微型液相萃取—原子光谱联用技术在元素形态分析中的应用研究
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摘要
元素物理化学特性、生物可利用性及迁移转化特征不仅与其总量相关,而且与其化学形态密切相关。因此,元素形态分析比仅仅测定元素总量更有意义。原子光谱技术是痕量元素分析检测手段之一,但它只测定元素总量而无法识别元素形态。故辅以适当分离／富集方法的原子光谱分析技术能有效地应用于元素形态分析中。液相萃取是常用的分离／富集方法之一。其中,液相微萃取(LPME)和浊点萃取(CPE)作为新型的微型化液相萃取技术,具有操作简便、成本经济、安全环保、萃取效率高以及便于与其他仪器联用等优点。将微型液相萃取与原子光谱法结合,可以实现对复杂样品中痕量或超痕量元素形态的分离分析。
本论文研究目的是,建立微型液相萃取与原子光谱联用技术元素形态分析新方法,并将其应用于水样和茶叶等样品中有关元素的形态分析。其主要内容包括：
(1)以ETAAS为检测手段,探索直接悬浮单滴微萃取选择性分离富集Cr(III)/Cr(VI)的条件,考察影响Cr(Ⅲ)萃取效率的各因素,如溶液pH值、萃取剂及用量、螯合剂8-羟基喹啉浓度、萃取温度、搅拌速率和时间等。在最佳条件下,本方法得到Cr(Ⅲ)检出限(3σ)为0.03ng mL-1,相对标准偏差4.7%(C=1.0ngmL-1, n=5),线性范围为0.10-2.0ngmL-1。此方法成功地测定井水和自来水样品中Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ),两者加标回收率分别在90.0%-110.0%和93.3%-114.0%范围内。
(2)研究以1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐[C8MIM][PF6]为萃取剂的分散液-液微萃取体系,与FAAS联用测定环境水样中Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(VI). Cr(III)Cr(Ⅵ)能与乙基二硫代氨基甲酸钠(DDTC)形成疏水性螫合物,Cr(Ⅵ)和总铬分别在pH为5.0和6.5时能被[C8MM][PF6]萃取。Cr(Ⅲ)含量由总铬和Cr(Ⅵ)含量的差值所得。考察影响分散液相微萃取的各种因素,如溶液pH值、萃取剂及用量、分散剂种类及用量、DDTC浓度、萃取温度及时间等。本方法得到Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)检出限(3σ)分别为1.0ng mL-1和0.68ng mL"1,相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为3.3%和4.0%(C=80.0ng mL-1,n=5),线性范围分别为5.0-200ng mL-1和5.0-800ng mL-1.本法成功地测定自来水、纯净水和湖水样品中Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ),两者回收率分别在91.3%-108.6%和91.2%-108.0%之间。
(3)利用1,3-二丁基咪唑六氟磷酸盐([BBM][PF6])为萃取剂的分散液相微萃取技术,结合FAAS测定茶叶样品中锰形态。Mn(Ⅱ)和Mn(Ⅶ)能与1-苯基-3-甲基-4-苯甲酰基-5-吡唑啉酮(PMBP)形成疏水性螯合物,Mn(Ⅱ)和总锰分别在pH为10.0和7.0时能被[BBIM][PF6]萃取。Mn(Ⅶ)含量由总锰和Mn(Ⅱ)含量的差值所得。考察了溶液pH值、萃取剂体积、分散剂种类及用量、PMBP浓度、萃取温度及时间等对分散液相微萃取的影响。该方法对Mn(Ⅱ)和Mn(Ⅶ)检出限(3σ)分别为0.26ng mL-1和1.86ng mL-1;相对标准偏差(RSD)分别是2.6%和4.8%(C=25.0ng mL-1, n=6);线性范围分别在2.0-300ng mL-1和5.0-400ngmL-1之间。该法用于茶叶标准样品GBW08513和不同产地茶叶样品中Mn(Ⅱ)和Mn(Ⅶ)的测定,结果令人满意。
(4)建立一种简单、灵敏、有效的超声辅助乳化-悬浮固化溶剂微萃取(USE-SFODME)与ETAAS联用用于环境样品中Sb(Ⅲ)和Sb(Ⅴ)形态分析方法。在pH为9.0时,Sb(Ⅲ)通过与DDTC形成稳定的疏水性络合物后能被1-十一醇萃取,而Sb(Ⅴ)留在水相中。Sb(Ⅴ)被L-半胱氨酸还原为Sb(Ⅲ)后,分别测定样品中总锑和Sb(Ⅲ),利用两者差值得到Sb(Ⅴ)含量。实验研究了溶液pH、萃取剂类型及用量、DDTC浓度、超声时间和萃取温度等因素对Sb(Ⅲ)萃取效果影响。本方法测定Sb(Ⅲ)检出限(3σ)和相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为9.9ngL-1和4.5%(C=1.0ng mL-1, N=9);线性范围为0.05-10.0ng mL-1.将该方法成功用于环境标准样品(GSB07-1376-2001, GBW07441)和实际样品(土壤和水样)中锑形态分析。
(5)基于非离子表面活性剂Triton X-114和螯合剂吡咯烷二硫代氨基甲酸铵(APDC)的浊点萃取体系,建立双浊点萃取-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)分析无机形态As(Ⅲ)和As(V)的方法。在该方法中,表面活性剂富胶束相中As(Ⅲ)-APDC疏水性络合物经过HN03溶液(2.0mol L"1)浊点反萃取后再用ICP-OES测定,避免了表面活性剂等对As(Ⅲ)测定干扰。在最优实验条件下,此方法对As(Ⅲ)检出限(3σ)为0.72ng mL-1,相对标准偏差(RSD)为3.5%(C=10.0ng mL-1,n=5).该方法测定标准环境水样和雪水样品中无机砷形态,加标回收率在88.0%-98.0%。
It is well known that the physiochemical properties, bioavailability, mobility, and transformation of an element depend to a great extent upon its chemical species present and concentration in nature. Therefore, speciation analysis of the element is more significant than determining its total level. Atomic spectroscopy is an important tool for analyzing trace elements. However, it only obtains total amount of trace elements, and can not discriminate elemental species. Hence, atomic spectrometry combined with a suitable separation and/or preconcentration procedure is considered as an effective technique for the speciation analysis. Liquid phase extraction is one of common methods used for separating or/and concentrating elemental species. Liquid phase microextraction (LPME) and cloud point extraction (CPE) are new kinds of miniaturized liquid phase extraction, which offer such advantages like simplicity, reduced cost, safety, achievement of high enrichment factor, and easy hyphenation of other apparatuses. Miniaturized liquid phase extraction in combination with atomic spectroscopy has demonstrated more potential in specation analysis of trace or ultra-trace elements.
The objective of this work aims to develop new methods for specation analysis of elements in water and tea samples by the combination of miniaturized liquid phase extraction with atomic spectroscopy. The major contents are summarized as follows:
(1) A facile directly suspended droplet microextraction (DSDME) coupled to electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) was developed for the specation of Cr(Ⅲ) and Cr(Ⅵ) in environmental water samples. Diverse variables affecting DSDME, such as pH, extraction sovent and its volume,8-hydroxyquinoline concentration, extraction temperature, stirring rate, and extraction time, were detailedly studied. Under the optimum condtions, the limit of dection (3σ, LOD) and the relative standard deviation (RSD) for Cr(Ⅲ) were0.03ng mL-1and4.7%(C=1.0ng mL-1, n=5), respectively. A linear calibration range of0.10-2.0ng mL-1was obtained by the proposed method. This method was successfully applied for analyzing Cr(Ⅲ) and Cr(Ⅵ) in well water and tap water samples with spiking recoveries in the range of90.0%-110.0%for Cr(Ⅲ) and93.3%-114.0%for Cr(VI).
(2) A simple method for the speciation of Cr(Ⅲ)/Cr(Ⅵ) by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) after room temperature ionic liquid (1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosophate,[C8MIM][PF6])-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) was presented. Cr(Ⅵ) and total chromium (Cr(Ⅵ) and Cr(Ⅲ)) could be extracted by [C8MIM][PF6] at the pH value of5.0and6.5, respectively. Cr(Ⅲ) content was obtained by subtracting Cr(Ⅵ) from the total chromium. Different main factors of DLLME were evaluated. Under the selected conditions, the limits of dection (3σ) for Cr(Ⅲ) and Cr(Ⅵ) were1.0ng mL-1and0.41ng mL-1. The RSDs for Cr(Ⅲ) and Cr(Ⅵ) were3.3%and4.0%(C=80.0ng mL-1, n=5), respectively. The calibration curves exhibited linearity over the concentration range of5.0-200ng mL-1for Cr(Ⅲ) and3.0-800ng mL-1for Cr(Ⅵ). The present method was successfully applied for the derermination of Cr(Ⅲ) and Cr(Ⅵ) in tap, purified, and lake water samples, and the recoveries were91.3%-108.6%for Cr(Ⅲ) and91.2%-108.0%for Cr(Ⅵ).
(3) A rapid method based on DLLME with room temperature ionic liquid1,3-dibutylimidazolium hexafluorophosophate ([BBIM][PF6]) coupled to FAAS was developed for the speciation of Mn(Ⅱ)/Mn(Ⅶ) in tea samples. Several factors affecting DLLME were investigated in detail. Mn(Ⅱ) and total manganese (Mn(Ⅱ)+Mn(Ⅶ)) were quantitatively extracted after adjusting aqueous sample solution to pH10.0and7.0, respectively. Mn(Ⅶ) was calculated by subtraction of Mn(II) from the total manganese. Under the optimized conditions, the LODs (3σ) for Mn(Ⅱ) and Mn(VII) were0.26and1.86ng mL-1, and their RSDs were2.6%and4.8%(C=25.0ng mL-1,n=6), respectively. The method was used for the speciation of Mn(Ⅱ) and Mn(Ⅶ) in the certified reference material GBW08513of tea sample and different local tea samples with satisfactory results.
(4) A simple, sensitive, and effective method of ultrasound-assisted emulsification of solidified floating organic drop microextraction (USE-SFODME) coupled to electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry for the speciation of antimony at different oxidation state Sb(Ⅲ)/Sb(Ⅴ) in environmental samples was established. In this method, the hydrophobic complex of Sb(Ⅲ) with sodium di ethyl dithiocarb am ate (DDTC) is extracted by1-undecanol at pH9.0, while Sb(Ⅴ) remains in aqueous phase. Sb(Ⅴ) content can be calculated by subtracting Sb(Ⅲ) from the total antimony after reducing Sb(Ⅴ) to Sb(Ⅲ) by L-cysteine. Various factors affecting USE-SFODME including pH, extraction solvent and its volume, concentration of DDTC, sonication time, and extraction temperature were estimated. Under the optimized conditions, the calibration curve was linear in the range of0.05-10.0ng mL"1, with the LOD (3σ) of9.9ng L-1for Sb(Ⅲ). The RSD for Sb(Ⅲ) was4.5%(C=1.0ng mL-1, n=9). This method was validated against the certified reference materials (GSB07-1376-2001, GBW07441), and applied to the speciation of antimony in environmental samples (soil and water samples) with satisfactory results.
(5) A dual-cloud point extraction combined with inductively coupled plasema-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) procedure has been proposed for the speciation of inorganic As(Ⅲ) and As(Ⅴ) in water samples. The method based on forming a hydrophobic complex of As(Ⅲ) with ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarb am ate (APDC) at suitable pH into a non-ionic surfactant rich phase of Triton X-114. Instead of direct injection or analysis, the surfactant rich phase containing the complex of As(Ⅲ)-APDC was treated by2.0mol L-1of nitric acid, and the detected As(Ⅲ) was back extracted again into aqueous phase at the second cloud point extraction stage, and finally determined by ICP-OES. After dual-cloud point extraction, most of matrix interferences like Triton X-114were avoided during the determination of As(Ⅲ) by ICP-OES. Under the optimum conditions, the LOD (3σ) of0.72ng mL-1and the RSD of3.5%(C=10.0ng mL-1, n=5) were obtained for As(Ⅲ). The feasibility of the proposed method was validated by analyzing inorganic As(Ⅲ) and As(Ⅴ) in the certified reference water sample and snow water. The recoveries for the spiked samples were in the range of88.0%-98.0%.
本论文研究目的是,建立微型液相萃取与原子光谱联用技术元素形态分析新方法,并将其应用于水样和茶叶等样品中有关元素的形态分析。其主要内容包括：
(1)以ETAAS为检测手段,探索直接悬浮单滴微萃取选择性分离富集Cr(III)/Cr(VI)的条件,考察影响Cr(Ⅲ)萃取效率的各因素,如溶液pH值、萃取剂及用量、螯合剂8-羟基喹啉浓度、萃取温度、搅拌速率和时间等。在最佳条件下,本方法得到Cr(Ⅲ)检出限(3σ)为0.03ng mL-1,相对标准偏差4.7%(C=1.0ngmL-1, n=5),线性范围为0.10-2.0ngmL-1。此方法成功地测定井水和自来水样品中Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ),两者加标回收率分别在90.0%-110.0%和93.3%-114.0%范围内。
(2)研究以1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐[C8MIM][PF6]为萃取剂的分散液-液微萃取体系,与FAAS联用测定环境水样中Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(VI). Cr(III)Cr(Ⅵ)能与乙基二硫代氨基甲酸钠(DDTC)形成疏水性螫合物,Cr(Ⅵ)和总铬分别在pH为5.0和6.5时能被[C8MM][PF6]萃取。Cr(Ⅲ)含量由总铬和Cr(Ⅵ)含量的差值所得。考察影响分散液相微萃取的各种因素,如溶液pH值、萃取剂及用量、分散剂种类及用量、DDTC浓度、萃取温度及时间等。本方法得到Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)检出限(3σ)分别为1.0ng mL-1和0.68ng mL"1,相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为3.3%和4.0%(C=80.0ng mL-1,n=5),线性范围分别为5.0-200ng mL-1和5.0-800ng mL-1.本法成功地测定自来水、纯净水和湖水样品中Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ),两者回收率分别在91.3%-108.6%和91.2%-108.0%之间。
(3)利用1,3-二丁基咪唑六氟磷酸盐([BBM][PF6])为萃取剂的分散液相微萃取技术,结合FAAS测定茶叶样品中锰形态。Mn(Ⅱ)和Mn(Ⅶ)能与1-苯基-3-甲基-4-苯甲酰基-5-吡唑啉酮(PMBP)形成疏水性螯合物,Mn(Ⅱ)和总锰分别在pH为10.0和7.0时能被[BBIM][PF6]萃取。Mn(Ⅶ)含量由总锰和Mn(Ⅱ)含量的差值所得。考察了溶液pH值、萃取剂体积、分散剂种类及用量、PMBP浓度、萃取温度及时间等对分散液相微萃取的影响。该方法对Mn(Ⅱ)和Mn(Ⅶ)检出限(3σ)分别为0.26ng mL-1和1.86ng mL-1;相对标准偏差(RSD)分别是2.6%和4.8%(C=25.0ng mL-1, n=6);线性范围分别在2.0-300ng mL-1和5.0-400ngmL-1之间。该法用于茶叶标准样品GBW08513和不同产地茶叶样品中Mn(Ⅱ)和Mn(Ⅶ)的测定,结果令人满意。
(4)建立一种简单、灵敏、有效的超声辅助乳化-悬浮固化溶剂微萃取(USE-SFODME)与ETAAS联用用于环境样品中Sb(Ⅲ)和Sb(Ⅴ)形态分析方法。在pH为9.0时,Sb(Ⅲ)通过与DDTC形成稳定的疏水性络合物后能被1-十一醇萃取,而Sb(Ⅴ)留在水相中。Sb(Ⅴ)被L-半胱氨酸还原为Sb(Ⅲ)后,分别测定样品中总锑和Sb(Ⅲ),利用两者差值得到Sb(Ⅴ)含量。实验研究了溶液pH、萃取剂类型及用量、DDTC浓度、超声时间和萃取温度等因素对Sb(Ⅲ)萃取效果影响。本方法测定Sb(Ⅲ)检出限(3σ)和相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为9.9ngL-1和4.5%(C=1.0ng mL-1, N=9);线性范围为0.05-10.0ng mL-1.将该方法成功用于环境标准样品(GSB07-1376-2001, GBW07441)和实际样品(土壤和水样)中锑形态分析。
(5)基于非离子表面活性剂Triton X-114和螯合剂吡咯烷二硫代氨基甲酸铵(APDC)的浊点萃取体系,建立双浊点萃取-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)分析无机形态As(Ⅲ)和As(V)的方法。在该方法中,表面活性剂富胶束相中As(Ⅲ)-APDC疏水性络合物经过HN03溶液(2.0mol L"1)浊点反萃取后再用ICP-OES测定,避免了表面活性剂等对As(Ⅲ)测定干扰。在最优实验条件下,此方法对As(Ⅲ)检出限(3σ)为0.72ng mL-1,相对标准偏差(RSD)为3.5%(C=10.0ng mL-1,n=5).该方法测定标准环境水样和雪水样品中无机砷形态,加标回收率在88.0%-98.0%。
It is well known that the physiochemical properties, bioavailability, mobility, and transformation of an element depend to a great extent upon its chemical species present and concentration in nature. Therefore, speciation analysis of the element is more significant than determining its total level. Atomic spectroscopy is an important tool for analyzing trace elements. However, it only obtains total amount of trace elements, and can not discriminate elemental species. Hence, atomic spectrometry combined with a suitable separation and/or preconcentration procedure is considered as an effective technique for the speciation analysis. Liquid phase extraction is one of common methods used for separating or/and concentrating elemental species. Liquid phase microextraction (LPME) and cloud point extraction (CPE) are new kinds of miniaturized liquid phase extraction, which offer such advantages like simplicity, reduced cost, safety, achievement of high enrichment factor, and easy hyphenation of other apparatuses. Miniaturized liquid phase extraction in combination with atomic spectroscopy has demonstrated more potential in specation analysis of trace or ultra-trace elements.
The objective of this work aims to develop new methods for specation analysis of elements in water and tea samples by the combination of miniaturized liquid phase extraction with atomic spectroscopy. The major contents are summarized as follows:
(1) A facile directly suspended droplet microextraction (DSDME) coupled to electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) was developed for the specation of Cr(Ⅲ) and Cr(Ⅵ) in environmental water samples. Diverse variables affecting DSDME, such as pH, extraction sovent and its volume,8-hydroxyquinoline concentration, extraction temperature, stirring rate, and extraction time, were detailedly studied. Under the optimum condtions, the limit of dection (3σ, LOD) and the relative standard deviation (RSD) for Cr(Ⅲ) were0.03ng mL-1and4.7%(C=1.0ng mL-1, n=5), respectively. A linear calibration range of0.10-2.0ng mL-1was obtained by the proposed method. This method was successfully applied for analyzing Cr(Ⅲ) and Cr(Ⅵ) in well water and tap water samples with spiking recoveries in the range of90.0%-110.0%for Cr(Ⅲ) and93.3%-114.0%for Cr(VI).
(2) A simple method for the speciation of Cr(Ⅲ)/Cr(Ⅵ) by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) after room temperature ionic liquid (1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosophate,[C8MIM][PF6])-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) was presented. Cr(Ⅵ) and total chromium (Cr(Ⅵ) and Cr(Ⅲ)) could be extracted by [C8MIM][PF6] at the pH value of5.0and6.5, respectively. Cr(Ⅲ) content was obtained by subtracting Cr(Ⅵ) from the total chromium. Different main factors of DLLME were evaluated. Under the selected conditions, the limits of dection (3σ) for Cr(Ⅲ) and Cr(Ⅵ) were1.0ng mL-1and0.41ng mL-1. The RSDs for Cr(Ⅲ) and Cr(Ⅵ) were3.3%and4.0%(C=80.0ng mL-1, n=5), respectively. The calibration curves exhibited linearity over the concentration range of5.0-200ng mL-1for Cr(Ⅲ) and3.0-800ng mL-1for Cr(Ⅵ). The present method was successfully applied for the derermination of Cr(Ⅲ) and Cr(Ⅵ) in tap, purified, and lake water samples, and the recoveries were91.3%-108.6%for Cr(Ⅲ) and91.2%-108.0%for Cr(Ⅵ).
(3) A rapid method based on DLLME with room temperature ionic liquid1,3-dibutylimidazolium hexafluorophosophate ([BBIM][PF6]) coupled to FAAS was developed for the speciation of Mn(Ⅱ)/Mn(Ⅶ) in tea samples. Several factors affecting DLLME were investigated in detail. Mn(Ⅱ) and total manganese (Mn(Ⅱ)+Mn(Ⅶ)) were quantitatively extracted after adjusting aqueous sample solution to pH10.0and7.0, respectively. Mn(Ⅶ) was calculated by subtraction of Mn(II) from the total manganese. Under the optimized conditions, the LODs (3σ) for Mn(Ⅱ) and Mn(VII) were0.26and1.86ng mL-1, and their RSDs were2.6%and4.8%(C=25.0ng mL-1,n=6), respectively. The method was used for the speciation of Mn(Ⅱ) and Mn(Ⅶ) in the certified reference material GBW08513of tea sample and different local tea samples with satisfactory results.
(4) A simple, sensitive, and effective method of ultrasound-assisted emulsification of solidified floating organic drop microextraction (USE-SFODME) coupled to electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry for the speciation of antimony at different oxidation state Sb(Ⅲ)/Sb(Ⅴ) in environmental samples was established. In this method, the hydrophobic complex of Sb(Ⅲ) with sodium di ethyl dithiocarb am ate (DDTC) is extracted by1-undecanol at pH9.0, while Sb(Ⅴ) remains in aqueous phase. Sb(Ⅴ) content can be calculated by subtracting Sb(Ⅲ) from the total antimony after reducing Sb(Ⅴ) to Sb(Ⅲ) by L-cysteine. Various factors affecting USE-SFODME including pH, extraction solvent and its volume, concentration of DDTC, sonication time, and extraction temperature were estimated. Under the optimized conditions, the calibration curve was linear in the range of0.05-10.0ng mL"1, with the LOD (3σ) of9.9ng L-1for Sb(Ⅲ). The RSD for Sb(Ⅲ) was4.5%(C=1.0ng mL-1, n=9). This method was validated against the certified reference materials (GSB07-1376-2001, GBW07441), and applied to the speciation of antimony in environmental samples (soil and water samples) with satisfactory results.
(5) A dual-cloud point extraction combined with inductively coupled plasema-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) procedure has been proposed for the speciation of inorganic As(Ⅲ) and As(Ⅴ) in water samples. The method based on forming a hydrophobic complex of As(Ⅲ) with ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarb am ate (APDC) at suitable pH into a non-ionic surfactant rich phase of Triton X-114. Instead of direct injection or analysis, the surfactant rich phase containing the complex of As(Ⅲ)-APDC was treated by2.0mol L-1of nitric acid, and the detected As(Ⅲ) was back extracted again into aqueous phase at the second cloud point extraction stage, and finally determined by ICP-OES. After dual-cloud point extraction, most of matrix interferences like Triton X-114were avoided during the determination of As(Ⅲ) by ICP-OES. Under the optimum conditions, the LOD (3σ) of0.72ng mL-1and the RSD of3.5%(C=10.0ng mL-1, n=5) were obtained for As(Ⅲ). The feasibility of the proposed method was validated by analyzing inorganic As(Ⅲ) and As(Ⅴ) in the certified reference water sample and snow water. The recoveries for the spiked samples were in the range of88.0%-98.0%.
引文
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