钽铌酸钾及相关复合材料的制备和机理研究
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摘要
随着激光和红外技术的发展,热释电材料及其应用的研究不断深入,已用作热释电探测器和热摄像管等器件,在工业生产、国防科技以及日常生活中都有广泛的用途。陶瓷聚合物复合材料采用两相复合,可兼具两相材料的优点,因而是热释电材料研究的热点。钽铌酸钾材料具有非凡的电光效应和热释电效应,是一种非常有潜力的材料。
针对钽铌酸钾(KTN)材料较高的制备温度始终障碍着材料的实用化,本文旨在探索KTN材料新的合成方法:低温水热、溶剂热和混合溶剂热法;并进而探索制备以KTN材料为基的热释电性能优异的复合材料。为此重点从理论上唯象地探讨提高0-3铁电复合材料的热释电性能的可能途径,并从微观上讨论了材料的极化机理,进而预测了不同极化条件下0-3铁电复合材料热释电、压电性能的变化规律。
鉴于KTN材料的制备温度较高,本文探讨反应条件温和的新的制备工艺。为此我们采用了水热合成技术:水热法、溶剂热法和混合溶剂热法制备KTN粉体,通过系统的大量实验优化工艺最终成功制备了高纯的KTN纳米粉体,并比较深入地探讨了其合成机理。我们发现混合溶剂热法是温和条件下合成铁电KTN纳米材料的一种有效的新途径;并且KOH浓度和溶剂组分对产物影响很大。XRD、SEM和TEM等分析表明混合溶剂热法合成的典型样品结晶度高,且为形状规则、纳米尺寸的单晶颗粒。晶粒尺寸增大时,KTN晶粒发生立方-四方相变。溶剂热法和混合溶剂热法的合成条件更温和,主要是由于溶剂中的异丙醇形成了超临界流体。
采用热压法制备了KTN/P(VDF-TrFE)0-3复合材料,初步研究了其介电、铁电和热释电性能。XRD和SEM结果表明,材料无杂相,结晶良好,KTN粉体分布比较均匀、无大的团聚。复合材料的介电常数较KTN陶瓷大大降低,室温时约为100。通过涂覆法制备的KTN/P(VDF-TrFE)复合薄膜,KTN粉体分散均匀,界面结合状态比热压工艺制备的块材要好。
为了寻求提高0-3复合材料的热释电性能的可能途径,考虑组成相电导、测试频率和次级热释电效应,建立了0-3铁电复合材料的热释电性能的新的综合模型。由Maxwell方程和Laplace方程得到了边界条件,推导了初级和次级热释电系数的解析表达式。详细研究了基体电导σm、测试频率f对热释电性能的影响。理论结果与实验吻合较好,因而我们的模型更全面。
为了更好的理解0-3铁电复合材料内部的极化机理,研究了组成相电导对0-3铁电复合材料的极化的影响。考虑电导后,建立了复合材料的热释电、压电性能与极化条件关系的模型。模拟结果表明,适当增大基体电导σm能提高复合材料中陶瓷夹杂的极化Pi ,使得极化效率更高。与之相反,增大陶瓷夹杂电导σi降低Pi ,因而不利于复合材料的极化。我们预测了不同极化条件下复合材料的热释电、压电性能,理论结果与实验吻合较好。
With the development of laser and infrared detection techniques, research in the field of pyroelectric materials and their application has expanded at a breathtaking pace. Many excellent pyroelectric devices, such as pyroelectric detector and thermal imaging system etc, have been manufactured, which can be used in industry, national defence and daily life. Composites of ferroelectric ceramic inclusions in a polymer matrix have been widely investigated, which combine the advantages of the polymer matrix with those of the ceramic phase. Potassium tantalate niobate (KTN) have extraordinary electro-optic, pyroelectric effects and is a very potential pyroelectric material.
To solve the problems in the practical application of KTN materials caused by high preparation temperature, the objective of the current work is to explore new synthesis methods: hydrothermal, simplex solvothermal and mixed solvothermal synthesis; then we attempt to explore a composite based on KTN with outstanding pyroelectric property. Therefore the probable approachs to improve the pyroelectric property of 0-3 ferroelectric composites are phenomenologically discussed from the theoretical point of view. Moreover, we have discussed the polarization mechanism of the material and predict the pyroelectric and piezoelectric properties of 0-3 ferroelectric composites under different poling conditions.
In view of the obstacle of the practical application of KTN material, novel preparation methods with the advantage of mild reaction condition are explored. We employ the hydrothermal processing route including hydrothermal, simplex solvothermal and mixed solvothermal method to prepare the KTN powders. Finally high-purity KTN powders have been successfully synthesized by systematic abundant experiments. The synthesis mechanism is discussed thoroughly. The present mixed solvothermal method provides a new potential route for synthesizing ferroelectric potassium tantalate niobate material. The KOH concentration and the solvent composition have important effects on the final products. XRD, SEM and TEM investigations exhibit that the typical samples solvothermally synthesized are nanosized, well-crystallized and single crystalline. The KTN particle shows the pseudo-cubic to tetragonal transition with increasing crystallite size. It is believed that supercritical isopropanol in the solvent plays an important role in synthesizing KTN nanoparticles under milder conditions than hydrothermal route.
0-3 KTN/P(VDF-TrFE) bulk composites has been fabricated by hot-pressing method. Dielectric, ferroelectric and pyroelectric properties have been investigated primarily. XRD and SEM results indicate that the product is well crystallized without any other impurity phase, and KTN powders is dispersed uniformly in a P(VDF-TrFE) matrix. The dielectric constant of the composite decreases greatly relative to that of ceramic and is about 100 at room temperature. KTN/ P(VDF-TrFE) 0-3 composite thin films have been fabricated using the spin-coating method. It shows that the film is quite homogeneous and shows better interfacial integration than bulk composites.
In order to explore the possible methods for improving the pyroelectric effect of 0-3 ferroelectric composites, a new comprehensive model has been developed for the pyroelectric activity of 0-3 ferroelectric composites which includes additional contributions from the electrical conductivity of the constituents and the frequency of measurement when the secondary pyroelectric effect resulting from the coupled thermoelectroelastic behavior is considered. The boundary conditions are obtained in terms of the Laplace equation and Maxwell’s equations. The analytical expressions have been derived for primary and secondary pyroelectric coefficients. The effects of the electrical conductivity of the matrix and the measuring frequency on the pyroelectric property have been investigated in detail. Our model can reflect comprehensively the pyroelectric property of the material and shows reasonably good agreement with experimental data.
To better understand the physical process behind poling of 0-3 composite, we have investigated the effect of electrical conductivity of the constituents on the poling behavior of the ceramic inclusions in 0-3 ferroelectric composites. A new model for the pyroelectric and piezoelectric properties in terms of the poling conditions (poling field and poling time) has been developed to include the electrical conductivity. Simulated results show that conductivity plays an important role in the poling process. Properly increasing conductivity of the matrixσm can enhance the polarization in the ceramic inclusion of the composite Pi , therefore make the poling of the composite more efficient. On the contrary, higher conductivity of the ceramic inclusionσiresults in lower polarization Pi , which is unfavorable to the poling of the composite. The model predicts the pyroelectric and piezoelectric properties under different poling conditions, which agrees well with the corresponding experimental data.
针对钽铌酸钾(KTN)材料较高的制备温度始终障碍着材料的实用化,本文旨在探索KTN材料新的合成方法:低温水热、溶剂热和混合溶剂热法;并进而探索制备以KTN材料为基的热释电性能优异的复合材料。为此重点从理论上唯象地探讨提高0-3铁电复合材料的热释电性能的可能途径,并从微观上讨论了材料的极化机理,进而预测了不同极化条件下0-3铁电复合材料热释电、压电性能的变化规律。
鉴于KTN材料的制备温度较高,本文探讨反应条件温和的新的制备工艺。为此我们采用了水热合成技术:水热法、溶剂热法和混合溶剂热法制备KTN粉体,通过系统的大量实验优化工艺最终成功制备了高纯的KTN纳米粉体,并比较深入地探讨了其合成机理。我们发现混合溶剂热法是温和条件下合成铁电KTN纳米材料的一种有效的新途径;并且KOH浓度和溶剂组分对产物影响很大。XRD、SEM和TEM等分析表明混合溶剂热法合成的典型样品结晶度高,且为形状规则、纳米尺寸的单晶颗粒。晶粒尺寸增大时,KTN晶粒发生立方-四方相变。溶剂热法和混合溶剂热法的合成条件更温和,主要是由于溶剂中的异丙醇形成了超临界流体。
采用热压法制备了KTN/P(VDF-TrFE)0-3复合材料,初步研究了其介电、铁电和热释电性能。XRD和SEM结果表明,材料无杂相,结晶良好,KTN粉体分布比较均匀、无大的团聚。复合材料的介电常数较KTN陶瓷大大降低,室温时约为100。通过涂覆法制备的KTN/P(VDF-TrFE)复合薄膜,KTN粉体分散均匀,界面结合状态比热压工艺制备的块材要好。
为了寻求提高0-3复合材料的热释电性能的可能途径,考虑组成相电导、测试频率和次级热释电效应,建立了0-3铁电复合材料的热释电性能的新的综合模型。由Maxwell方程和Laplace方程得到了边界条件,推导了初级和次级热释电系数的解析表达式。详细研究了基体电导σm、测试频率f对热释电性能的影响。理论结果与实验吻合较好,因而我们的模型更全面。
为了更好的理解0-3铁电复合材料内部的极化机理,研究了组成相电导对0-3铁电复合材料的极化的影响。考虑电导后,建立了复合材料的热释电、压电性能与极化条件关系的模型。模拟结果表明,适当增大基体电导σm能提高复合材料中陶瓷夹杂的极化Pi ,使得极化效率更高。与之相反,增大陶瓷夹杂电导σi降低Pi ,因而不利于复合材料的极化。我们预测了不同极化条件下复合材料的热释电、压电性能,理论结果与实验吻合较好。
With the development of laser and infrared detection techniques, research in the field of pyroelectric materials and their application has expanded at a breathtaking pace. Many excellent pyroelectric devices, such as pyroelectric detector and thermal imaging system etc, have been manufactured, which can be used in industry, national defence and daily life. Composites of ferroelectric ceramic inclusions in a polymer matrix have been widely investigated, which combine the advantages of the polymer matrix with those of the ceramic phase. Potassium tantalate niobate (KTN) have extraordinary electro-optic, pyroelectric effects and is a very potential pyroelectric material.
To solve the problems in the practical application of KTN materials caused by high preparation temperature, the objective of the current work is to explore new synthesis methods: hydrothermal, simplex solvothermal and mixed solvothermal synthesis; then we attempt to explore a composite based on KTN with outstanding pyroelectric property. Therefore the probable approachs to improve the pyroelectric property of 0-3 ferroelectric composites are phenomenologically discussed from the theoretical point of view. Moreover, we have discussed the polarization mechanism of the material and predict the pyroelectric and piezoelectric properties of 0-3 ferroelectric composites under different poling conditions.
In view of the obstacle of the practical application of KTN material, novel preparation methods with the advantage of mild reaction condition are explored. We employ the hydrothermal processing route including hydrothermal, simplex solvothermal and mixed solvothermal method to prepare the KTN powders. Finally high-purity KTN powders have been successfully synthesized by systematic abundant experiments. The synthesis mechanism is discussed thoroughly. The present mixed solvothermal method provides a new potential route for synthesizing ferroelectric potassium tantalate niobate material. The KOH concentration and the solvent composition have important effects on the final products. XRD, SEM and TEM investigations exhibit that the typical samples solvothermally synthesized are nanosized, well-crystallized and single crystalline. The KTN particle shows the pseudo-cubic to tetragonal transition with increasing crystallite size. It is believed that supercritical isopropanol in the solvent plays an important role in synthesizing KTN nanoparticles under milder conditions than hydrothermal route.
0-3 KTN/P(VDF-TrFE) bulk composites has been fabricated by hot-pressing method. Dielectric, ferroelectric and pyroelectric properties have been investigated primarily. XRD and SEM results indicate that the product is well crystallized without any other impurity phase, and KTN powders is dispersed uniformly in a P(VDF-TrFE) matrix. The dielectric constant of the composite decreases greatly relative to that of ceramic and is about 100 at room temperature. KTN/ P(VDF-TrFE) 0-3 composite thin films have been fabricated using the spin-coating method. It shows that the film is quite homogeneous and shows better interfacial integration than bulk composites.
In order to explore the possible methods for improving the pyroelectric effect of 0-3 ferroelectric composites, a new comprehensive model has been developed for the pyroelectric activity of 0-3 ferroelectric composites which includes additional contributions from the electrical conductivity of the constituents and the frequency of measurement when the secondary pyroelectric effect resulting from the coupled thermoelectroelastic behavior is considered. The boundary conditions are obtained in terms of the Laplace equation and Maxwell’s equations. The analytical expressions have been derived for primary and secondary pyroelectric coefficients. The effects of the electrical conductivity of the matrix and the measuring frequency on the pyroelectric property have been investigated in detail. Our model can reflect comprehensively the pyroelectric property of the material and shows reasonably good agreement with experimental data.
To better understand the physical process behind poling of 0-3 composite, we have investigated the effect of electrical conductivity of the constituents on the poling behavior of the ceramic inclusions in 0-3 ferroelectric composites. A new model for the pyroelectric and piezoelectric properties in terms of the poling conditions (poling field and poling time) has been developed to include the electrical conductivity. Simulated results show that conductivity plays an important role in the poling process. Properly increasing conductivity of the matrixσm can enhance the polarization in the ceramic inclusion of the composite Pi , therefore make the poling of the composite more efficient. On the contrary, higher conductivity of the ceramic inclusionσiresults in lower polarization Pi , which is unfavorable to the poling of the composite. The model predicts the pyroelectric and piezoelectric properties under different poling conditions, which agrees well with the corresponding experimental data.
引文
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