不同天气下的天空散射光偏振特性研究
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摘要
生物学家研究发现,沙蚁等昆虫能够借助天空散射光的偏振分布特性进行导航定位,它的视觉神经系统对天空散射光的偏振方向极其敏感。受此启发,近年来天空散射光偏振特性及其在仿生导航系统上的应用成为国内学者的研究热点。但是,天空散射光的偏振特性受到多种外界因素的影响,其中天气因素是极其重要的影响因素。因此,在不同天气下进行天空散射光偏振特性及其分布规律的测量与分析,对仿生导航系统的开发利用具有特别重要的意义。
本文从大气的相关散射理论入手,首先分析了实际大气中多种气溶胶粒子对天空散射光的影响。然后论述了天空散射光偏振特性的产生机理及测量原理。依据天空散射光偏振特性测量原理,本文接着介绍了天空散射光偏振特性的测量模型,进而对天空散射光偏振特性测量系统进行了简单介绍。
利用搭建完成的天空散射光偏振特性测量系统,我们分别以全天空和太阳子午面两种测量方式对不同天气下的天空散射光偏振特性进行了大量测量,测量天气包括了多种晴天、多云或阴天天气。利用优化完成的天空散射光偏振特性数据处理分析软件,我们又对450-475nm或435-470nm波段的天空散射光偏振特性进行了处理和分析,并以二维图形的方式显示了各种不同天气下的全天空散射光偏振分布特性,进而初步研究了湿度、污染指数和云层等气象因素对天空散射光偏振特性的影响。
研究结果表明,晴、多云或少云等太阳可见天气下的天空散射光偏振特性与Rayleigh散射模型基本吻合,阴天下的天空散射光偏振特性与Rayleigh散射模型偏差较大。
Biologists'research shows that the desert ant can navigate with the patterns of the skylight polarization, because its vision nervous system is sensitive with angle of scattering skylight polarization. In these years, the polarized characteristics of scattering skylight and its applications to bionic navigation system have been the hot subjects in China. However, many factors influence the polarized characteristics of scattering skylight, and the atmospheric condition is the very important influencing factors.Therefore, the measurement and analysis on the polarized characteristics and distribution pattern of scattering skylight at different atmospheric conditions are pre-requisite for exploiting bionic navigation system.
At first, we analyse the effect of atmosphere aerosol on scattering skylight through the atmospheric scattering theory. After that, the forming mechanisms and measuring principle for the polarized characteristics of scattering skylight are presented. Based on the measuring principle, we introduce the measuring model for the polarized characteristics of scattering skylight. Then, the skylight polarization measurement system is introduced simply.
Using the measurement system, the measurements on the polarized characteristics of scattering skylight are performed in clear days, cloudy days or overcast days through the full-sky and solar vertical plane. Using the optimized data analysis software, the polarized characteristics of scattering skylight are acquired in the spectral range 450-475nm or 435-470nm, and the full-sky distribution patterns of scattering skylight at different atmospheric conditions are presented by two-dimensional graphics.Furthermore, the pilot study on meteorologic factors (humidity, polluting index and cloud) influence on the polarized characteristics of scattering skylight is given.
The study indicate that the polarized characteristics of scattering skylight are in agreement with Rayleigh model in sunny skies (clear days, cloudy days or partly cloudy days), and the deviation of polarized characteristics of scattering skylight in overcast days from Rayleigh model is pretty large.
本文从大气的相关散射理论入手,首先分析了实际大气中多种气溶胶粒子对天空散射光的影响。然后论述了天空散射光偏振特性的产生机理及测量原理。依据天空散射光偏振特性测量原理,本文接着介绍了天空散射光偏振特性的测量模型,进而对天空散射光偏振特性测量系统进行了简单介绍。
利用搭建完成的天空散射光偏振特性测量系统,我们分别以全天空和太阳子午面两种测量方式对不同天气下的天空散射光偏振特性进行了大量测量,测量天气包括了多种晴天、多云或阴天天气。利用优化完成的天空散射光偏振特性数据处理分析软件,我们又对450-475nm或435-470nm波段的天空散射光偏振特性进行了处理和分析,并以二维图形的方式显示了各种不同天气下的全天空散射光偏振分布特性,进而初步研究了湿度、污染指数和云层等气象因素对天空散射光偏振特性的影响。
研究结果表明,晴、多云或少云等太阳可见天气下的天空散射光偏振特性与Rayleigh散射模型基本吻合,阴天下的天空散射光偏振特性与Rayleigh散射模型偏差较大。
Biologists'research shows that the desert ant can navigate with the patterns of the skylight polarization, because its vision nervous system is sensitive with angle of scattering skylight polarization. In these years, the polarized characteristics of scattering skylight and its applications to bionic navigation system have been the hot subjects in China. However, many factors influence the polarized characteristics of scattering skylight, and the atmospheric condition is the very important influencing factors.Therefore, the measurement and analysis on the polarized characteristics and distribution pattern of scattering skylight at different atmospheric conditions are pre-requisite for exploiting bionic navigation system.
At first, we analyse the effect of atmosphere aerosol on scattering skylight through the atmospheric scattering theory. After that, the forming mechanisms and measuring principle for the polarized characteristics of scattering skylight are presented. Based on the measuring principle, we introduce the measuring model for the polarized characteristics of scattering skylight. Then, the skylight polarization measurement system is introduced simply.
Using the measurement system, the measurements on the polarized characteristics of scattering skylight are performed in clear days, cloudy days or overcast days through the full-sky and solar vertical plane. Using the optimized data analysis software, the polarized characteristics of scattering skylight are acquired in the spectral range 450-475nm or 435-470nm, and the full-sky distribution patterns of scattering skylight at different atmospheric conditions are presented by two-dimensional graphics.Furthermore, the pilot study on meteorologic factors (humidity, polluting index and cloud) influence on the polarized characteristics of scattering skylight is given.
The study indicate that the polarized characteristics of scattering skylight are in agreement with Rayleigh model in sunny skies (clear days, cloudy days or partly cloudy days), and the deviation of polarized characteristics of scattering skylight in overcast days from Rayleigh model is pretty large.
引文
[1]ARAGO F. Astronomie Populaire[M].NABU PR,2010.
[2]WEHNER R. Desert ant navigation:how miniature brains solve complex tasks[J].J Comp Physiol A,2003,189:579-588.
[3]MULLER M,WEHNER R. Wind and sky as compass cues in desert ant navigation[J] Naturwissenschaften,2007,94:589-594.
[4]FROST B J,MOURITSEN H. The neural mechanisms of long distance animal navigation[J]. Current Opinion in Neurobiology,2006,16:481-488.
[5]LABHART T, KELLER K. Fine structure and growth of the polarization sensitive dorsal rim area in the compound eye of larval crickets[J].Naturwissenschaften,1992,79: 527-529.
[6]LAMBRINOS D,MOLLER R, LABHART T,et al.A mobile robot employing insect strategies for navigation[J].Robotics and Autonomous Systems,2000,30:39-64.
[7]褚金奎,赵开春.仿昆虫复眼偏振敏感测角光电模型研究[J].微纳电子技术,2005,12：541-545.
[8]CHU J K, ZHAO K CH,ZHANG Q, et al.Construction and performance test of a novel polarization sensor for navigation[J].Sensors and Actuators A:Physical,2008, 148(1):75-82.
[9]MUKAI S,SANO I,TAKASHIMA T,et al.Aerosol Retrieval Based on Photopolarimetry[C]. IGARSS'94, Pasadena. CA. USA,1994,4:1898-1900.
[10]DESCHAMPS P Y,BREON F M, LEROY M. The POLDER Mission:Instrument Characteristics And Scientific Objectives[J].IEEE Transactions on Geosciences and Remote Sensing, 1994,5(32):589-615.
[11]SCHMUGGE T J. Remoting Sensing of Surface Soil Moisture[J].Appl.Metheorol,1978, (17):1549-1557.
[12]BEBERMEYER R.Polarization Diversity for Reduction of Scattering from Spatially Periodic Perfectly Conducting Surfaces[J].Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium,1994,3:1626-1629.
[13]BARCAGLIA M, FERRAZZOLI P. A Fully Polarimentic Multiple Scattering Model for Agricultural Fields[C].IGARSS'95, Pasadena. CA. USA,1995,2:70-73.
[14]KASILINGAM D, SCHULER D, JONGSEN L, et al.Modulation of Polarimetric Coherence by Ocean Features[C].IGARSS'02,Pasadena. CA. USA,2002,1:432-434.
[15]ANDREOU A G,KALAYJIAN Z K. Polarization Imaging:Principles and Integrated Polarimeters[J].IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL,2002,2(6):567-576.
[16]孙晓兵,洪津,乔延利.大气散射辐射偏振特性测量研究[J].量子电子学报,2005,22(1)：111-112.
[17]彭妮娜,周建民,罗军,等.大气及典型地物光学特性数据库[J].大气与环境光学学报,2006,1(2)：92-96.
[18]都安平.成像偏振探测的若干关键技术研究[D].西安：西北工业大学,2006.
[19]邵卫东,王培纲.多通道分光偏振计技术研究[J].红外,2000,(9)：7-11.
[20]SMITH M H.Interpreting Mueller Matrix Images of Tissues.Laser-Tissue Interaction XII[J].SPIE,2001,4257:82-89.
[21]晏磊,关桂霞,陈家斌,等.基于天空偏振光分布模式的仿生导航定向机理初探[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2009,45(4)：616-620.
[22]曹楠楠.应用于仿生导航的天空散射光的偏振特性研究[D].大连：大连理工大学机械工程学院,2008.
[23]褚金奎,赵开春,王体昌,等.仿生偏振导航传感器模型的构建与标定[J].微纳电子技术,2007,7：376-378.
[24]RAYLEIGH L. On the light from the sky, its polarization and color[J].Phil.Mag, 1871,61:107-279.
[25]杨晔,张镇西,将大宗.Mie散射物理量的数值计算[J].应用光学,1997,18(4)：17-19.
[26]BRINES M L,GOULD J L. Skylight polarization patterns and animal orientation[J]. J. Exp. Biol,1982,96:69-91.
[27]VOSS K J,LIU Y.Polarized radiance distribution measurements of skylight.I.System description and characterization[J].Appl.Opt,1997,36:6083-6094.
[28]LIU Y,VOSS K J. Polarized radiance distribution measurements of skylight.II. Experiment and data[J],Appl.Opt,1997,36:8753-8764.
[29]HORVATH G, GAL J, POMOZI I,et al.Polarization Portrait of the Arago Point: Video-polarimetric Imaging of the Neutral Points of Skylight Polarization[J]. Naturwissenschaften,1998,85:333-339.
[30]GAL J, HORVATH G, MEYERROCHOW V B, et al.Polarization patterns of the summer sky and its neutral points measured by full-sky imaging polarimetry in Finnish Lapland north of the Arctic Circle[J].The Royal Society,2000,457:1385-1398.
[31]GAL J, HORVATH G, BARTA A. Polarization patterns of the moonlit clear night sky measured by full-sky imaging polarimetry at full Moon:Comparison of the polarization of moonlit and sunlit skies[J].JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH,2001, 106(19):22647-22653.
[32]POMOZI I, HORVATH G,WEHNER R. How the clear-sky angle of polarization pattern continues underneath clouds:full-sky measurements and implications for animal orientation[J].J. Exp.Biol,2001,204:2933-2942.
[33]HORVATH G, BARTA A, GAL J, et al.Ground-based full-sky imaging polarimetry of rapidly changing skies and its use for polarimetric cloud detection[J].Appl.Op 2002,41(3):543-559.
[34]SUHAI B,HORVATH G. How well does the Rayleigh model describe the E-vector distribution of skylight in clear and cloudy conditions? A full-sky polarimetric study[J].Optical Society of America,2004,21(9):1669-1676.
[35]HEGEDUS R, AKESSON S,WEHNER R, et al.Could Vikings have navigated under foggy and cloudy conditions by skylight polarization? On the atmospheric optical prerequisites of polarimetric Viking navigation under foggy and cloudy skies[J]. The Royal Society,2007,463:1081-1095.
[36]CRONIN T W, WARRANT E J,GREINER B. Celestial polarization patterns during twilight[J].Optical Society of America,2006,45(22):5582-5589.
[37]HEGEDUS R, AKESSON S,HORVATH G. Polarization patterns of thick clouds:overcast skies have distribution of the angle of polarization similar to that of clear skies[J].J.Opt.Soc.Am. A,2007,24(8):2347-2356.
[38]LI ZH Q, GOLOUB P, DUBOVIK O, et al.Improvements for ground-based remote sensing of atmospheric aerosol properties by additional polarimetric measurements[J] Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer,2009,110:1954-1961.
[39]姚弘轶.面向仿生微纳导航系统的天空偏振光研究[D].大连：大连理工大学机械工程学院,2006.
[40]赵开春,褚金奎,姚弘毅,等.Rayleigh大气天空光偏振分布仿真与预测[J].四川大学学报(工程科学版),2007,39Supp:287-291.
[41]崔岩,曹楠楠,褚金奎,等.天空偏振光测量系统的设计[J].光学精密工程,2009,17(6)：1431-1435.
[42]关桂霞,晏磊,陈家斌,等.天空偏振模式图动态特性分析[J].计算机应用与软件,2009,26(12)：179-181.
[43]盛裴轩等.大气物理学[M].北京：北京大学出版社,1997.
[44]徐娟.大气的光散射特性及大气对散射光偏振态的影响[D].南京：南京信息工程大学2005.
[45]http://baike.baidu.com/view/1985956.htm.
[46]Mie C. Beitrage zur opitic truber medien[J].Ann. physick,1908,25:377-445.
[47]HOVENIER J W, MUNOZ 0. Light scattering in the Solar System:An introductory review[J].Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer,2009, 110:1280-1292.
[48]徐涛.高速偏振图像数据采集与存储系统[D].合肥：中国科学技术大学,2003.
[49]新谷隆一,范爱英,康昌鹤.偏振光[M].北京：原子能出版社,1994.
[2]WEHNER R. Desert ant navigation:how miniature brains solve complex tasks[J].J Comp Physiol A,2003,189:579-588.
[3]MULLER M,WEHNER R. Wind and sky as compass cues in desert ant navigation[J] Naturwissenschaften,2007,94:589-594.
[4]FROST B J,MOURITSEN H. The neural mechanisms of long distance animal navigation[J]. Current Opinion in Neurobiology,2006,16:481-488.
[5]LABHART T, KELLER K. Fine structure and growth of the polarization sensitive dorsal rim area in the compound eye of larval crickets[J].Naturwissenschaften,1992,79: 527-529.
[6]LAMBRINOS D,MOLLER R, LABHART T,et al.A mobile robot employing insect strategies for navigation[J].Robotics and Autonomous Systems,2000,30:39-64.
[7]褚金奎,赵开春.仿昆虫复眼偏振敏感测角光电模型研究[J].微纳电子技术,2005,12：541-545.
[8]CHU J K, ZHAO K CH,ZHANG Q, et al.Construction and performance test of a novel polarization sensor for navigation[J].Sensors and Actuators A:Physical,2008, 148(1):75-82.
[9]MUKAI S,SANO I,TAKASHIMA T,et al.Aerosol Retrieval Based on Photopolarimetry[C]. IGARSS'94, Pasadena. CA. USA,1994,4:1898-1900.
[10]DESCHAMPS P Y,BREON F M, LEROY M. The POLDER Mission:Instrument Characteristics And Scientific Objectives[J].IEEE Transactions on Geosciences and Remote Sensing, 1994,5(32):589-615.
[11]SCHMUGGE T J. Remoting Sensing of Surface Soil Moisture[J].Appl.Metheorol,1978, (17):1549-1557.
[12]BEBERMEYER R.Polarization Diversity for Reduction of Scattering from Spatially Periodic Perfectly Conducting Surfaces[J].Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium,1994,3:1626-1629.
[13]BARCAGLIA M, FERRAZZOLI P. A Fully Polarimentic Multiple Scattering Model for Agricultural Fields[C].IGARSS'95, Pasadena. CA. USA,1995,2:70-73.
[14]KASILINGAM D, SCHULER D, JONGSEN L, et al.Modulation of Polarimetric Coherence by Ocean Features[C].IGARSS'02,Pasadena. CA. USA,2002,1:432-434.
[15]ANDREOU A G,KALAYJIAN Z K. Polarization Imaging:Principles and Integrated Polarimeters[J].IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL,2002,2(6):567-576.
[16]孙晓兵,洪津,乔延利.大气散射辐射偏振特性测量研究[J].量子电子学报,2005,22(1)：111-112.
[17]彭妮娜,周建民,罗军,等.大气及典型地物光学特性数据库[J].大气与环境光学学报,2006,1(2)：92-96.
[18]都安平.成像偏振探测的若干关键技术研究[D].西安：西北工业大学,2006.
[19]邵卫东,王培纲.多通道分光偏振计技术研究[J].红外,2000,(9)：7-11.
[20]SMITH M H.Interpreting Mueller Matrix Images of Tissues.Laser-Tissue Interaction XII[J].SPIE,2001,4257:82-89.
[21]晏磊,关桂霞,陈家斌,等.基于天空偏振光分布模式的仿生导航定向机理初探[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2009,45(4)：616-620.
[22]曹楠楠.应用于仿生导航的天空散射光的偏振特性研究[D].大连：大连理工大学机械工程学院,2008.
[23]褚金奎,赵开春,王体昌,等.仿生偏振导航传感器模型的构建与标定[J].微纳电子技术,2007,7：376-378.
[24]RAYLEIGH L. On the light from the sky, its polarization and color[J].Phil.Mag, 1871,61:107-279.
[25]杨晔,张镇西,将大宗.Mie散射物理量的数值计算[J].应用光学,1997,18(4)：17-19.
[26]BRINES M L,GOULD J L. Skylight polarization patterns and animal orientation[J]. J. Exp. Biol,1982,96:69-91.
[27]VOSS K J,LIU Y.Polarized radiance distribution measurements of skylight.I.System description and characterization[J].Appl.Opt,1997,36:6083-6094.
[28]LIU Y,VOSS K J. Polarized radiance distribution measurements of skylight.II. Experiment and data[J],Appl.Opt,1997,36:8753-8764.
[29]HORVATH G, GAL J, POMOZI I,et al.Polarization Portrait of the Arago Point: Video-polarimetric Imaging of the Neutral Points of Skylight Polarization[J]. Naturwissenschaften,1998,85:333-339.
[30]GAL J, HORVATH G, MEYERROCHOW V B, et al.Polarization patterns of the summer sky and its neutral points measured by full-sky imaging polarimetry in Finnish Lapland north of the Arctic Circle[J].The Royal Society,2000,457:1385-1398.
[31]GAL J, HORVATH G, BARTA A. Polarization patterns of the moonlit clear night sky measured by full-sky imaging polarimetry at full Moon:Comparison of the polarization of moonlit and sunlit skies[J].JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH,2001, 106(19):22647-22653.
[32]POMOZI I, HORVATH G,WEHNER R. How the clear-sky angle of polarization pattern continues underneath clouds:full-sky measurements and implications for animal orientation[J].J. Exp.Biol,2001,204:2933-2942.
[33]HORVATH G, BARTA A, GAL J, et al.Ground-based full-sky imaging polarimetry of rapidly changing skies and its use for polarimetric cloud detection[J].Appl.Op 2002,41(3):543-559.
[34]SUHAI B,HORVATH G. How well does the Rayleigh model describe the E-vector distribution of skylight in clear and cloudy conditions? A full-sky polarimetric study[J].Optical Society of America,2004,21(9):1669-1676.
[35]HEGEDUS R, AKESSON S,WEHNER R, et al.Could Vikings have navigated under foggy and cloudy conditions by skylight polarization? On the atmospheric optical prerequisites of polarimetric Viking navigation under foggy and cloudy skies[J]. The Royal Society,2007,463:1081-1095.
[36]CRONIN T W, WARRANT E J,GREINER B. Celestial polarization patterns during twilight[J].Optical Society of America,2006,45(22):5582-5589.
[37]HEGEDUS R, AKESSON S,HORVATH G. Polarization patterns of thick clouds:overcast skies have distribution of the angle of polarization similar to that of clear skies[J].J.Opt.Soc.Am. A,2007,24(8):2347-2356.
[38]LI ZH Q, GOLOUB P, DUBOVIK O, et al.Improvements for ground-based remote sensing of atmospheric aerosol properties by additional polarimetric measurements[J] Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer,2009,110:1954-1961.
[39]姚弘轶.面向仿生微纳导航系统的天空偏振光研究[D].大连：大连理工大学机械工程学院,2006.
[40]赵开春,褚金奎,姚弘毅,等.Rayleigh大气天空光偏振分布仿真与预测[J].四川大学学报(工程科学版),2007,39Supp:287-291.
[41]崔岩,曹楠楠,褚金奎,等.天空偏振光测量系统的设计[J].光学精密工程,2009,17(6)：1431-1435.
[42]关桂霞,晏磊,陈家斌,等.天空偏振模式图动态特性分析[J].计算机应用与软件,2009,26(12)：179-181.
[43]盛裴轩等.大气物理学[M].北京：北京大学出版社,1997.
[44]徐娟.大气的光散射特性及大气对散射光偏振态的影响[D].南京：南京信息工程大学2005.
[45]http://baike.baidu.com/view/1985956.htm.
[46]Mie C. Beitrage zur opitic truber medien[J].Ann. physick,1908,25:377-445.
[47]HOVENIER J W, MUNOZ 0. Light scattering in the Solar System:An introductory review[J].Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer,2009, 110:1280-1292.
[48]徐涛.高速偏振图像数据采集与存储系统[D].合肥：中国科学技术大学,2003.
[49]新谷隆一,范爱英,康昌鹤.偏振光[M].北京：原子能出版社,1994.