惠州近代（1840-1949）城市景观构架变迁研究
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摘要
惠州——惠州位于广东省东南部珠江三角洲东北端,是广东省历史名城,古称循州、祯州,有1400多年的建制历史,自古以来就是东江流域政治、经济、文化、交通中心。
本文的创新点在于从总体景观构架出发,注重于对近代(1840-1949)城市整体景观构架变迁的系统梳理,有助于发掘城市景观变迁的真正驱动力所在。
本研究对于理解近代(1840-1949)中国城市景观构架的变迁大有裨益,同时是理解中国城市变迁规律的重要组成部分。广东地区处于与西方文化接触的前沿阵地,是近代西方文化输入的重要场所之一,研究这一时期的广东地区城市景观的变迁具有典型意义。
当前,国内对于城市景观的系统研究尚处于起步阶段,特别是中国近现代的城市景观变迁研究工作尚未全面展开。现阶段国内的相关研究缺乏对城市景观进行结构性的梳理,通常的研究仅仅局限于事象的罗列。另一方面国外关于城市景观的构成、功能及其调控策略的研究,是国外城市景观研究中十分活跃的领域。其主要涉及到城市景观的规划与管理、城市景观建筑、城市用地开发以及自然与人文过程的相互影响等方面。但是由于文化、基本国情、发展脉络等等多方面的差异,这些研究对中国城市的适应性尚待研究论证。
本文通过三个层次对惠州城市展开研究:第一层面,从城市所处的大区域环境对城市的产生和发展历程的影响展开研究,主要内容有城市选址、城市的空间和社会特征、城市发展脉络,以此作为全文的宏观背景;第二层面,对不同时期惠州古城的景观构架构成体系起核心作用的主导景观以及元素展开研究;第三层面,在上述系统研究之后,建立不同时期城市完整的景观构架体系,并揭示其变迁的内容与机制。
本文采用历史与文献分析的方法、概括抽象的方法、比较方法以及实地调查法,研究了近代(1840—1949)惠州地区景观构架的变迁机制;促使其变化的驱动力以及城市景观在城市变迁过程中的应对策略;此外还涉及到对如何建立完整的景观构架体系以及城市景观构成要素的分析研究。
本研究具有重要的学术和应用价值。对惠州城市景观构架的变迁和其变迁驱动力的研究与论述,是科学分析和评价现代惠州以及其他类似城市的城市建设实践、深刻理解其城市变迁机制的重要依据,有助于了解城市景观在城市变迁过程中的应对策略。本研究有助于理解该时期惠州城市近代化的过程及动因。从而对城市景观变迁驱动力有较为深刻的认识。本文希望通过持续的研究对广东地区乃至全国范围内的近代城市景观的变迁机制有一个较为全面的、系统的理解。
Huizhou, which situated in the northeastern part of Pearl River Delta, Guangdong proven ice, is a famous historic and cultural city and has a history of nearly 1,400 years old. From ancient times to the present, it is the central of politics, economy, civilization, and communications.
The innovation point of this study is that it proceeds from general landscape structure and put a high premium on comprehensively and systematically analyzing and systemizing the general landscape structure’s changes of cities during the time from1840 to1949 in order to find the true reasons and driving forces.
This research is very helpful in the following aspects: First, understanding the landscape structure’s changes of Chinese cities (1840-1949) is important component of Understanding the general rules of Chinese cities changes. Second, The Pearl River Delta, especially for Guangdong is the forward position of influence by western culture and economy, and is also the significant places of capital and literacy exporting from western world during 1840-1949. So, studying Landscape Structure’s Changes of this area during this time is of very typical and unique values.
At present, the internal comprehensive research on urban landscape structure is still in the early stage at present, especially for landscape structure’s changes of cities in neoteric and modern times, and, internal correlation study is still in short of comprehensively and systematically analyzing, and the usual study is often limited to displaying objects and phenomenon. Besides, foreign landscape structure studies about formation, function, coping strategies is a quite active field of research. The primary coverage is about civic landscape planning and management, landscape architecture, urban land use, interrelationship between nature and humanity and so on. But whether it is suitable for china still need further argumentation because of differences such as culture, fundamental realities, development history and so on.
This article carries on research through three layers: First, the influence of city's regional environment and background to its development, include city location, space and social characteristics, and developmental trajectories; Second, the main landscape and elements which play the role of a nucleus to urban landscape structure; Third, establish models to different times and reveal content and mechanisms.
This research uses methodologies which include history and literature analysis, abstract conceptualization, comparative approach and field method to analyze the changing mechanism on landscape structure of Chinese Cities (1840-1949) in Huizhou; the driving forces and coping strategy of landscape structure in the process of developing and changing; to find out the main elements of urban landscape structure, and to set up the integrated system of frames for analysis and evaluation
The study has very important academic and application values. and its driving force of cities in Huizhou is the sound basis for rationally evaluating and analyzing the practice for urban construction, and also for deeply understanding the general rules of changes in such similarly cities. Besides, it is also helpful for understanding coping strategies in the process of changing. This study is also helpful for understanding the process and underlying forces of urban modernization. Besides, through continuous research, we hope that we could comprehensively and systematically understand the general rules for landscape structure’s changes of Pearl River Delta and even of the whole country.
本文的创新点在于从总体景观构架出发,注重于对近代(1840-1949)城市整体景观构架变迁的系统梳理,有助于发掘城市景观变迁的真正驱动力所在。
本研究对于理解近代(1840-1949)中国城市景观构架的变迁大有裨益,同时是理解中国城市变迁规律的重要组成部分。广东地区处于与西方文化接触的前沿阵地,是近代西方文化输入的重要场所之一,研究这一时期的广东地区城市景观的变迁具有典型意义。
当前,国内对于城市景观的系统研究尚处于起步阶段,特别是中国近现代的城市景观变迁研究工作尚未全面展开。现阶段国内的相关研究缺乏对城市景观进行结构性的梳理,通常的研究仅仅局限于事象的罗列。另一方面国外关于城市景观的构成、功能及其调控策略的研究,是国外城市景观研究中十分活跃的领域。其主要涉及到城市景观的规划与管理、城市景观建筑、城市用地开发以及自然与人文过程的相互影响等方面。但是由于文化、基本国情、发展脉络等等多方面的差异,这些研究对中国城市的适应性尚待研究论证。
本文通过三个层次对惠州城市展开研究:第一层面,从城市所处的大区域环境对城市的产生和发展历程的影响展开研究,主要内容有城市选址、城市的空间和社会特征、城市发展脉络,以此作为全文的宏观背景;第二层面,对不同时期惠州古城的景观构架构成体系起核心作用的主导景观以及元素展开研究;第三层面,在上述系统研究之后,建立不同时期城市完整的景观构架体系,并揭示其变迁的内容与机制。
本文采用历史与文献分析的方法、概括抽象的方法、比较方法以及实地调查法,研究了近代(1840—1949)惠州地区景观构架的变迁机制;促使其变化的驱动力以及城市景观在城市变迁过程中的应对策略;此外还涉及到对如何建立完整的景观构架体系以及城市景观构成要素的分析研究。
本研究具有重要的学术和应用价值。对惠州城市景观构架的变迁和其变迁驱动力的研究与论述,是科学分析和评价现代惠州以及其他类似城市的城市建设实践、深刻理解其城市变迁机制的重要依据,有助于了解城市景观在城市变迁过程中的应对策略。本研究有助于理解该时期惠州城市近代化的过程及动因。从而对城市景观变迁驱动力有较为深刻的认识。本文希望通过持续的研究对广东地区乃至全国范围内的近代城市景观的变迁机制有一个较为全面的、系统的理解。
Huizhou, which situated in the northeastern part of Pearl River Delta, Guangdong proven ice, is a famous historic and cultural city and has a history of nearly 1,400 years old. From ancient times to the present, it is the central of politics, economy, civilization, and communications.
The innovation point of this study is that it proceeds from general landscape structure and put a high premium on comprehensively and systematically analyzing and systemizing the general landscape structure’s changes of cities during the time from1840 to1949 in order to find the true reasons and driving forces.
This research is very helpful in the following aspects: First, understanding the landscape structure’s changes of Chinese cities (1840-1949) is important component of Understanding the general rules of Chinese cities changes. Second, The Pearl River Delta, especially for Guangdong is the forward position of influence by western culture and economy, and is also the significant places of capital and literacy exporting from western world during 1840-1949. So, studying Landscape Structure’s Changes of this area during this time is of very typical and unique values.
At present, the internal comprehensive research on urban landscape structure is still in the early stage at present, especially for landscape structure’s changes of cities in neoteric and modern times, and, internal correlation study is still in short of comprehensively and systematically analyzing, and the usual study is often limited to displaying objects and phenomenon. Besides, foreign landscape structure studies about formation, function, coping strategies is a quite active field of research. The primary coverage is about civic landscape planning and management, landscape architecture, urban land use, interrelationship between nature and humanity and so on. But whether it is suitable for china still need further argumentation because of differences such as culture, fundamental realities, development history and so on.
This article carries on research through three layers: First, the influence of city's regional environment and background to its development, include city location, space and social characteristics, and developmental trajectories; Second, the main landscape and elements which play the role of a nucleus to urban landscape structure; Third, establish models to different times and reveal content and mechanisms.
This research uses methodologies which include history and literature analysis, abstract conceptualization, comparative approach and field method to analyze the changing mechanism on landscape structure of Chinese Cities (1840-1949) in Huizhou; the driving forces and coping strategy of landscape structure in the process of developing and changing; to find out the main elements of urban landscape structure, and to set up the integrated system of frames for analysis and evaluation
The study has very important academic and application values. and its driving force of cities in Huizhou is the sound basis for rationally evaluating and analyzing the practice for urban construction, and also for deeply understanding the general rules of changes in such similarly cities. Besides, it is also helpful for understanding coping strategies in the process of changing. This study is also helpful for understanding the process and underlying forces of urban modernization. Besides, through continuous research, we hope that we could comprehensively and systematically understand the general rules for landscape structure’s changes of Pearl River Delta and even of the whole country.
引文
[01] [嘉靖]《惠州府志》,(明)修纂,北京书目文献出版社,1991.12。
[02] [光绪]《惠州府志》,(清,1881)修纂,成文出版社印行,清光绪七年影印刊本。
[03] [乾隆]《归善县志》,1967年12月第1版。
[04] [清]《广东通志)》,阮元修纂,1934年09月第1版。
[05] [清]《归善县志》,章寿彭修,[清]陆飞等纂,清光绪十三年(1887年)线装版。
[06]陈平原、夏晓虹编注:《图像晚清》,百花文艺出版社,2001年版。
[07]杨宽:《中国古代都城制度史研究》,上海古籍出版社1993年版。
[08]张仲礼、熊月之、沈祖炜:《长江沿江城市与中国近代化》,上海人民出版社2002年版。
[09]《惠州史稿》谭力浠、朱生灿,广东省惠州市文化局编印,1979,油印本。
[10]《惠州西湖志》,张友仁,广东高等教育出版社,1989.6。
[11]《惠州市惠城地情500问》,邹永祥主编,广东人民出版社,1995.6。
[12]《广东文化地理》,司徒尚纪,广东人民出版社,1993.8。
[13]《惠州文史及其他》,叶伟强等著,东坡书画院。
[14]《中国古代城市防洪研究》,吴庆洲,北京中国建筑工业出版社,1995.8。
[15]《近现代东江社会变迁研究———以惠州为中心》,成晓军等著,河北人民出版社,2008。
[16]《惠州市城市建设志》,朱铁畅等编,惠州市建设委员会、惠州市惠城区建设委员会出版,1992。
[01]《基于交通发展的郑州城市空间变迁研究》,王鲁民、韦丰著,未刊稿。
[02]《空间的故事——丽江聚落景观形式意义读本》,王鲁民、吕诗佳著,未刊稿。
[03]《营造的智慧——深圳大鹏半岛滨海传统村落研究》,王鲁民、乔迅翔著,东南大学出版社2008年版。
[04] [美]费正清编,中国社会科学院历史研究所编译室译:《剑桥中国晚清史》,中国社会科学院出版社1985年版。
[05]《中国城市发展史论集》,赵冈,新星出版社2006年版。
[06] [美]施坚雅主编,叶光庭等译,《中华帝国晚期的城市》,北京:中华书局,2000.12.
[01]傅筑夫:《中国古代城市在国民经济中的地位和作用》,载《中国经济史论丛》上册,三联书店1980年版。
[02]李伯重:《工业发展与城市变化:明中叶至清中叶的苏州》,《清史研究》2001年第3期,2002年第1、2期。
[03]张研,《试论清代的社区》,《清史研究》1997年第2期。
[04]《地方政府的职掌转变与现代城市观念的植入》,巨力芹,深圳大学硕士论文,2009年6月。
[05]《惠州城市发展探索》,叶荣,华南理工大学硕士论文,2004.6.
[01]叶岱夫,广东东江流域文化地理研究与区域经济展望,人文地理,第13卷,第4期,1998.12月
[02]李存,惠州城市的形成与发展,地理科学,第19卷,第2期,1999.4。
30《惠城文史资料》,惠州市惠城区委员会文史资料研究委员会编,1999年版,第十三辑,Page36。
31《惠州文史及其他》,叶伟强等著,1999年版,Page63。
32数据来源:《惠城文史资料》,惠州市惠城区委员会文史资料研究委员会编,1999年版,第十三辑,Page36。
33《惠州西湖志》,张友仁著,广东高等教育出版社,1989年6月,Page41。
[02] [光绪]《惠州府志》,(清,1881)修纂,成文出版社印行,清光绪七年影印刊本。
[03] [乾隆]《归善县志》,1967年12月第1版。
[04] [清]《广东通志)》,阮元修纂,1934年09月第1版。
[05] [清]《归善县志》,章寿彭修,[清]陆飞等纂,清光绪十三年(1887年)线装版。
[06]陈平原、夏晓虹编注:《图像晚清》,百花文艺出版社,2001年版。
[07]杨宽:《中国古代都城制度史研究》,上海古籍出版社1993年版。
[08]张仲礼、熊月之、沈祖炜:《长江沿江城市与中国近代化》,上海人民出版社2002年版。
[09]《惠州史稿》谭力浠、朱生灿,广东省惠州市文化局编印,1979,油印本。
[10]《惠州西湖志》,张友仁,广东高等教育出版社,1989.6。
[11]《惠州市惠城地情500问》,邹永祥主编,广东人民出版社,1995.6。
[12]《广东文化地理》,司徒尚纪,广东人民出版社,1993.8。
[13]《惠州文史及其他》,叶伟强等著,东坡书画院。
[14]《中国古代城市防洪研究》,吴庆洲,北京中国建筑工业出版社,1995.8。
[15]《近现代东江社会变迁研究———以惠州为中心》,成晓军等著,河北人民出版社,2008。
[16]《惠州市城市建设志》,朱铁畅等编,惠州市建设委员会、惠州市惠城区建设委员会出版,1992。
[01]《基于交通发展的郑州城市空间变迁研究》,王鲁民、韦丰著,未刊稿。
[02]《空间的故事——丽江聚落景观形式意义读本》,王鲁民、吕诗佳著,未刊稿。
[03]《营造的智慧——深圳大鹏半岛滨海传统村落研究》,王鲁民、乔迅翔著,东南大学出版社2008年版。
[04] [美]费正清编,中国社会科学院历史研究所编译室译:《剑桥中国晚清史》,中国社会科学院出版社1985年版。
[05]《中国城市发展史论集》,赵冈,新星出版社2006年版。
[06] [美]施坚雅主编,叶光庭等译,《中华帝国晚期的城市》,北京:中华书局,2000.12.
[01]傅筑夫:《中国古代城市在国民经济中的地位和作用》,载《中国经济史论丛》上册,三联书店1980年版。
[02]李伯重:《工业发展与城市变化:明中叶至清中叶的苏州》,《清史研究》2001年第3期,2002年第1、2期。
[03]张研,《试论清代的社区》,《清史研究》1997年第2期。
[04]《地方政府的职掌转变与现代城市观念的植入》,巨力芹,深圳大学硕士论文,2009年6月。
[05]《惠州城市发展探索》,叶荣,华南理工大学硕士论文,2004.6.
[01]叶岱夫,广东东江流域文化地理研究与区域经济展望,人文地理,第13卷,第4期,1998.12月
[02]李存,惠州城市的形成与发展,地理科学,第19卷,第2期,1999.4。
30《惠城文史资料》,惠州市惠城区委员会文史资料研究委员会编,1999年版,第十三辑,Page36。
31《惠州文史及其他》,叶伟强等著,1999年版,Page63。
32数据来源:《惠城文史资料》,惠州市惠城区委员会文史资料研究委员会编,1999年版,第十三辑,Page36。
33《惠州西湖志》,张友仁著,广东高等教育出版社,1989年6月,Page41。