2004,p.186.
    5 The Suda (an ancient encyclopaedia),FHG 3.52 off.Tr.M.R.L.cf.Marry R.Lefkowitz and Maureen B.Fant,Women 's life in Greece and Rome-A Source book in Translation,Baltimore: the Johns Hopkins University Press,1987,p.159.
    1 让·杜歇:《第一性》,第224页。
    2 Allemn M.Ward,A History of the Roman People,Prentice Hall,1999,p.230.
    3 Pompey,Plutarch's lives,55.2.
    4 Cicero,Brutus,211.
    5 撒路斯提乌斯:《喀提林阴谋·朱古达战争》,王以铸等译,商务印书馆,1996年版,第114页。
    6 塔西佗:《编年史》,第441页。
    1 爱德华·吉本:《罗马帝国衰亡史》,上册,商务印书馆,1997年版,第109页。
    2 Martial.Epigrammaton liber.7.104.
    3 Cicero,Brutus,211.
    4 JLLRP 803/ILS 5213.Tr.M.R.L
    1 Ann Witherington,Women and the Genesis of Christianity,Cambridge University Press,1990,p.21.
    2 Catullus,Poems,62.57-65.
    1 Appian,Bellum civile,4.35.
    2 Suetonius.Augustus.5 8.
    3 Suetonius,Julius,27.
    4 Suetonius,Claudius.27
    1 Pliny the Younger,Letters,1 .14
    2 CIL 1.2.1221.
    3 CIL 3.3572.
    4 Plutarch,Numa Pompilius,26.1.
    5 Cicero,Ad Familiares,3.12.2.
    6 Digest 1 .12 (Ulpian).
    1 Cicero,Ad Familiares,3.12.2.cf.Sarah B.Pomeroy,Goddesses,Whores,Wives,and Slaves-Women in Classical Antiquity,New York,1995,pp.157-168.
    2 Digest 23.2.1 (Modestinus)
    3 Justinian,Institutes 1.9.
    1 Gaius,Institutes,1 .98.
    2 Gaius,Institutes,1.109
    3 Tacitus,Annales,4.16.
    4 摩尔根:《古代社会》,第480--481页。
    5 Cicero,Topica,3.14.
    6 The Twelve Tables,10.4.
    7 Gaius,Institutes,1.137.
    1 Suzanne Pixon,The Roman Family,the Johns Hopkins Press Ltd,London,1992,pp.74-75.
    2 Dionysius Halicarnassensis,Antiquitates Romanae,2.25.
    3 米歇尔·福柯:《性史》(第1、2卷),上海科学技术文献出版社,1989年版,第282页。
    4 Pliny the Elder,Historia naturalis,8.5.13.
    1 Plutarch,Cato the Younger,7.
    2 塔西佗:《阿古利可拉传·日耳曼尼亚志》,商务印书馆,1997年版,第65页。
    3 米歇尔·福柯:《性史》(第1、2卷),第173页。
    4 Suzanne Dixon,Reading Roman Women—— Sources,Genres and Real Life,Gerald Duckworth & Co.Ltd.,2001,p.47.
    5 Livy,Ab urbe condita libra,praef,10.23.
    6 Valerius Maximus,Memorable Deeds and Sayings,2.4.4.7.
    1 Porpertius.4.8.
    2 FIRA,p.3.Tr.ARS.
    3 Suzanne Dixon,Reading Roman Women——Sources,Genres and Real Life,Gerald Duckworth & Co.Ltd.,2001,p.41.
    4 安德烈·比尔基埃等主编:《家庭史》,第383页。
    5 奥维德:《女杰书简》,第293页。
    1 让·杜歇:《第一性》,第226页。
    2 Allemn M.Ward,A History of the Roman People,Prentice Hall,1999,p.231
    3 撒路斯提乌斯:《喀提林阴谋·朱古达战争》,第114页。
    4 塔西佗:《编年史》,第441页。
    5 塔西佗:《阿古利可拉传·日耳曼尼亚志》,第123页。
    1 奥维德:《爱经》,第99-101页。
    2 奥维德:《爱经》,第100页。
    3 奥维德:《爱经》,第100页注释3。
    4 FIRA,p.3.Tr.ARS.
    5 奥维德:《爱经》,第100-101页。
    6 Martial,Epigrammaton libri,3.93.
    1 爱德华·吉本:《罗马帝国衰亡史》,上册,商务印书馆,1997年版,81-82页。
    2 Pro Caelio,13-16.Tr.R.Y.Hathorn.
    3 Catullus,Poems,68.
    4 Catullus,Poems,11.
    5 Juvenal,Satires,6.
    6 塔西佗:《编年史》,第328页。
    7 塔西佗:《编年史》,第198-203页。
    8 Suetonius,Claudius,43.
    1 Cassius Dio,Historia Romana,54.16.
    2 Porpertius,4.8.
    3 Porpertius,3.16.9.
    4 Juvenal,Satires,6.
    5 Suetonius,Tiberius,45.
    6 塔西佗:《编年史》,第131页。
    7 安德烈·比尔基埃等主编:《家庭史》,第382页。
    1 塔西佗:《编年史》,第131页。
    2 Suetonius,Tiberius,35.
    3 Suetonis,Tiberius,35.
    4 安德烈·比尔基埃等主编:《家庭史》,第392-393页。
    5 Petronis,Saturae,74.
    6 Martial,Epigrammaton libri,10.42.
    7 Martial,Epigrammaton libri,11.6.
    1 Martial,Epigrammaton libri,11.73.
    1 Martial,Epigrammaton libri,9.67.
    3 Martial,Epigrammaton libri,9.16.
    4 Martial,Epigrammaton libri,12.97.
    5 Suetonius,Tiberius,44.
    6 Suetonius.Caligula.36.
    7 Juvenai,Satires,6.
    8 QIO 8.6.53.cf.Plutarch,Cicero,29.2
    1 Suetonius,Caligula,24.
    2 Suetonius,Claudius,26.
    3 Suetonius,Nero,28.
    4 FIRA.p.3.Tr.ARS.
    1 Plutarch,Romulus,22.
    2 The Theodosian Code.3.16.2.2.
    3 Digest 50.16.191,(Paulus)
    4 Digest 24.2.4,(Ulpian).
    5 Dionysius Halicarnassensis.Antiauitates Romanae.2.25.
    6 Gellius,Noctes Atticae,4.3.
    7 S.Sulpicius in Cicero,Adfamiliares,4.5.431.cf.Gellius,4.3
    1 The Theodosian Code,3.16.2.
    2 Digest 24.2.8 (Papinian).
    3 Digest 24.2.11 (Ulpian).
    4 Sarah B.Pomeroy,Goddesses,Whores,Wives,and Slaves-women in c iassical Antiquity,New York,1995,p.204.
    5 Pliny the Younger,Letters,25.4.1.
    1 Plutarch,Pompeius.4.
    2 Cicero,Ad Faminares,8.7.
    3 Cicero,Topica,4.19.20.
    4 Digest 24.2.8,(Papinian).
    5 Code ofJustinian 5.17.6.15.
    6 Digest 24.3.7 (Papinian).
    7 Cicero,Orationes Philippicae,1.183.
    8 Digest 23.2.3 (Paul).
    9 Lesley Adkins and Roy Adkins,Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome,New York,1994,p.340
    1 Plutarch,Sulla,4.
    2 Seneca,Epistulae,3.16.2.
    3 Juvenal,Satires 6.
    4 Cassius Dio,Historia Romana,54.16.1,2
    5 Digest 31.77.32.
    1 Aline Rousselle,`Body Politics in Ancient Rome',Pauline Schmitt Pantel,(ed.) A History of Women in the West,I From Ancient Goddesses to Christian Saints,Havard University Press,1992,p.298.cf.Edward Shorter,A History of Women's Bodies,New York,1982.
    2 A.H.M.Jones,Augustus,Chatto&Windus,London,1970,p.136.
    3 Suetonius.Augustus.34.
    4 Cassius D_(IO),Historia Romana,56.1.
    5 Pliny the Elder,Historia naturalis,7.139; 140.
    1 Pliny the Elder,Historia naturalis,7.60.
    2 Seneca,Consolatio ad Helviam.,16.3.
    3 Suetonius,Tiberius,35.
    4 Plutarch,Numa Pompilius,25(3).1.
    1 Plutarch,Cato Minor,25.
    2 Plutarch,Cato Minor,52.
    3 Cassius Dio,Historia Romana,48.
    4 Lucan,De bello civili,2.
    5 Suetonius,Augustus,62.Cf.Cassius Dio,Historia Romana,44
    6 Suetonius,Tiberius,4.
    7 abductae
    8 Seneca,De Beneficiis,1.9.3.
    1 Suetonius,Caligula,25.
    2 Suetonius,Caligula,25.
    3 Suetonius,Otho,3
    a Plutarch,Cato Minor,25.cf.安德烈·比尔基埃等主编:《家庭史》,第326-327页。
    1 Digest 35.1.25 (Ulpian).
    2 Cicero,Ad Familiares,14.4.4.
    3 Cicero,Ad Familiares,14.4.4.
    4 菲斯泰尔·德·古朗士:《古代城市(希腊罗马宗教法律及制度研究)》,吴晓群译,上海人民出版社,2006年版,第88页。
    1 Cicero,De legibus,2.1.
    2 Livy,Ab urbe condita libra,praef,2.40.
    3 菲斯泰尔‘德·古朗士:《古代城市(希腊罗马宗教法律及制度研究)》,第88页。
    4 西蒙娜·德·波伏娃:《第二性》,第102页。
    5 Digest 50.16.195.4 (Ulpian).
    6 让·诺埃尔·罗伯特,《古罗马人的欢娱》,王长明等译,广西师范大学出版社,2005年版,145页。
    7 ILS 8403; cf John Peradotto and J.P.Sullivan,Women in the Ancient World-The Arethusa Papers,Albany,1984,p.241;cf.also M.I.Finley,“The Silent Women of Rome”,Aspects of Antiquity,London,1968,pp.130-131.
    1 Beryl Rawson,The family in Ancient Rome: New Perspectives,Routledge,London,1992,pp.9-10.
    2 让·杜歇:《第一性》,第225页。
    3 Beryl Rawson,The family in Ancient Rome: New Perspectives,1992,p.8.
    4 Pliny the Elder,Historia Naturalis,28.77
    5 Soranus,Gynaecology 1.34-64.Tr.0.Temkin.
    6 转引自Aline Rousselle,Porneia: On Desire and the Body in Antiquity,Basil Blackwell Ltd,1988.p.44.
    1 Rebecca Flemming,Medicine and the Making ofRoinan Women: Gender,Nature,and Authority from Celsus to Galen,Oxford,2000,p.369
    2 Soranus,Gynaecology,1.49.cf.Aline Rousselle,Porneia: On Desire and the Body in Antiquity Basil Blackwell Ltd,1988,pp.43-45.
    3 Oribasius,Euporista,CMG,6.3.1931.
    4 Mireille Corbier,Family Behavior of the Roman Aristocracy,Second Century B.C.-Third Century A.D.,Sarah B.Pomeroy,(ed.)Women's history and Ancient History,The University of North Carolina Press,1991,p.178.
    5 Pliny the Younger,Letters,4.15.3.
    1 Aline Rousselle,Porneia: On Desire and the Body in Antiquity,Basil Blackwell Ltd,1988,pp43-44.
    2 Seneca,Consolatio ad Helviam,16.3.
    3 Gellius,Noctes Atticae,12.1.
    4 Plutarch,Cato Maior,20.4-7.
    5 Gellius,Noctes Atticae,12.1.
    6 塔西佗:《阿古利可拉传·日耳曼尼亚志》,第65页。
    7 CIL 6.19128.
    8 安德烈·比尔基埃等主编:《家庭史》,第380页。
    9 Soranus,Gynaecology,1.19-20.Tr.O.Temkin.
    10 Dial,29.1.
    1 ILS 199.
    2 Jane F.Gardner and Thomas Wiedemann,The Roman Household—— A Sourcebook,Routledge,London and New York.1991.p.105.
    3 Beryl Rawson,The famuy in Ancient Aome: Nvew Perspectives,Routieage,Lonaon,1992,p.11.
    4 Beryl Rawson,The family in Ancient Rome: New Perspectives,p.8.
    5 安德烈·比尔基埃等主编:《家庭史》,第322-3323页。
    6 Mireille Corbier,Family Behavior of the Roman Aristocracy,Second Century B.C.-Third Century A.D.,edited by Sarah B.Pomeroy,Women 's history and Ancient History,The University of North Carolina Press,1991,pp.176-177.
    1 Plutarch,Coriolanus,1.2.
    2 Gaius,Institutes,2.161。
    3 Beryl Rawson,`Children in the Roman Familia',Beryl Rawson,(ed.) The family in Ancient Rome: New Perspectives,p.172.
    4 Suetonius,Claudius,10.
    5 Seneca,Consolatio ad Helviam 14.3.
    1 The Theodosian Code 3.17.4; CJ 5.35.2,3.
    2 Gaius,Institutes,1.155.
    3 Cicero,Ad Atticum,13.10.3.
    4 奥维德:《爱经》,第100页。
    5 奥维德:《爱经》,第100页。
    6 Nicolaus,14-31.转引自Suzanne Dixon,the Roman Mother,p.178
    1 Seneca,Consolatio ad Marciam,24.1.
    2 奥维德:《女杰书简》,南星译,三联书店,1992年,第293页。
    3 Livy,Ab urbe condita libra,praef,34.1-8.
    4 Seneca,Consolatio ad Marciam,24.1.
    5 Suzanne Dixon,The Roman Mother,p.43.
    1 塔西佗:《编年史》,第90页。
    2 Seneca,Consolatio ad Marciam,24.
    3 转引自安德烈·比尔基埃等主编:《家庭史》,第314页。
    1 Richard A.Bauman,Women and Politics in Ancient Rome,Great Britain,1992,p.1.
    2 Cf.Bauman,ibid.
    3 Jo-Ann.Shelton,As the Romans Did: A Source Book in Roman Social History,Oxford,1988.
    1 Susan Treggiari,`Jobs for women',American Journal ofAncient History,(1) 1976,p83.
    2 西蒙娜·德·波伏娃:《第二性》,第97页。
    3 Valerius Maximus,Memorable Deeds and Sayings,6.7.2.Tr.M.B.F.
    4 莫尔顿·享特:《情爱自然史》,赵跃、李建光译,作家出版社,1988年版,第112页。
    s 奈波斯:《外族名将传》,刘君玲等译,上海人民出版社,2005年版,前言,第23页。
    1 奥维德:《爱经》,第13页。
    2 让·杜歇:《第一性》,第225页
    3 奥维德:《爱经》,第89页。
    4 奥维德:《爱经》,第88-89页。
    5 奥维德:《爱经》,第8-9页。
    6 奥维德:《爱经》,第90-91页。
    7 奥维德:《爱经》,第9页。
    8 奥维德:《爱经》,第8-9页。
    1 Pliny the Younger,Letters,7.24.1,4,5.
    2 Suetonius,Tiberius,35.
    3 即庞培。
    4 奥维德:《爱经》,第90页。
    5 奥维德:《爱经》,第91页。
    6 奥维德:《爱经》,第14页。
    7 奈波斯:《外族名将传》,刘君玲等译,上海人民出版社,2005年版,第23页。
    1 摩尔根:《古代社会》,第480页。
    2 Allemn M.Ward,A History of the Roman People,Prentice Hall,1999,pp.]58-159.
    3 J(O|¨) Al (1956) 22-3.Tr.M.R.L.
    4 Unpublished.Tr.M.B.F.cf.Lefkowitz,(Baltimore 1987),p.260.cf.A.de Franciscis in Atti del drecimo convegno di studi sulla Magna Grecia,Taranto 1970,pp.447-449.
    5 Pleket 25.Tr.M.R.L.
    6 CIL10.6328/ ILS 6278.Tr.J.C.Fant.
    7 Pleket 18.Tr.M.R.L.
    8 CIL 10.810/ ILS 3785; 813/ ILS 6368; A Maiuri,Pompeii (Rome 1965) 83.Tr.M.B.F.
    9 CIL 10.816; 998/ ILS 6369.Tr.M.B.F.
    10 奥维德:《爱经》,第6页。
    11 转引自 家庭史,第380页。
    1 Juvenal,Satires 6.286-295.
    2 Ovid,Ars Amatoria,3.162.
    3 奥维德:《爱经》,第81页。
    4 Ovid,Ars Amatoria,3.139.
    5 Seneca,De Beneficiis,7.9.
    6 Pliny the Elder.Historia naturalis.11.22.26
    7 Horace,Saures Sermones,1.2.10l.
    1 塔西佗:《编年史》,第352页。
    2 Petronius,Saturae,67.
    3 Seneca,De Beneficiis,7.9
    4 奥维德:《爱经》,第80页。
    5 奥维德:《爱经》,第78-79页。
    6 Juvenal,Satires,6.20.
    7 奥维德:《爱经》,第84页。
    8 奥维德:《爱经》,第79-80页。
    1 Lucian,Amores,39.
    2 Petronius,Saturae,60.3.
    3 奥维德:《爱经》,第78-79页。
    4 奥维德:《爱经》,,第82页。
    5 奥维德:《爱经》,第85页。
    1 Lucian,Amores,39.
    2 Cf.Thomas Spencer Jerome,Aspects of the Study of Roman History,Capricorn Books,New York,1962,p.76
    3 奥托·基弗:《古罗马风化史》,第182页。
    1 Juvenal,Satires,6.286-295,298-300.cf.Jo-Ann Shelton,As the Romans Did: A Source Book in Roman Social History,Oxford,1988,p.301.
    2 Seneca.Consolatio ad Helviam,16.3.
    3 Plutarch,Publicola,8.
    4 Gaius,Noctes Atticae,2.96.
    5 Gellius,Noctes Atticae,10.23.
    1 Valerius Maximus,Facta et Dicta Memorabila,6.1.3-6.
    2 Digest 26.10.1.6 (Ulpian).
    3 The Theodosian Code 2.17.1.1.
    4 Digest 3.1.1;5(Ulpian).
    5 Cf.Bauman,vvomen ana Poutics in fincieni Roine,p.45.
    6 Plutarch.Numa Pompilius,25(3).5-6.
    7 Rlchard A.bauman,women and Poutics in Ancient Rome,pp.45-46
    1 Valerius Maxmius,Facta et Dicta Memorabila,3.8.6.
    2 Suetonius,Claudius,15.
    3 Cicero,in Verrem,2.1.136-40,120.
    1 Tacitus,Agricola,4.14.
    2 Valerius Maximus,Facta et Dicta Memorabila,8.3.2.Tr.M.B.F.
    3 Valerius Maximus,Facta et Dicta Memorabila,8.3.1.Tr.M.B.F.
    4 Valerius Maximus,Facta et Dicta Memorabila,8.3.3.Tr.M.B.F.
    1 Suzanne Dixon,Reading Roman Women——Sources,Genres and Real Life,Gerald Duckworth & Co.Ltd.,2001,p.77.
    2 P.Mich.6551.Tr.M.R.L.cf.J.G.Winter,Papyri in the University of Michigan Collection,Ann Arbor,1936.
    3 Plutarch,Cicero,8.2
    1 Digest 24.2.2,Gaius.1.7.42.
    2 P.Mich.6551.Tr.M.R.L.cf.J.G.Winter,Papyri in the University ofMichigan Collection,Ann Arbor,1936.
    3 Polybius,Histories,31.26-27.
    4 Gaius,Institutes,3.3.
    5 FIRA,p.3.Tr.ARS.
    1 Gaius,Institutes,3.3.
    2 Digest 22.1.48.
    3 Digest 35.1.25.
    4 M.罗斯托夫采夫:《罗马帝国社会经济史》,下册,马雍、厉以宁译,商务印书馆,1985年,第417-418页。
    5 Anthony A.Barrett,Livia--First lady of Imperial Rome,Yale University Press,2002,p.177.cf.Digest 33.2.32.2; Treggiari (1991),p.390.
    1 Cicero,Pro Caecina,11-12.
    2 CJ 5.10.1.
    3 CIL 6.10230.
    4 Suzanne Dixon,`Family Finances: Terentia and Tullia',Beryl Rawson,(ed.) The Family in Ancient Rome: New Perspectives,Routledge,1992,p.116.
    5 Varro,Res Rusticae,1.1.
    6 Pliny the Younger,Letters,7.11.14.
    7 Hamburg Papyrus 86.Tr.A.S.Hunt and C.C.Edgar (LCL) cf.L Lefkowitz,(Baltimore 1987), p.236.
    1 Suzanne Dixon,the Roman Mother,pp.50-51
    2 Gaius,Institutes,1.115.
    3 Gaius,Institutes,1.173.
    4 Gaius,Institutes,1.150.
    5 Digest 26.10.1.6 (Ulpian).
    6 让·杜歇:《第一性》,第221页。
    1 Gaius,Institutes,1 .194.
    2 Gaius,Institutes 1.190.
    3 Digest 24.3.1.
    4 Appian.Bellum civile.4.32.
    5 Ulpian: Rules,From Emtlie Amt,women's Lives in Medieval Europe: A Source Book,p.34.
    1 Paul,Fragmenta Vaticana,106.
    2 CJ 5.10.1.
    3 Pliny the Younger,Letters,3.19.
    4 Polybius,Histories,31.26-27.
    5 Anthony A.Barrett,Livia-First lady of'Imperial Rome,Yale University Press,2002,p.174.
    6 塔西佗:《编年史》,第366-367页。
    7 M.罗斯托夫采夫:《罗马帝国社会经济史》,下册,马雍、厉以宁译,商务印书馆,1985 年,第417-418页。
    1 让·诺埃尔·罗伯特:《古罗马人的欢娱》,王长明等译,广西师范大学出版社,2005年版,第147页。
    2 Cicero,Ad Atticum,11.4.3.
    3 皮埃尔·格里马尔:《西塞罗》,董茂永译,商务印1馆,1988年版,第109页。
    4 Juvenal,Satires,6.
    5 塔西佗:《编年史》,第366-367页。
    6 Martial,Epigrammaton liber,8.12.
    7 Martial,Epigrammaton liber,12.31.
    1 Gaius,Institutes,2.274
    2 阿庇安:《罗马史》,商务印书馆,1997年版,下册,第339-342页。
    3 玛丽·沃斯通克拉夫特、约翰·斯图尔特·穆勒:《女奴辩护·妇女的屈从地位》,第345页。
    4 Gellius,Noctes Atticae,17.6.
    5 Valerius Maximus,Facta et Dicta Memorabila,8.2.3.
    1 CIL 6.10230.
    2 SB X 10756.
    3 Suzanne Dixon,`Family Finances: Terentia and Tullia',Beryl Rawson,(ed.) The Family in Ancient Rome: New Perspectives,Routledge,1992,p.116.
    4 Richard Saller,`The Family and Society',John Bode],(ed.) Epigraphic Evidence-Ancient history from inscriptions,Routledge,2001,p.104.
    1 Gellius,Noctes Atticae,5.19
    2 Seneca,Epistulae,99.1.113.
    3 Sarah B.Pomeroy,Goddesses,Whores,Wives,and Slaves-Women in Classical Antiquity,Schocken Books Inc.,New York,1995,p.149
    1 撒路斯提乌斯:《喀提林阴谋·朱古达战争》,王以铸等译,商务印书馆,1996年版,第114页。
    2 撒路斯提乌斯:《喀提林阴谋·朱古达战争》,第104页。
    3 撒路斯提乌斯:《喀提林阴谋·朱古达战争》,第104页注释3。
    4 塔西佗:《编年史》,第110页。
    1 塔西佗:《编年史》,第161页。
    2 阿庇安:《罗马史》,下册,第339-342页。
    1 Livy,Ab urbe condita libra,praef,34.1-8.
    2 Livy,Ab urbe condita libra,praef,34.1-8.
    3 Henry C.Boren,The Ancient World-A History Perspective,Prentice Hall,1986,p.261
    4 Livy,Ab urbe condita libra,praef,8.18.
    5 Valerius Maximus,Facta et Dicta Memorabila,2.5.3.
    1 Livy,Ab urbe condita libra,praef,8.18.
    2 Nepos fr.1.1-2.
    3 QIO 8.6.53.Plutarch,Cicero,29.2.cf.Richard A.Bauman,Women and Politics in Ancient Rome,T J Press (Padstow) Ltd,Great Britain,1992,pp.69-70.
    4 Richard A.Bauman,Women and Politics in Ancient Rome,p.73.
    S Cicero,Ad Atticum,13.11.16.
    1 Cicero,Ad Atticum,15.11,12.1.
    2 L27.51.10.cf.Richard A.Bauman,Women and Politics in Ancient Rome,p.28
    3 CIL 6.10423.Tr.M.B.F.
    4 CIL 14.2120.
    5 Historia Augusta,Elagabalus,4.3-4.
    6 Seneca,fragmenta,13.49.
    7 CIL 4.171.
    8 CIL.4.3527.
    9 Mary Taliaferro Boatwright,`Plancia Magna of Perge: Women's Roles and Status in Roman Asia Minor',in Sarah B.Pomeroy,(ed.) Women's history and Ancient History,p.249.
    1 Seneca,Consolatio ad Helviam,14.2.
    2 塔西佗:《编年史》,第161页。
    3 Diana Delia,`Fulvia Reconsidered',in Sarah B.Pomeroy,(ed.) Women's history and Ancient History.The University of North Carolina Press.1991.p.197.
    4 Ricnard A.Bsauman,Women ana Poutics in Ancient Rome,p.86.
    1 Cassius Dio,Historia Romana,48.4.1.
    2 Plutarch,Antonius,10.
    3 Appian,Bella Civilia,5.14.
    4 Cassius Dio,Historia Romana,48.5.3.
    5 Appian,Bella Civilia,5.76,93-5; Plutarch,Antonius,33.3; 35.1-4.
    6 科瓦略夫:《古代罗马史》,三联书店,1957年版,第609页。
    1 Plutarch,Lucian,6.2-4.
    2 Plutarch,Cicero,20.2.
    3 塔西佗:《编年史》,第124页。
    4 塔西佗:《编年史》,第122页。
    5 塔西佗:《编年史》,第144页。
    6 塔西佗:《编年史》,第146-147页
    1 塔西佗:《编年史》,第319页。
    2 塔西佗:《编年史》,第320页。
    3 塔西佗:《编年史》,第342-351页。
    4 Judith P.Hallett and Marilyn B.Skinner,Roman Sexualities,Princeton University Press,Princeton,1997,pp.222-230.
    5 Judith P.Hallett and Marilyn B.Skinner,Roman Sexualities,p.242.
    6 塔西佗:《编年史》,第357页。
    7 即未来的尼禄。
    1 塔西佗:《编年史》,第353-381页。
    2 塔西佗:《编年史》,第399-400页。
    3 爱德华·吉本:《罗马帝国衰亡史》,上册,第127页。
    4 塔西佗:《历史》,第62-63页。
    5 爱德华·吉本:《罗马帝国衰亡史》,上册,第109页。
    1 科瓦略夫:《古代罗马史》,第847页。
    2 爱德华·吉本:《罗马帝国衰亡史》,上册,第127页。
    3 塔西佗:《编年史》,第353-381页。
    1 Cato,De agricultura,143.
    2 菲斯泰尔·德·古朗士:《古代城市(希腊罗马宗教法律及制度研究)》,吴晓群译,上海人民出版社,2006年版,第87页。
    3 Plutarch,Theseus,12.
    4 弗里德兰德:《罗马道德史》,1910年版,第521页起。
    5 CIL 6.11602.
    6 Cicero,Topica,14.4.
    7 Plutarch,Numa Poinpilius,9.5
    1 Dionysius Halicarnassensis,Antiauitates Romanae.2.67.
    2 Cicero,De Domo Sua,136-7,
    3 MRR1.536.
    4 维纳斯别名贞节守护神(Verdicordia),这个词原意是“心意转变者”。
    5 Ovid,Fasti,4; Dio Cassius,Historia Romana,26.87.
    6 Cassius Dio,Historia Romana,26.87.
    7 Ascon.70 st.; Cicero,Brutus,236; Plutarch,Cato Minor,19.3.Sallust,Catilina,15.1,35.1
    8 SJ 1.1 -3.
    9 Plutarch,Cicero,20.2.
    1 J.P.V.D.Balsdon,Roman Women-Their History and Habits,The Body Head Ltd.,London,1962,p.14.
    2 Richard A.Bauman,Women and Politics in Ancient Rome,p.53.
    3 天后,是女性职责的保护神,主管婚姻和生育。
    4 Livy,Ab urbe condita libra,praef,27.37.7-15.
    5 Ovid,Fasti,5.155-58.
    6 Ovid.Epistulae Ex Ponto.4.9.
    7 Plutarcn,Caesar,9.
    1 Plutarch,Cicero,19.
    2 P.Oxyrhynchus 11.1380.214-16.cf.Sarah B.Pomeroy,Goddesses,Whores,Wives,and Slaves: Women in Classical Antiquiry,p.219.
    3 Juvenal,Satires,6.306-348.
    4 Ovid,Ars Amatoria,1.76
    1 Juvenal,Satires,9.
    2 Livy,Ab urbe condita libra,praef,39.
    1 西蒙娜·德·波伏娃:《第二性》,第101页。
    1 Livy,Ab urbe condita libra,praef,1.58.15.
    1 Judith P.Hallet,`Feminist Theory,Historical Periods,Literary Canons,and the Study of Greco-Roman Antiquity',Nancy Sorkin Rabino Witz and Amy Richlin,(ed.) Feminist Theory and the Classics,Routledge,1993,p.62.
    1、Appian,bella Civilia.
    2、Gaius,Institutes.
    3、Cato,De agricultura.
    4、Cassius Dio,Historia Romana.
    5、Cicero,Ad Atticum.
    6、Cicero,Brutus.
    7、Cicero,Pro Caecina.
    8、Cicero,Ad Familiares.
    9、Cicero,De Domo Sua.
    10、Cicero,De legibus.
    11、Cicero,Orationes Philippicae.
    12、Cicero,Pro Plancio
    13、Cicero,Topica.
    14、Cicero,in Verrem.
    15、Catullus,Poems.
    16、Gellius,Noctes Atticae.
    17、Dionysius Halicarnassensis,Anliquitates Romanae,
    18、Horace,Satires Sermones.
    19、Livy,Ab urbe condita libra,praef.
    20、Lucian,Amores.
    21、Lucan,De bello civili.
    22、Macrobius,Saturnalia
    23、Martial,Epigrammaton liber.
    24、Valerius Maximus,Facta et Dicta Memorabila.
    25、Oribasius,Euporista.
    26、Ovid,Ars Amatoria.
    27、Ovid,Epistulae Ex Ponto.
    28、Ovid,Fasti.
    29、Ovid,Tristia.
    30、Velleius Paterculus,Annales.
    31、Paul,Fragmenta Vaticana.
    32、Paulus,Sententiae.
    33、Petronius.Saturae.
    34、Plautus,Amphitryon.
    35、Pliny the Younger,Epistles
    36、Pliny the Elder,Historia Natural is
    37、Plutarch,Antonius
    38、Plutarch,Caesar.
    39、Plutarch,Cato Maior.
    40、Plutarch,Cato Minor.
    41、Plutarch,Cicero.
    42、Plutarch,Coriolanus,
    43、Plutarch,Gaius Gracchus.
    44、Plutarch,Lucian.
    45、Plutarch,Nuina Pompilius.
    46、Plutarch,Publicola.
    47、Plutarch,Sulla.
    48、Pompey,Plutarch 's lives.
    49、Plutarch,Pompeius.
    50、Plutarch,Romulus.
    51、Plutarch,Theseus.
    52、Polybius,Histories.
    53、Porpertius.
    54、Justinian,Institutes.
    55、Juvenal,Satires.
    56、Justinian,Institutes.
    57、Sallust,Catilina.
    58、Seneca,De beneficiis.
    59、Seneca,Epistulae.
    60、Seneca,Consolatio ad Helviam
    61、Seneca,Consolatio ad Lviam.
    62、Seneca,Consolatio ad Marciani.
    63、Seneca,fragmenta.
    64、Seneca,Octavia.
    65、Soranus,Gynaecology.
    66、Suetonius,Augustus.
    67、Suetonius,Caligula.
    68、Suetonius,Claudius.
    69、Suetonius,Julius.
    70、Suetonius,Nero.
    71、Suetonius,Otho.
    72、Suetonius,Tiberius.
    73、Tacitus,Agricola
    74、Tacitus,Annales.
    75、Titillus.
    76、Ulpian,Rules
    77、Varro,Res Rusticae.
    78、Historia Augusta.
    79、The Suda.
    80、The Twelve Tables.
    81、Code ofJustinian.
    82、Digest.
    83、The Theodosian Code
    84、A.Arjava,Women and Law in Late Antiquity,Clarendon Press,1996
    85、Lesley Adkins&Roy Adkins,Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome,New York,1994.
    86、J.J.Bachofen,Das Mutterrecht.Eine Untersuchung (u|¨)ber die Gynaikokratie der alien Welt nach ihrer religi(o|¨)sen and rechtlichen Natur,Stuttgart,1861.
    87、J.P.V.D.Balsdon,Roman Women-Their History and Habits,The Body Head Ltd.,London,1962.
    88、Anthony A.Barrett,Livia-First lady of Imperial Rome,Yale University Press,2002.
    89、Richard A.Bauman,Women and Politics in Ancient Rome,T J Press (Padstow) Ltd,Great Britain,1992.
    90、John Bodel,(ed.) Epigraphic Evidence-Ancient history from inscriptions,Routledge,2001.
    91、Henry C.Boren,The Ancient World-A History Perspective,Prentice Hall,1986
    92、P.A.Brunt,Italian Manpower 225 B.C.-A.C.14 (1971) 558-64[on the marriage-laws],Oxford,1971.
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    94、Lionel Casson,Everyday Life in Ancient Rome,The Johns Hopkins University Press,1998.)
    95、David Cherry,The Roman World—A Sourcebook,Oxford,2001.
    96、Kitty Chisholm and John Perguson,Rome——The Augustan Age: A Source Book,Oxford,1981.
    97、Peter Conwolly,Peter and Hazel Dodge,The Ancient City: Life in Classical Athens & Rome,Oxford,1998.
    98、P.E.Corbett,The Roman Law of Marriage,Oxford,1930.
    99、M.Corbier,`Constructing Kinship in Rome: Marriage and Divorce,Filiation and Adoption’,D.I.Kertzer&R.P.Saller,(ed.) The Family in Italy from Antiquity to the Present, New Haven,1991.
    100、Crawford,Roman Statutes,782.
    101、J.A.Crook,Law and Life ofRome,90B.C-A.D212,Cornell University Press.New York, 1978.
    102、P.Culham,Ten Years after Pomeroy: Studies of the Image and Reality of Women in Antiquity,1987.
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    105、Suzanne Dixon,The Roman Family,The Johns Hopkins University Press,1992.
    106、Suzanne Dixon,The Roman Mother,Croom Helm Ltd,Australia,1988.
    107、Matrona Docta,Educated Women in the Roman Elite from Cornelia to Julia Domna,London: Routledge,2004.
    108、Florence Dupont,Daily Life in Ancient Rome,Blackwell Publishers Ltd,1992.
    109、Pat Easterling&Edith Hall,Greek and Roman Actors: Aspects of an Ancient Profession,Cambridge University Press, 2002.
    110、M.I.Finley,Classical Slavery,Frank Cass,1987.
    111、M.I.Finley,`The Silent Women of Rome',Aspects ofAntiquity,London,1968.
    112、Rebecca Flemming,Medicine and the Making of Roman Women: Gender,Nature,and Authority from Celsus to Galen,Oxford,2000
    113、Rebecca Flemming,Quae Corpore Quaestum Facit: the Sexual Economy of Female Prostitution in the Roman Empire,The Journal of Roman Studies,Vol.LXXXIX,1999.
    114、Michel Foucault,the History of Sexuality,Vintage Books,New York,1980.
    115、B.W.Frier and T.A.J.McGinn,A Casebook on Roman Family Law,Oxford,2004.
    116、Jane F.Gardner,Family and Familia in Roman Law and Life,Oxford,1998
    117、Jane F.Gardner,Women in Roman Law & Society,Oxford,1998.
    118、Jane F.Gardner and Thomas Wiedemann,The Roman Household: A Sourcebook,Routledge,1991.
    119、Peter Garnsey,Food and Society in Classical Antiquity,Cambridge University Press,1999.
    120、Peter Garnsey&Richard Saller,The Roman Empire: Economy,Society and Culuire,University of California Press,1987.
    121、Peter Garnsey&C.R.Whittaker,Imperialism in the Ancient World,Cambridge,1978.
    122、Michele George,An Offprint from The Roman Family in the Empire: Rome,Italy and Beyond,Oxford,2004.
    123、Mark Golden and Peter Toohey,Sex and Difference in Ancient Greece and Rome,Edinburgh University Press,2003.
    124、J.E.Grubbs,Law and Family in Late Antiquity: The Emperor Constantine's Marriage Legislation,Oxford,1995.
    125、Judith Evans Grubbs,Women and the Law in the Roman Empire: A Sourcebook on marriage,divorce and widowhood,Routledge,London and New York,2002.
    126、Judith P.Hallett and Marilyn B.Skinner,Roman Sexualities,Princeton University Press,Princeton,1997.
    127、Karl Pomeroy Harrington,Live Issues in Classical Study,Ginn and Company,Boston and London,1910
    128、Emily A.Hemelrijk,Matrona docta:educated women in the Roman elite from Cornelia to Julia Domna,Routledge,2004.
    129、Thomas Spencer Jerome,Aspects of the Study of Roman History,New York: Capricorn Books,1962.
    130、Patricia J.Johnson,'Ovid's Livia in Exile',Classical World,90(1997),403-420.
    131、A.H.M.Jones,Augustus,Chatto&Windus,London,1970.
    132、Ross Shepard Kraemer,Women 's Religionsinthe Greco-Roman World: A Sourcebook,Oxford,2004.
    133、Marry R.Lefkowitz and Maureen B.Fant,Women 's life in Greece and Rome-A Source Book in Translation,Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press,1987.
    134、Micaela di Leonardo,Gender at the Crossroads of Knowledge: Feminist Anthropology in the Postmodern Era,University of California Press,1991.
    135、Laura K.McClure,Sexuality and Gender in the Classical World: Readings and Sources,Oxford,2002.
    136、Fiona McHardy and Eireann Marshall,Women's Influence On Classical Civilization,Routledge,2004.
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    140、Sarah B.Pomeroy,Women 's history and Ancient History,The University of North Carolina Press,1991.
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    153、Susan Treggiari,`Lower class women in the Roman economy’,Florilegium,(1)1979.
    154、Susan Treggiari,`Jobs for women',American Journal ofAncient History,(1) 1976.
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    158、A.Watson (ed.) 4 vols,Philadelphia (The Degest of Justinian) volume 2,1985.
    159、Thomas Wiedemann,Adults and Children in the Roman Empire,Routledge,1989.
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    162、Ann Witherington,Women and the Genesis of Christianity,Cambridge University Press,1990.
    163、Nancy Sorkin Rabino Witz&Amy Richlin,Feminist Theory and the Classics,Routledge,1993.
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    1、阿庇安:《罗马史》,谢德风译,商务印书馆,1997年版。
    2、鲍晓兰主编:《西方女性主义研究评介》,三联书店,1995年版。
    3、西蒙娜·德·波伏娃:《第二性》,陶铁柱译,中国书籍出版社,1998年版。
    4、安德烈·比尔基埃等主编:《家庭史》(三卷本),袁树仁、姚静、肖桂译,三联书店,1998年版。
    5、凯撒:《高卢战记》,任炳湘译,商务印书馆,2002年版。
    6、凯撒:《内战记》,任炳湘、王士俊译,商务印书馆,2007年版。
    7、西塞罗:《论老年·论友谊·论责任》,徐奕春译,商务印书馆,2007年版。
    8、让·杜歇:《第一性》,周征凌、范倍思译,海天出版社,2001年版。
    9、威尔·杜兰:《世界文明史·凯撒与基督》,第三卷,幼狮文化公司译,东方出版社,1999年版。
    10、恩格斯:《家庭、私有制和国家的起源》,《马恩选集(第四卷)》,人民出版社,1972年版。
    11、米歇尔·福柯:《性史》(第1、2卷),上海科学技术文献出版社,1989年版。
    12、皮埃尔·格里马尔:《西塞罗》,董茂永译,商务印书馆,1988年版。
    13、宫秀华:《罗马:从共和走向帝制》,东北师范大学出版社,2002年版。
    14、郭长刚:《失落的文明:古罗马》,华东师范大学出版社,2001年版。
    15、梅里·E·威斯纳·汉克斯:《历史中的性别》,何开松译,东方出版社,2003年版。
    16、爱德华·吉本:《罗马帝国衰亡史》,黄宜思、黄雨石译,商务印书馆,1997年版。
    17、理查德·詹金斯:《罗马的遗产》,上海人民出版社,晏绍祥等译,2002年版。
    18、奥托·基弗:《古罗马风化史》,姜瑞璋译,辽宁教育出版社,2000年版。
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