高层建筑结构地震损伤与倒塌分析
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摘要
随着我国经济、科技水平的发展，近二十年来，我国建造了一批举世瞩目的高层和超高层建筑。作为城市标志性建筑的高层建筑具有巨大的社会影响力，而这些高层建筑几乎都建设在地震区，一旦发生因丧失功能而导致的结构局部倒塌或整体倒塌，将会造成巨大的经济损失和人员伤亡，给社会带来难以估量的负面影响。因此，深入研究高层建筑结构在强震作用下的损伤演化规律及倒塌机制，进而进一步采取有效的抗倒塌设计和措施，对提高高层建筑结构的抗震能力，具有重要的理论意义和工程价值。
本文以高层钢框架结构、高层钢框架—混凝土核心筒结构为研究对象，系统研究高层建筑结构在强震作用下的损伤演化规律和破坏倒塌机制，主要研究工作和创新成果如下：
（1）高层建筑结构竖向承重构件（钢柱、钢筋混凝土剪力墙和钢筋混凝土柱）地震损伤分析。在考虑Bauschinger效应的Krieg&Key本构模型（简称K&K模型）基础上，引入Bonora损伤模型，提出了钢柱考虑损伤累积效应的修正K&K模型，分析表明考虑材料损伤累积效应，钢柱竖向承载力显著降低，钢柱损伤在峰值加速度出现时段内发展迅速，随地震强度增大而增大；在Sina滞回模型基础上，引入Fukuzawa算法准则，提出了钢筋混凝土剪力墙考虑强度退化和负刚度效应的修正Sina模型，分析表明修正Sina模型可较好地模拟混凝土开裂、钢筋屈服、强度退化和负刚度效应等重要性能，钢筋混凝土剪力墙损伤随加载幅值增加而增大，在加载幅值改变处发生突变；采用钢筋混凝土柱精细化分析模型，建立基于竖向剩余承载力的损伤模型，通过增量动力分析（Incremental DynamicAnalysis简称IDA）得到钢筋混凝土柱的地震响应和损伤值，提出了钢筋混凝土柱基于易损性曲线的地震损伤评估方法，分析表明该方法可较准确地评估其在不同地震作用下的损伤程度。
（2）高层钢框架结构考虑损伤累积效应的地震倒塌分析。基于中心差分法的显式积分格式，通过定义结构的层损伤，将修正的K&K模型应用到结构中，以考虑结构在地震作用下强度和刚度的退化规律，针对结构倒塌破坏的不确定性，提出一种用于高层钢框架结构在强震作用下倒塌全过程模拟的数值方法，通过编制有限元程序将该方法用于分析一座20层Benchmark钢框架结构地震响应、失效极限荷载、失效路径和倒塌全过程。分析表明该方法考虑材料损伤累积效应能更精确确定Benchmark钢框架结构的失效极限荷载，可在未知结构失效破坏模式前提下，较好地追踪结构在强震作用下的失效路径，模拟Benchmark钢框架结构的倒塌破坏全过程，得到其最终破坏模式，在一定程度上揭示高层钢框架结构的倒塌破坏机理。
（3）高层钢框架—混凝土核心筒结构基于等效刚度的地震倒塌分析。依据高层钢框架—混凝土核心筒结构在地震作用下的滞回特性，以无损状态下的等效刚度作为初始标量，考虑结构各层能量分布特性，建立按能量分配的结构层损伤模型，提出了高层钢框架—混凝土核心筒结构基于等效刚度的地震损伤模型，分析表明基于等效刚度的地震损伤模型可较好地评估高层钢框架—混凝土核心筒结构在地震作用后的损伤破坏程度，所建立的考虑损伤累积效应、强度退化和负刚度效应的分析模型能较好地模拟高层钢框架—混凝土核心筒结构的地震损伤演化规律和倒塌破坏全过程，即混凝土核心筒先于钢框架发生损伤破坏，随后钢框架承担大部分水平地震力，导致首层框架柱因损伤累积而逐渐丧失其竖向承载力，当角柱柱脚发生严重损伤时，整体结构发生倒塌破坏。
（4）钢—混凝土结构地震损伤与失效过程的模型振动台试验。设计制作了一座3层钢—混凝土结构模型，对其进行振动台试验，分析了钢—混凝土结构模型在地震作用下的损伤演化规律和失效过程，采用基于等效刚度的地震损伤模型对其进行损伤程度评估，验证了基于等效刚度损伤模型的正确性，分析表明该损伤模型能较好地评估钢—混凝土结构模型在地震作用后的剩余刚度和损伤破坏程度。所采用的考虑粘结滑移效应的实体模型和考虑损伤累积效应的纤维模型均能较好地模拟钢—混凝土结构模型的地震响应，前者计算精度略高于后者，但后者具有较高的计算效率。所采用的考虑损伤累积效应的修正K&K模型和修正Faria模型相结合的纤维模型能较精确地模拟钢—混凝土结构模型在地震作用下的损伤演化规律，有效提高其地震响应的模拟精度。
With the development of economy and science and technology, in recent twentyyears, a great number of tall building structures and super tall building structures havebeen built as the focus of the world in our country. These tall building structures havegreat social influence as the land marks of a city. However, most of these buildingsare located in seismic region, the loss of structural bearing capacity tends to causelocal collapse or overall collapse of the structure when strong earthquake occurs. Suchcollapse will result in great economic loss and casualties and has immeasurablenegative social impacts. Therefore, it is of significant theoretical and practical value tostudy the damage evolution and the collapse mechanism of tall building structuresunder severe earthquakes, and to improve structural seismic capability by takingeffective design methods and collapse resistance measurements.
In this dissertation, the damage evolution and the collapse mechanism of themajor vertical bearing members (such as steel column, reinforced concrete shear walland reinforced concrete column), tall steel frame structure and tall steelframe-concrete tube hybrid structure under severe earthquake is addressed. Primaryresearch contents and achievements are summarized as follows:
(1) Seismic damage analysis of the major vertical bearing members (such as steelcolumn, reinforced concrete shear wall and reinforced concrete column) of tallbuilding structures is conducted. A modified Krieg&Key constitutive model (K&Kmodel) with a consideration of the damage accumulation effect is proposed, based onthe K&K model considering the Bauschinger effect of steel material is developed byimporting the Bonora damage model. The results indicate that the vertical bearingcapacity of the steel column decrease significantly while considering the materialcumulative damage effect. The damage of steel column develops rapidly after thepeak acceleration appeared which also increases with the seismic intensity. With aconsideration of the degradation of strength and effects of negative stiffness, amodified Sina model of reinforced concrete shear wall on the basis of Sina hystereticmodel is introduced by importing the Fukuzawa algorithm criterion. The resultsindicate that the modified Sina model is well capable of simulating the mechanicalperformance of the reinforced concrete shear wall at different stages, such as concrete cracking, steel yielding, strength degrading and negative stiffness effects etc. Thedamage increase with loading amplitude and changes abruptly at the loading changepoint. By employing the refined analysis model, the damage model based on verticalresidual bearing capacity is established. The vulnerability curves with lognormaldistribution are constructed through incremental dynamic analysis for damageassessment. A seismic damage assessment method based on vulnerability curves isproposed for reinforced concrete columns. It is indicated that the recommendedmethod of damage assessment for reinforced concrete columns is simple in computingand effective in evaluating the damage level under different seismic intensity indices.
(2) Seismic collapse analysis of tall steel frame considering damageaccumulation. On the basis of the explicit integration form of the central differencemethod and the modified K&K model is applied to the whole structure throughdefining a structural damage index for story level so as to study the rule of structurestrength and stiffness degradation due to earthquakes. Against the uncertainty ofstructure collapse, a numerical approach for simulating the collapse process of steelframe structure under the severe earthquake is proposed.The seismic response, failureultimate loading, failure path and the collapse process of a20stories benchmark steelframe structure under earthquake using this approach was studied, and the resultsdemonstrate that the damage accumulation effect considered in this numericalapproach works better at determining the failure ultimate loading of the tall steelframe. For the cases with unknown failure mode, of the structure, this approach canbetter simulate the failure path, the collapse process of structure and reveal thecollapse mechanism of structure to some extent.
(3) Seismic collapse analysis of tall steel frame-concrete tube hybrid structurebased on equivalent stiffness. On the basis of the seismic hysteretic characteristics forthe structure, a damage model taking the equivalent stiffness of undamaged structureas an initial scalar is proposed. A story damage model is also established according tothe energy distribution on each story. Analysis on the damage evolution and collapseof the tall steel frame-concrete tube hybrid structure under severe earthquake isconducted. The results indicate that this damage model can effectively evaluate thedamage level of such structure, and the analysis model considering damageaccumulation effect, strength degrading and negative stiffness effects can effectivelysimulate the damage evolution and trace the route of collapse, i.e., the collapseprocess begins from the concrete tube, then, steel frame carries the majority of horizontal seismic force causing the ground floor columns gradually losing theirvertical bearing capacity, furthermore, the ground floor column will completely losetheir vertical bearing capacity when their bottom is seriously damaged and causes thewhole structure collapse.
(4) The shaking table tests of the damage and failure process the scaled model isperformed. A three-story steel-concrete hybrid structure scaled model is designed andfabricated to analyse the damage evolution and failure process and to verify thedamage model based on the equivalent stiffness. The damage level evaluation of thescaled model is carried out using this damage model proving the damaged modelworks well in evaluating the residual stiffness and damage level after earthquake. Theresults indicate that the solid model with the consideration of bond slip effect andfiber model with the consideration of damage accumulation effect can effectivelysimulate the seismic response of the scaled model respectively. The simulatingprecision of solid model is slight better than that of fiber model, whereas, thecomputer efficiency of fiber model is far higher than that of solid model. The fibermodel combined with the modified K&K model and modified Faria model caneffectively simulate the damage evolution and dynamic responses of the scaled modelunder the earthquakes.
本文以高层钢框架结构、高层钢框架—混凝土核心筒结构为研究对象，系统研究高层建筑结构在强震作用下的损伤演化规律和破坏倒塌机制，主要研究工作和创新成果如下：
（1）高层建筑结构竖向承重构件（钢柱、钢筋混凝土剪力墙和钢筋混凝土柱）地震损伤分析。在考虑Bauschinger效应的Krieg&Key本构模型（简称K&K模型）基础上，引入Bonora损伤模型，提出了钢柱考虑损伤累积效应的修正K&K模型，分析表明考虑材料损伤累积效应，钢柱竖向承载力显著降低，钢柱损伤在峰值加速度出现时段内发展迅速，随地震强度增大而增大；在Sina滞回模型基础上，引入Fukuzawa算法准则，提出了钢筋混凝土剪力墙考虑强度退化和负刚度效应的修正Sina模型，分析表明修正Sina模型可较好地模拟混凝土开裂、钢筋屈服、强度退化和负刚度效应等重要性能，钢筋混凝土剪力墙损伤随加载幅值增加而增大，在加载幅值改变处发生突变；采用钢筋混凝土柱精细化分析模型，建立基于竖向剩余承载力的损伤模型，通过增量动力分析（Incremental DynamicAnalysis简称IDA）得到钢筋混凝土柱的地震响应和损伤值，提出了钢筋混凝土柱基于易损性曲线的地震损伤评估方法，分析表明该方法可较准确地评估其在不同地震作用下的损伤程度。
（2）高层钢框架结构考虑损伤累积效应的地震倒塌分析。基于中心差分法的显式积分格式，通过定义结构的层损伤，将修正的K&K模型应用到结构中，以考虑结构在地震作用下强度和刚度的退化规律，针对结构倒塌破坏的不确定性，提出一种用于高层钢框架结构在强震作用下倒塌全过程模拟的数值方法，通过编制有限元程序将该方法用于分析一座20层Benchmark钢框架结构地震响应、失效极限荷载、失效路径和倒塌全过程。分析表明该方法考虑材料损伤累积效应能更精确确定Benchmark钢框架结构的失效极限荷载，可在未知结构失效破坏模式前提下，较好地追踪结构在强震作用下的失效路径，模拟Benchmark钢框架结构的倒塌破坏全过程，得到其最终破坏模式，在一定程度上揭示高层钢框架结构的倒塌破坏机理。
（3）高层钢框架—混凝土核心筒结构基于等效刚度的地震倒塌分析。依据高层钢框架—混凝土核心筒结构在地震作用下的滞回特性，以无损状态下的等效刚度作为初始标量，考虑结构各层能量分布特性，建立按能量分配的结构层损伤模型，提出了高层钢框架—混凝土核心筒结构基于等效刚度的地震损伤模型，分析表明基于等效刚度的地震损伤模型可较好地评估高层钢框架—混凝土核心筒结构在地震作用后的损伤破坏程度，所建立的考虑损伤累积效应、强度退化和负刚度效应的分析模型能较好地模拟高层钢框架—混凝土核心筒结构的地震损伤演化规律和倒塌破坏全过程，即混凝土核心筒先于钢框架发生损伤破坏，随后钢框架承担大部分水平地震力，导致首层框架柱因损伤累积而逐渐丧失其竖向承载力，当角柱柱脚发生严重损伤时，整体结构发生倒塌破坏。
（4）钢—混凝土结构地震损伤与失效过程的模型振动台试验。设计制作了一座3层钢—混凝土结构模型，对其进行振动台试验，分析了钢—混凝土结构模型在地震作用下的损伤演化规律和失效过程，采用基于等效刚度的地震损伤模型对其进行损伤程度评估，验证了基于等效刚度损伤模型的正确性，分析表明该损伤模型能较好地评估钢—混凝土结构模型在地震作用后的剩余刚度和损伤破坏程度。所采用的考虑粘结滑移效应的实体模型和考虑损伤累积效应的纤维模型均能较好地模拟钢—混凝土结构模型的地震响应，前者计算精度略高于后者，但后者具有较高的计算效率。所采用的考虑损伤累积效应的修正K&K模型和修正Faria模型相结合的纤维模型能较精确地模拟钢—混凝土结构模型在地震作用下的损伤演化规律，有效提高其地震响应的模拟精度。
With the development of economy and science and technology, in recent twentyyears, a great number of tall building structures and super tall building structures havebeen built as the focus of the world in our country. These tall building structures havegreat social influence as the land marks of a city. However, most of these buildingsare located in seismic region, the loss of structural bearing capacity tends to causelocal collapse or overall collapse of the structure when strong earthquake occurs. Suchcollapse will result in great economic loss and casualties and has immeasurablenegative social impacts. Therefore, it is of significant theoretical and practical value tostudy the damage evolution and the collapse mechanism of tall building structuresunder severe earthquakes, and to improve structural seismic capability by takingeffective design methods and collapse resistance measurements.
In this dissertation, the damage evolution and the collapse mechanism of themajor vertical bearing members (such as steel column, reinforced concrete shear walland reinforced concrete column), tall steel frame structure and tall steelframe-concrete tube hybrid structure under severe earthquake is addressed. Primaryresearch contents and achievements are summarized as follows:
(1) Seismic damage analysis of the major vertical bearing members (such as steelcolumn, reinforced concrete shear wall and reinforced concrete column) of tallbuilding structures is conducted. A modified Krieg&Key constitutive model (K&Kmodel) with a consideration of the damage accumulation effect is proposed, based onthe K&K model considering the Bauschinger effect of steel material is developed byimporting the Bonora damage model. The results indicate that the vertical bearingcapacity of the steel column decrease significantly while considering the materialcumulative damage effect. The damage of steel column develops rapidly after thepeak acceleration appeared which also increases with the seismic intensity. With aconsideration of the degradation of strength and effects of negative stiffness, amodified Sina model of reinforced concrete shear wall on the basis of Sina hystereticmodel is introduced by importing the Fukuzawa algorithm criterion. The resultsindicate that the modified Sina model is well capable of simulating the mechanicalperformance of the reinforced concrete shear wall at different stages, such as concrete cracking, steel yielding, strength degrading and negative stiffness effects etc. Thedamage increase with loading amplitude and changes abruptly at the loading changepoint. By employing the refined analysis model, the damage model based on verticalresidual bearing capacity is established. The vulnerability curves with lognormaldistribution are constructed through incremental dynamic analysis for damageassessment. A seismic damage assessment method based on vulnerability curves isproposed for reinforced concrete columns. It is indicated that the recommendedmethod of damage assessment for reinforced concrete columns is simple in computingand effective in evaluating the damage level under different seismic intensity indices.
(2) Seismic collapse analysis of tall steel frame considering damageaccumulation. On the basis of the explicit integration form of the central differencemethod and the modified K&K model is applied to the whole structure throughdefining a structural damage index for story level so as to study the rule of structurestrength and stiffness degradation due to earthquakes. Against the uncertainty ofstructure collapse, a numerical approach for simulating the collapse process of steelframe structure under the severe earthquake is proposed.The seismic response, failureultimate loading, failure path and the collapse process of a20stories benchmark steelframe structure under earthquake using this approach was studied, and the resultsdemonstrate that the damage accumulation effect considered in this numericalapproach works better at determining the failure ultimate loading of the tall steelframe. For the cases with unknown failure mode, of the structure, this approach canbetter simulate the failure path, the collapse process of structure and reveal thecollapse mechanism of structure to some extent.
(3) Seismic collapse analysis of tall steel frame-concrete tube hybrid structurebased on equivalent stiffness. On the basis of the seismic hysteretic characteristics forthe structure, a damage model taking the equivalent stiffness of undamaged structureas an initial scalar is proposed. A story damage model is also established according tothe energy distribution on each story. Analysis on the damage evolution and collapseof the tall steel frame-concrete tube hybrid structure under severe earthquake isconducted. The results indicate that this damage model can effectively evaluate thedamage level of such structure, and the analysis model considering damageaccumulation effect, strength degrading and negative stiffness effects can effectivelysimulate the damage evolution and trace the route of collapse, i.e., the collapseprocess begins from the concrete tube, then, steel frame carries the majority of horizontal seismic force causing the ground floor columns gradually losing theirvertical bearing capacity, furthermore, the ground floor column will completely losetheir vertical bearing capacity when their bottom is seriously damaged and causes thewhole structure collapse.
(4) The shaking table tests of the damage and failure process the scaled model isperformed. A three-story steel-concrete hybrid structure scaled model is designed andfabricated to analyse the damage evolution and failure process and to verify thedamage model based on the equivalent stiffness. The damage level evaluation of thescaled model is carried out using this damage model proving the damaged modelworks well in evaluating the residual stiffness and damage level after earthquake. Theresults indicate that the solid model with the consideration of bond slip effect andfiber model with the consideration of damage accumulation effect can effectivelysimulate the seismic response of the scaled model respectively. The simulatingprecision of solid model is slight better than that of fiber model, whereas, thecomputer efficiency of fiber model is far higher than that of solid model. The fibermodel combined with the modified K&K model and modified Faria model caneffectively simulate the damage evolution and dynamic responses of the scaled modelunder the earthquakes.
引文
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