美国与巴基斯坦反恐合作研究
摘要
本论文以历史唯物主义方法论为基本指导,以美国与巴基斯坦两国自1947年巴基斯坦建国以来的军事安全合作历程为历史背景,探讨两国如何在国际社会日益重视非传统安全合作的时代大趋势下,就反对和打击恐怖主义问题进行合作,并试图揭示两国建立反恐联盟背后的的战略动机、在反恐合作中各自所持的反恐安全理念、反恐合作方式的发展演变以及受到何种内外因素的制约等。本论文的主体部分分为五章。
第一章主要对与恐怖主义、国际安全合作和国际合作反恐相关的概念进行解析,并介绍了与国际反恐安全合作相关的国际政治理论。本章首先对恐怖主义和国际安全合作的基本问题,即概念、含义和形式等方面进行辨析和探讨。本章论述了新现实主义和新自由主义这两派著名的国际政治理论流派中适用于国际反恐合作的理论内涵,并揭示两大理论流派各自的优势与不足。
第二章则为分析美国与巴基斯坦在9·11以来的反恐合作历程提供分析的历史背景知识。本章涉及内容的时间跨度界定在1947年至2000年之间,并根据不同时期的标志性事件划分为三个阶段,即1947年巴基斯坦建国至1979年反苏“圣战”爆发之前,1979年至1989年反苏“圣战”从爆发到结束,1989年反苏“圣战”结束至2001年9·11事件发生前。本章将这段跨度长达50多年的历史时期分为三个阶段,由此揭示美国与巴基斯坦军事安全合作关系由萌芽、发展、逐渐成熟、冷却的曲折过程,并试图分析每一个阶段巴基斯坦社会、政治、经济和宗教方面的情况,为深入了解9·11事件以来的美巴反恐合作提供较为客观的背景信息。
第三章和第四章是本文的核心内容。第三章着重介绍2001年至2008年穆沙拉夫执政时期的美巴两国反恐合作的历程。第三章首先对9·11事件给国际安全秩序以及国际安全合作带来的影响进行分析,再分析该事件发生后美国与巴基斯坦建立反恐联盟的原因。本章以伊拉克战争为界分为两个部分,揭示伊拉克战争对两国反恐合作带来的影响,以及在两个阶段中两国如何根据新的安全形势调整安全战略和合作方式等。第四章则介绍2009年扎尔达里民选政府上台至今的美巴反恐合作。本章首先介绍了美国与巴基斯坦在经历政局更迭之后,如何调整国家安全战略并制定新的合作策略,并得出两国在新时期内外障碍因素的限制下的合作“继承”多于“变革”的结论
第五章在总结和回顾两国反恐合作历程的基础上,进一步剖析两国合作遇到的内外制约因素,重点分析了巴基斯坦难以彻底根除吉哈德极端分子赖以生存的社会和历史根源,以及美国现实主义外交传统思维共同导致反恐合作面临巨大难题;在分析外部制约因素时,则指出印度、阿富汗、伊朗和伊拉克等国家与美巴两国之间错综复杂的关系对两国反恐合作造成了消极影响。本章还根据对美国和巴基斯坦反恐合作内外限制因素的分析和对未来反恐合作趋势的预测,提出了提升两国反恐合作效果的对策。
Under the guiding principle of historical materialism, this paper aimed to retrospect and analyze how U.S.and Pakistan set up anti-terror alliance in the brand-new era of international terrorism and carry out their cooperating strategies. Based on some objective explanation of the historical clues on U.S.-Pak cooperation before 2001, this paper gave a relatively comprehensive picture of the development of U.S.-Pak anti-terror cooperation in depth and details. Particularly, this paper tried to analyze and sum up the driving force behide the alliance, various obstacles inside and outside the alliance, the national security strategies held by the two countries and effective measures to enhance the cooperation.
This paper is divided into five chapters:
The first chapter mainly explained several popular concepts and viewpoints relating to terrorism, international security cooperation and the forms of them. Then, this chapter introduced two famous political theories regarding to international anti-terror cooperation, namely neo-realism and neo-institutionalism.
The seconde chapter laid the background against which U.S.-Pak anti-terror alliance was set up. Observing the history from 1947 to 2001, this part tried to discover the process during which the idea of cooperating with each other occurred to U.S and Pakistan,and the alliance was established and restricted by several accidents. In order to understande this period more clearly, the author divided this chapter into three parts according to important events, namely the first stage from 1947 to 1979, the seconde stage from 1979 to 1989, the third stage from 1989 to 2001. At the same time, this paper analyzed the charateristics of Pakistan’s politics in everty stage, particulary the Islamanization trend and the influence brought about by it.
The third and the fourth chapters made up the main part of this paper, with the former describing the cooperation process in the era of Musharraf and the later in the era of Zardari. In the third chapter, the author divided the chapter into two parts, namely cooperating processes before and after the Iraq war. Based on the explanation on the influence brought about by 9·11 terrorist attack on the international security order and collective security ideas, the chapter provided an in-depth exploration on why the two countries chosed to move close each other and respective roles took by the two countries in the global war on terror. Estimating the new security situation and the development of extremist network, the fouth chapter explained the adjustments made by the two countries in the terms of national security strategy and anti-terror measures. In conclusion, this chapter found that inheritance outweighed reforming in the anti-terror cooperation methods and ideas of the two countries.
Based on the analysis of various obstacles inside and outside the anti-terror alliance, the fifth chapter provided relating methods to enhance the cooporation. For example, the author found the long history and deep-rooted social and culture base in Pakistan made the anti-terror task extremely difficult and complex. At the same time ,the realist guding diplomacy of U.S. still reduce the effect of anti-terror actions and triggered great anti-Amerian feeling around the Muslim communities. Therefore, the old cooperating modes needs to be adjusted and the idea of anti-terro cooperation catch up with the ever-changing situation faced by U.S. and Pakistan.
第一章主要对与恐怖主义、国际安全合作和国际合作反恐相关的概念进行解析,并介绍了与国际反恐安全合作相关的国际政治理论。本章首先对恐怖主义和国际安全合作的基本问题,即概念、含义和形式等方面进行辨析和探讨。本章论述了新现实主义和新自由主义这两派著名的国际政治理论流派中适用于国际反恐合作的理论内涵,并揭示两大理论流派各自的优势与不足。
第二章则为分析美国与巴基斯坦在9·11以来的反恐合作历程提供分析的历史背景知识。本章涉及内容的时间跨度界定在1947年至2000年之间,并根据不同时期的标志性事件划分为三个阶段,即1947年巴基斯坦建国至1979年反苏“圣战”爆发之前,1979年至1989年反苏“圣战”从爆发到结束,1989年反苏“圣战”结束至2001年9·11事件发生前。本章将这段跨度长达50多年的历史时期分为三个阶段,由此揭示美国与巴基斯坦军事安全合作关系由萌芽、发展、逐渐成熟、冷却的曲折过程,并试图分析每一个阶段巴基斯坦社会、政治、经济和宗教方面的情况,为深入了解9·11事件以来的美巴反恐合作提供较为客观的背景信息。
第三章和第四章是本文的核心内容。第三章着重介绍2001年至2008年穆沙拉夫执政时期的美巴两国反恐合作的历程。第三章首先对9·11事件给国际安全秩序以及国际安全合作带来的影响进行分析,再分析该事件发生后美国与巴基斯坦建立反恐联盟的原因。本章以伊拉克战争为界分为两个部分,揭示伊拉克战争对两国反恐合作带来的影响,以及在两个阶段中两国如何根据新的安全形势调整安全战略和合作方式等。第四章则介绍2009年扎尔达里民选政府上台至今的美巴反恐合作。本章首先介绍了美国与巴基斯坦在经历政局更迭之后,如何调整国家安全战略并制定新的合作策略,并得出两国在新时期内外障碍因素的限制下的合作“继承”多于“变革”的结论
第五章在总结和回顾两国反恐合作历程的基础上,进一步剖析两国合作遇到的内外制约因素,重点分析了巴基斯坦难以彻底根除吉哈德极端分子赖以生存的社会和历史根源,以及美国现实主义外交传统思维共同导致反恐合作面临巨大难题;在分析外部制约因素时,则指出印度、阿富汗、伊朗和伊拉克等国家与美巴两国之间错综复杂的关系对两国反恐合作造成了消极影响。本章还根据对美国和巴基斯坦反恐合作内外限制因素的分析和对未来反恐合作趋势的预测,提出了提升两国反恐合作效果的对策。
Under the guiding principle of historical materialism, this paper aimed to retrospect and analyze how U.S.and Pakistan set up anti-terror alliance in the brand-new era of international terrorism and carry out their cooperating strategies. Based on some objective explanation of the historical clues on U.S.-Pak cooperation before 2001, this paper gave a relatively comprehensive picture of the development of U.S.-Pak anti-terror cooperation in depth and details. Particularly, this paper tried to analyze and sum up the driving force behide the alliance, various obstacles inside and outside the alliance, the national security strategies held by the two countries and effective measures to enhance the cooperation.
This paper is divided into five chapters:
The first chapter mainly explained several popular concepts and viewpoints relating to terrorism, international security cooperation and the forms of them. Then, this chapter introduced two famous political theories regarding to international anti-terror cooperation, namely neo-realism and neo-institutionalism.
The seconde chapter laid the background against which U.S.-Pak anti-terror alliance was set up. Observing the history from 1947 to 2001, this part tried to discover the process during which the idea of cooperating with each other occurred to U.S and Pakistan,and the alliance was established and restricted by several accidents. In order to understande this period more clearly, the author divided this chapter into three parts according to important events, namely the first stage from 1947 to 1979, the seconde stage from 1979 to 1989, the third stage from 1989 to 2001. At the same time, this paper analyzed the charateristics of Pakistan’s politics in everty stage, particulary the Islamanization trend and the influence brought about by it.
The third and the fourth chapters made up the main part of this paper, with the former describing the cooperation process in the era of Musharraf and the later in the era of Zardari. In the third chapter, the author divided the chapter into two parts, namely cooperating processes before and after the Iraq war. Based on the explanation on the influence brought about by 9·11 terrorist attack on the international security order and collective security ideas, the chapter provided an in-depth exploration on why the two countries chosed to move close each other and respective roles took by the two countries in the global war on terror. Estimating the new security situation and the development of extremist network, the fouth chapter explained the adjustments made by the two countries in the terms of national security strategy and anti-terror measures. In conclusion, this chapter found that inheritance outweighed reforming in the anti-terror cooperation methods and ideas of the two countries.
Based on the analysis of various obstacles inside and outside the anti-terror alliance, the fifth chapter provided relating methods to enhance the cooporation. For example, the author found the long history and deep-rooted social and culture base in Pakistan made the anti-terror task extremely difficult and complex. At the same time ,the realist guding diplomacy of U.S. still reduce the effect of anti-terror actions and triggered great anti-Amerian feeling around the Muslim communities. Therefore, the old cooperating modes needs to be adjusted and the idea of anti-terro cooperation catch up with the ever-changing situation faced by U.S. and Pakistan.
引文
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②Brain Jenkins: International Terrorism: The Other World War, Rand Corporation, 1985, p. 4.
③Richard G. Lugar: Redefining NATO’s Mission: Preventing WMD Terrorism, The Washington Quarterly, Summer 2002, p.7-13.
④美国国务院国际信息局(IIP)《美国参考》:《2002年全球恐怖主义形势报告》,2003年4月30日。
⑤《简明不列颠百科全书》第四卷,中国大百科全书出版社,1985年版,第817页。
⑥Job B. Wolfsthal, Nuclear Terrorism and Warhead Control in Russia, The International Institute for Strategic Studies, vol. 44, no. 2, Summer 2002, p.71.
①Boaz Ganor:Defining Terrorism, Is One Man’s Terrorist Another Man’s Freedom Fighter? (Herzlia: ICT Publication, 1998), pp. 12-17.
②胡联合:《当代世界恐怖主义与对策》,北京:东方出版社,2001年10月版,第28页。
③李湛军:《恐怖主义与国际治理》,北京:中国经济出版社,2006年3月第1版,第21页。
④阎学通:评述伊拉克战事,中央电视台第四频道,2003年4月7日“专家分析伊拉克战事”。
⑤中国现代国际关系研究所反恐怖研究中心编著:《国际恐怖主义与反恐怖斗争》,北京:时事出版社,2001年9月版,第4页。
⑥《辞海》1999年版缩印本,上海:上海译文出版社,2000年版,第1931页。
①Martha Crenshaw: Terrorism in Context, The Pennsyvania State University Press, 1995, pp.3-4.
②李少军:《当代全球问题》,杭州:浙江人民出版社,2006年12月第1版,第54页。
①MIPT National Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism. (2002). Understanding the terrorism database. MIPT Quaterly Bulletin: 4-6.
②美国ITERATE公司的数据库分时段对恐怖主义进行了调查研究:(一)1978年关于国际恐怖主义事件的调查数据保存在美国密歇根州的安娜堡政治与社会研究所的大学组织机构中;(二)1979年到2004年该公司对于恐怖主义的调查研究成果则可以到弗吉尼亚州的庄园软件公司购得。
③Mickolus, E. F., Sandler, T., Murdock, J., & Fleming, P. (2003). International terrorism: Attributes of terrorist events, 1968-2002, ITERATE Data Codebook. Retrieved from http://ssdc.ucsd.edu/ssdc/pdf/ITERATECodebook2003.pdf.
④朱素梅:《恐怖主义:历史与现实》,北京:世界知识出版社,2006年6月第1版,第4页,摘自部分表1内容。
①胡联合:《当代世界恐怖主义与对策》,北京:东方出版社,2001年版,第22页。
②V. I. Vasilenko: The Concept and Typology, Statutes and Decisions, vol.40, no.5, September-October 2004, p. 48.
①U. S. Senate.1974-1975. Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws. Terroristic Activity. Hearings, Parts 1-7. Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office.
②The World Bank Group, Global Poverty Monitoring home page (thies data base, while improved, is still dependent on imperfect country-generated in formation).
③J. F, Richard, High Noon, New York: Basic Bookds, 2002.
④J. A. Goldstone, T.R., Gurr, B. Harff, and others: State Failure Task Force Report, Corporation, MacLean, Va., June 14, 2002. Retrieved October 13, 2003 from: http://www.cidcm.umn.edu/inscr/stfail/SFTF%20Phase%20Ⅲ%Report%20Final.pdf October 2003.
⑤Von Hippel: Roots, of Terrorism, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006, p.67.
①(美)斯塔夫里亚诺斯:《全球分裂:第三世界的历史进程》(上)(中译本),商务印书馆,1993年版,第15页。
②Fiscal 2004 DOD Budget Release, Defense LINK, home page online available from http://www.defenselink.mil/news/Feb2003/b02032003-b+44-03.html; Internet; January 5,2004.
③J. Brian Atwood: The Link Between Poverty and Violent Conflict, New England Journal of Public Policy, Fall/Winter 2003, Vol. 19 Issue 1, p. 161.
④Austin T. Turk: Sociology of Terrorism, Annual Review of Sociology, March 9, 2004, p. 272.
⑤Smelser NJ, Mitchell F. ed. 2002. Terrorism: Perspectives from the Behavioral and Social Sciences. Washington, DC: The Natl. Acad.Press.
①Krueger AB, Maleckova J. 2003. Seeking the roots of terrorism. The Chronicle of Higher Education. http://chronicle.com/weekly/v49/139/39b01001.htm
②Benjamin Netanyahu, Fignting Terrorism, New York: Farrar Stracs Groux, 1995, p.7-8.
③Douglas Kellner: Preemptive Strikes and the War on Iraq: A Critique of Bush Administration Unilateralism and Militarism, New Political Science, Vol 26, September 2004, p. 417.
④Todd Gitlin: The Politics of National Security---- An Unabashed Liberal View, World Policy Journal, Summer 2007, p. 46.
⑤George W. Bush, speech at Fort Bragg, NC, June 28, 2005, at www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2005/06/20050628-7.html.
⑥Neil J. Kressel, Bad Faith: The Danger of Religious Extremism, New York: Prometheus Books, 2007, p. 264.
⑦Jalil Roshandel and Sharon Chadha: Jihad and International Security, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009, p.18.
①A translation of bin Laden’s fatwa is available on line at http://www.pbs.org/newhour/terrorism/international/fatwa-1998.html
②Matthew J. Morgan: The Origins of the New Terrorism, Parameters, Spring 2004, p. 35.
③Paul R. Pillar: Terrorism Goes Global: Extremist Groups Extend Their Reach Worldwide, The Brookings Review, 19, Fall 2001, p. 34.
④Paul J. Smith: Transnational Terrorism and the al-Qaeda Model: Confronting New Realities, Parameters, 32, Summer 2002, p. 37.
⑤Brian Michael Jenkins: Will Terrorists Go Nuclear? New York: Prometheus Books, 2008, p.87.
①Gregory Gleason & Marat E. Shaihutdinov: Collective Security and Non-State Actors in Eurasia, International Studies Perspectives, 2005 vol.6, p. 275.
②Helen Milner: International Relations of Cooperation among Nations----Strengths and Weaknesses, World Politics, April 1992, p. 321.
①苏长和:《全球公共问题与国际合作:一种制度的分析》,上海:上海人民出版社,2000年版,第65页。
②Robert Jervis: Security Regimes, International Organization 36, 2, Spring 1982.
③苏浩:《从哑铃到橄榄:亚太合作安全研究》,北京:世界知识出版社,2003年版,前言第21页。
④Jervis: Cooperation under the Security Dilemma, World Politics 30, January 1978, p. 167-214.
⑤Adam Ulam: Expansion and Coexistence, New York: Prager, 1968, p.5.
①Major Hank Kron: United States Security Cooperation in the Middle East Cross-Cultural Considerations and Customer Relations, The DISAM Journal, March 2008.
②Gregory Gleason & Marat E. Shaihutdinov: Collective Security and Non-State Actors in Eurasia, International Studies Perspectives, 2005 vol.6, p. 274.
①B. G. Ramcharan: The Future of the UN Hign Commissioner for Human Rights, The Round Table, Vol. 94, No.1, January 2005, p. 102.
②Jo Johnson: Indians Greet US Declaration of Strategic Relationship with Cynicism, Financial Times, April 5, 2005.
③Exerps of the Defense Security Cooperation Agency (DSCA) quarterly newsletter, the DISAM Journal, Fall 2005, p. 135.
④Tom Ellzey: Global Center for Security Cooperation, the DISAM Journal, December 2007, p. 35.
⑤NATO press statement by Secretary General, Lord Robertson, on the decision to implement Article 5, 4 Oct, 2001.
⑥Rory Watkins: Anti-terror chief little known outside Brussels, The Times, 27 March 2004.
①Richard J. Aldrich: Transatlantic intelligence and security cooperation, International Affairs 80, 4, 2004, p.732.
②朱丽欣:《反恐怖主义犯罪的国际合作及中国立法的完善》,载《国家检察官学院学报》,2009年12月第17卷第6期。
③Sixth Committee: Legal, Searching for Consensus in International Law, UN Chronicle, No. 1, 2005. p.40.
①C. Chinkin: Reconceiving Reality: A Ten-Year Prospective, 97 ASIL Proc., 2003, p.55.
②Riikka Koskenmaki:“International Law in Europe: Between Tradition and Renewal”----The Inaugural Conference of the European Society of International Law, International Law FORUM du droit international 7, 2005, p.66.
③Passenger Name Record Agreement An Effective Tool Against Terror But Should Not Be Extended To Other Uses, Lords EU Committee M2PressWIRE, June 10, 2008.
④Slobodan Lekic: Asian nations, U. S. ink terror pact, Toronto Star, August 02. 2002.
⑤Reconciliation hopes high at south Asia summit, Australian, January 03, 2004.
⑥Combating Terrorism, Piracy Tops Yemeni-Russian Cooperation in 2010, Arabia 20000, Dec 31, 2009.
①Yemeni, Japanese Security Cooperation Discussed, Arabia 2000, January 04, 2010.
②UK hosts terrorism summit with EU partners, Iranian News Agency, Oct 25, 2006.
③New EU-US agreement on cooperation against terrorism, Arabia 2000, Oct 24, 2006.
④Bureau of Public Affairs, Office of the Spokesman: The 2009 Plenary Meeting of the Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism, www.state.gov/t/isn/c18406.thm.
①Wiiliam F. Wechesler: Follow the Money, Foreign Affairs 80, No. 4, July-August 2001, p.40-57.
②Nicholas Ryder: Islamophobia or an Important Weapon? ---- An Analysis of the US. Financial War on Terrorism, Journal of Banking Regulation, Vol. 10, 3,2009, p. 308
③The 9/11 Commission, (2004) The 9/11 commission report----Final report of the national commission on terrorist attacks upon the United States, London: Norton, p.170.
④Payable-through accounts are U.S.-based accounts that allow users at other institutions (often foreign banks) to write checks on the balance.
⑤Center for International Trade and Security: US Anti-Terrorism Initiatives after 9/11.
⑥International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism, adopted Dec.9, 1999, 39 I.L.M. 270, 2⑦1 7U8n Uit.eNd .NT.aSt.i o3n8s3 A49s.s ociation of the United States of America: International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism, March 2004, http://www.unausa.org/site/pp.asp?c=fvKRI8MPJpF&b=337343
⑧Myers, J.: Disrupting Terrorist Networks: The New US and International Regime for Halting Terrorist Finance, Law and Policy in International Business, 34(1), 2003, p.21.
⑨Brad McAllister: Framing U.S.—Russian Security Cooperation: Neorealist and Neo-liberal Alternatives to Navigating the New Security Terrain, Heldref Publications, 2007, p. 277.
①9 Special Recommendations (SR) on Terrorist Financing (TF), FAFT, http://www.fatf-gafi.org/document/9/0,3343,en-32250379-32236920-34032073-1-1-1-1,00.html.
②See UN Security Council: Resolution 1617 ( Peace and security----terrorist acts), S/RES/1617,29 July 2005, available at http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N05/446/60/PDF/N0544660.pdf?OpenElement
③International Monetary Fund and World Bank: Anti-Money Laundering and Combating the Financing of Terrorism: Observations from the Work Program and implications Going Forward, Aug 31, 2005, http:..www.imf.org/external/np/pp/eng/2005/083105.pdf
④Jamawal, N.: Hawala----The Invisible Financing System of Terrorism, Strategic Ananlysis, 26(2): 2000, p.182.
⑤Security Experts Warn of Possibility of Cyber Terrorism,Denver Post, The (CO), May 07, 2003.
①Douglas Waller: see article at〈www.csm.ornl.gov/~dunigan/timemag.html〉, August 1995.
②James Lewis: Cyber Terror: Missing in Action, Knowledge, Technology, & Policy, Vol. 16, No. 2, Summer 2003, p. 35.
③Jaak Aaviksoo: Speech delivered to the Center for Strategic & International Studies, Washington, D.C., November 28, 2007.
④Combating Cyber Terrorism, Washington Times, The D. C., May 20, 2008.
⑤South Korea and US Agree to Join Forces to Fight Cyber Terrorism, Qatar News Agency, May 4, 2009.
①Stephen Walt: The Renaissance of Security Studies, International Studies Quarterly, 35/2, 1991, p. 212.
②Human Development Report 1994, Oxford: Oxford University Press/UN Development Program, 1994.
③David Capie and Paul Evans: The Asia-Pacific Security Lexicon, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2002, p. 139.
④Capie & Evans: The Asia-Pacific Security Lexicon, p. 64.
①Summary of Conclusions, Prague Meeting of the CSCE Council, 30-31 January, 1992, para.6.
②The Challenges of Change, Helsinki Summit Declaration, 9-10 July, 1992, para 21.
③Peter Ogden & Matt Rogier: Warming ties: Climate Change Challenges Cannot Be Met Without Sino-U.S. Cooperation, May 2, 2008. http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2008/05/china_climate.html
④Andrew T. H. Tan & J. K. Kenneth Boutin: Non-Traditional Security Issues in Southeast Asia, Singapore: Select Publishing for Institute of Defense and Strategic Studies, Nanyang Technological University, 2001, p.2.
⑤Bruce Russett: Grasping the Democratic Peace: Principles for a post-Cold War World, Princeton, 2001, p.65.
⑥Mark Beeson & Alex J. Bellamy: Globalization, Security and International Order After 11 September, Australian Journal of Politics and History: Vol. 49, No. 3, 2003, p.345.
⑦Mark Beeson: Globalization and International Trade: International Economic Policies and‘the National Interest’, Sydney, 2002, p.213.
①Robert B. Reich: Who is Us? Harvard Business Review, January/February 1990.
②G. John Ikenberry: After Victory: Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and the Rebuilding of Order after Major Wars, Princeton, 2001, p.85.
③Mark Beeson & Alex J. Bellamy: Globalization, Security and International Order After 11 September, Australian Journal of Politics and History: Vol. 49, No. 3, 2003, p.351.
④Frank Gaffney: Waging the New War on Terrorism, National Centre for Policy Analysis, 4 October 2001.
⑤Mark Beeson & Alex J. Bellamy: Globalization, Security and International Order After 11 September, Australian Journal of Politics and History: Vol. 49, No. 3, 2003, p.353.
①J. H. Herz: Idealist Internationalism and the Security Dilemma, World Politics, 1/1,1950, p. 157-180.
②The term“hedging”is highly underdeveloped both in the international relations theory and the security studies literatures. This article’s conceptualization of the U.S. and Chinese hedging strategies is drawn from recent work on European hedging strategies after the end of the Cold War. See Robert J. Art: Europe Hedges Its Security Bets, Balance of Power Revisited: Theory and Practice in the 21st Century, eds.
③Evans S. Medeiros: Strategic Hedging and the Future of Asia-Pacific Stability, The Washington Quarterly, Winter 2005-06.
④Tanya Ogilvie-White: Non-proliferation and Counter-terrorism Cooperation in Southeast Asia: Meeting Global Obligations through Regional Security Architectures? A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs Vol. 28, No. 1, April 2006.
⑤United Nations: A More Secure World: Our Shared Responsibility, Report of the Secretary-General’s High Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change, December 2004, http://www.un.org/secureworld.
①Major realist works include: E. H Carr, The Twenty Years Crisis, 1919-1939: An Introduction to the Study of International Relations, London and New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1964; Hans J. Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace, 5th ed, New York: Knopf, 1973; Raymond Aron: International Relations: A Theory of Peace and War, trans, Richard Howard and Annette Baker Fox, Garden City, N.J. Doubleday, 1973; Gilpin: War and Change in World Politics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.
②Joseph M. Grieco: Anarchy and the limits of cooperation: a realist critique of the newest liberal institutionalism, International Organization 42,3, Summer 1988.
③This particular framing of realism is distilled from a variety of sources, including Vasquez: The Power of Power Politics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983, p.29; Keohane, Robert O.: Realism, Neorealism, and the Study of World Politics, New York: Columbia University Press, 1986, p.26., Smith Michael J. Realist Thought from Weber to Kissinger, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1986, p. 1-2; Dougnerty and Pfaltzgraff: Contending Theories of International Relations, 4th ed., New York: Longman, 1997, p. 58.
④Stephen D. Krasner: Defending the National Interest: Raw Materials Investments and U.S. Foreign Policy, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1978; Robert W. Russell: Trans-governmental Interaction in the International Monetary System, 1960-1972, International Organization 27, Autumn 1973, p. 431.
①Peter J.Katzenstein, ed., Between Power and Plenty: Foreign Economic Policies of Advanced Industrialized States, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978.
②Richard Betts: Nuclear Blackmail and Nuclear Balance, Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1987.
③Glenn Palmer & T. Clifton Morgan: Power Transition, the Two-Good Theory and Neorealism: A Comparisom with Comments on Recent U.S. Foreign Policy, International Interactions, 33; 2007, p. 340.
④Stefano Guzzini: Structural Power: The Limits of Neo-realist Power Analysis, International Organization 47, 3, Summer 1993.
⑤Stephen Krasner: Structural Conflict, Berkeley: University of Clifornia Press, 1985, p. 14.
⑥Raymond Aron: Peace and War Between Nations, 8th ed, Paris: Calman-Levy, 1984, p. 64.
⑦Krasner’s argument was made in the context of the U.S. and the U.K. decisions to“react”against this attempt by quitting the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).
①(美)大卫·鲍德温:《新现实主义和新自由主义》(C),肖欢容,译,杭州:浙江人民出版社,2001年,第117页。
②Brad McAllister: Framing U.S.– Russian Security Cooperation: Neo-realist and Neo-liberal Alternatives to Navigating the New Security Terrain, Demodratizatsiya, Vol. 15, Issue 3, Summer 2007, p.195.
③K. N. Waltz: Realist Thought and Realist Theory, Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 44, 1990, p.3.
④Anatol Lieven: The Secret Policeman’s Ball: The Umnited States, Russia and the International Order After 9-11, International Affairs 78, no.2, 2002,p. 245-59.
①Brad McAllister: Framing U.S.– Russian Security Cooperation: Neo-realist and Neo-liberal Alternatives to Navigating the New Security Terrain, Demodratizatsiya, Vol. 15, Issue 3, Summer 2007, p.199.
②Robert Jervis: Realism in the Study of World Politics, International Organization 52,4, Autumn 1998, p. 971.
③Brad McAllister: Framing U.S.– Russian Security Cooperation: Neo-realist and Neo-liberal Alternatives to Navigating the New Security Terrain, Demodratizatsiya, Vol. 15, Issue 3, Summer 2007, p.199.
①Joseph M. Greico: Anarchy and the limits of cooperation: a realist critique of the newest liberal institutionalism, International Organization 42, 3, Summer,1988.
②Axelrod: Evolution of Cooperation, Persues Books Group, 2006, p. 3.
③See Mitrany: Working Peace System, pp. 17, 85-87; Nye: Comparing Common Markeets, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1972, pp.195-206,
④Mitrany: Working Peace System, pp. 54-55, 63,134-138.
⑤See Mitrany, Working Peace System, pp.131-137; Haas: The New Europe, pp.161-162; Cooper: Interdependence, p. 161-168.
⑥Joseph M. Greico: Anarchy and the limits of cooperation: a realist critique of the newest liberal institutionalism, International Organization 42, 3, Summer 1988.
①潘忠岐:《制度与合作:新自由制度主义对新现实主义的批判与发展》,载《世界经济与政治》,2004年第7期。
②Keohane Robert: After Hegemony: cooperation and discord in the world political economy, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University, 1984, p.77.
③Keohane Robert: After Hegemony: cooperation and discord in the world political economy, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University, 1984, p.79.
④Axelrod and Keohane: Achieving Cooperation, p. 250.
⑤Axelrod: Evolution of cooperation, p. 6.
⑥Keohane Robert: After Hegemony: cooperation and discord in the world political economy, Princeton, N.J.:Princeton University, 1984, p.27.
①Bruce Jones: Bio-Security, Non-state Actors, and the Need for Global Cooperation, Ethics & International Affairs, Vol. 20,Isuue 2, 2006, p.228.
②Keohane Robert: After Hegemony: cooperation and discord in the world political economy, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University, 1984, p.20.
③丁松泉、张小敏:《国际合作的新自由主义视角》,载《国际关系学院学报》,2004年第3期,第2页。
④Daniel Keohane: One Step Forward, Two Steps Back, Centre for European Reform, http://www.cer.org.uk/pdf/article-keohane-esharp-nov05.pdf.
①Mark Beeson & Richard Higgott: Hegemony, Institutionalism and US Foreign Policy: theory and practice in comparative historical perspective, The Third World Quarterly, Vol. 26, No. 7, 2005. p.1187.
②余敏友:《论国际组织的地位与作用》,载《法学评论》,1995年第5期。
①Joseph M. Greico: Anarchy and the limits of cooperation: a realist critique of the newest liberal institutionalism, International Organization 42, 3, Summer 1988.
②Anita Kelleher: Global Governance: From Neo-liberalism to a Planetary Civilization, Social Alternatives, Vol. 28. No. 2, 2009, p. 42.
③Anita Kelleher: Global Governance: From Neo-liberalism to a Planetary Civilization, Social Alternatives, Vol. 28. No. 2, 2009, p. 45.
①http://www.state.gov/www/global/terrorism/remarks_current.htm, date accessed to 20 April 2003.
②Juan Cole: Pakistan and Afghanistan: Beyond the Taliban, Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 124, No. 2, 2009, p.205.
③Shahan Mufti: Pakistan, The Nation, December 31, 2007, p. 23.
④Dinyar Godrej: In the Name of Fighting Terrorism, New Internationalist, November 2009, p. 9.
⑤Dennis Kux: The United and Pakistan 1947-2000: Disenchanted Allies, Baltimore: John Hopkins University, 2001, p. 86.
①Shahan Mufti: Pakistan, The Nation, December 31, 2007.
②Tariq Gilani: US-Pakistan Relations: The Way Forward, Parameters, Winter 2006, p. 85.
③Colonel M.S. Jarg: Journey to Peace----The Stable South Asia, New Delhi: Manas Publications, 2005, p. 75.
①Ijaz Khan: Pakistan’s Strategic Culture and Foreign Policy Making, New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. 2007, p. 25.
②Cohen., Stephen p., The Pakistan Army, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984, p. 138.
③Ijaz Khan: Pakistan’s Strategic Culture and Foreign Policy Making, New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. 2007, p. 21.
④Tariq Gilani: US-Pakistan Relations: The Way Forward, Parameters, Winter 2006, p. 89
⑤Tariq Gilani: US-Pakistan Relations: The Way Forward, Parameters, Winter 2006, p. 86.
⑥Tariq Gilani: US-Pakistan Relations: The Way Forward, Parameters, Winter 2006, p. 90.
⑦Robert J.McMahon: The Cold War on the Periphery the United States, India and Pakistan, New York: Columbia University Press, 1994, p. 124-156.
⑧Cohen., Stephen p., The Pakistan Army, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984, p. 139.
①Colonel M.S. Jarg: Journey to Peace----The Stable South Asia, New Delhi: Manas Publications, 2005, p. 77.
②Mohammed Ayub Khan: The Pakistan-American Alliance----Stresses and Strains, Foreign Affairs, 2004, p.196.
③Colonel M.S. Jarg: Journey to Peace----The Stable South Asia, New Delhi: Manas Publications, 2005, p. 70.
④Read Rais: Ahmad Khan, In Search of Peace and Security; Forty Years of Pakistan-United States Relations, Karachi: Royal Press, 1990, p. 98.
⑤Shahid Javed Burki: Historical Dictionary of Pakistan, 2d ed.; London: The Scarecrow Press, 1999, p. 186.
⑥Geoffrey Warner: Review Article Nixon, Kissinger and the Breakup of Pakistan 1971, International Affairs 81, 5, 2005, p. 1098.
①Colonel M.S. Jarg: Journey to Peace----The Stable South Asia, New Delhi: Manas Publications, 2005, p. 79.
②Henry Kissinger: The White House Years, Boston: Littele, Brown, 1979, p. 848.
③Shahid Javed Burki: Historical Dictionary of Pakistan, 2d ed.; London: The Scarecrow Press, 1999, p. 186.
④Narsreen Akhtar: Pakistan, Afghanistan, and the Taliban, International Journal on World Peace, Vol. 25, No. 4, December 2008,p. 53.
⑤Tariq Gilani: US-Pakistan Relations: The Way Forward, Parameters, Winter 2006, p. 87.
⑥Mehtab Ali Shah: Sectarianism----A Threat to Human Security: A Case Study of Pakistan, The Round Table, Vol. 94, No. 382, October 2005, p. 615.
①Geoffrey Warner: Nixon, Kissinger and the Breakup of Pakistan, 1971, International Affairs, 81, 5, 2005, p. 1115.
②Colonel M.S. Jarg: Journey to Peace----The Stable South Asia, New Delhi: Manas Publications, 2005, p. 77.
①Zahid Hussain: Frontline Pakistan: The Struggle with Militant Islam, London: I.B. Tauris Inc, 2007, p. 12.
②Farooq Hassan: Religious Liberty in Pakistan: Law, Reality, and Perception (A Brief Synopsis), Brigham Young University Law Review, 2002, p.284.
③Ashok K. B ehuria: Fighting the Taliban: Pakistan at War with Itself, Australian Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 61, No. 4, December 2007, p. 536.
④Zahid Hussain: Frontline Pakistan: The Struggle with Militant Islam, London: I.B. Tauris Inc, 2007, p. 15.
⑤Colonel M.S. Jarg: Journey to Peace----The Stable South Asia, New Delhi: Manas Publications, 2005, p. 79.
①Simon Bromley: Connecting Central Eurasia to the Middle East in American Foreign Policy Towards Afghanistan and Pakistan: 1979-Present, Koninkijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2007, p. 88.
②Tariq Gilani: US-Pakistan Relations: The Way Forward, Parameters, Winter 2006, p. 88.
③Simon Bromley: Connecting Central Eurasia to the Middle East in American Foreign Policy Towards Afghanistan and Pakistan: 1979-Present, Perspectives on Global Development and Technology, 2007, p.97.
④Davic N. Gibbs: Reassessing Soviet Motives for Invading Afghanistan----A Declassified History, Critical Asian Studies, 38:2, 2006, p. 239.
①U.S. Office of the President 1979, See also, Gates 1996, 146-47.
②Benett Jones: Pakistan & the Karakoram Hgihway, London: Lonely Planet Publications, 2004, p.150.
③Ahmed M. Quraishi: Strategic Depth Reviewed, Newsline, March 2002, p.24.
④Simon Bromley: Connecting Central Eurasia to the Middle East in American Foreign Policy Towards Afghanistan and Pakistan: 1979-Present, Perspectives on Global Development and Technology, 2007, p.98.
⑤Narsreen Akhtar: Pakistan, Afghanistan, and the Taliban, International Journal on World Peace, Vol. 25, No. 4, December 2008,p. 52.
①Narsreen Akhtar: Pakistan, Afghanistan, and the Taliban, International Journal on World Peace, Vol. 25, No. 4, December 2008,p. 52.
②Narsreen Akhtar: Pakistan, Afghanistan, and the Taliban, International Journal on World Peace, Vol. 25, No. 4, December 2008,p. 68.
①Yousaf., Mohammad and Adkin., Mark: The Bear Trap: Afghanistan’s Untold Story, Lahore: Jang Publishers, 1992, p. 43.
②Ijaz Khan: Pakistan’s Strategic Culture and Foreign Policy Making: Study of Pakistan’s Post 9/11 Afghan Policy Change, New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. 2007, p. 26.
③Zahid Hussain: Frontline Pakistan----The Struggle with Militant Islam, I. B. Tauris, 2007, p.17.
④Zahid Hussain: Interview with a retired senior army officer in 2004.
⑤Zahid Hussain From Prison to Palace, Newsline, January 2001.
⑥Barbara Leitch Lepoer: Received through the CRS Web: CRS Issue Brief for Congress----Pakistan-U.S. Relations, Congressional Research Service & The Library of Congress, December 31st, 2001. p. 5.
①Simon Bromley: Connecting Central Eurasia to the Middle East in American Foreign Policy Towards Afghanistan and Pakistan: 1979-Present, Koninkijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2007, p. 97.
②Corbin J.: The base: Al-Qaeda and the Changing Face of Global Terror, London: Pocket Books, 2003, p.89.
③Mark Erikson: Islamism, Fascism and Terrorism, December 5, 2002, see at www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle-East/DL05Ak01.html
①Jessica Stern: Pakistan’s Jihad Culture, Foreign Affairs, November-December 2000.
②Zahid Hussain: Frontline Pakistan----The Struggle with Militant Islam, I. B. Tauris, 2007, p.20.
③Tariq Gilani: US-Pakistan Relations: The Way Forward, Parameters, Winter 2006-2007, p. 85.
④Zahid Hussain: Frontline Pakistan----The Struggle with Militant Islam, I. B. Tauris, 2007, p.21.
①Narsreen Akhtar: Pakistan, Afghanistan, and the Taliban, International Journal on World Peace, Vol. 25, No. 4, December 2008,p. 70.
②ICG Asia Report N49: Pakistan: The Mullahs and the Military, Islamabad/Brussels, 20 March, 2003.
③Zahid Hussain: In the Shadow of Terrorism, Newsline, February 2000.
①Shahi Agha: Pakistan’s Security and Foreign Policy, Lahore: Progressive Publishers, 1988, p.153.
②Zahid Hussain: Frontline Pakistan----The Struggle with Militant Islam, I. B. Tauris, 2007, p.18.
③Zahid Hussain:Interview with Hafiz Saeed in January 2001.
④Ijaz Khan: Pakistan’s Strategic Culture and Foreign Policy Making: Study of Pakistan’s Post 9/11 Afghan Policy Change, New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. 2007, p. 27.
⑤Zahid Hussain: Frontline Pakistan----The Struggle with Militant Islam, I. B. Tauris, 2007, p.18.
⑥Zahid Hussain: Frontline Pakistan----The Struggle with Militant Islam, I. B. Tauris, 2007, p.53.
⑦International Crisis Group(IGG) report, Pakistan: Madrasas, Extremism and the Military, July 2002.
①Tariq Gilani: US-Pakistan Relations: The Way Forward, Parameters, Winter 2006-2007, p. 88.
②Tariq Gilani: US-Pakistan Relations: The Way Forward, Parameters, Winter 2006-2007, p. 83.
③Barnett R.Rubin: U.S. Policy in Afghanistan, Muslim Politics Report, No. 11, Janurary 1997, Council on Foreign Relations, Washington D.C., No, 11, p.2.
①Hasan Asksari Rizvi: Pakistan in 1998: The Policy Under Pressure, Asian Survey, Vol. 39, No. 1, January/Feburuary 1999, p.184.
②Zahid Hussain: Frontline Pakistan----The Struggle with Militant Islam, I. B. Tauris, 2007, p.22.
③Narsreen Akhtar: Pakistan, Afghanistan, and the Taliban, International Journal on World Peace, Vol. 25, No. 4, December 2008,p. 68.
④Maleeha Lodhi: The ISI’s New Face, Newsline, May, 1999.
①Ahmed Rashid: Taliban, London: I. B. Tauris, p. 186.
②《中央情报局在阿富汗问题上展开的秘密战争》「法国」,《费加罗报》,1996年2月21日。
③Simon Bronmley: Connecting Central Eurasia to the Middle East in American Foreign Policy Towards Afghanistan and Pakistan: 1979-Present, Perspective Global Development and Technology, Vol. 6, 2007, p.98.
④Simon Bronmley: Connecting Central Eurasia to the Middle East in American Foreign Policy Towards Afghanistan and Pakistan: 1979-Present, Perspective Global Development and Technology, Vol. 6, 2007, p.99.
①Ahemed Samina: The United States and Terrorism in Southwest Asia: September 11 and Beyond, International Security, Vol. 26, No. 3, Winter 2001/02, p. 80.
②Barnett R.Rubin: U.S. Policy in Afghanistan, Muslim Politics Report, No. 11, Janurary 1997, Council on Foreign Relations, Washington D.C., No, 11, p.6.
③Rosemarie Forsythe: The Politics of Oil in the Caucasus and Central Asia, Adelphi paper No. 300, IISS London, 1996.
④Ahmad Rashid: Pakistan and Taliban, in Maley William, editor: Fundamentalism Reborn, Afghanistan and Taliban, Lahore: Vanguard, 1998, p.85.
⑤Narsreen Akhtar: Pakistan, Afghanistan, and the Taliban, International Journal on World Peace, Vol. 25, No. 4, December 2008,p. 52.
⑥Simon Bronmley: Connecting Central Eurasia to the Middle East in American Foreign Policy Towards Afghanistan and Pakistan: 1979-Present, Perspective Global Development and Technology, Vol. 6, 2007, p.100
①Ahemd Rashid: Jihad: The Rise of Militant Islam in Central Asia, Penguin, 2002, p.78.
②Ijaz Khan: Pakistan’s Strategic Culture and Foreign Policy Making: Study of Pakistan’s Post 9/11 Afghan Policy Change, New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. 2007, p. 35.
③Behuria Ashok K.: Fighting the Taliban: Pakistan at War with Itself, Australian Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 61, Issue 4, December 2007, p.529.
④Maley William: The Afghanistan Wars, London: Palgrave, 2002, p. 229.
①William Malley: Fundamentalism Reborn? ----Afghanistan and the Taliban, New York: New York University Press, 1998, p.69.
②Tommy Franks: American Soldier, New York: HarperColins Publishers, 2004, p. 214.
③Simon Bromley: Connecting Central Eurasia to the Middle East in American Foreign Policy Towards Afghanistan and Pakistan: 1979-Present, Koninkijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2007, p. 90.
②Zahid Hussain: Frontline Pakistan: The Struggle with Militant Islam, London: I.B. Tauris Inc,
③Mark Erikson: Islamism, Fascism and Terrorism, December 5, 2002, see at http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/DL05Ak01.html
④Jarret Brachman: Al-Qaeda’s Dissident, Foreign Policy, December 2009, p. 39.
①Mark Erikson: Islamism, Fascism and Terrorism, December 5, 2002, see at www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle-East/DL05Ak01.html
②Randy Borum & Michael Gelles: Al-Qaeda’s Operational Evolution: Behavioral and Organizational Perspectives, Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 2005, P. 470.
③Gunaratna, R.:Inside Al-Qaeda, Global Network of Terror, New York: Columbia University Press, 2002, p.155.
④Mark Erikson: Islamism, Fascism and Terrorism, December 5, 2002, see at www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle-East/DL05Ak01.html
①Mark Erikson: Islamism, Fascism and Terrorism, December 5, 2002, see at www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle-East/DL05Ak01.html
②Randy Borum & Michael Gelles: Al-Qaeda’s Operational Evolution: Behavioral and Organizational Perspectives, Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 2005, p. 470.
③Behuria Ashok K.: Fighting the Taliban: Pakistan at War with Itself, Australian Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 61, Issue 4, December 2007, p.530.
①Behuria Ashok K.: Fighting the Taliban: Pakistan at War with Itself, Australian Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 61, Issue 4, December 2007, p.532.
②Randy Borum & Michael Gelles: Al-Qaeda’s Operational Evolution: Behavioral and Organizational Perspectives, Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 2005, P. 466.
③Behuria Ashok K.: Fighting the Taliban: Pakistan at War with Itself, Australian Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 61, Issue 4, December 2007, p.535.
①Text of the 15th Amendment Bill cited in Dawn (Kalachi), October 10, 1998.
①Jessica Stern: Pakistan’s Jihad Culture, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 79, No. 6, 2000,p. 118.
②Zahid Hussain: In the Shadow of Terrorism, Newsline, February 2000,.
③Zahid Hussain: Frontline Pakistan: The Struggle with Militant Islam, London: I.B. Tauris Inc, 2007, p. 9.
④Zahid Hussain: Frontline Pakistan: The Struggle with Militant Islam, London: I.B. Tauris Inc, 2007, p. 10.
①Mumtaz Anwar and Katharina Michaelowa: The Political Economy of US Aid to Pakistan, Review of Development Economics, 2006, 10(2), p.199.
②Narsreen Akhtar: Pakistan, Afghanistan, and the Taliban, International Journal on World Peace, Vol. 25, No. 4, December 2008,p. 69.
①Ijaz Khan: Pakistan’s Strategic Culture and Foreign Policy Making: Study of Pakistan’s Post 9/11 Afghan Policy Change, New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. 2007, p. 39.
①Syed Saleem Shahzad: Musharraf Whipping Pakistan into US Line, April 22, 2004, see at http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South-Asia/FD22Df03.html.
②Robert G Patman: Globalization, the New US Exceptionalism and the War on Terror, Third World Quarterly, Vol.27, No.6, p. 965.
③Simon Steven & Benjamin Daniel: The Terror, Survival, Vol. 42, No. 4, Winter 2001-02, p. 5.
①Lessie Lloyd & Nathan Nankivell: India’Pakistan and the Legacy of September 11th, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Vol. 15, No 2, 2002, p. 269.
②Ijaz Khan: Pakistan’s Strategic Culture and Foreign Policy Making: A Study of Pakistan’s Post 9/11 Afghan Policy Change, New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2007, p.45.
③Harold A. Gould & Franklin C. Spinney: Fourth-Generation Warfare, Hindu, October 10, 2001.
④John K. Cooley: Unholy Wars, Afghanistan, America and International Terrorism, London: Pluto Press, 2001, p. 299.
①Robin Luckham: The Discordant Voices of“Security”, Development in Practice, Vol. 17, No. 4, August, 2007, p. 685.
②V. R. Raghavan: The Double-Edged Effect in South Asia, The Washington Quarterly, Autumn 2004, p. 140.
③Ijaz Khan: Pakistan and the War Against Terrorism in Afghanistan: Choices, Pragmatism and the Decision, Turkish Journal of International Relations, Vol. 3, No. 4, Winter 2004, p.129.
④V. R. Raghavan: The Double-Edged Effect in South Asia, The Washington Quarterly, Autumn 2004, p. 147.
①Ajay Darshan Behera: On the Edge of Metamorphosis, in Pakistan in a Changing Strategic Context, eds. New Delhi: Knowledge World, 2004, p.65.
②Dan Balz and Bob Woodward:America’s Chaotic Road to War, The Washington Post, January 27, 2002.
③See Francis Fukuyama: The End of History and the Last Man, New York: The Free Press,1992.
①Simon Bromley: Connecting Central Eurasia to the Middle East in American Foreign Policy Towards Afghanistan and Pakistan: 1979-Present, Perspectives on Global Development and Technology, 2007, p. 95.
②Ijaz Khan: Pakistan’s Strategic Culture and Foreign Policy Making: Study of Pakistan’s Post 9/11 Afghan Policy Change, New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. 2007, p. 45.
③Halliday Fred: A New Global Configuration in Worlds in Collision: Terror
④John Isaacs:“BushⅡor ReaganⅢ?”, The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists May- June 2001, p. 31.
⑤Anatol Lieven: The Secret Pliceman’s Ball: The United States, Russia and the International Order After 9/11, International Affairs, No. 2, 2002, p. 245.
⑥Moeed Yusef: The United States and Islamic Radicals: Conflict Unending?
⑦V. R. Raghavan: The Double-Edged Effect in South Asia, The Washington Quarterly, Autumn 2004, p. 152.
①Bessma Momani: The IMF, the U.S. War on Terrorism, and Pakistan, Asian Affairs, September 2004, p. 43.
②Ijaz Khan: Pakistan’s Strategic Culture and Foreign Policy Making: A Study of Pakistan’s Post 9/11 Afghan Policy Change, New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. 2007, p. 85.
③Ahmed Rashid: Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil, and Fundamentalism in Central Asia, New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press, 2000, p. 179.
④Timonthy Mithell: Islam in The U.S. Global Order, Social Text 73, Vol. 20, No. 4, Winter 2002, Duke University Press, p.8.
①Robert G. Wirsing: The U.S.-Pakistan Strategic Alliance and the War in Afganistan, Asian Affairs, 2007, p.154.
②Barbara Leitch LePoer: Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division: Pakistan-U.S. Relations, updated December 31, 2001, Congressional Research Service & The Library of Congress. P. 14.
③Simon Bronmley: Connecting Central Eurasia to the Middle East in American Foreign Policy Towards Afghanistan and Pakistan: 1979-Present, Perspective Global Development and Technology, Vol. 6, 2007, p.99.
①Ramtanu Maitra: The US, anti-jihadis and the Pakistan myth, April 17, 2003, see at http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/ED17Df03.html
②Raphael Perl: Terrorism, the Future, and U.S. Foreign Policy, Report of US Congressional Research Service, April 2003, p. 2.
③Ibid, p. 1.
④Osama bin Laden, in a videotape released right before the 2004 election, claimed $500 billion in economic impact from the 9/11 attacks. More typical is an estimated $200 billion impact, attributed to the Milken Institute. See Dr. L. James Valverde, Jr,. and Dr. Robert W. Hartwig,“9/11 and Insurance: The Five Year Anniverary,”Insurance Information Institute, September 2006, available at http:// www.iii.org/media/hottopics/additional /sept11 anniversary/.
⑤U.S. Military Casualties in Iraq Exceed Number of Deaths in Sept. 11 Attacks, The Wallstreet Journal, December 26, 2006. p. A1.
⑥The Boston Globe, September 12, 2001, p. 1.
①Inside Islam’s Terror Schools, Newstatesman, 28 March, 2005, p. 19.
②The 9/11 Commission Report (New York: W. W. Norton Co, 2004),45.
③The fatwa was originally published in Al-Quds Al-Arab (London), February 23, 1998, a translation of the fatwa can be found http://www. military.com/Resources/ResourcFileView?file=fatwa1998.html.
④Andrew Fiala: Crusades, Just Wars, and the Bush Doctrine, Peace Review: A Journal of Social Justice, 19: p. 168.
⑤Ehsan Ahrari: The Post-9/11 American Conundrum: How to Win the War of Ideas in the World of Islam, Mediterranean Quarterly 19:2, 2008, P. 83.
⑥A translation of bin Laden’s fatwa is available online at http://www.pbs.org/newshour/terrorism/international/fatwa-1998 .html.
⑦George W. Bush: Address to a joint session of Congress and the American people, 20 September, 2001, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010920-8.html, accessed 29 January 2008.
⑧Ivo Daalder and James Lindsay: America Unbound: The Bush Revolution in Foreign Policy, Washington DC. Brookings, 2003.
⑨Michael J. Boyle: The War on Terror in America Grand Strategy, International Affairs 84: 2, 2008, p. 182.
①Benjamin R. Barber: Jihad vs. McWorld: How Globalism and Tribalism are Reshaping the World, New York: Ballantine, 1995, p. 4.
②Hassan Abbas: Pakistan’s Drift into Extremism: Allah, the Army, and America’s war on Terror, London: M. E. Sharpe, 2005, p. 201.
③Inside Islam’s Terror Schools, Newstatesman, 28 March, 2005, p. 15.
①Inside Islam’s Terror Schools, Newstatesman, 28 March, 2005, p. 18.
②Inside Islam’s Terror Schools, Newstatesman, 28 March, 2005, p. 16.
③Ramtanu Maitra: The US, anti-jihadis and the Pakistan myth, April 17, 2003, see at http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/ED17Df03.html
④Barbara Leitch LePoer: Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division: Pakistan-U.S. Relations, updated December 31, 2001, Congressional Research Service & The Library of Congress. p. 17.
①Ivo Daalder & James Lindsay: America Unbound, Washington: Brookings, 2003, p.24.
②George H. Quester: The Bush Foreign Policy and the Good Society, The Good Society, Vol. 14, No. 3, 2005, p. 15.
③See at www.washingtonpost.com, September 20, 2001.
④Patterns of Global Terrorism 2001, United States Department of State, May 2002.
①For the numbers, see Tariq Interview(Oct. 20, 2003).
②Barbara Leitch Lepoer: Received through the CRS Web: CRS Issue Brief for Congress----Pakistan-U.S. Relations, Congressional Research Service & The Library of Congress, December 31st, 2001. p. 1.
③Barbara Leitch Lepoer: Received through the CRS Web: CRS Issue Brief for Congress----Pakistan-U.S. Relations, Congressional Research Service & The Library of Congress, December 31st, 2001. p. 3.
④The 9/11 Commission Report, Bookmarked by the Center for American Progress, July 30, 2004, full script see at www.whitehouse.com
①Andrew Newman: Arms Control, Proliferation and Terrorism: The Bush Administration’s Post-September 11 Security Strategy, Journal of Strategic Studies, Vol. 27, No. 1, March 2004, p. 73.
②Andrew Newman: Arms Control, Proliferation and Terrorism: The Bush Administration’s Post-September 11 Security Strategy, Journal of Strategic Studies, Vol. 27, No. 1, March 2004, p. 75.
③The Office of the President of the United States of America, National Strategy to Combat Weapons of Mass Destruction, December, 2002,
④The Office of the President of the United States of America: The National Security Strategy of the United States of America, September. 2002, p. 6.
⑤The Office of the President of the United States of America: The National Strategy for Combating Terrorism, Feburuary. 2003, p. 19..
①Woodwar Bob, Bush at War Simon and Schuster Washington, 2002, p.59.
②Ayaz Amir: A Passion for Selling Ourselves Cheaply, Dawn, 21 September 2001.
③President General Pervez Musharraf’s speech to the nation on September 19, 2001. http://www.patriotresource.com/wtc/intl/0919/pakistan.html.
④Terrorism in South Asia in 2001----The Country Report on Terrorism, p.8, see at www.state.gov.cn
⑤Barbara Leitch LePoer: Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division: Pakistan-U.S. Relations, updated December 31, 2001, Congressional Research Service & The Library of Congress. P. 10.
①For a full transcript of President Musharraf’s speech read Daily The News Islamabad, 13 January 2 2002.
②The News, 13 January 2002.
③Hussain Zahid: Interview with Musharraf in January 2002.
④Paul Watson: Revolving Doors for Pakistan’s Militants, Los Angeles Times, November 17, 2002.
①Responding to Terrorism: Pakistan’s Anti-Terrorism Laws: PartⅡ, see at http://www.terrorismanalysts.com/pt/index.php?option=com_rokzine&view=article&id=45&Itemid=54
②Responding to Terrorism: Pakistan’s Anti-Terrorism Laws: PartⅡ, see at http://www.terrorismanalysts.com/pt/index.php?option=com_rokzine&view=article&id=45&Itemid=54
③U.S. Department of State Press Release: U.S.-Pakistan Joint Working Group on Counterterrorism and Law Enforcement, May 8, 2002.
④Telephonic interview with U.S. State Deparment Official, March 24, 2003.
⑤Paul Watson and Josh Meyer: Pakistanis See FBI in Shadows, Los Angeles Times, August 25, 2002.
⑥Peter Baker and Kamran Khan: Pakistan to Forgo Charges Against 2 Nuclear Scientists, Washingtong Post, January 30, 2002.
①K. Alan Kronstadt: Pakistan-U.S. Anti-Terrorism Cooperation, updated in March 28, 2003, p.12.
②Terrorism in South Asia in 2001----The Country Report on Terrorism, p.8, see at www.state.gov.cn
③Terrorism in South Asian 2001, see at www.state.gov.cn
④Terrorism in South Asian 2001, see at www.state.gov.cn
①Robert. G. Wirsing: Precarious Partnership: Pakistan’s Response to U.S. Security Policies, Asian Affairs, December,2003, p. 70.
②Tim McGirk: Al Qaeda’s New Hideouts, Time, July 29, 2002.
③Chris Otton, More Al Qaeda May Now Be in Pakistan Than Afghanistan, Agence France-Presse, August 18, 2002.
④Hasan Akhtar: Pakistan Rules Out US Troop Operation, Dawn, August 27, 2002.
⑤Shamin-ur-Rahman: 422 Osama Men Handed Over to US, Dawn, September 23, 2002.
⑥Scott Baldauf: Pakistan’s Release of Islamic Militants Rattles India, Christian Science Monitor, December 16, 2002.
⑦US Central Command: International Contributions to the War on Terrorism: Pakistan, see at www.centcom.mil/Operations/Coalition/Coalition-pages/pakistan.html.
①Joint Statement: Pakistan-US Defense Cooperation Group(DCG) Meeting, September 25-27, 2002, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, Defense Security Cooperation Agency, U.S. Department of Defense.
②US General Watches Pakistan-US Military Exercise, Reuters News, October 20, 2002.
③India and Pakistan: Current U.S. Sanctions by Dianne Rennack. See at CRS Report RS20995.
④Mohammed Abdullah: Pakistan Seeks U.S. Weapons for Anti-Terror Partnership, Defense Week, October 22, 2001.
⑤K. Alan Kronstadt: Pakistan-U.S. Anti-Terrorism Cooperation, updated in March 28, 2003, p.16
①Barbara Leitch LePoer: CRS Issue Brief for Congress----Pakistan-U.S. Relations, Updated December 31, 2001. p. 17.
②President’s Speech at 11th SAARC Summit, Kathmandu, January 5,2002, see at www.pak.gov.pk/President-Address/president-speech -saarc.html.
③Joint Press Conference of President of Pakistan General Pervez Musharraf and Colin Powell, U.S. Secretary of State, on 16 September 2001, Islamabad: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, see at www.forisb.org/CE-016.html.
④Robert. G. Wirsing: Precarious Partnership: Pakistan’s Response to U.S. Security Policies, Asian Affairs, December,2003, p. 72.
①Barbara Leitch Lepoer: Received through the CRS Web: CRS Issue Brief for Congress----Pakistan-U.S. Relations, Congressional Research Service & The Library of Congress, December 31st, 2001. p. 5.
②Barbara Leitch Lepoer: Received through the CRS Web: CRS Issue Brief for Congress----Pakistan-U.S. Relations, Congressional Research Service & The Library of Congress, December 31st, 2001. p. 4.
③Jawed Naqvi: Patch up with Pakistan, US tells India, Daily Dawn Karachi, September 2003.
④K. Alan Kronstadt: Pakistan: Chronology of Events, Order Code RS21584, Updated November 3,2003. p. 18.
⑤Ijaz Khan: Pakistan’s Strategic Culture and Foreign Policy Making: A Study of Pakistan’s Post 9/11 Afghan Policy Change, New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. 2007, p.69.
①Kanchan Lakshman: Deep Roots to Pakistan’s Sectarian Terrror, July 9, 2003, see at www.atimes.com/atimes/South-Asia/EG09Df09.html.
②See at www.washingtonpost.com, July 9, 2003.
③Kanchan Lakshman: Deep Roots to Pakistan’s Sectarian Terrror, July 9, 2003, see at www.atimes.com/atimes/South-Asia/EG09Df09.html.
①U.S. Congress. House. Commending President Pervez Musharraf of Pakistan for His Leader-ship and Friendship and Welcoming Him to the United States, 107th Cong., 1st sess. 8 November, 2001.
②U.S. Congress. Senate: To Authorize the President to Provide Assistance to Pakistan and India through September 30, 2003. 10th Cong., 1st sess. 25 September 2001.
①Bessma Momani: The IMF, the U.S. War on Terrorism, and Pakistan, Asian Affairs, September 2004, p. 45.
①U.S. Congress. Senate: Pakistan Emergency Economic Development and Trade Support Act. 107th Cong., 1st sess. 13 November, 2001.
②Rcihard Boucher: U.S. Department of State daily press briefing on October 29, 2001. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/2001.htm.
③Bessma Momani: The IMF, the U.S. War on Terrorism, and Pakistan, Asian Affairs, September 2004, p. 48.
④Information from the U.S. Department of State daily press briefing with Richard Boucher on September 24, 2001. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/2001.htm.
⑤Paul Blustein: A Tighter Hand in Doling Out Global Aid? Washington Post, 30 September 2001, H01.
①Bessma Momani: The IMF, the U.S. War on Terrorism, and Pakistan, Asian Affairs, September 2004, p. 47.
②IMF: Pakistan: Staff Report fo the Third Review Under the Stand-by Arrangement and Request for Waiver of Performance Critieria; Staff Statement; and News Brief, IMF Country Report No. 01/178, October, 2001: p.17.
③IMF: Pakistan: Staff Report for the Third Review, p.19.
①The Year in Review 2002,p.1. see at www.state.gov.cn
②South Asia Overview 2002, p. 5, see at www.state.gov.cn
③South Asia Overview 2002, p. 5, see at www.state.gov.cn
①Ehsan Ahrari: The Post-9/11 American Conundrum: How to Win the War of Ideas in the World of Islam, Mediterranean Quarterly 19:2,2008, p. 80.
②BBC News: Saddam had no link to al-Qaeda, September 9, 2003.
①Ehsan Ahrari: The Post-9/11 American Conundrum: How to Win the War of Ideas in the World of Islam, Mediterranean Quarterly 19:2,2008, p. 82.
②Paul Wilkinson: Terrorism versus Democracy, London and New York: Routledge, 2006, p .97.
③Centre for American Progress: Failing Grades----America’s Security Three Years After 9/11, p. 9.
①Michael Pan &Amanda Terkel & Robert Boorstin: Safety Second, New York Times, August 8,2004.
②Centre for American Progress: Failing Grades----America’s Security Three Years After 9/11, p. 10-11.
③Ehsan Ahrari: The Post-9/11 American Conundrum: How to Win the War of Ideas in the World of Islam, Mediterranean Quarterly 19:2,2008, p. 85.
④Status of al Qaeda, December 16, 2003. see at www.americanprogress.org/issues/2003/12/b15100.html.
①Status of al Qaeda, December 16, 2003. see at www.americanprogress.org/issues/2003/12/b15100.html.
②Centre for American Progress: Failing Grades----America’s Security Three Years After 9/11, p. 10.
③Think Again: A Forgotten War, December 12, 2003, see at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2003/12/b14530.html
①US Department of State----Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism: Country Reports on Terrorism 2004, April 2005. p.74.
②US Department of State----Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism: Country Reports on Terrorism 2004, April 2005. p.78.
③US Department of State----Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism: Country Reports on Terrorism 2004, April 2005. p.75.
④US Department of State----Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism: Country Reports on Terrorism 2004, April 2005. p.77.
①Richard A. Boucher: The United States and Pakistan Relations and Cooperation: Key to Regional Stability, The DISAM Journal, December 2007, p. 73.
②Safe at Home: A National Security Strategy to Protect the American Homeland, the Real Central Front, February 2008, p. 4. see at www.ameircanprogress.org
③Lisa Curtis: Denying Terrorists Safe Haven in Pakistan, October 26, 2006, see at http://www.heritage.org/Research/Reports/2006/10/Denying-Terrorists-Safe-Haven-in-Pakistan
④Lisa Curtis: Denying Terrorists Safe Haven in Pakistan, October 26, 2006, see at http://www.heritage.org/Research/Reports/2006/10/Denying-Terrorists-Safe-Haven-in-Pakistan
①Christine Gray: The Bush Doctrine Revisited: The 2006 National Security Strategy of the USA, Chinese Journal of International Law, 2006, Vol. 5, No. 3, p. 557.
②Safe at Home: A National Security Strategy to Protect the American Homeland, the Real Central Front, February 2008, p. 5. see at www.ameircanprogress.org
③Safe at Home: A National Security Strategy to Protect the American Homeland, the Real Central Front, February 2008, p. 3. see at www.ameircanprogress.org
①Lisa Curtis: Denying Terrorists Safe Haven in Pakistan, October 26, 2006, see at http://www.heritage.org/Research/Reports/2006/10/Denying-Terrorists-Safe-Haven-in-Pakistan
②National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, 9/11 Commission Report, July 22, 2004, p. 367. at www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report.pdf, October 2, 2006.
③U.S. Department of State, Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism, Country Reports on Terrorism 2005, April, 2006, p. 16, see at www.state.gov/documents/organization/65462.pdf, October 18, 2006.
④The White House, The National Security Strategy of the United States of America, March 2006, p. 12. see at www. whitehouse.gov/insc/nss2006.pdf, October 2, 2006.
⑤Mustafa Malik: Pakistan----Can U.S. Policy Save the Day? Middle East Policy, Vol. 19, No.2, Summer, 2009. p. 150.
⑥President Discuss War on Terror, White House Press Release, Mar 8, 2005.
①Responding to Terrorism: Pakistan’s Anti-Terrorism Laws: PartⅡ, see at http://www.terrorismanalysts.com/pt/index.php?option=com_rokzine&view=article&id=45&Itemid=54
②Tasneem Gardezi, a member of the Parliamentary committee on Law, quoted in Arab News, October 20, 2004.
③Anti-Terrorism(Second)Amendment Act, 2005, Provision 13, Pages 6-10, Extra-ordinary Edition.
④See at http://www.un.org/sc/ctc/country reports/report A. shtml.
①Responding to Terrorism: Pakistan’s Anti-Terrorism Laws: PartⅡ, see at
②State’s Rocca Outlines Assistance Plans for South Asia, U.S. Department of State Washington File, Mar. 2, 2004.
③John Lancaster: Pakistan Touts Controle of Border, Washington Post, September 2, 2003.
①Pamela Constable: Conflict Ends in Pakistani Tribal Lands, Washington Post, Mar 29, 2004.
②Owais Tohid: Pakistan Marks Pro-Al Qaeda Clan, Christian Science Monitor, Mar 23, 2004.
③Pakistan Amnesty Deal Hit By Setback, BBC News, May 24, 2004.
④Ismail Khan: Wana Amnesty for Militants Revoked, Dawn, June 10, 2004.
①Pakistan to Scale Back Force Around Town Near Afghan Border, New York Times, November 28, 2004.
②Zilfiqar Ali: Perpetual Siege, Herald, May, 2005.
③Carolin Wadhams & Colin Cookman: Faces of Pakistan’s Militant Leaders----In-Depth Profiles of Major Militant Commanders, July 22, 2009, see at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/07/talibanleaders.html
①Carolin Wadhams & Colin Cookman: Faces of Pakistan’s Militant Leaders----In-Depth Profiles of Major Militant Commanders, July 22, 2009, see at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/07/talibanleaders.html
①Carolin Wadhams & Colin Cookman: Faces of Pakistan’s Militant Leaders----In-Depth Profiles of Major Militant Commanders, July 22, 2009, see at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/07/talibanleaders.html
②Pakistan Protests at US Incursion, BBC News, May 5, 2004.
③David Sanger: New U.S. Effort Steps Up Hunt for Bin Laden, New York Times, Feb 29, 2004.
①Thomas Coghlan: Up Close in al Qaeda Hunt, BBC News, Oct 13, 2004.
②David Rohde: A Hostile Land Foils the Quest for Bin Laden, New York Times, Dec 13, 2004.
③Zaid Hussain’s Interview with an ISI Official, 2006.
④Zaid Hussain’s Interview with an ISI Official, 2006.
⑤Interview Director General FIA Mr Tariq Pervaiz, March 14, 2007.
⑥Interview Director General FIA Mr Tariq Pervaiz, March 14, 2007.
①Greg Bruno & Jayshree Bajoria: U.S.-Pakistan Military Cooperation, June 26, 2008. see at http://www.cfr.org/publication/16644/#p4DISAM Journal, December 2007, p. 74.
②Memo on Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice’s Trip to Pakistan, March 17, 2005, see at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2005/03/b681083_ct549153.html
③Richard A. Boucher: The United States and Pakistan Relations and Cooperation: Key to Regional Stability, The DISAM Journal, December 2007, p. 75.
①Steve Schippert: Al-Qaeda In Pakistan ---- Blades Of A Fan, August 17, 2007, see at http://tank.nationalreview.com/post/?q=OTBiMjY3ZmI4ZWVkNTU0NGFiY2E3MGUxMWI1YTBiMWU
②Australia Praises Pakistan’s Anti-Terrorism Efforts, November 22, 2005, see at http://www.terrorismanalysts.com/pt/index.php?option=com_rokzine&view=article&id=45&Itemid=54 http://www.defencetalk.com/australia-praises-pakistans-anti-terrorism-efforts-4539/
①Lisa Curtis: Denying Terrorists Safe Haven in Pakistan, Ocotber 26, 2006, see at http://www.heritage.org/Research/Reports/2006/10/Denying-Terrorists-Safe-Haven-in-Pakistan
②Nasim Zehra: Pakistan-US Relations Robust Despite Difference, Mach 6, 2006, see at http://archive.arabnews.com
③Lisa Curtis: Denying Terrorists Safe Haven in Pakistan, Ocotber 26, 2006, see at http://www.heritage.org/Research/Reports/2006/10/Denying-Terrorists-Safe-Haven-in-Pakistan
①Center for American Progress: the Terrorism Index, Feburary 13, 2007, p.5.
②Center for American Progress: the Terrorism Index, Feburary 13, 2007, p.6.
③Christian Brose: The Real Bush Tragedy, January 8, 2009, see at http://shadow.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2009/01/08/the_real_bush_tragedy
④Christian Brose: The Real Bush Tragedy, January 8, 2009, see at http://shadow.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2009/01/08/the_real_bush_tragedy
①Mustafa Malik: Pakistan----Can U.S. Policy Save the Day? Middle East Policy, Vol. 19, No.2, Summer, 2009. p. 143.
②Poll: Bin Laden tops Musharraf in Pakistan, September 11, 2007, see at http://www.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/09/11/poll.pakistanis/index.html
③Office of the Director of Naitonal Intelligence: The Terrorist Threat to the U.S. Homeland, July 2007, see at www.dni.gov/press-releases/20070717-release.pdf.
①Declan Walsh: Pakistani Taliban Take Control of Unruly Tribal Belt, The Guardian, March 21, 2006.
②President Pervez Musharraf’s address to European Union’s Foreign Relation Committee at Brussels on 15 September.
③Jason Straziuso: Musharraf Warns of“Talibanization”in Pakistan, Associate Press Report, August 13, 2007.
④Steven Emerson: Testimony of Steven Emerson before the United States House of Representatives Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, April 8, 2008, see at www.investigativeproject.org
①Nicholas Schmidle: Talibanistan, The Talibs at Home, World Affairs, Fall 2009, p. 16.
①Caroline Wadhame & Colin Cookman: Pakistani Voters Are Not Yet on the Same Page With U.S. Policymakers, March 4, 2008, see at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2008/03/pakistani_priorities.html
①Caroline Wadhame & Colin Cookman: Pakistani Voters Are Not Yet on the Same Page With U.S. Policymakers, March 4, 2008, see at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2008/03/pakistani_priorities.html
②Caroline Wadhame & Colin Cookman: Pakistani Voters Are Not Yet on the Same Page With U.S. Policymakers, March 4, 2008, see at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2008/03/pakistani_priorities.html
③Caroline Wadhame & Colin Cookman: Pakistani Voters Are Not Yet on the Same Page With U.S. Policymakers, March 4, 2008, see at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2008/03/pakistani_priorities.html
④Brian Fishman: Pakistan’s Failing War on Terror, December 1, 2009, see at http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/12/01/pakistans_failing_war_on_terror
⑤Brian Katulis & Caroline Wadhams: Progress in Pakistan, March 24, 2010, see at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2010/03/pakistan_progress.html
⑥Brian Katulis: America’s Post-Musharraf Policy, 21 August, 2008, see at http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/aug/21/pakistan.usforeignpolicy
①Brian Fishman: Pakistan’s Failing War on Terror, December 1, 2009, see at http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/12/01/pakistans_failing_war_on_terror
②Brian Fishman: Pakistan’s Failing War on Terror, December 1, 2009, see at http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/12/01/pakistans_failing_war_on_terror
③Lawrence Korb & Sean Duggan: Integrating Security----Preparing for the National Security Threats of the 21st Century, November, 2009, p. 8, see at www.americanprogress.org
④Lawrence Korb & Sean Duggan: Integrating Security----Preparing for the National Security Threats of the 21st Century, November, 2009, p. 9, see at www.americanprogress.org
⑤Greg Bruno: U.S.-Pakistan Military Cooperation, June 26, 2008, see at http://www.cfr.org/publication/16644/#p6
①Brian Katulis: America’s Post-Musharraf Policy, 21 August, 2008, see at http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/aug/21/pakistan.usforeignpolicy
②Kapil Komireddi: The Demise of Pakistan is Inevitable, 14 June, 2009, see at http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/jun/14/pakistan-taliban-india-military
①Department of State: Afghanistan and Pakistan Regional Stabilization Strategy, February 2010, p.1.
②Caroline Wadhams & Brian Katulis: Pakistan’s Enduring Challenges: Threates to U.S. Security Remain, February 22, 2008, see at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2008/02/pakistan_threats.html
③Brian Katulis & Caroline Wadhams: Progress in Pakistan, March 24, 2010, see at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2010/03/pakistan_progress.html
④Brian Katulis & Caroline Wadhams: Progress in Pakistan, March 24, 2010, see at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2010/03/pakistan_progress.html
①Department of State: Afghanistan and Pakistan Regional Stabilization Strategy, February 2010, p.12.
②Mustafa Malik: Pakistan----Can U.S. Policy Save the Day? Middle East Policy, Vol. 19, No.2, Summer, 2009. p. 142.
①Lawrence Korb & Sean Duggan: Integrating Security----Preparing for the National Security Threats of the 21st Century, November, 2009, p. 10, see at www.americanprogress.org
②Lawrence Korb & Sean Duggan: Integrating Security----Preparing for the National Security Threats of the 21st Century, November, 2009, p. 16, see at www.americanprogress.org
③Mustafa Malik: Pakistan----Can U.S. Policy Save the Day? Middle East Policy, Vol. 19, No.2, Summer, 2009. p. 145.
①Brian Katulis & Caroline Wadhams: Progress in Pakistan, March 24, 2010, see at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2010/03/pakistan_progress.html
②Syed Saleem Shahzad: Pakistan works the crowd, September 22, 2009, see at http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/KI22Df01.html
③Haider Ali Hussein Mullick: Holding Pakistan----The Second Phase of Pakistan’s Counterinsurgency Operations, March 24, 2010, see at http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/66176/holding-pakistan
④Haider Ali Hussein Mullick: Holding Pakistan----The Second Phase of Pakistan’s Counterinsurgency Operations, March 24, 2010, see at http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/66176/holding-pakistan
①Carolin Wadhams & Colin Cookman: Interactive Map: Leaders of Pakistan’s Militant Groups, July 22, 2009, see at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/07/insurgency_map.html
①Colin Cookman:Threats. Options, and Risks in Pakistan, March 5, 2009, see at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/03/pakistan_strikes.html
②Colin Cookman:Threats. Options, and Risks in Pakistan, March 5, 2009, see at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/03/pakistan_strikes.html
①Bing West: The War That Has to Be Won, April 6, 2009, see at http://nrd.nationalreview.com/article/?q=ZTI4NzZhMmYxYWExMTc0MzUzMmJiZWJmNDIwOGNkY2E
②Brian Katulis & Caroline Wadhams: Progress in Pakistan, March 24, 2010, see at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2010/03/pakistan_progress.html
③Department of State: Afghanistan and Pakistan Regional Stabilization Strategy, February 2010, p.3.
④Department of State: Afghanistan and Pakistan Regional Stabilization Strategy, February 2010, p.5.
①Department of State: Afghanistan and Pakistan Regional Stabilization Strategy, February 2010, p.42-55.
①Department of State: Afghanistan and Pakistan Regional Stabilization Strategy, February 2010, p.8.
②Department of State: Afghanistan and Pakistan Regional Stabilization Strategy, February 2010, p.25.
③Bruce Riedel: Expand the U.S. Agenda toward Pakistan----Prospects for Peace and Stability Can Brighten, September 2008, see at www.brookings.edu.
①Wonacott: Inside Pakistan’s Drive to Guard It’s a-Bombs, p. 16.
②David Albright & Paul Branan: Second Kushab Plutonium Production Reactor Nears Completion, September 2008, see at www.isis-online.org
③Lawrence J.Korb: The Security of Pakistan’s Nuclear Arsenal, May 19, 2009, see at http://thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/the-security-of-pakistans-nuclear-arsenal
①Lawrence Korb & Sean Duggan: Integrating Security----Preparing for the National Security Threats of the 21st Century, November, 2009, p. 52, see at www.americanprogress.org
②Haider Ali Hussein Mullick: Holding Pakistan----The Second Phase of Pakistan’s Counterinsurgency Operations, March 24, 2010, see at http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/66176/holding-pakistan
③Gregory Treverton: Intelligence Test, Democracy: A Journal of Ideas, Winter 2009, p. 58.
①Lawrence Korb & Sean Duggan: Integrating Security----Preparing for the National Security Threats of the 21st Century, November, 2009, p. 55, see at www.americanprogress.org
②Haider Ali Hussein Mullick: Holding Pakistan----The Second Phase of Pakistan’s Counterinsurgency Operations, March 24, 2010, see at http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/66176/holding-pakistan
③Kenneth Roth: Empty Promises? ---- Obama’s Hesitant Embrace of Human Rights, March/April 2010, see at http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/66034/kenneth-roth/empty-promises
①Brian Katulis & Caroline Wadhams: Progress in Pakistan, March 24, 2010, see at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2010/03/pakistan_progress.html
②Haider Ali Hussein Mullick: Holding Pakistan----The Second Phase of Pakistan’s CounterinsurgencyOperations, March 24, 2010, see at http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/66176/holding-pakistan
①Haider Ali Hussein Mullick: Holding Pakistan----The Second Phase of Pakistan’s Counterinsurgency Operations, March 24, 2010, see at http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/66176/holding-pakistan
②Kenneth Roth: Empty Promises? ---- Obama’s Hesitant Embrace of Human Rights, March/April 2010, see at http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/66034/kenneth-roth/empty-promises
③Robert Dreyfuss: Obama’s Afghan Dilemma, The Nation, December 12, 2008, p.12.
①Marc A. Thiessen: Obama’s Inheritance----Al Qaeda in Retreat, World Affairs, Summer 2009, p. 81.
②Colin Cookman:Threats. Options, and Risks in Pakistan, March 5, 2009, see at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/03/pakistan_strikes.html
③Marc A. Thiessen: Obama’s Inheritance----Al Qaeda in Retreat, World Affairs, Summer 2009, p. 84.
①Marc A. Thiessen: Obama’s Inheritance----Al Qaeda in Retreat, World Affairs, Summer 2009, p. 85.
②Brian Fishman: Pakistan’s Failing War on Terror, December 1, 2009, see at http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/12/01/pakistans_failing_war_on_terror
③Syed Saleem Shahzad: US stalls as Pakistan drifts, Dec 1, 2009, see at http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/KL01Df03.html
①Syed Saleem Shahzad: Pakistan works the crowd, September 22, 2009, see at http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/KI22Df01.html
②Syed Saleem Shahzad: Pakistan works the crowd, September 22, 2009, see at http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/KI22Df01.html
③Syed Saleem Shahzad: Pakistan works the crowd, September 22, 2009, see at http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/KI22Df01.html
④Zahid U Kramet: Pakistan deals with its devils, Jan 6, 2010, see at http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/LA06Df02.html
①Robert Dreyfuss: Obama’s Afghan Dilemma, The Nation, December 12, 2008, p.12.
②Robert Dreyfuss: Obama’s Afghan Dilemma, The Nation, December 12, 2008, p.13.
③Brian Fishman: Pakistan’s Failing War on Terror, December 1, 2009, see at http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/12/01/pakistans_failing_war_on_terror
①Zahid U Kramet: Pakistan deals with its devils, Jan 6, 2010, see at http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/LA06Df02.html
②Zahid U Kramet: Pakistan deals with its devils, Jan 6, 2010, see at http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/LA06Df02.html
③Zahid U Kramet: Pakistan deals with its devils, Jan 6, 2010, see at http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/LA06Df02.html
①Mustafa Malik: Pakistan: Terror War Bolsters Islamism, Nationhood, Middle East Policy Coucil, 2008, p. 115.
②Mustafa Malik: Pakistan: Terror War Bolsters Islamism, Nationhood, Middle East Policy Coucil, 2008, p. 120.
①Mustafa Malik: Pakistan: Terror War Bolsters Islamism, Nationhood, Middle East Policy Coucil, 2008, p. 117.
②Mustafa Malik: Pakistan: Terror War Bolsters Islamism, Nationhood, Middle East Policy Coucil, 2008, p. 116.
③Mustafa Mailik’s Interview with Fauzia Saleem, Sociology Department, Punjab University, Lahore, Pakistan, September 14, 2007.
④Mustafa Mailik’s Interview with Ali Akund, doctoral candidate in sociology, Karachi, Pakistan, November 1, 2007.
①Sreeram Chaulia: Book Review of The Longest Jihad---- India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad, May 5, 2007, see at http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/IE05Df02.html
①Sreeram Chaulia: Book Review of The Longest Jihad---- India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad, May 5, 2007, see at http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/IE05Df02.html
②Praveen Swami: India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad: The Covert War in Kashmir 1947-2004, Routledge, New York, 2007, p. 81.
③Praveen Swami: India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad: The Covert War in Kashmir 1947-2004, Routledge, New York, 2007, p. 87.
①Praveen Swami: India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad: The Covert War in Kashmir 1947-2004, Routledge, New York, 2007, p. 141-145.
②Praveen Swami: India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad: The Covert War in Kashmir 1947-2004, Routledge, New York, 2007, p. 153.
③Sreeram Chaulia: Book Review of The Longest Jihad---- India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad, May 5, 2007, see at http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/IE05Df02.html
④Sreeram Chaulia: Book Review of The Longest Jihad---- India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad, May 5, 2007, see at http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/IE05Df02.html
①Hussain Zahid: Interview with Musharraf in January 2002.
②Griff Witte: Poor Schooling Slows Anti-Terrorism Effort in Pakistan, January 17, 2010, see at http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/01/16/AR2010011602660.html
③Griff Witte: Poor Schooling Slows Anti-Terrorism Effort in Pakistan, January 17, 2010, see at http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/01/16/AR2010011602660.html
④Griff Witte: Poor Schooling Slows Anti-Terrorism Effort in Pakistan, January 17, 2010, see at http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/01/16/AR2010011602660.html
⑤Zahid Hussain: Frontlin Pakistan: The Struggle with Militant Islam, London and New York: I. B. Tauris., 2007 p2.
①Zahid Hussain: Frontlin Pakistan: The Struggle with Militant Islam, London and New York: I. B. Tauris., 2007 p5.
②Stewart Patrick: A Return to Realism? The United States and Global Peace Operations since 9/11, International Peacekeeping, Vol. 15, No. 1, February 2008, p.135.
③The White House: National Security Strategy of the United States of America, Sep. 2002. p. 45.
①Stewart Patrick: A Return to Realism? The United States and Global Peace Operations since 9/11, International Peacekeeping, Vol. 15, No. 1, February 2008, p.138.
②Rumsfeld interview with Larry King, CNN, December 5, 2001, see at www.defenselink.mil/transcripts/2001/t12062001-t1205sd.html
③Linda Wrigley: In America’s Name, World Policy Journal, Spring 2004, p.114.
④Shane Harris: Obama Doctrine? December 14, 2009, see at http://security.nationaljournal.com/2009/12/obama-doctrine.php#1401917
⑤Shane Harris: Obama Doctrine? December 14, 2009, see at http://security.nationaljournal.com/2009/12/obama-doctrine.php#1401917
①Shane Harris: Obama Doctrine? December 14, 2009, see at http://security.nationaljournal.com/2009/12/obama-doctrine.php#1401917
②Mustafa Malik: Pakistan----Can U.S. Policy Save the Day? Middle East Policy, Vol. 19, No.2, Summer, 2009. p. 142.
③Basil Liddelll Hart: Strategy: The Indirect Approach, London: Faber, 1967, p.348.
①Matthew Kowalski: Global Insurgency or Global Confrontation? Counter-insurgency Doctrine and the“Long war”on Terrorism, Defense & Security Analysis, Vol. 24, No. 1, p. 69.
②Idea of the Day: Increased Economic and Development Assistance to Pakistan, August 25, 2008, see at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/ideas/2008/08/082508.html
③U.S. Aid to Pakistan by the Numbers, August 21, 2008, see at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2008/08/pakistan_aid_numbers.html
④Idea of the Day: Increased Economic and Development Assistance to Pakistan, August 25, 2008, see at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/ideas/2008/08/082508.html
165
①Ashutosh Misra: An audit of the India-Pakistan peace process, December 2007, Australian Journal of
International Affairs Vol. 61, No. 4. p. 506.
②Colin Cookman & Brian Katulis: The U.S.– India Strategic Partnership Is Vital, November 24, 2009. see at
http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/11/india_state_visit.html
③Zahid U Kramet: Pakistan deals with its devils, Jan 6, 2010, see at
http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/LA06Df02.html
①Charles G. Cogan: Afghanistan: Partners in Time, 2008, World Policy Institute, p. 155.
②Charles G. Cogan: Afghanistan: Partners in Time, 2008, World Policy Institute, p. 157.
③Blair: Annual Threat Assessment of the Intelligence Community.
④Lawrence Korb & Carolin Wadhams: Sustainable Security in Afghanistan----Crafting an Effective and Responsible Strategy for the Forgotten Front, March 2009, p. 1.
①Lawrence Korb & Carolin Wadhams: Sustainable Security in Afghanistan----Crafting an Effective and Responsible Strategy for the Forgotten Front, March 2009, p. 6.
②Joseph Biden: Opening Remarks by the Vice President to the North Atlantic Council, Office of the Vice President, March 10, 2009. see at www.whitehouse.gov
①Thalif Deen: Arms Suppliers Scramble into Iraq, Jul 13, 2004, see at http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/FG13Ak01.html
②Rethinking Our Strategy on Terrorism, March 21, 2007, see at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2007/03/terrorism_strategy.html
③Peter Juul: Conflating Al Qaeda in Iraq and Osama bin Laden’s Transnational Network, April 9, 2009, see at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2008/04/conflating_al_qaeda.html
④Victor Kotsev: US Warms to Strike on Iran, April 23, 2010, see at http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/LD23Ak02.html
⑤Pepe Escobar: Obama Squeezed Between Israel and Iran, Mar 26, 2010, see at http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/LC26Ak01.html
①Brian Katulis: Advancing Sustainable Security in South Asia, October 28, 2009, see at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/10/south_asia_security.html
②Brian Katulis: Advancing Sustainable Security in South Asia, October 28, 2009, see at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/10/south_asia_security.html
①Idea of the Day: Increased Economic and Development Assistance to Pakistan, August 25, 2008, see at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/ideas/2008/08/082508.html
②U.S. Aid to Pakistan by the Numbers, August 21, 2008, see at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2008/08/pakistan_aid_numbers.html
①Declassified Key Judgments of the National Intelligence Estimate“Trends in Global Terrorism: Implications for the United States”dated April 2006, p. 4.
②Jack Miles: After‘the War on Terror’----Obama, Islam & Israel, Commonweal, July 17, 2009, p. 13.
①Colin Cookman & Brian Katulis: The U.S.-India Strategic Partnership Is Vital, November 24, 2009, see at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/11/india_state_visit.html
①Create a Contact Group with India, Iran, Pakistan, and Afghan Governments, February 22, 2008. see at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/ideas/2008/02/022208.html
②Peter Juul: Conflating Al Qaeda in Iraq and Osama bin Laden’s Transnational Network, April 9, 2009, see at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2008/04/conflating_al_qaeda.html
①Victor Kotsev: US Warms to Strike on Iran, April 23, 2010, see at http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/LD23Ak02.html
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④崔洪建:《从反恐合作看英美特殊关系》,载《国际问题研究》2004年第1期。
⑤THE STRATEGIC DEFENCE REVIEW: A NEW CHAPTER. Presented to Parliament by The Secretary of State for Defence By Command of Her Majesty, July 2002.
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①王珏:《全球化背景下中美反恐合作的思考》,载《国际观察》2004年第3期。
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③刘春耀:硕士学位论文《后冷战时期的美巴战略关系》,四川大学南亚研究所,2007年5月。
④(巴)佩尔韦兹·穆沙拉夫著,张春祥等译:《在火线上》,南京:译林出版社,2006年11月第1版,第196页。
①张利军:《布什政府对巴基斯坦政策及美巴关系前景》,载《国际问题研究》,2005年1月第1期。
②李莉:《美国反恐战略中心东移及其影响》,载《现代国际关系》,2009年第2期。
①The News, Pakistan, July 10,2008.
②李莉:《美国反恐战略中心东移及其影响》,载《现代国际关系》,2009年第2期。
③Daniel Markey: A False Choice in Pakistan, July/August,2007. http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/62648/daniel-markey/a-false-choice-in -pakistan
①杨洁勉等:《国际合作反恐——超越地缘政治的思考》,北京:时事出版社,2003年第1版。
②李湛军:《恐怖主义与国际治理》,北京:中国经济出版社,2006年3月第1版。
③李少军:《当代全球问题》,杭州:浙江人民出版社,2006年12月第1版。
④胡联和:《当代世界恐怖主义及其对策》,北京:东方出版社2001年第1版。
①王逸舟:《恐怖主义溯源》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2002年第1版。
④张利军:《布什政府的巴基斯坦政策及美巴关系前景》,载《国际问题研究》2006年第1期。
⑤胡仕胜:《巴基斯坦近美有因》,载《现代国际关系》2003年第8期。
⑥江亚平:《南亚反恐合作需待加强》,载《瞭望》,2006年5月29日。
⑦韩锋、张洁:《美国与东南亚反恐合作的影响》,载《当代亚太》2003年第3期。
①李德昌:《巴基斯坦的政治发展》,成都:四川大学出版社,1989年7月第1版。
②唐孟生、孔菊兰:《巴基斯坦文化与社会》,北京:民族出版社,2006年9月第1版。
③程瑞声:《南亚的热点——克什米尔》,北京:国际文化出版公司,2007年9月第1版;李涛:《南亚区域合作发展趋势和中国与南盟合作研究》,成都:巴蜀书社,2009年4月第1版;赵伯乐:《南亚概论》,昆明:云南大学出版社,2007年10月第1版;俞文岚:《南亚报告:2007～2008》,昆明:云南大学出版社,2008年6月第1版;陈延琪:《印巴分立:克什米尔冲突的滥觞》,乌鲁木齐:新疆人民出版社,2003年10月第1版等。
④程瑞声:《南亚的热点——克什米尔》,北京:国际文化出版公司,2007年9月第1版。
⑤李涛:《帝国反恐》,北京:中国友谊出版公司,2007年8月。
⑥梅仁毅、付美榕:《变化与延续:9·11后的美国》,北京:世界知识出版社,2009年2月第1版。
⑨王珊珊:《布什政府的阿富汗反恐政策开始重大转型》,载《工人日报》2008年9月。
⑩刘丰:《美国的“反恐战争”与反美主义的兴起》,载《世界经济与政治论坛》2007年3月。
①张力:《美国调整南亚反恐战略:观察与预测》,载《南亚研究季刊》2009年第2期。
②张晓玉、张长军:《美国新南亚政策调整及其对南亚地区安全形势的影响》,载《解放军外国语学院学报》2002年第3期。
③何明:《塔利班政权的兴亡及其对世界的影响》,上海:华东师范大学出版社,2005年3月。
④高祖贵:《美国与伊斯兰世界》,北京:时事出版社,2005年2月第1版。
⑤陈敏华:《冷战后中东极端组织行动研究》,北京:时事出版社,2008年11月。
⑥杨濠城:《从埃及穆斯林兄弟会看伊斯兰原教旨主义与世俗主义的关系》,载《西亚非洲》1998年第5期;田文林、林海虹:《伊斯兰与西方的冲突:一个自我实现的文化预言》,载《世界经济与政治》2002年第1期;
⑦刘中民:《巴基斯坦恐怖组织与中东的联系及其对“动荡弧”地带的影响》,载
①Michael Stohl: The Politics of Terrorism, New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.1983.
②Paul Wilkinson: Terrorism Versus Democracy, London and New York: Routledge, 2001.
③Ian O Lesser: Countering the New Terrorism, New York: Rand, 1999.
④Ted Honderch: After the Terror, Edinburgh University Press Ltd, 2002.
⑤Burleigh Taylor Wilkins, Terrorism and Collective Responsibility, London and New York: Routledge, 1992﹒
⑥Paul Wilkinson, Terrorism & the Liberal State, London: MACMILLAN EDUCATION LTD, 1987﹒
①Leonard B. Weinberg, Paul B. Davis, Introduction to Political Terrorism, London and New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1989﹒
②Dana Dillon: The Civilian Side of the War on Terror, Policy Review , Oct/Nov 2007,
③Wilson John: The General and Jihad: Pakistan under Musharraf, New Delhi: Pentagon Press, 2007.
④Mazhar Aziz: Military Control in Pakistan: The Parallel State, London and New York: Routledge, 2008.
⑤「巴」佩尔韦兹·穆沙拉夫著,张春祥译:《在火线上》,北京:译林出版社,2006年11月。
⑥Zahid Hussain, Frontlin Pakistan: the Struggle With Militant Islam, London and New York: I. B. Tauris, 2007.
④Paul R Pilar: Terrorism and U. S. Foreign Policy, Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution Press,2002.
⑤(英)坎贝尔著,李中、刘海青译:《塑造安全——美国的外交政策和身份认同政治》,吉林人民出版社,2008年12月第1版。
⑥「哈」C. M.阿基姆别科夫著,杨恕、汪金国译:《阿富汗焦点和中亚安全问题》,兰州:兰州大学出版社,2007年5月。
①www.state.gov: Raphael Perl: Trends in Terrorism:2006, July 21, 2006;Country Reports on Terrorism 2008, April 2009; Mark A. Randol: Terrorism Information Sharing and the Nationwide Suspicious Activity Report Initiative: Background and Issues for Congress, Nov 5, 2009; K. Alan Kronstadt:Major U.S. Arms Sales and Grants to Pakistan Since 2001, April 23, 2008; Peter R. Blood: Pakistan-U.S. Relations, March 10, 2002.
②Anthony H. Cordesman:“How the US Will Win Or Lose the War”, Sep. 15, 2009, http://csis.org/files/publication/090915_afghan_win_or_lose_0.pdf.
③Melvin A. Goodman,“Of Testimony and Terrorism:9/11 Commission Testimony Reveal Bush Administration Lacked Focus on Terrorism Prior to Attacks,”Apr 14, 2004, http://www.fpif org/fpiftxt/1135
④Shahrbanou Tadjbakhsh and Michael Schoiswohl: Playing with Fire? The International Community’s Democratization Experiment in Afghanistan, International Peacekeeping, Vol.15, No.2, April 2008,pp.252-267; Victoria Schofield: Kashmiri separatism and Pakistan in the current global environment, Comtemporary South Asia 16(1), (March, 2008)83-92.
⑤Michael J. Boyle: The war on terror in Amerian grand strategy, International Affairs, 84: 2, 2008.
①詹姆斯·多尔蒂、小罗伯特·普法尔茨葛拉夫著,阎学通、陈寒溪:《争论中的国际关系理论》,北京:世界知识出版社,2003年第5版,第604页
①Walter Laqueru:The Age of Terrorism, Boston: Little Brown and Company, 1987, p. 149.
①United States Department of State, Patterns of Golbal Terrorism, 1977, p.vi.
②Brain Jenkins: International Terrorism: The Other World War, Rand Corporation, 1985, p. 4.
③Richard G. Lugar: Redefining NATO’s Mission: Preventing WMD Terrorism, The Washington Quarterly, Summer 2002, p.7-13.
④美国国务院国际信息局(IIP)《美国参考》:《2002年全球恐怖主义形势报告》,2003年4月30日。
⑤《简明不列颠百科全书》第四卷,中国大百科全书出版社,1985年版,第817页。
⑥Job B. Wolfsthal, Nuclear Terrorism and Warhead Control in Russia, The International Institute for Strategic Studies, vol. 44, no. 2, Summer 2002, p.71.
①Boaz Ganor:Defining Terrorism, Is One Man’s Terrorist Another Man’s Freedom Fighter? (Herzlia: ICT Publication, 1998), pp. 12-17.
②胡联合:《当代世界恐怖主义与对策》,北京:东方出版社,2001年10月版,第28页。
③李湛军:《恐怖主义与国际治理》,北京:中国经济出版社,2006年3月第1版,第21页。
④阎学通:评述伊拉克战事,中央电视台第四频道,2003年4月7日“专家分析伊拉克战事”。
⑤中国现代国际关系研究所反恐怖研究中心编著:《国际恐怖主义与反恐怖斗争》,北京:时事出版社,2001年9月版,第4页。
⑥《辞海》1999年版缩印本,上海:上海译文出版社,2000年版,第1931页。
①Martha Crenshaw: Terrorism in Context, The Pennsyvania State University Press, 1995, pp.3-4.
②李少军:《当代全球问题》,杭州:浙江人民出版社,2006年12月第1版,第54页。
①MIPT National Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism. (2002). Understanding the terrorism database. MIPT Quaterly Bulletin: 4-6.
②美国ITERATE公司的数据库分时段对恐怖主义进行了调查研究:(一)1978年关于国际恐怖主义事件的调查数据保存在美国密歇根州的安娜堡政治与社会研究所的大学组织机构中;(二)1979年到2004年该公司对于恐怖主义的调查研究成果则可以到弗吉尼亚州的庄园软件公司购得。
③Mickolus, E. F., Sandler, T., Murdock, J., & Fleming, P. (2003). International terrorism: Attributes of terrorist events, 1968-2002, ITERATE Data Codebook. Retrieved from http://ssdc.ucsd.edu/ssdc/pdf/ITERATECodebook2003.pdf.
④朱素梅:《恐怖主义:历史与现实》,北京:世界知识出版社,2006年6月第1版,第4页,摘自部分表1内容。
①胡联合:《当代世界恐怖主义与对策》,北京:东方出版社,2001年版,第22页。
②V. I. Vasilenko: The Concept and Typology, Statutes and Decisions, vol.40, no.5, September-October 2004, p. 48.
①U. S. Senate.1974-1975. Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws. Terroristic Activity. Hearings, Parts 1-7. Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office.
②The World Bank Group, Global Poverty Monitoring home page (thies data base, while improved, is still dependent on imperfect country-generated in formation).
③J. F, Richard, High Noon, New York: Basic Bookds, 2002.
④J. A. Goldstone, T.R., Gurr, B. Harff, and others: State Failure Task Force Report, Corporation, MacLean, Va., June 14, 2002. Retrieved October 13, 2003 from: http://www.cidcm.umn.edu/inscr/stfail/SFTF%20Phase%20Ⅲ%Report%20Final.pdf October 2003.
⑤Von Hippel: Roots, of Terrorism, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006, p.67.
①(美)斯塔夫里亚诺斯:《全球分裂:第三世界的历史进程》(上)(中译本),商务印书馆,1993年版,第15页。
②Fiscal 2004 DOD Budget Release, Defense LINK, home page online available from http://www.defenselink.mil/news/Feb2003/b02032003-b+44-03.html; Internet; January 5,2004.
③J. Brian Atwood: The Link Between Poverty and Violent Conflict, New England Journal of Public Policy, Fall/Winter 2003, Vol. 19 Issue 1, p. 161.
④Austin T. Turk: Sociology of Terrorism, Annual Review of Sociology, March 9, 2004, p. 272.
⑤Smelser NJ, Mitchell F. ed. 2002. Terrorism: Perspectives from the Behavioral and Social Sciences. Washington, DC: The Natl. Acad.Press.
①Krueger AB, Maleckova J. 2003. Seeking the roots of terrorism. The Chronicle of Higher Education. http://chronicle.com/weekly/v49/139/39b01001.htm
②Benjamin Netanyahu, Fignting Terrorism, New York: Farrar Stracs Groux, 1995, p.7-8.
③Douglas Kellner: Preemptive Strikes and the War on Iraq: A Critique of Bush Administration Unilateralism and Militarism, New Political Science, Vol 26, September 2004, p. 417.
④Todd Gitlin: The Politics of National Security---- An Unabashed Liberal View, World Policy Journal, Summer 2007, p. 46.
⑤George W. Bush, speech at Fort Bragg, NC, June 28, 2005, at www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2005/06/20050628-7.html.
⑥Neil J. Kressel, Bad Faith: The Danger of Religious Extremism, New York: Prometheus Books, 2007, p. 264.
⑦Jalil Roshandel and Sharon Chadha: Jihad and International Security, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009, p.18.
①A translation of bin Laden’s fatwa is available on line at http://www.pbs.org/newhour/terrorism/international/fatwa-1998.html
②Matthew J. Morgan: The Origins of the New Terrorism, Parameters, Spring 2004, p. 35.
③Paul R. Pillar: Terrorism Goes Global: Extremist Groups Extend Their Reach Worldwide, The Brookings Review, 19, Fall 2001, p. 34.
④Paul J. Smith: Transnational Terrorism and the al-Qaeda Model: Confronting New Realities, Parameters, 32, Summer 2002, p. 37.
⑤Brian Michael Jenkins: Will Terrorists Go Nuclear? New York: Prometheus Books, 2008, p.87.
①Gregory Gleason & Marat E. Shaihutdinov: Collective Security and Non-State Actors in Eurasia, International Studies Perspectives, 2005 vol.6, p. 275.
②Helen Milner: International Relations of Cooperation among Nations----Strengths and Weaknesses, World Politics, April 1992, p. 321.
①苏长和:《全球公共问题与国际合作:一种制度的分析》,上海:上海人民出版社,2000年版,第65页。
②Robert Jervis: Security Regimes, International Organization 36, 2, Spring 1982.
③苏浩:《从哑铃到橄榄:亚太合作安全研究》,北京:世界知识出版社,2003年版,前言第21页。
④Jervis: Cooperation under the Security Dilemma, World Politics 30, January 1978, p. 167-214.
⑤Adam Ulam: Expansion and Coexistence, New York: Prager, 1968, p.5.
①Major Hank Kron: United States Security Cooperation in the Middle East Cross-Cultural Considerations and Customer Relations, The DISAM Journal, March 2008.
②Gregory Gleason & Marat E. Shaihutdinov: Collective Security and Non-State Actors in Eurasia, International Studies Perspectives, 2005 vol.6, p. 274.
①B. G. Ramcharan: The Future of the UN Hign Commissioner for Human Rights, The Round Table, Vol. 94, No.1, January 2005, p. 102.
②Jo Johnson: Indians Greet US Declaration of Strategic Relationship with Cynicism, Financial Times, April 5, 2005.
③Exerps of the Defense Security Cooperation Agency (DSCA) quarterly newsletter, the DISAM Journal, Fall 2005, p. 135.
④Tom Ellzey: Global Center for Security Cooperation, the DISAM Journal, December 2007, p. 35.
⑤NATO press statement by Secretary General, Lord Robertson, on the decision to implement Article 5, 4 Oct, 2001.
⑥Rory Watkins: Anti-terror chief little known outside Brussels, The Times, 27 March 2004.
①Richard J. Aldrich: Transatlantic intelligence and security cooperation, International Affairs 80, 4, 2004, p.732.
②朱丽欣:《反恐怖主义犯罪的国际合作及中国立法的完善》,载《国家检察官学院学报》,2009年12月第17卷第6期。
③Sixth Committee: Legal, Searching for Consensus in International Law, UN Chronicle, No. 1, 2005. p.40.
①C. Chinkin: Reconceiving Reality: A Ten-Year Prospective, 97 ASIL Proc., 2003, p.55.
②Riikka Koskenmaki:“International Law in Europe: Between Tradition and Renewal”----The Inaugural Conference of the European Society of International Law, International Law FORUM du droit international 7, 2005, p.66.
③Passenger Name Record Agreement An Effective Tool Against Terror But Should Not Be Extended To Other Uses, Lords EU Committee M2PressWIRE, June 10, 2008.
④Slobodan Lekic: Asian nations, U. S. ink terror pact, Toronto Star, August 02. 2002.
⑤Reconciliation hopes high at south Asia summit, Australian, January 03, 2004.
⑥Combating Terrorism, Piracy Tops Yemeni-Russian Cooperation in 2010, Arabia 20000, Dec 31, 2009.
①Yemeni, Japanese Security Cooperation Discussed, Arabia 2000, January 04, 2010.
②UK hosts terrorism summit with EU partners, Iranian News Agency, Oct 25, 2006.
③New EU-US agreement on cooperation against terrorism, Arabia 2000, Oct 24, 2006.
④Bureau of Public Affairs, Office of the Spokesman: The 2009 Plenary Meeting of the Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism, www.state.gov/t/isn/c18406.thm.
①Wiiliam F. Wechesler: Follow the Money, Foreign Affairs 80, No. 4, July-August 2001, p.40-57.
②Nicholas Ryder: Islamophobia or an Important Weapon? ---- An Analysis of the US. Financial War on Terrorism, Journal of Banking Regulation, Vol. 10, 3,2009, p. 308
③The 9/11 Commission, (2004) The 9/11 commission report----Final report of the national commission on terrorist attacks upon the United States, London: Norton, p.170.
④Payable-through accounts are U.S.-based accounts that allow users at other institutions (often foreign banks) to write checks on the balance.
⑤Center for International Trade and Security: US Anti-Terrorism Initiatives after 9/11.
⑥International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism, adopted Dec.9, 1999, 39 I.L.M. 270, 2⑦1 7U8n Uit.eNd .NT.aSt.i o3n8s3 A49s.s ociation of the United States of America: International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism, March 2004, http://www.unausa.org/site/pp.asp?c=fvKRI8MPJpF&b=337343
⑧Myers, J.: Disrupting Terrorist Networks: The New US and International Regime for Halting Terrorist Finance, Law and Policy in International Business, 34(1), 2003, p.21.
⑨Brad McAllister: Framing U.S.—Russian Security Cooperation: Neorealist and Neo-liberal Alternatives to Navigating the New Security Terrain, Heldref Publications, 2007, p. 277.
①9 Special Recommendations (SR) on Terrorist Financing (TF), FAFT, http://www.fatf-gafi.org/document/9/0,3343,en-32250379-32236920-34032073-1-1-1-1,00.html.
②See UN Security Council: Resolution 1617 ( Peace and security----terrorist acts), S/RES/1617,29 July 2005, available at http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N05/446/60/PDF/N0544660.pdf?OpenElement
③International Monetary Fund and World Bank: Anti-Money Laundering and Combating the Financing of Terrorism: Observations from the Work Program and implications Going Forward, Aug 31, 2005, http:..www.imf.org/external/np/pp/eng/2005/083105.pdf
④Jamawal, N.: Hawala----The Invisible Financing System of Terrorism, Strategic Ananlysis, 26(2): 2000, p.182.
⑤Security Experts Warn of Possibility of Cyber Terrorism,Denver Post, The (CO), May 07, 2003.
①Douglas Waller: see article at〈www.csm.ornl.gov/~dunigan/timemag.html〉, August 1995.
②James Lewis: Cyber Terror: Missing in Action, Knowledge, Technology, & Policy, Vol. 16, No. 2, Summer 2003, p. 35.
③Jaak Aaviksoo: Speech delivered to the Center for Strategic & International Studies, Washington, D.C., November 28, 2007.
④Combating Cyber Terrorism, Washington Times, The D. C., May 20, 2008.
⑤South Korea and US Agree to Join Forces to Fight Cyber Terrorism, Qatar News Agency, May 4, 2009.
①Stephen Walt: The Renaissance of Security Studies, International Studies Quarterly, 35/2, 1991, p. 212.
②Human Development Report 1994, Oxford: Oxford University Press/UN Development Program, 1994.
③David Capie and Paul Evans: The Asia-Pacific Security Lexicon, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2002, p. 139.
④Capie & Evans: The Asia-Pacific Security Lexicon, p. 64.
①Summary of Conclusions, Prague Meeting of the CSCE Council, 30-31 January, 1992, para.6.
②The Challenges of Change, Helsinki Summit Declaration, 9-10 July, 1992, para 21.
③Peter Ogden & Matt Rogier: Warming ties: Climate Change Challenges Cannot Be Met Without Sino-U.S. Cooperation, May 2, 2008. http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2008/05/china_climate.html
④Andrew T. H. Tan & J. K. Kenneth Boutin: Non-Traditional Security Issues in Southeast Asia, Singapore: Select Publishing for Institute of Defense and Strategic Studies, Nanyang Technological University, 2001, p.2.
⑤Bruce Russett: Grasping the Democratic Peace: Principles for a post-Cold War World, Princeton, 2001, p.65.
⑥Mark Beeson & Alex J. Bellamy: Globalization, Security and International Order After 11 September, Australian Journal of Politics and History: Vol. 49, No. 3, 2003, p.345.
⑦Mark Beeson: Globalization and International Trade: International Economic Policies and‘the National Interest’, Sydney, 2002, p.213.
①Robert B. Reich: Who is Us? Harvard Business Review, January/February 1990.
②G. John Ikenberry: After Victory: Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and the Rebuilding of Order after Major Wars, Princeton, 2001, p.85.
③Mark Beeson & Alex J. Bellamy: Globalization, Security and International Order After 11 September, Australian Journal of Politics and History: Vol. 49, No. 3, 2003, p.351.
④Frank Gaffney: Waging the New War on Terrorism, National Centre for Policy Analysis, 4 October 2001.
⑤Mark Beeson & Alex J. Bellamy: Globalization, Security and International Order After 11 September, Australian Journal of Politics and History: Vol. 49, No. 3, 2003, p.353.
①J. H. Herz: Idealist Internationalism and the Security Dilemma, World Politics, 1/1,1950, p. 157-180.
②The term“hedging”is highly underdeveloped both in the international relations theory and the security studies literatures. This article’s conceptualization of the U.S. and Chinese hedging strategies is drawn from recent work on European hedging strategies after the end of the Cold War. See Robert J. Art: Europe Hedges Its Security Bets, Balance of Power Revisited: Theory and Practice in the 21st Century, eds.
③Evans S. Medeiros: Strategic Hedging and the Future of Asia-Pacific Stability, The Washington Quarterly, Winter 2005-06.
④Tanya Ogilvie-White: Non-proliferation and Counter-terrorism Cooperation in Southeast Asia: Meeting Global Obligations through Regional Security Architectures? A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs Vol. 28, No. 1, April 2006.
⑤United Nations: A More Secure World: Our Shared Responsibility, Report of the Secretary-General’s High Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change, December 2004, http://www.un.org/secureworld.
①Major realist works include: E. H Carr, The Twenty Years Crisis, 1919-1939: An Introduction to the Study of International Relations, London and New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1964; Hans J. Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace, 5th ed, New York: Knopf, 1973; Raymond Aron: International Relations: A Theory of Peace and War, trans, Richard Howard and Annette Baker Fox, Garden City, N.J. Doubleday, 1973; Gilpin: War and Change in World Politics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.
②Joseph M. Grieco: Anarchy and the limits of cooperation: a realist critique of the newest liberal institutionalism, International Organization 42,3, Summer 1988.
③This particular framing of realism is distilled from a variety of sources, including Vasquez: The Power of Power Politics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983, p.29; Keohane, Robert O.: Realism, Neorealism, and the Study of World Politics, New York: Columbia University Press, 1986, p.26., Smith Michael J. Realist Thought from Weber to Kissinger, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1986, p. 1-2; Dougnerty and Pfaltzgraff: Contending Theories of International Relations, 4th ed., New York: Longman, 1997, p. 58.
④Stephen D. Krasner: Defending the National Interest: Raw Materials Investments and U.S. Foreign Policy, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1978; Robert W. Russell: Trans-governmental Interaction in the International Monetary System, 1960-1972, International Organization 27, Autumn 1973, p. 431.
①Peter J.Katzenstein, ed., Between Power and Plenty: Foreign Economic Policies of Advanced Industrialized States, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978.
②Richard Betts: Nuclear Blackmail and Nuclear Balance, Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1987.
③Glenn Palmer & T. Clifton Morgan: Power Transition, the Two-Good Theory and Neorealism: A Comparisom with Comments on Recent U.S. Foreign Policy, International Interactions, 33; 2007, p. 340.
④Stefano Guzzini: Structural Power: The Limits of Neo-realist Power Analysis, International Organization 47, 3, Summer 1993.
⑤Stephen Krasner: Structural Conflict, Berkeley: University of Clifornia Press, 1985, p. 14.
⑥Raymond Aron: Peace and War Between Nations, 8th ed, Paris: Calman-Levy, 1984, p. 64.
⑦Krasner’s argument was made in the context of the U.S. and the U.K. decisions to“react”against this attempt by quitting the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).
①(美)大卫·鲍德温:《新现实主义和新自由主义》(C),肖欢容,译,杭州:浙江人民出版社,2001年,第117页。
②Brad McAllister: Framing U.S.– Russian Security Cooperation: Neo-realist and Neo-liberal Alternatives to Navigating the New Security Terrain, Demodratizatsiya, Vol. 15, Issue 3, Summer 2007, p.195.
③K. N. Waltz: Realist Thought and Realist Theory, Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 44, 1990, p.3.
④Anatol Lieven: The Secret Policeman’s Ball: The Umnited States, Russia and the International Order After 9-11, International Affairs 78, no.2, 2002,p. 245-59.
①Brad McAllister: Framing U.S.– Russian Security Cooperation: Neo-realist and Neo-liberal Alternatives to Navigating the New Security Terrain, Demodratizatsiya, Vol. 15, Issue 3, Summer 2007, p.199.
②Robert Jervis: Realism in the Study of World Politics, International Organization 52,4, Autumn 1998, p. 971.
③Brad McAllister: Framing U.S.– Russian Security Cooperation: Neo-realist and Neo-liberal Alternatives to Navigating the New Security Terrain, Demodratizatsiya, Vol. 15, Issue 3, Summer 2007, p.199.
①Joseph M. Greico: Anarchy and the limits of cooperation: a realist critique of the newest liberal institutionalism, International Organization 42, 3, Summer,1988.
②Axelrod: Evolution of Cooperation, Persues Books Group, 2006, p. 3.
③See Mitrany: Working Peace System, pp. 17, 85-87; Nye: Comparing Common Markeets, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1972, pp.195-206,
④Mitrany: Working Peace System, pp. 54-55, 63,134-138.
⑤See Mitrany, Working Peace System, pp.131-137; Haas: The New Europe, pp.161-162; Cooper: Interdependence, p. 161-168.
⑥Joseph M. Greico: Anarchy and the limits of cooperation: a realist critique of the newest liberal institutionalism, International Organization 42, 3, Summer 1988.
①潘忠岐:《制度与合作:新自由制度主义对新现实主义的批判与发展》,载《世界经济与政治》,2004年第7期。
②Keohane Robert: After Hegemony: cooperation and discord in the world political economy, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University, 1984, p.77.
③Keohane Robert: After Hegemony: cooperation and discord in the world political economy, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University, 1984, p.79.
④Axelrod and Keohane: Achieving Cooperation, p. 250.
⑤Axelrod: Evolution of cooperation, p. 6.
⑥Keohane Robert: After Hegemony: cooperation and discord in the world political economy, Princeton, N.J.:Princeton University, 1984, p.27.
①Bruce Jones: Bio-Security, Non-state Actors, and the Need for Global Cooperation, Ethics & International Affairs, Vol. 20,Isuue 2, 2006, p.228.
②Keohane Robert: After Hegemony: cooperation and discord in the world political economy, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University, 1984, p.20.
③丁松泉、张小敏:《国际合作的新自由主义视角》,载《国际关系学院学报》,2004年第3期,第2页。
④Daniel Keohane: One Step Forward, Two Steps Back, Centre for European Reform, http://www.cer.org.uk/pdf/article-keohane-esharp-nov05.pdf.
①Mark Beeson & Richard Higgott: Hegemony, Institutionalism and US Foreign Policy: theory and practice in comparative historical perspective, The Third World Quarterly, Vol. 26, No. 7, 2005. p.1187.
②余敏友:《论国际组织的地位与作用》,载《法学评论》,1995年第5期。
①Joseph M. Greico: Anarchy and the limits of cooperation: a realist critique of the newest liberal institutionalism, International Organization 42, 3, Summer 1988.
②Anita Kelleher: Global Governance: From Neo-liberalism to a Planetary Civilization, Social Alternatives, Vol. 28. No. 2, 2009, p. 42.
③Anita Kelleher: Global Governance: From Neo-liberalism to a Planetary Civilization, Social Alternatives, Vol. 28. No. 2, 2009, p. 45.
①http://www.state.gov/www/global/terrorism/remarks_current.htm, date accessed to 20 April 2003.
②Juan Cole: Pakistan and Afghanistan: Beyond the Taliban, Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 124, No. 2, 2009, p.205.
③Shahan Mufti: Pakistan, The Nation, December 31, 2007, p. 23.
④Dinyar Godrej: In the Name of Fighting Terrorism, New Internationalist, November 2009, p. 9.
⑤Dennis Kux: The United and Pakistan 1947-2000: Disenchanted Allies, Baltimore: John Hopkins University, 2001, p. 86.
①Shahan Mufti: Pakistan, The Nation, December 31, 2007.
②Tariq Gilani: US-Pakistan Relations: The Way Forward, Parameters, Winter 2006, p. 85.
③Colonel M.S. Jarg: Journey to Peace----The Stable South Asia, New Delhi: Manas Publications, 2005, p. 75.
①Ijaz Khan: Pakistan’s Strategic Culture and Foreign Policy Making, New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. 2007, p. 25.
②Cohen., Stephen p., The Pakistan Army, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984, p. 138.
③Ijaz Khan: Pakistan’s Strategic Culture and Foreign Policy Making, New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. 2007, p. 21.
④Tariq Gilani: US-Pakistan Relations: The Way Forward, Parameters, Winter 2006, p. 89
⑤Tariq Gilani: US-Pakistan Relations: The Way Forward, Parameters, Winter 2006, p. 86.
⑥Tariq Gilani: US-Pakistan Relations: The Way Forward, Parameters, Winter 2006, p. 90.
⑦Robert J.McMahon: The Cold War on the Periphery the United States, India and Pakistan, New York: Columbia University Press, 1994, p. 124-156.
⑧Cohen., Stephen p., The Pakistan Army, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984, p. 139.
①Colonel M.S. Jarg: Journey to Peace----The Stable South Asia, New Delhi: Manas Publications, 2005, p. 77.
②Mohammed Ayub Khan: The Pakistan-American Alliance----Stresses and Strains, Foreign Affairs, 2004, p.196.
③Colonel M.S. Jarg: Journey to Peace----The Stable South Asia, New Delhi: Manas Publications, 2005, p. 70.
④Read Rais: Ahmad Khan, In Search of Peace and Security; Forty Years of Pakistan-United States Relations, Karachi: Royal Press, 1990, p. 98.
⑤Shahid Javed Burki: Historical Dictionary of Pakistan, 2d ed.; London: The Scarecrow Press, 1999, p. 186.
⑥Geoffrey Warner: Review Article Nixon, Kissinger and the Breakup of Pakistan 1971, International Affairs 81, 5, 2005, p. 1098.
①Colonel M.S. Jarg: Journey to Peace----The Stable South Asia, New Delhi: Manas Publications, 2005, p. 79.
②Henry Kissinger: The White House Years, Boston: Littele, Brown, 1979, p. 848.
③Shahid Javed Burki: Historical Dictionary of Pakistan, 2d ed.; London: The Scarecrow Press, 1999, p. 186.
④Narsreen Akhtar: Pakistan, Afghanistan, and the Taliban, International Journal on World Peace, Vol. 25, No. 4, December 2008,p. 53.
⑤Tariq Gilani: US-Pakistan Relations: The Way Forward, Parameters, Winter 2006, p. 87.
⑥Mehtab Ali Shah: Sectarianism----A Threat to Human Security: A Case Study of Pakistan, The Round Table, Vol. 94, No. 382, October 2005, p. 615.
①Geoffrey Warner: Nixon, Kissinger and the Breakup of Pakistan, 1971, International Affairs, 81, 5, 2005, p. 1115.
②Colonel M.S. Jarg: Journey to Peace----The Stable South Asia, New Delhi: Manas Publications, 2005, p. 77.
①Zahid Hussain: Frontline Pakistan: The Struggle with Militant Islam, London: I.B. Tauris Inc, 2007, p. 12.
②Farooq Hassan: Religious Liberty in Pakistan: Law, Reality, and Perception (A Brief Synopsis), Brigham Young University Law Review, 2002, p.284.
③Ashok K. B ehuria: Fighting the Taliban: Pakistan at War with Itself, Australian Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 61, No. 4, December 2007, p. 536.
④Zahid Hussain: Frontline Pakistan: The Struggle with Militant Islam, London: I.B. Tauris Inc, 2007, p. 15.
⑤Colonel M.S. Jarg: Journey to Peace----The Stable South Asia, New Delhi: Manas Publications, 2005, p. 79.
①Simon Bromley: Connecting Central Eurasia to the Middle East in American Foreign Policy Towards Afghanistan and Pakistan: 1979-Present, Koninkijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2007, p. 88.
②Tariq Gilani: US-Pakistan Relations: The Way Forward, Parameters, Winter 2006, p. 88.
③Simon Bromley: Connecting Central Eurasia to the Middle East in American Foreign Policy Towards Afghanistan and Pakistan: 1979-Present, Perspectives on Global Development and Technology, 2007, p.97.
④Davic N. Gibbs: Reassessing Soviet Motives for Invading Afghanistan----A Declassified History, Critical Asian Studies, 38:2, 2006, p. 239.
①U.S. Office of the President 1979, See also, Gates 1996, 146-47.
②Benett Jones: Pakistan & the Karakoram Hgihway, London: Lonely Planet Publications, 2004, p.150.
③Ahmed M. Quraishi: Strategic Depth Reviewed, Newsline, March 2002, p.24.
④Simon Bromley: Connecting Central Eurasia to the Middle East in American Foreign Policy Towards Afghanistan and Pakistan: 1979-Present, Perspectives on Global Development and Technology, 2007, p.98.
⑤Narsreen Akhtar: Pakistan, Afghanistan, and the Taliban, International Journal on World Peace, Vol. 25, No. 4, December 2008,p. 52.
①Narsreen Akhtar: Pakistan, Afghanistan, and the Taliban, International Journal on World Peace, Vol. 25, No. 4, December 2008,p. 52.
②Narsreen Akhtar: Pakistan, Afghanistan, and the Taliban, International Journal on World Peace, Vol. 25, No. 4, December 2008,p. 68.
①Yousaf., Mohammad and Adkin., Mark: The Bear Trap: Afghanistan’s Untold Story, Lahore: Jang Publishers, 1992, p. 43.
②Ijaz Khan: Pakistan’s Strategic Culture and Foreign Policy Making: Study of Pakistan’s Post 9/11 Afghan Policy Change, New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. 2007, p. 26.
③Zahid Hussain: Frontline Pakistan----The Struggle with Militant Islam, I. B. Tauris, 2007, p.17.
④Zahid Hussain: Interview with a retired senior army officer in 2004.
⑤Zahid Hussain From Prison to Palace, Newsline, January 2001.
⑥Barbara Leitch Lepoer: Received through the CRS Web: CRS Issue Brief for Congress----Pakistan-U.S. Relations, Congressional Research Service & The Library of Congress, December 31st, 2001. p. 5.
①Simon Bromley: Connecting Central Eurasia to the Middle East in American Foreign Policy Towards Afghanistan and Pakistan: 1979-Present, Koninkijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2007, p. 97.
②Corbin J.: The base: Al-Qaeda and the Changing Face of Global Terror, London: Pocket Books, 2003, p.89.
③Mark Erikson: Islamism, Fascism and Terrorism, December 5, 2002, see at www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle-East/DL05Ak01.html
①Jessica Stern: Pakistan’s Jihad Culture, Foreign Affairs, November-December 2000.
②Zahid Hussain: Frontline Pakistan----The Struggle with Militant Islam, I. B. Tauris, 2007, p.20.
③Tariq Gilani: US-Pakistan Relations: The Way Forward, Parameters, Winter 2006-2007, p. 85.
④Zahid Hussain: Frontline Pakistan----The Struggle with Militant Islam, I. B. Tauris, 2007, p.21.
①Narsreen Akhtar: Pakistan, Afghanistan, and the Taliban, International Journal on World Peace, Vol. 25, No. 4, December 2008,p. 70.
②ICG Asia Report N49: Pakistan: The Mullahs and the Military, Islamabad/Brussels, 20 March, 2003.
③Zahid Hussain: In the Shadow of Terrorism, Newsline, February 2000.
①Shahi Agha: Pakistan’s Security and Foreign Policy, Lahore: Progressive Publishers, 1988, p.153.
②Zahid Hussain: Frontline Pakistan----The Struggle with Militant Islam, I. B. Tauris, 2007, p.18.
③Zahid Hussain:Interview with Hafiz Saeed in January 2001.
④Ijaz Khan: Pakistan’s Strategic Culture and Foreign Policy Making: Study of Pakistan’s Post 9/11 Afghan Policy Change, New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. 2007, p. 27.
⑤Zahid Hussain: Frontline Pakistan----The Struggle with Militant Islam, I. B. Tauris, 2007, p.18.
⑥Zahid Hussain: Frontline Pakistan----The Struggle with Militant Islam, I. B. Tauris, 2007, p.53.
⑦International Crisis Group(IGG) report, Pakistan: Madrasas, Extremism and the Military, July 2002.
①Tariq Gilani: US-Pakistan Relations: The Way Forward, Parameters, Winter 2006-2007, p. 88.
②Tariq Gilani: US-Pakistan Relations: The Way Forward, Parameters, Winter 2006-2007, p. 83.
③Barnett R.Rubin: U.S. Policy in Afghanistan, Muslim Politics Report, No. 11, Janurary 1997, Council on Foreign Relations, Washington D.C., No, 11, p.2.
①Hasan Asksari Rizvi: Pakistan in 1998: The Policy Under Pressure, Asian Survey, Vol. 39, No. 1, January/Feburuary 1999, p.184.
②Zahid Hussain: Frontline Pakistan----The Struggle with Militant Islam, I. B. Tauris, 2007, p.22.
③Narsreen Akhtar: Pakistan, Afghanistan, and the Taliban, International Journal on World Peace, Vol. 25, No. 4, December 2008,p. 68.
④Maleeha Lodhi: The ISI’s New Face, Newsline, May, 1999.
①Ahmed Rashid: Taliban, London: I. B. Tauris, p. 186.
②《中央情报局在阿富汗问题上展开的秘密战争》「法国」,《费加罗报》,1996年2月21日。
③Simon Bronmley: Connecting Central Eurasia to the Middle East in American Foreign Policy Towards Afghanistan and Pakistan: 1979-Present, Perspective Global Development and Technology, Vol. 6, 2007, p.98.
④Simon Bronmley: Connecting Central Eurasia to the Middle East in American Foreign Policy Towards Afghanistan and Pakistan: 1979-Present, Perspective Global Development and Technology, Vol. 6, 2007, p.99.
①Ahemed Samina: The United States and Terrorism in Southwest Asia: September 11 and Beyond, International Security, Vol. 26, No. 3, Winter 2001/02, p. 80.
②Barnett R.Rubin: U.S. Policy in Afghanistan, Muslim Politics Report, No. 11, Janurary 1997, Council on Foreign Relations, Washington D.C., No, 11, p.6.
③Rosemarie Forsythe: The Politics of Oil in the Caucasus and Central Asia, Adelphi paper No. 300, IISS London, 1996.
④Ahmad Rashid: Pakistan and Taliban, in Maley William, editor: Fundamentalism Reborn, Afghanistan and Taliban, Lahore: Vanguard, 1998, p.85.
⑤Narsreen Akhtar: Pakistan, Afghanistan, and the Taliban, International Journal on World Peace, Vol. 25, No. 4, December 2008,p. 52.
⑥Simon Bronmley: Connecting Central Eurasia to the Middle East in American Foreign Policy Towards Afghanistan and Pakistan: 1979-Present, Perspective Global Development and Technology, Vol. 6, 2007, p.100
①Ahemd Rashid: Jihad: The Rise of Militant Islam in Central Asia, Penguin, 2002, p.78.
②Ijaz Khan: Pakistan’s Strategic Culture and Foreign Policy Making: Study of Pakistan’s Post 9/11 Afghan Policy Change, New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. 2007, p. 35.
③Behuria Ashok K.: Fighting the Taliban: Pakistan at War with Itself, Australian Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 61, Issue 4, December 2007, p.529.
④Maley William: The Afghanistan Wars, London: Palgrave, 2002, p. 229.
①William Malley: Fundamentalism Reborn? ----Afghanistan and the Taliban, New York: New York University Press, 1998, p.69.
②Tommy Franks: American Soldier, New York: HarperColins Publishers, 2004, p. 214.
③Simon Bromley: Connecting Central Eurasia to the Middle East in American Foreign Policy Towards Afghanistan and Pakistan: 1979-Present, Koninkijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2007, p. 90.
②Zahid Hussain: Frontline Pakistan: The Struggle with Militant Islam, London: I.B. Tauris Inc,
③Mark Erikson: Islamism, Fascism and Terrorism, December 5, 2002, see at http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/DL05Ak01.html
④Jarret Brachman: Al-Qaeda’s Dissident, Foreign Policy, December 2009, p. 39.
①Mark Erikson: Islamism, Fascism and Terrorism, December 5, 2002, see at www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle-East/DL05Ak01.html
②Randy Borum & Michael Gelles: Al-Qaeda’s Operational Evolution: Behavioral and Organizational Perspectives, Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 2005, P. 470.
③Gunaratna, R.:Inside Al-Qaeda, Global Network of Terror, New York: Columbia University Press, 2002, p.155.
④Mark Erikson: Islamism, Fascism and Terrorism, December 5, 2002, see at www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle-East/DL05Ak01.html
①Mark Erikson: Islamism, Fascism and Terrorism, December 5, 2002, see at www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle-East/DL05Ak01.html
②Randy Borum & Michael Gelles: Al-Qaeda’s Operational Evolution: Behavioral and Organizational Perspectives, Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 2005, p. 470.
③Behuria Ashok K.: Fighting the Taliban: Pakistan at War with Itself, Australian Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 61, Issue 4, December 2007, p.530.
①Behuria Ashok K.: Fighting the Taliban: Pakistan at War with Itself, Australian Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 61, Issue 4, December 2007, p.532.
②Randy Borum & Michael Gelles: Al-Qaeda’s Operational Evolution: Behavioral and Organizational Perspectives, Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 2005, P. 466.
③Behuria Ashok K.: Fighting the Taliban: Pakistan at War with Itself, Australian Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 61, Issue 4, December 2007, p.535.
①Text of the 15th Amendment Bill cited in Dawn (Kalachi), October 10, 1998.
①Jessica Stern: Pakistan’s Jihad Culture, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 79, No. 6, 2000,p. 118.
②Zahid Hussain: In the Shadow of Terrorism, Newsline, February 2000,.
③Zahid Hussain: Frontline Pakistan: The Struggle with Militant Islam, London: I.B. Tauris Inc, 2007, p. 9.
④Zahid Hussain: Frontline Pakistan: The Struggle with Militant Islam, London: I.B. Tauris Inc, 2007, p. 10.
①Mumtaz Anwar and Katharina Michaelowa: The Political Economy of US Aid to Pakistan, Review of Development Economics, 2006, 10(2), p.199.
②Narsreen Akhtar: Pakistan, Afghanistan, and the Taliban, International Journal on World Peace, Vol. 25, No. 4, December 2008,p. 69.
①Ijaz Khan: Pakistan’s Strategic Culture and Foreign Policy Making: Study of Pakistan’s Post 9/11 Afghan Policy Change, New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. 2007, p. 39.
①Syed Saleem Shahzad: Musharraf Whipping Pakistan into US Line, April 22, 2004, see at http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South-Asia/FD22Df03.html.
②Robert G Patman: Globalization, the New US Exceptionalism and the War on Terror, Third World Quarterly, Vol.27, No.6, p. 965.
③Simon Steven & Benjamin Daniel: The Terror, Survival, Vol. 42, No. 4, Winter 2001-02, p. 5.
①Lessie Lloyd & Nathan Nankivell: India’Pakistan and the Legacy of September 11th, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Vol. 15, No 2, 2002, p. 269.
②Ijaz Khan: Pakistan’s Strategic Culture and Foreign Policy Making: A Study of Pakistan’s Post 9/11 Afghan Policy Change, New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2007, p.45.
③Harold A. Gould & Franklin C. Spinney: Fourth-Generation Warfare, Hindu, October 10, 2001.
④John K. Cooley: Unholy Wars, Afghanistan, America and International Terrorism, London: Pluto Press, 2001, p. 299.
①Robin Luckham: The Discordant Voices of“Security”, Development in Practice, Vol. 17, No. 4, August, 2007, p. 685.
②V. R. Raghavan: The Double-Edged Effect in South Asia, The Washington Quarterly, Autumn 2004, p. 140.
③Ijaz Khan: Pakistan and the War Against Terrorism in Afghanistan: Choices, Pragmatism and the Decision, Turkish Journal of International Relations, Vol. 3, No. 4, Winter 2004, p.129.
④V. R. Raghavan: The Double-Edged Effect in South Asia, The Washington Quarterly, Autumn 2004, p. 147.
①Ajay Darshan Behera: On the Edge of Metamorphosis, in Pakistan in a Changing Strategic Context, eds. New Delhi: Knowledge World, 2004, p.65.
②Dan Balz and Bob Woodward:America’s Chaotic Road to War, The Washington Post, January 27, 2002.
③See Francis Fukuyama: The End of History and the Last Man, New York: The Free Press,1992.
①Simon Bromley: Connecting Central Eurasia to the Middle East in American Foreign Policy Towards Afghanistan and Pakistan: 1979-Present, Perspectives on Global Development and Technology, 2007, p. 95.
②Ijaz Khan: Pakistan’s Strategic Culture and Foreign Policy Making: Study of Pakistan’s Post 9/11 Afghan Policy Change, New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. 2007, p. 45.
③Halliday Fred: A New Global Configuration in Worlds in Collision: Terror
④John Isaacs:“BushⅡor ReaganⅢ?”, The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists May- June 2001, p. 31.
⑤Anatol Lieven: The Secret Pliceman’s Ball: The United States, Russia and the International Order After 9/11, International Affairs, No. 2, 2002, p. 245.
⑥Moeed Yusef: The United States and Islamic Radicals: Conflict Unending?
⑦V. R. Raghavan: The Double-Edged Effect in South Asia, The Washington Quarterly, Autumn 2004, p. 152.
①Bessma Momani: The IMF, the U.S. War on Terrorism, and Pakistan, Asian Affairs, September 2004, p. 43.
②Ijaz Khan: Pakistan’s Strategic Culture and Foreign Policy Making: A Study of Pakistan’s Post 9/11 Afghan Policy Change, New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. 2007, p. 85.
③Ahmed Rashid: Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil, and Fundamentalism in Central Asia, New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press, 2000, p. 179.
④Timonthy Mithell: Islam in The U.S. Global Order, Social Text 73, Vol. 20, No. 4, Winter 2002, Duke University Press, p.8.
①Robert G. Wirsing: The U.S.-Pakistan Strategic Alliance and the War in Afganistan, Asian Affairs, 2007, p.154.
②Barbara Leitch LePoer: Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division: Pakistan-U.S. Relations, updated December 31, 2001, Congressional Research Service & The Library of Congress. P. 14.
③Simon Bronmley: Connecting Central Eurasia to the Middle East in American Foreign Policy Towards Afghanistan and Pakistan: 1979-Present, Perspective Global Development and Technology, Vol. 6, 2007, p.99.
①Ramtanu Maitra: The US, anti-jihadis and the Pakistan myth, April 17, 2003, see at http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/ED17Df03.html
②Raphael Perl: Terrorism, the Future, and U.S. Foreign Policy, Report of US Congressional Research Service, April 2003, p. 2.
③Ibid, p. 1.
④Osama bin Laden, in a videotape released right before the 2004 election, claimed $500 billion in economic impact from the 9/11 attacks. More typical is an estimated $200 billion impact, attributed to the Milken Institute. See Dr. L. James Valverde, Jr,. and Dr. Robert W. Hartwig,“9/11 and Insurance: The Five Year Anniverary,”Insurance Information Institute, September 2006, available at http:// www.iii.org/media/hottopics/additional /sept11 anniversary/.
⑤U.S. Military Casualties in Iraq Exceed Number of Deaths in Sept. 11 Attacks, The Wallstreet Journal, December 26, 2006. p. A1.
⑥The Boston Globe, September 12, 2001, p. 1.
①Inside Islam’s Terror Schools, Newstatesman, 28 March, 2005, p. 19.
②The 9/11 Commission Report (New York: W. W. Norton Co, 2004),45.
③The fatwa was originally published in Al-Quds Al-Arab (London), February 23, 1998, a translation of the fatwa can be found http://www. military.com/Resources/ResourcFileView?file=fatwa1998.html.
④Andrew Fiala: Crusades, Just Wars, and the Bush Doctrine, Peace Review: A Journal of Social Justice, 19: p. 168.
⑤Ehsan Ahrari: The Post-9/11 American Conundrum: How to Win the War of Ideas in the World of Islam, Mediterranean Quarterly 19:2, 2008, P. 83.
⑥A translation of bin Laden’s fatwa is available online at http://www.pbs.org/newshour/terrorism/international/fatwa-1998 .html.
⑦George W. Bush: Address to a joint session of Congress and the American people, 20 September, 2001, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010920-8.html, accessed 29 January 2008.
⑧Ivo Daalder and James Lindsay: America Unbound: The Bush Revolution in Foreign Policy, Washington DC. Brookings, 2003.
⑨Michael J. Boyle: The War on Terror in America Grand Strategy, International Affairs 84: 2, 2008, p. 182.
①Benjamin R. Barber: Jihad vs. McWorld: How Globalism and Tribalism are Reshaping the World, New York: Ballantine, 1995, p. 4.
②Hassan Abbas: Pakistan’s Drift into Extremism: Allah, the Army, and America’s war on Terror, London: M. E. Sharpe, 2005, p. 201.
③Inside Islam’s Terror Schools, Newstatesman, 28 March, 2005, p. 15.
①Inside Islam’s Terror Schools, Newstatesman, 28 March, 2005, p. 18.
②Inside Islam’s Terror Schools, Newstatesman, 28 March, 2005, p. 16.
③Ramtanu Maitra: The US, anti-jihadis and the Pakistan myth, April 17, 2003, see at http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/ED17Df03.html
④Barbara Leitch LePoer: Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division: Pakistan-U.S. Relations, updated December 31, 2001, Congressional Research Service & The Library of Congress. p. 17.
①Ivo Daalder & James Lindsay: America Unbound, Washington: Brookings, 2003, p.24.
②George H. Quester: The Bush Foreign Policy and the Good Society, The Good Society, Vol. 14, No. 3, 2005, p. 15.
③See at www.washingtonpost.com, September 20, 2001.
④Patterns of Global Terrorism 2001, United States Department of State, May 2002.
①For the numbers, see Tariq Interview(Oct. 20, 2003).
②Barbara Leitch Lepoer: Received through the CRS Web: CRS Issue Brief for Congress----Pakistan-U.S. Relations, Congressional Research Service & The Library of Congress, December 31st, 2001. p. 1.
③Barbara Leitch Lepoer: Received through the CRS Web: CRS Issue Brief for Congress----Pakistan-U.S. Relations, Congressional Research Service & The Library of Congress, December 31st, 2001. p. 3.
④The 9/11 Commission Report, Bookmarked by the Center for American Progress, July 30, 2004, full script see at www.whitehouse.com
①Andrew Newman: Arms Control, Proliferation and Terrorism: The Bush Administration’s Post-September 11 Security Strategy, Journal of Strategic Studies, Vol. 27, No. 1, March 2004, p. 73.
②Andrew Newman: Arms Control, Proliferation and Terrorism: The Bush Administration’s Post-September 11 Security Strategy, Journal of Strategic Studies, Vol. 27, No. 1, March 2004, p. 75.
③The Office of the President of the United States of America, National Strategy to Combat Weapons of Mass Destruction, December, 2002,
④The Office of the President of the United States of America: The National Security Strategy of the United States of America, September. 2002, p. 6.
⑤The Office of the President of the United States of America: The National Strategy for Combating Terrorism, Feburuary. 2003, p. 19..
①Woodwar Bob, Bush at War Simon and Schuster Washington, 2002, p.59.
②Ayaz Amir: A Passion for Selling Ourselves Cheaply, Dawn, 21 September 2001.
③President General Pervez Musharraf’s speech to the nation on September 19, 2001. http://www.patriotresource.com/wtc/intl/0919/pakistan.html.
④Terrorism in South Asia in 2001----The Country Report on Terrorism, p.8, see at www.state.gov.cn
⑤Barbara Leitch LePoer: Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division: Pakistan-U.S. Relations, updated December 31, 2001, Congressional Research Service & The Library of Congress. P. 10.
①For a full transcript of President Musharraf’s speech read Daily The News Islamabad, 13 January 2 2002.
②The News, 13 January 2002.
③Hussain Zahid: Interview with Musharraf in January 2002.
④Paul Watson: Revolving Doors for Pakistan’s Militants, Los Angeles Times, November 17, 2002.
①Responding to Terrorism: Pakistan’s Anti-Terrorism Laws: PartⅡ, see at http://www.terrorismanalysts.com/pt/index.php?option=com_rokzine&view=article&id=45&Itemid=54
②Responding to Terrorism: Pakistan’s Anti-Terrorism Laws: PartⅡ, see at http://www.terrorismanalysts.com/pt/index.php?option=com_rokzine&view=article&id=45&Itemid=54
③U.S. Department of State Press Release: U.S.-Pakistan Joint Working Group on Counterterrorism and Law Enforcement, May 8, 2002.
④Telephonic interview with U.S. State Deparment Official, March 24, 2003.
⑤Paul Watson and Josh Meyer: Pakistanis See FBI in Shadows, Los Angeles Times, August 25, 2002.
⑥Peter Baker and Kamran Khan: Pakistan to Forgo Charges Against 2 Nuclear Scientists, Washingtong Post, January 30, 2002.
①K. Alan Kronstadt: Pakistan-U.S. Anti-Terrorism Cooperation, updated in March 28, 2003, p.12.
②Terrorism in South Asia in 2001----The Country Report on Terrorism, p.8, see at www.state.gov.cn
③Terrorism in South Asian 2001, see at www.state.gov.cn
④Terrorism in South Asian 2001, see at www.state.gov.cn
①Robert. G. Wirsing: Precarious Partnership: Pakistan’s Response to U.S. Security Policies, Asian Affairs, December,2003, p. 70.
②Tim McGirk: Al Qaeda’s New Hideouts, Time, July 29, 2002.
③Chris Otton, More Al Qaeda May Now Be in Pakistan Than Afghanistan, Agence France-Presse, August 18, 2002.
④Hasan Akhtar: Pakistan Rules Out US Troop Operation, Dawn, August 27, 2002.
⑤Shamin-ur-Rahman: 422 Osama Men Handed Over to US, Dawn, September 23, 2002.
⑥Scott Baldauf: Pakistan’s Release of Islamic Militants Rattles India, Christian Science Monitor, December 16, 2002.
⑦US Central Command: International Contributions to the War on Terrorism: Pakistan, see at www.centcom.mil/Operations/Coalition/Coalition-pages/pakistan.html.
①Joint Statement: Pakistan-US Defense Cooperation Group(DCG) Meeting, September 25-27, 2002, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, Defense Security Cooperation Agency, U.S. Department of Defense.
②US General Watches Pakistan-US Military Exercise, Reuters News, October 20, 2002.
③India and Pakistan: Current U.S. Sanctions by Dianne Rennack. See at CRS Report RS20995.
④Mohammed Abdullah: Pakistan Seeks U.S. Weapons for Anti-Terror Partnership, Defense Week, October 22, 2001.
⑤K. Alan Kronstadt: Pakistan-U.S. Anti-Terrorism Cooperation, updated in March 28, 2003, p.16
①Barbara Leitch LePoer: CRS Issue Brief for Congress----Pakistan-U.S. Relations, Updated December 31, 2001. p. 17.
②President’s Speech at 11th SAARC Summit, Kathmandu, January 5,2002, see at www.pak.gov.pk/President-Address/president-speech -saarc.html.
③Joint Press Conference of President of Pakistan General Pervez Musharraf and Colin Powell, U.S. Secretary of State, on 16 September 2001, Islamabad: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, see at www.forisb.org/CE-016.html.
④Robert. G. Wirsing: Precarious Partnership: Pakistan’s Response to U.S. Security Policies, Asian Affairs, December,2003, p. 72.
①Barbara Leitch Lepoer: Received through the CRS Web: CRS Issue Brief for Congress----Pakistan-U.S. Relations, Congressional Research Service & The Library of Congress, December 31st, 2001. p. 5.
②Barbara Leitch Lepoer: Received through the CRS Web: CRS Issue Brief for Congress----Pakistan-U.S. Relations, Congressional Research Service & The Library of Congress, December 31st, 2001. p. 4.
③Jawed Naqvi: Patch up with Pakistan, US tells India, Daily Dawn Karachi, September 2003.
④K. Alan Kronstadt: Pakistan: Chronology of Events, Order Code RS21584, Updated November 3,2003. p. 18.
⑤Ijaz Khan: Pakistan’s Strategic Culture and Foreign Policy Making: A Study of Pakistan’s Post 9/11 Afghan Policy Change, New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. 2007, p.69.
①Kanchan Lakshman: Deep Roots to Pakistan’s Sectarian Terrror, July 9, 2003, see at www.atimes.com/atimes/South-Asia/EG09Df09.html.
②See at www.washingtonpost.com, July 9, 2003.
③Kanchan Lakshman: Deep Roots to Pakistan’s Sectarian Terrror, July 9, 2003, see at www.atimes.com/atimes/South-Asia/EG09Df09.html.
①U.S. Congress. House. Commending President Pervez Musharraf of Pakistan for His Leader-ship and Friendship and Welcoming Him to the United States, 107th Cong., 1st sess. 8 November, 2001.
②U.S. Congress. Senate: To Authorize the President to Provide Assistance to Pakistan and India through September 30, 2003. 10th Cong., 1st sess. 25 September 2001.
①Bessma Momani: The IMF, the U.S. War on Terrorism, and Pakistan, Asian Affairs, September 2004, p. 45.
①U.S. Congress. Senate: Pakistan Emergency Economic Development and Trade Support Act. 107th Cong., 1st sess. 13 November, 2001.
②Rcihard Boucher: U.S. Department of State daily press briefing on October 29, 2001. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/2001.htm.
③Bessma Momani: The IMF, the U.S. War on Terrorism, and Pakistan, Asian Affairs, September 2004, p. 48.
④Information from the U.S. Department of State daily press briefing with Richard Boucher on September 24, 2001. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/2001.htm.
⑤Paul Blustein: A Tighter Hand in Doling Out Global Aid? Washington Post, 30 September 2001, H01.
①Bessma Momani: The IMF, the U.S. War on Terrorism, and Pakistan, Asian Affairs, September 2004, p. 47.
②IMF: Pakistan: Staff Report fo the Third Review Under the Stand-by Arrangement and Request for Waiver of Performance Critieria; Staff Statement; and News Brief, IMF Country Report No. 01/178, October, 2001: p.17.
③IMF: Pakistan: Staff Report for the Third Review, p.19.
①The Year in Review 2002,p.1. see at www.state.gov.cn
②South Asia Overview 2002, p. 5, see at www.state.gov.cn
③South Asia Overview 2002, p. 5, see at www.state.gov.cn
①Ehsan Ahrari: The Post-9/11 American Conundrum: How to Win the War of Ideas in the World of Islam, Mediterranean Quarterly 19:2,2008, p. 80.
②BBC News: Saddam had no link to al-Qaeda, September 9, 2003.
①Ehsan Ahrari: The Post-9/11 American Conundrum: How to Win the War of Ideas in the World of Islam, Mediterranean Quarterly 19:2,2008, p. 82.
②Paul Wilkinson: Terrorism versus Democracy, London and New York: Routledge, 2006, p .97.
③Centre for American Progress: Failing Grades----America’s Security Three Years After 9/11, p. 9.
①Michael Pan &Amanda Terkel & Robert Boorstin: Safety Second, New York Times, August 8,2004.
②Centre for American Progress: Failing Grades----America’s Security Three Years After 9/11, p. 10-11.
③Ehsan Ahrari: The Post-9/11 American Conundrum: How to Win the War of Ideas in the World of Islam, Mediterranean Quarterly 19:2,2008, p. 85.
④Status of al Qaeda, December 16, 2003. see at www.americanprogress.org/issues/2003/12/b15100.html.
①Status of al Qaeda, December 16, 2003. see at www.americanprogress.org/issues/2003/12/b15100.html.
②Centre for American Progress: Failing Grades----America’s Security Three Years After 9/11, p. 10.
③Think Again: A Forgotten War, December 12, 2003, see at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2003/12/b14530.html
①US Department of State----Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism: Country Reports on Terrorism 2004, April 2005. p.74.
②US Department of State----Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism: Country Reports on Terrorism 2004, April 2005. p.78.
③US Department of State----Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism: Country Reports on Terrorism 2004, April 2005. p.75.
④US Department of State----Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism: Country Reports on Terrorism 2004, April 2005. p.77.
①Richard A. Boucher: The United States and Pakistan Relations and Cooperation: Key to Regional Stability, The DISAM Journal, December 2007, p. 73.
②Safe at Home: A National Security Strategy to Protect the American Homeland, the Real Central Front, February 2008, p. 4. see at www.ameircanprogress.org
③Lisa Curtis: Denying Terrorists Safe Haven in Pakistan, October 26, 2006, see at http://www.heritage.org/Research/Reports/2006/10/Denying-Terrorists-Safe-Haven-in-Pakistan
④Lisa Curtis: Denying Terrorists Safe Haven in Pakistan, October 26, 2006, see at http://www.heritage.org/Research/Reports/2006/10/Denying-Terrorists-Safe-Haven-in-Pakistan
①Christine Gray: The Bush Doctrine Revisited: The 2006 National Security Strategy of the USA, Chinese Journal of International Law, 2006, Vol. 5, No. 3, p. 557.
②Safe at Home: A National Security Strategy to Protect the American Homeland, the Real Central Front, February 2008, p. 5. see at www.ameircanprogress.org
③Safe at Home: A National Security Strategy to Protect the American Homeland, the Real Central Front, February 2008, p. 3. see at www.ameircanprogress.org
①Lisa Curtis: Denying Terrorists Safe Haven in Pakistan, October 26, 2006, see at http://www.heritage.org/Research/Reports/2006/10/Denying-Terrorists-Safe-Haven-in-Pakistan
②National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, 9/11 Commission Report, July 22, 2004, p. 367. at www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report.pdf, October 2, 2006.
③U.S. Department of State, Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism, Country Reports on Terrorism 2005, April, 2006, p. 16, see at www.state.gov/documents/organization/65462.pdf, October 18, 2006.
④The White House, The National Security Strategy of the United States of America, March 2006, p. 12. see at www. whitehouse.gov/insc/nss2006.pdf, October 2, 2006.
⑤Mustafa Malik: Pakistan----Can U.S. Policy Save the Day? Middle East Policy, Vol. 19, No.2, Summer, 2009. p. 150.
⑥President Discuss War on Terror, White House Press Release, Mar 8, 2005.
①Responding to Terrorism: Pakistan’s Anti-Terrorism Laws: PartⅡ, see at http://www.terrorismanalysts.com/pt/index.php?option=com_rokzine&view=article&id=45&Itemid=54
②Tasneem Gardezi, a member of the Parliamentary committee on Law, quoted in Arab News, October 20, 2004.
③Anti-Terrorism(Second)Amendment Act, 2005, Provision 13, Pages 6-10, Extra-ordinary Edition.
④See at http://www.un.org/sc/ctc/country reports/report A. shtml.
①Responding to Terrorism: Pakistan’s Anti-Terrorism Laws: PartⅡ, see at
②State’s Rocca Outlines Assistance Plans for South Asia, U.S. Department of State Washington File, Mar. 2, 2004.
③John Lancaster: Pakistan Touts Controle of Border, Washington Post, September 2, 2003.
①Pamela Constable: Conflict Ends in Pakistani Tribal Lands, Washington Post, Mar 29, 2004.
②Owais Tohid: Pakistan Marks Pro-Al Qaeda Clan, Christian Science Monitor, Mar 23, 2004.
③Pakistan Amnesty Deal Hit By Setback, BBC News, May 24, 2004.
④Ismail Khan: Wana Amnesty for Militants Revoked, Dawn, June 10, 2004.
①Pakistan to Scale Back Force Around Town Near Afghan Border, New York Times, November 28, 2004.
②Zilfiqar Ali: Perpetual Siege, Herald, May, 2005.
③Carolin Wadhams & Colin Cookman: Faces of Pakistan’s Militant Leaders----In-Depth Profiles of Major Militant Commanders, July 22, 2009, see at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/07/talibanleaders.html
①Carolin Wadhams & Colin Cookman: Faces of Pakistan’s Militant Leaders----In-Depth Profiles of Major Militant Commanders, July 22, 2009, see at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/07/talibanleaders.html
①Carolin Wadhams & Colin Cookman: Faces of Pakistan’s Militant Leaders----In-Depth Profiles of Major Militant Commanders, July 22, 2009, see at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/07/talibanleaders.html
②Pakistan Protests at US Incursion, BBC News, May 5, 2004.
③David Sanger: New U.S. Effort Steps Up Hunt for Bin Laden, New York Times, Feb 29, 2004.
①Thomas Coghlan: Up Close in al Qaeda Hunt, BBC News, Oct 13, 2004.
②David Rohde: A Hostile Land Foils the Quest for Bin Laden, New York Times, Dec 13, 2004.
③Zaid Hussain’s Interview with an ISI Official, 2006.
④Zaid Hussain’s Interview with an ISI Official, 2006.
⑤Interview Director General FIA Mr Tariq Pervaiz, March 14, 2007.
⑥Interview Director General FIA Mr Tariq Pervaiz, March 14, 2007.
①Greg Bruno & Jayshree Bajoria: U.S.-Pakistan Military Cooperation, June 26, 2008. see at http://www.cfr.org/publication/16644/#p4DISAM Journal, December 2007, p. 74.
②Memo on Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice’s Trip to Pakistan, March 17, 2005, see at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2005/03/b681083_ct549153.html
③Richard A. Boucher: The United States and Pakistan Relations and Cooperation: Key to Regional Stability, The DISAM Journal, December 2007, p. 75.
①Steve Schippert: Al-Qaeda In Pakistan ---- Blades Of A Fan, August 17, 2007, see at http://tank.nationalreview.com/post/?q=OTBiMjY3ZmI4ZWVkNTU0NGFiY2E3MGUxMWI1YTBiMWU
②Australia Praises Pakistan’s Anti-Terrorism Efforts, November 22, 2005, see at http://www.terrorismanalysts.com/pt/index.php?option=com_rokzine&view=article&id=45&Itemid=54 http://www.defencetalk.com/australia-praises-pakistans-anti-terrorism-efforts-4539/
①Lisa Curtis: Denying Terrorists Safe Haven in Pakistan, Ocotber 26, 2006, see at http://www.heritage.org/Research/Reports/2006/10/Denying-Terrorists-Safe-Haven-in-Pakistan
②Nasim Zehra: Pakistan-US Relations Robust Despite Difference, Mach 6, 2006, see at http://archive.arabnews.com
③Lisa Curtis: Denying Terrorists Safe Haven in Pakistan, Ocotber 26, 2006, see at http://www.heritage.org/Research/Reports/2006/10/Denying-Terrorists-Safe-Haven-in-Pakistan
①Center for American Progress: the Terrorism Index, Feburary 13, 2007, p.5.
②Center for American Progress: the Terrorism Index, Feburary 13, 2007, p.6.
③Christian Brose: The Real Bush Tragedy, January 8, 2009, see at http://shadow.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2009/01/08/the_real_bush_tragedy
④Christian Brose: The Real Bush Tragedy, January 8, 2009, see at http://shadow.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2009/01/08/the_real_bush_tragedy
①Mustafa Malik: Pakistan----Can U.S. Policy Save the Day? Middle East Policy, Vol. 19, No.2, Summer, 2009. p. 143.
②Poll: Bin Laden tops Musharraf in Pakistan, September 11, 2007, see at http://www.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/09/11/poll.pakistanis/index.html
③Office of the Director of Naitonal Intelligence: The Terrorist Threat to the U.S. Homeland, July 2007, see at www.dni.gov/press-releases/20070717-release.pdf.
①Declan Walsh: Pakistani Taliban Take Control of Unruly Tribal Belt, The Guardian, March 21, 2006.
②President Pervez Musharraf’s address to European Union’s Foreign Relation Committee at Brussels on 15 September.
③Jason Straziuso: Musharraf Warns of“Talibanization”in Pakistan, Associate Press Report, August 13, 2007.
④Steven Emerson: Testimony of Steven Emerson before the United States House of Representatives Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, April 8, 2008, see at www.investigativeproject.org
①Nicholas Schmidle: Talibanistan, The Talibs at Home, World Affairs, Fall 2009, p. 16.
①Caroline Wadhame & Colin Cookman: Pakistani Voters Are Not Yet on the Same Page With U.S. Policymakers, March 4, 2008, see at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2008/03/pakistani_priorities.html
①Caroline Wadhame & Colin Cookman: Pakistani Voters Are Not Yet on the Same Page With U.S. Policymakers, March 4, 2008, see at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2008/03/pakistani_priorities.html
②Caroline Wadhame & Colin Cookman: Pakistani Voters Are Not Yet on the Same Page With U.S. Policymakers, March 4, 2008, see at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2008/03/pakistani_priorities.html
③Caroline Wadhame & Colin Cookman: Pakistani Voters Are Not Yet on the Same Page With U.S. Policymakers, March 4, 2008, see at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2008/03/pakistani_priorities.html
④Brian Fishman: Pakistan’s Failing War on Terror, December 1, 2009, see at http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/12/01/pakistans_failing_war_on_terror
⑤Brian Katulis & Caroline Wadhams: Progress in Pakistan, March 24, 2010, see at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2010/03/pakistan_progress.html
⑥Brian Katulis: America’s Post-Musharraf Policy, 21 August, 2008, see at http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/aug/21/pakistan.usforeignpolicy
①Brian Fishman: Pakistan’s Failing War on Terror, December 1, 2009, see at http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/12/01/pakistans_failing_war_on_terror
②Brian Fishman: Pakistan’s Failing War on Terror, December 1, 2009, see at http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/12/01/pakistans_failing_war_on_terror
③Lawrence Korb & Sean Duggan: Integrating Security----Preparing for the National Security Threats of the 21st Century, November, 2009, p. 8, see at www.americanprogress.org
④Lawrence Korb & Sean Duggan: Integrating Security----Preparing for the National Security Threats of the 21st Century, November, 2009, p. 9, see at www.americanprogress.org
⑤Greg Bruno: U.S.-Pakistan Military Cooperation, June 26, 2008, see at http://www.cfr.org/publication/16644/#p6
①Brian Katulis: America’s Post-Musharraf Policy, 21 August, 2008, see at http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/aug/21/pakistan.usforeignpolicy
②Kapil Komireddi: The Demise of Pakistan is Inevitable, 14 June, 2009, see at http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/jun/14/pakistan-taliban-india-military
①Department of State: Afghanistan and Pakistan Regional Stabilization Strategy, February 2010, p.1.
②Caroline Wadhams & Brian Katulis: Pakistan’s Enduring Challenges: Threates to U.S. Security Remain, February 22, 2008, see at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2008/02/pakistan_threats.html
③Brian Katulis & Caroline Wadhams: Progress in Pakistan, March 24, 2010, see at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2010/03/pakistan_progress.html
④Brian Katulis & Caroline Wadhams: Progress in Pakistan, March 24, 2010, see at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2010/03/pakistan_progress.html
①Department of State: Afghanistan and Pakistan Regional Stabilization Strategy, February 2010, p.12.
②Mustafa Malik: Pakistan----Can U.S. Policy Save the Day? Middle East Policy, Vol. 19, No.2, Summer, 2009. p. 142.
①Lawrence Korb & Sean Duggan: Integrating Security----Preparing for the National Security Threats of the 21st Century, November, 2009, p. 10, see at www.americanprogress.org
②Lawrence Korb & Sean Duggan: Integrating Security----Preparing for the National Security Threats of the 21st Century, November, 2009, p. 16, see at www.americanprogress.org
③Mustafa Malik: Pakistan----Can U.S. Policy Save the Day? Middle East Policy, Vol. 19, No.2, Summer, 2009. p. 145.
①Brian Katulis & Caroline Wadhams: Progress in Pakistan, March 24, 2010, see at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2010/03/pakistan_progress.html
②Syed Saleem Shahzad: Pakistan works the crowd, September 22, 2009, see at http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/KI22Df01.html
③Haider Ali Hussein Mullick: Holding Pakistan----The Second Phase of Pakistan’s Counterinsurgency Operations, March 24, 2010, see at http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/66176/holding-pakistan
④Haider Ali Hussein Mullick: Holding Pakistan----The Second Phase of Pakistan’s Counterinsurgency Operations, March 24, 2010, see at http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/66176/holding-pakistan
①Carolin Wadhams & Colin Cookman: Interactive Map: Leaders of Pakistan’s Militant Groups, July 22, 2009, see at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/07/insurgency_map.html
①Colin Cookman:Threats. Options, and Risks in Pakistan, March 5, 2009, see at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/03/pakistan_strikes.html
②Colin Cookman:Threats. Options, and Risks in Pakistan, March 5, 2009, see at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/03/pakistan_strikes.html
①Bing West: The War That Has to Be Won, April 6, 2009, see at http://nrd.nationalreview.com/article/?q=ZTI4NzZhMmYxYWExMTc0MzUzMmJiZWJmNDIwOGNkY2E
②Brian Katulis & Caroline Wadhams: Progress in Pakistan, March 24, 2010, see at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2010/03/pakistan_progress.html
③Department of State: Afghanistan and Pakistan Regional Stabilization Strategy, February 2010, p.3.
④Department of State: Afghanistan and Pakistan Regional Stabilization Strategy, February 2010, p.5.
①Department of State: Afghanistan and Pakistan Regional Stabilization Strategy, February 2010, p.42-55.
①Department of State: Afghanistan and Pakistan Regional Stabilization Strategy, February 2010, p.8.
②Department of State: Afghanistan and Pakistan Regional Stabilization Strategy, February 2010, p.25.
③Bruce Riedel: Expand the U.S. Agenda toward Pakistan----Prospects for Peace and Stability Can Brighten, September 2008, see at www.brookings.edu.
①Wonacott: Inside Pakistan’s Drive to Guard It’s a-Bombs, p. 16.
②David Albright & Paul Branan: Second Kushab Plutonium Production Reactor Nears Completion, September 2008, see at www.isis-online.org
③Lawrence J.Korb: The Security of Pakistan’s Nuclear Arsenal, May 19, 2009, see at http://thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/the-security-of-pakistans-nuclear-arsenal
①Lawrence Korb & Sean Duggan: Integrating Security----Preparing for the National Security Threats of the 21st Century, November, 2009, p. 52, see at www.americanprogress.org
②Haider Ali Hussein Mullick: Holding Pakistan----The Second Phase of Pakistan’s Counterinsurgency Operations, March 24, 2010, see at http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/66176/holding-pakistan
③Gregory Treverton: Intelligence Test, Democracy: A Journal of Ideas, Winter 2009, p. 58.
①Lawrence Korb & Sean Duggan: Integrating Security----Preparing for the National Security Threats of the 21st Century, November, 2009, p. 55, see at www.americanprogress.org
②Haider Ali Hussein Mullick: Holding Pakistan----The Second Phase of Pakistan’s Counterinsurgency Operations, March 24, 2010, see at http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/66176/holding-pakistan
③Kenneth Roth: Empty Promises? ---- Obama’s Hesitant Embrace of Human Rights, March/April 2010, see at http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/66034/kenneth-roth/empty-promises
①Brian Katulis & Caroline Wadhams: Progress in Pakistan, March 24, 2010, see at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2010/03/pakistan_progress.html
②Haider Ali Hussein Mullick: Holding Pakistan----The Second Phase of Pakistan’s CounterinsurgencyOperations, March 24, 2010, see at http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/66176/holding-pakistan
①Haider Ali Hussein Mullick: Holding Pakistan----The Second Phase of Pakistan’s Counterinsurgency Operations, March 24, 2010, see at http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/66176/holding-pakistan
②Kenneth Roth: Empty Promises? ---- Obama’s Hesitant Embrace of Human Rights, March/April 2010, see at http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/66034/kenneth-roth/empty-promises
③Robert Dreyfuss: Obama’s Afghan Dilemma, The Nation, December 12, 2008, p.12.
①Marc A. Thiessen: Obama’s Inheritance----Al Qaeda in Retreat, World Affairs, Summer 2009, p. 81.
②Colin Cookman:Threats. Options, and Risks in Pakistan, March 5, 2009, see at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/03/pakistan_strikes.html
③Marc A. Thiessen: Obama’s Inheritance----Al Qaeda in Retreat, World Affairs, Summer 2009, p. 84.
①Marc A. Thiessen: Obama’s Inheritance----Al Qaeda in Retreat, World Affairs, Summer 2009, p. 85.
②Brian Fishman: Pakistan’s Failing War on Terror, December 1, 2009, see at http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/12/01/pakistans_failing_war_on_terror
③Syed Saleem Shahzad: US stalls as Pakistan drifts, Dec 1, 2009, see at http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/KL01Df03.html
①Syed Saleem Shahzad: Pakistan works the crowd, September 22, 2009, see at http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/KI22Df01.html
②Syed Saleem Shahzad: Pakistan works the crowd, September 22, 2009, see at http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/KI22Df01.html
③Syed Saleem Shahzad: Pakistan works the crowd, September 22, 2009, see at http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/KI22Df01.html
④Zahid U Kramet: Pakistan deals with its devils, Jan 6, 2010, see at http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/LA06Df02.html
①Robert Dreyfuss: Obama’s Afghan Dilemma, The Nation, December 12, 2008, p.12.
②Robert Dreyfuss: Obama’s Afghan Dilemma, The Nation, December 12, 2008, p.13.
③Brian Fishman: Pakistan’s Failing War on Terror, December 1, 2009, see at http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/12/01/pakistans_failing_war_on_terror
①Zahid U Kramet: Pakistan deals with its devils, Jan 6, 2010, see at http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/LA06Df02.html
②Zahid U Kramet: Pakistan deals with its devils, Jan 6, 2010, see at http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/LA06Df02.html
③Zahid U Kramet: Pakistan deals with its devils, Jan 6, 2010, see at http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/LA06Df02.html
①Mustafa Malik: Pakistan: Terror War Bolsters Islamism, Nationhood, Middle East Policy Coucil, 2008, p. 115.
②Mustafa Malik: Pakistan: Terror War Bolsters Islamism, Nationhood, Middle East Policy Coucil, 2008, p. 120.
①Mustafa Malik: Pakistan: Terror War Bolsters Islamism, Nationhood, Middle East Policy Coucil, 2008, p. 117.
②Mustafa Malik: Pakistan: Terror War Bolsters Islamism, Nationhood, Middle East Policy Coucil, 2008, p. 116.
③Mustafa Mailik’s Interview with Fauzia Saleem, Sociology Department, Punjab University, Lahore, Pakistan, September 14, 2007.
④Mustafa Mailik’s Interview with Ali Akund, doctoral candidate in sociology, Karachi, Pakistan, November 1, 2007.
①Sreeram Chaulia: Book Review of The Longest Jihad---- India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad, May 5, 2007, see at http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/IE05Df02.html
①Sreeram Chaulia: Book Review of The Longest Jihad---- India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad, May 5, 2007, see at http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/IE05Df02.html
②Praveen Swami: India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad: The Covert War in Kashmir 1947-2004, Routledge, New York, 2007, p. 81.
③Praveen Swami: India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad: The Covert War in Kashmir 1947-2004, Routledge, New York, 2007, p. 87.
①Praveen Swami: India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad: The Covert War in Kashmir 1947-2004, Routledge, New York, 2007, p. 141-145.
②Praveen Swami: India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad: The Covert War in Kashmir 1947-2004, Routledge, New York, 2007, p. 153.
③Sreeram Chaulia: Book Review of The Longest Jihad---- India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad, May 5, 2007, see at http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/IE05Df02.html
④Sreeram Chaulia: Book Review of The Longest Jihad---- India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad, May 5, 2007, see at http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/IE05Df02.html
①Hussain Zahid: Interview with Musharraf in January 2002.
②Griff Witte: Poor Schooling Slows Anti-Terrorism Effort in Pakistan, January 17, 2010, see at http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/01/16/AR2010011602660.html
③Griff Witte: Poor Schooling Slows Anti-Terrorism Effort in Pakistan, January 17, 2010, see at http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/01/16/AR2010011602660.html
④Griff Witte: Poor Schooling Slows Anti-Terrorism Effort in Pakistan, January 17, 2010, see at http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/01/16/AR2010011602660.html
⑤Zahid Hussain: Frontlin Pakistan: The Struggle with Militant Islam, London and New York: I. B. Tauris., 2007 p2.
①Zahid Hussain: Frontlin Pakistan: The Struggle with Militant Islam, London and New York: I. B. Tauris., 2007 p5.
②Stewart Patrick: A Return to Realism? The United States and Global Peace Operations since 9/11, International Peacekeeping, Vol. 15, No. 1, February 2008, p.135.
③The White House: National Security Strategy of the United States of America, Sep. 2002. p. 45.
①Stewart Patrick: A Return to Realism? The United States and Global Peace Operations since 9/11, International Peacekeeping, Vol. 15, No. 1, February 2008, p.138.
②Rumsfeld interview with Larry King, CNN, December 5, 2001, see at www.defenselink.mil/transcripts/2001/t12062001-t1205sd.html
③Linda Wrigley: In America’s Name, World Policy Journal, Spring 2004, p.114.
④Shane Harris: Obama Doctrine? December 14, 2009, see at http://security.nationaljournal.com/2009/12/obama-doctrine.php#1401917
⑤Shane Harris: Obama Doctrine? December 14, 2009, see at http://security.nationaljournal.com/2009/12/obama-doctrine.php#1401917
①Shane Harris: Obama Doctrine? December 14, 2009, see at http://security.nationaljournal.com/2009/12/obama-doctrine.php#1401917
②Mustafa Malik: Pakistan----Can U.S. Policy Save the Day? Middle East Policy, Vol. 19, No.2, Summer, 2009. p. 142.
③Basil Liddelll Hart: Strategy: The Indirect Approach, London: Faber, 1967, p.348.
①Matthew Kowalski: Global Insurgency or Global Confrontation? Counter-insurgency Doctrine and the“Long war”on Terrorism, Defense & Security Analysis, Vol. 24, No. 1, p. 69.
②Idea of the Day: Increased Economic and Development Assistance to Pakistan, August 25, 2008, see at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/ideas/2008/08/082508.html
③U.S. Aid to Pakistan by the Numbers, August 21, 2008, see at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2008/08/pakistan_aid_numbers.html
④Idea of the Day: Increased Economic and Development Assistance to Pakistan, August 25, 2008, see at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/ideas/2008/08/082508.html
165
①Ashutosh Misra: An audit of the India-Pakistan peace process, December 2007, Australian Journal of
International Affairs Vol. 61, No. 4. p. 506.
②Colin Cookman & Brian Katulis: The U.S.– India Strategic Partnership Is Vital, November 24, 2009. see at
http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/11/india_state_visit.html
③Zahid U Kramet: Pakistan deals with its devils, Jan 6, 2010, see at
http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/LA06Df02.html
①Charles G. Cogan: Afghanistan: Partners in Time, 2008, World Policy Institute, p. 155.
②Charles G. Cogan: Afghanistan: Partners in Time, 2008, World Policy Institute, p. 157.
③Blair: Annual Threat Assessment of the Intelligence Community.
④Lawrence Korb & Carolin Wadhams: Sustainable Security in Afghanistan----Crafting an Effective and Responsible Strategy for the Forgotten Front, March 2009, p. 1.
①Lawrence Korb & Carolin Wadhams: Sustainable Security in Afghanistan----Crafting an Effective and Responsible Strategy for the Forgotten Front, March 2009, p. 6.
②Joseph Biden: Opening Remarks by the Vice President to the North Atlantic Council, Office of the Vice President, March 10, 2009. see at www.whitehouse.gov
①Thalif Deen: Arms Suppliers Scramble into Iraq, Jul 13, 2004, see at http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/FG13Ak01.html
②Rethinking Our Strategy on Terrorism, March 21, 2007, see at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2007/03/terrorism_strategy.html
③Peter Juul: Conflating Al Qaeda in Iraq and Osama bin Laden’s Transnational Network, April 9, 2009, see at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2008/04/conflating_al_qaeda.html
④Victor Kotsev: US Warms to Strike on Iran, April 23, 2010, see at http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/LD23Ak02.html
⑤Pepe Escobar: Obama Squeezed Between Israel and Iran, Mar 26, 2010, see at http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/LC26Ak01.html
①Brian Katulis: Advancing Sustainable Security in South Asia, October 28, 2009, see at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/10/south_asia_security.html
②Brian Katulis: Advancing Sustainable Security in South Asia, October 28, 2009, see at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/10/south_asia_security.html
①Idea of the Day: Increased Economic and Development Assistance to Pakistan, August 25, 2008, see at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/ideas/2008/08/082508.html
②U.S. Aid to Pakistan by the Numbers, August 21, 2008, see at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2008/08/pakistan_aid_numbers.html
①Declassified Key Judgments of the National Intelligence Estimate“Trends in Global Terrorism: Implications for the United States”dated April 2006, p. 4.
②Jack Miles: After‘the War on Terror’----Obama, Islam & Israel, Commonweal, July 17, 2009, p. 13.
①Colin Cookman & Brian Katulis: The U.S.-India Strategic Partnership Is Vital, November 24, 2009, see at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/11/india_state_visit.html
①Create a Contact Group with India, Iran, Pakistan, and Afghan Governments, February 22, 2008. see at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/ideas/2008/02/022208.html
②Peter Juul: Conflating Al Qaeda in Iraq and Osama bin Laden’s Transnational Network, April 9, 2009, see at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2008/04/conflating_al_qaeda.html
①Victor Kotsev: US Warms to Strike on Iran, April 23, 2010, see at http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/LD23Ak02.html
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35.张晓玉、张长军:《美国新南亚政策调整及其对南亚地区安全形势的影响》〔J〕,载《解放军外国语学院学报》2002年第3期。
36.杨濠城:《从埃及穆斯林兄弟会看伊斯兰原教旨主义与世俗主义的关系》〔J〕,载《西亚非洲》1998年第5期。
37.田文林、林海虹:《伊斯兰与西方的冲突:一个自我实现的文化预言》〔J〕,载《世界经济与政治》2002年第1期。
38.朱丽欣:《反恐怖主义犯罪的国际合作及中国立法的完善》〔J〕,载《国家检察官学院学报》,2009年12月第17卷第6期。
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