结缕草GA20氧化酶基因的克隆及遗传转化研究
|
摘要
赤霉素(Gibberellins，GAs)是一类重要的植物激素，参与调控多种植物发育和生理过程。GA20氧化酶是赤霉素生物合成途径中的关键调节酶，克隆和研究草坪草中的GA20氧化酶基因为草坪草矮化育种打下基础。
本研究通过RT-PCR和RACE的方法从我国野生的结缕草中分离出GA20氧化酶基因，并分别构建了原核表达载体、适合于双子叶植物和单子叶植物遗传转化的正义和反义表达载体。探讨了GA20氧化酶基因在大肠杆菌、烟草、结缕草和高羊茅中表达，经过研究主要获得以下研究结果：
1、根据已知几种禾本科植物的GA20氧化酶基因同源性设计简并引物，提取我国野生结缕草叶片总RNA反转录成cDNA为模板，利用RT-PCR和RACE法，从结缕草中克隆了GA20氧化酶基因的cDNA全序列。该基因全长1311bp，编码区1176bp，推测编码392个氨基酸。与小麦、大麦和水稻中的GA20氧化酶基因的核苷酸序列有55％-73％的同源性。结缕草GA20氧化酶基因在GenBank上核苷酸序列的登录号为：DQ645453。
2、引入酶切位点，将克隆的结缕草GA20氧化酶基因构建到原核表达载体pET-30a中，经IPTG分别诱导1、2、3、4和5h，进行SDS-PAGE电泳，结果表明，在大约45kDa处可见一条外源蛋白表达带，并且诱导的蛋白量随着时间延长而增加，未经IPTG诱导的pET-30a(+)-GA20和pET-30a(+)在45kDa处未见条带。
3、以pC1303为基础，引入BamH I和BisW I酶切位点，构建了适合于双子叶植物遗传转化的GA20氧化酶基因正义和反义表达载体，利用叶盘法将GA20氧化酶的正义基因和反义基因转化到烟草中。并对转基因的抗性植株进行了分子检测和生长观察。共获得抗潮霉素的再生植株28株，其中转正义基因的抗性植株共12株，转反义基因的抗性植株共16株，经PCR和PCR-Southern检测，转正义和反义植株均呈阳性的株数分别为8株和11株，转化频率为67.8％。经过对转基因植株生长速度的测定，总体上，转正义基因的植株生长速度和植株高度要高于转反义基因和未转化的，转反义基因的植株其生长速度和植株高度要低于未转化的植株。在试验过程中观察到，转正义基因植株其根生长量要少于转反义基因的，转正义基因植株呈GA过量表现型，生长瘦弱，细高，叶子变小，叶色变浅，长势较转反义基因烟草的弱；转反义基因的烟草长势较好，植株有明显的矮化效果，茎杆较对照和转正义基因的烟草粗，叶色也较大，叶色变深。
4、以pC1303为基础，引入BamH I和BisW I酶切位点，构建了适合于单子叶植物遗传转化的GA20氧化酶基因正义和反义表达载体。根据本实验室已建立好的结缕草和高羊茅的再生体系获得了两个草种的胚性愈伤，利用基因枪的方法将GA20氧化酶基因分别转到两个草种中。并对转基因抗性植株进行了PCR和PCR—Southern检测，共获得了转GA20氧化酶正义基因结缕草植株2株，高羊茅39株，其中凌志为35株，千年盛世为4株；获得转反义基因高羊茅的植株数为30株，其中凌志为27株，千年盛世为3株。结缕草转正义基因的植株的表型和对照植株差别不大。高羊茅的两个转基因品种表现较明显，其转正义基因植株的表型呈GA过量表型，生长较快，叶色变浅，植株变细；转反义基因的高羊茅植株生长缓慢，叶子变粗，叶色变深。
Gibberellins(GAs) are important plant hormones, involved in various developmental and physiological processes of plants.GA20 oxidase is the key regulatory enzyme in GA biosynthesis and metabolism pathway. Cloning and studying the function of GA20 oxidase gene from turfgrass was a basic work for turfgrass dwarf breeding.
The GA20 oxidase was obtained from wild Zoysiagrass(Zoysia japonica steud.) by the means of RT-PCR and RACE, the pET-30a-GA20 vector, pC35S1303GA20+and pC35S1303GA20- vectors, pC1303GA20+ and pC1303GA20- vectors were constructed respectively. The expression of GA20 in E.Coli, tobacco, tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea L.) and zoysiagrass were discussed and the conclusions showed as followings:
1、 A pair of degenerate primers were designed according to the conserved sequence of GA20 oxidase of several gramineous plants the GA20 oxidase was isolated from wild Zoysiagrass by the method of RT-PCR and RACE. The gene cDNA full-length was 1311bp, containing a 1176 bp open reading frame, encoding a putative polypeptide of 392 amino acids. The GA20 oxidase in Zoysiagrass shared 55%-73% homology with wheat, barley, Oryza sativa and Lolium perenne. The GenBank accession number of GA20 oxidase gene isolated from Zoysiagrass is DQ645453.
2、 The GA20 oxidase gene was cloned into the prokaryotic expression vector pET-30a and expressed in E. Coli BL21(DE3) strain under induced 1h, 2h, 3h, 4h and 5h by IPTG The product was identified by SDS-PAGE and the results showed that the specific expression of 45kDa protein was achieved, and the protein weight was increasing with the induce time increasing.
3、 The restriction eddonuclease BamH I and BisW I were used to construct sense expression vector pC35S1303GA20+ and antisense expression vector pC35S1303GA20- adapted to dicotyledonous plants genetic transformation. Ttansgenic tobacco plants obtained from leaf discs applying Agrobacteriummediated gene transfer carrying pC35S1303GA20+ and pC35S1303GA20-. 28 individuals hygromycin-resistant plants were recovered involving in 12 individuals transformed pC35S1303GA20+ and 16 individual transformed pC35S1303GA20- hygromycin-resistant plants. Hygromycin-resistant plants were identified by PCR and PCR-Southern blotting respectively, 8 individuals with pC35S1303GA20+ were obtained and 11 individuals with pC35S1303GA20-were obtained. The putative transgenic plants frequency was 67.8%. Transgenic tobacco growth
rate was detected. As a whole, the growth rate faster degree as follows: pC35S1303GA20+ transgenic plants >control > pC35S1303GA20- transgenic plants. The root quantity of pC35S1303GA20+ transgenic plants was less than that of pC35S1303GA20- transgenic plants. These pC35S1303GA20+ transgenic plants displayed a phenotype that may be attributed to the overproduction of GA. The phenotype included a longer hypocotyl, less and lighter-green leaves, increased stem elongation and slimmer, and pC35S1303GA20- transgenic plants displayed a phenotype that may be attributed to the reducing production of GA, the phenotype included stem turned shorter and thicker, larger and darker-green leaves.
4、 The restriction eddonuclease BamH I and BisW I were used to construct sense expression vector pC1303GA20+ and antisense expression vector pC31303GA20- adapted to monocotyledon plants genetic transformation. Plant regeneration system and Biolistic gene deliver system constructed by our laboratory was used in the experiments. Embryonic callus of tall fescue and zoysiagrass were used as material for genetic transformation with the sense and antisense GA20 oxidase gene by particle bombardment. The transgenic plants were obtained. Through PCR and PCR-Southern blot analysis, 2 zoysiagrass individual and 39 individuals tall fescue transformed pC1303GA20+ were obtained, including in Barlexus 35 individuals and Millennium 4 individuals; 30 individuals tall fescue transformed pC1303GA20- were obtained, including in Barlexus 27 individuals and Millennium3 individuals. There was not remarkbale dissimilarity in the phenotype between pC1303GA20- transgenic of zoysiagrass and control. Tall fescue pC35S1303GA20+ transgenic plants displayed a phenotype that may be attributed to the overproduction of GA. The phenotype included a longer hypocotyl, less and lighter-green leaves, increased stem elongation and slimmer. And tall fescue pC35S1303GA20- transgenic plants displayed a phenotype that may be attributed to the reducing production of GA, the phenotype included stem turned shorter and thicker, larger and darker-green leaves.
本研究通过RT-PCR和RACE的方法从我国野生的结缕草中分离出GA20氧化酶基因，并分别构建了原核表达载体、适合于双子叶植物和单子叶植物遗传转化的正义和反义表达载体。探讨了GA20氧化酶基因在大肠杆菌、烟草、结缕草和高羊茅中表达，经过研究主要获得以下研究结果：
1、根据已知几种禾本科植物的GA20氧化酶基因同源性设计简并引物，提取我国野生结缕草叶片总RNA反转录成cDNA为模板，利用RT-PCR和RACE法，从结缕草中克隆了GA20氧化酶基因的cDNA全序列。该基因全长1311bp，编码区1176bp，推测编码392个氨基酸。与小麦、大麦和水稻中的GA20氧化酶基因的核苷酸序列有55％-73％的同源性。结缕草GA20氧化酶基因在GenBank上核苷酸序列的登录号为：DQ645453。
2、引入酶切位点，将克隆的结缕草GA20氧化酶基因构建到原核表达载体pET-30a中，经IPTG分别诱导1、2、3、4和5h，进行SDS-PAGE电泳，结果表明，在大约45kDa处可见一条外源蛋白表达带，并且诱导的蛋白量随着时间延长而增加，未经IPTG诱导的pET-30a(+)-GA20和pET-30a(+)在45kDa处未见条带。
3、以pC1303为基础，引入BamH I和BisW I酶切位点，构建了适合于双子叶植物遗传转化的GA20氧化酶基因正义和反义表达载体，利用叶盘法将GA20氧化酶的正义基因和反义基因转化到烟草中。并对转基因的抗性植株进行了分子检测和生长观察。共获得抗潮霉素的再生植株28株，其中转正义基因的抗性植株共12株，转反义基因的抗性植株共16株，经PCR和PCR-Southern检测，转正义和反义植株均呈阳性的株数分别为8株和11株，转化频率为67.8％。经过对转基因植株生长速度的测定，总体上，转正义基因的植株生长速度和植株高度要高于转反义基因和未转化的，转反义基因的植株其生长速度和植株高度要低于未转化的植株。在试验过程中观察到，转正义基因植株其根生长量要少于转反义基因的，转正义基因植株呈GA过量表现型，生长瘦弱，细高，叶子变小，叶色变浅，长势较转反义基因烟草的弱；转反义基因的烟草长势较好，植株有明显的矮化效果，茎杆较对照和转正义基因的烟草粗，叶色也较大，叶色变深。
4、以pC1303为基础，引入BamH I和BisW I酶切位点，构建了适合于单子叶植物遗传转化的GA20氧化酶基因正义和反义表达载体。根据本实验室已建立好的结缕草和高羊茅的再生体系获得了两个草种的胚性愈伤，利用基因枪的方法将GA20氧化酶基因分别转到两个草种中。并对转基因抗性植株进行了PCR和PCR—Southern检测，共获得了转GA20氧化酶正义基因结缕草植株2株，高羊茅39株，其中凌志为35株，千年盛世为4株；获得转反义基因高羊茅的植株数为30株，其中凌志为27株，千年盛世为3株。结缕草转正义基因的植株的表型和对照植株差别不大。高羊茅的两个转基因品种表现较明显，其转正义基因植株的表型呈GA过量表型，生长较快，叶色变浅，植株变细；转反义基因的高羊茅植株生长缓慢，叶子变粗，叶色变深。
Gibberellins(GAs) are important plant hormones, involved in various developmental and physiological processes of plants.GA20 oxidase is the key regulatory enzyme in GA biosynthesis and metabolism pathway. Cloning and studying the function of GA20 oxidase gene from turfgrass was a basic work for turfgrass dwarf breeding.
The GA20 oxidase was obtained from wild Zoysiagrass(Zoysia japonica steud.) by the means of RT-PCR and RACE, the pET-30a-GA20 vector, pC35S1303GA20+and pC35S1303GA20- vectors, pC1303GA20+ and pC1303GA20- vectors were constructed respectively. The expression of GA20 in E.Coli, tobacco, tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea L.) and zoysiagrass were discussed and the conclusions showed as followings:
1、 A pair of degenerate primers were designed according to the conserved sequence of GA20 oxidase of several gramineous plants the GA20 oxidase was isolated from wild Zoysiagrass by the method of RT-PCR and RACE. The gene cDNA full-length was 1311bp, containing a 1176 bp open reading frame, encoding a putative polypeptide of 392 amino acids. The GA20 oxidase in Zoysiagrass shared 55%-73% homology with wheat, barley, Oryza sativa and Lolium perenne. The GenBank accession number of GA20 oxidase gene isolated from Zoysiagrass is DQ645453.
2、 The GA20 oxidase gene was cloned into the prokaryotic expression vector pET-30a and expressed in E. Coli BL21(DE3) strain under induced 1h, 2h, 3h, 4h and 5h by IPTG The product was identified by SDS-PAGE and the results showed that the specific expression of 45kDa protein was achieved, and the protein weight was increasing with the induce time increasing.
3、 The restriction eddonuclease BamH I and BisW I were used to construct sense expression vector pC35S1303GA20+ and antisense expression vector pC35S1303GA20- adapted to dicotyledonous plants genetic transformation. Ttansgenic tobacco plants obtained from leaf discs applying Agrobacteriummediated gene transfer carrying pC35S1303GA20+ and pC35S1303GA20-. 28 individuals hygromycin-resistant plants were recovered involving in 12 individuals transformed pC35S1303GA20+ and 16 individual transformed pC35S1303GA20- hygromycin-resistant plants. Hygromycin-resistant plants were identified by PCR and PCR-Southern blotting respectively, 8 individuals with pC35S1303GA20+ were obtained and 11 individuals with pC35S1303GA20-were obtained. The putative transgenic plants frequency was 67.8%. Transgenic tobacco growth
rate was detected. As a whole, the growth rate faster degree as follows: pC35S1303GA20+ transgenic plants >control > pC35S1303GA20- transgenic plants. The root quantity of pC35S1303GA20+ transgenic plants was less than that of pC35S1303GA20- transgenic plants. These pC35S1303GA20+ transgenic plants displayed a phenotype that may be attributed to the overproduction of GA. The phenotype included a longer hypocotyl, less and lighter-green leaves, increased stem elongation and slimmer, and pC35S1303GA20- transgenic plants displayed a phenotype that may be attributed to the reducing production of GA, the phenotype included stem turned shorter and thicker, larger and darker-green leaves.
4、 The restriction eddonuclease BamH I and BisW I were used to construct sense expression vector pC1303GA20+ and antisense expression vector pC31303GA20- adapted to monocotyledon plants genetic transformation. Plant regeneration system and Biolistic gene deliver system constructed by our laboratory was used in the experiments. Embryonic callus of tall fescue and zoysiagrass were used as material for genetic transformation with the sense and antisense GA20 oxidase gene by particle bombardment. The transgenic plants were obtained. Through PCR and PCR-Southern blot analysis, 2 zoysiagrass individual and 39 individuals tall fescue transformed pC1303GA20+ were obtained, including in Barlexus 35 individuals and Millennium 4 individuals; 30 individuals tall fescue transformed pC1303GA20- were obtained, including in Barlexus 27 individuals and Millennium3 individuals. There was not remarkbale dissimilarity in the phenotype between pC1303GA20- transgenic of zoysiagrass and control. Tall fescue pC35S1303GA20+ transgenic plants displayed a phenotype that may be attributed to the overproduction of GA. The phenotype included a longer hypocotyl, less and lighter-green leaves, increased stem elongation and slimmer. And tall fescue pC35S1303GA20- transgenic plants displayed a phenotype that may be attributed to the reducing production of GA, the phenotype included stem turned shorter and thicker, larger and darker-green leaves.
引文
1 杜春芳，李润植，刘惠民，等．转基因植物的表型变异、分子检测与遗传分析[J]．生物技术通讯，2003，14(5)：422-427
2 郭殿京，张丽丽．禾谷类作物基因工程新进展[J]．农业生物技术学报，1997，5(4)：360-375
3 郭振飞，卢少云．基因工程在草坪草育种上的应用[J]．草地学报，2002，3(10)：184-189
4 韩烈保，信金娜，刘君，等．影响草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis L．)基因枪转化的关键因素研究[J]．中国生物工程杂志，2006，26(8)：1-4
5 韩烈保，杨碚，邓菊芬．草坪草种及其品种[M]．北京：中国林业出版社．1999
6 郝炜，王跃进，王西平，等．中国野生葡萄芪合成酶基因融合表达、纯化及多克隆抗体制备[J]．农业生物技术学报，2006，14(1)：79-83
7 候学文，曾庆平，郭勇．转基因植物的一个新型标记基因[J]．生命的化学，1997，17(2)：36
8 蒋红，朱玉贤．蜘蛛杀虫肽基因的合成及其在植物中表达质粒的构建[J]．植物学报：英文版，1995，321-325
9 贾笑英，张金文，王蒂．大肠杆菌glgC基因的克隆及原核表达[J]．西北植物学报，2006，26(4)：667-671
10 金万枚，巩振辉，李桂荣，等．植物遗传转化方法和转基因植株的鉴定[J]．生物学通报，1997，32(1)：19-21
11 梁蕊芳，黄丛林，丁荣，等．高羊茅植株再生体系的研究与建立．生物技术通报，2005(3)：37-46
12 卢少云，郭振飞，陈永传．狗牙根的组织培养及其矮化变异体研究初报[J]．园艺学报，30(4)：482-484
13 马生健，曾富华，徐碧玉，等．基因枪介导的高羊茅基因转化体系的建立[J]．园艺学报，2004，31(5)：691-693
14 马忠华，张云芳，徐传样，等．早熟禾的组织培养和基因枪介导的基因转化体系的初步建立[J]．复旦学报(自然科学版)，1999，8(5)：540-544．
15 潘瑞炽，董愚得．植物生理学[M]，北京：1995，高等教育出版社(第三版)
16 齐春辉，韩烈保，梁小红，等．以基因枪法转化日本结缕草获得转基因植株[J]．北京林业大学学报，2005，28(3)：71-75
17 齐春辉，韩烈保．转基因技术在草坪草育种中的应用研究进展[J]．中国草地，2002，24(6)：47-54
18 齐春辉，梁小红，韩烈保．日本结缕草胚性愈伤诱导与植株再生[J]．草地学报，2005，13(3)：257-259
19 齐春辉．日本结缕草(Zoysia japonica steud．)植株再生体系建立与DREB1A基因转化研究[D]．北京：北京林业大学，2005
20 钱海丰，薛庆中．高羊茅的组织培养和植株再生[J]．植物生理学通报，2002(6)：247
21 佘建明，梁流芳，张保龙，等．农杆菌介导法获得草地早熟禾转Bt基因植株[J]．江苏农 业学报，2005，21(2)：102-105
22 佘建明，张保龙，陈志一，倪万潮．草地早熟禾成熟胚离体培养植株再生技术的研究[J]．草地学报．2003，11(3)：58-62
23 石琰景．果树GA生物合成基因-贝壳杉烯氧化酶和20-氧化酶的克隆及表达模式的初步研究[D]．泰安：山东农业大学，2002
24 唐克轩，开国银．RACE的研究及其在植物基因克隆上的应用[J]．复旦学报：自然科学版，2002，41(6)：704-709
25 汪家政，范明．蛋白质技术手册北京：科学出版社．2002
26 王关林，方宏筠．植物基因工程(第二版)[M]，2002，北京：科学出版社．
27 王维飞，韩烈保，曾会明．高羊茅愈伤组织诱导及植株再生的研究[J]．草业科学，2006，23(6)：99-103
28 王伟，朱平，程克棣．植物赤霉素生物合成和信号传导的分子生物学[J]．植物学通报，2002，19(2)：137-149
29 吴乃虎．基因工程原理(第二版)[M]．北京：科学技术出版社．2001
30 信金娜，韩烈保，刘君，等．基因枪转化法获得草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis L．)转基因植株[J]．中国生物工程杂志，2006，26(8)：10-14
31 信金娜，韩烈保，刘君，等．草地早熟禾愈伤组织诱导及植株再生[J]．中国草地，2004，26(4)：46-50
32 闫国华，孙瑞红．赤霉素和细胞分裂素调控苹果果实早期生长发育机理的研究[J]．园艺学报，27(1)：11-16
33 严远鑫，安成才，栗力，等．水稻20—氧化酶基因(rga5)正、反义转化对水稻生物性状的影响[J]．科学通报，2003，48(4)：358-363
34 杨爱芳，何春梅，王贤丽，等．黑麦草幼穗离体培养及植株再生[J]．草业学报．2004，13(5)：84-90
35 杨成民，王宏芝，孙振元．利用基因枪共转化法获得转bar与P5Cs基因黑麦草[J]．草地学报，2005，13(1)：34-38
36 叶健明，唐克轩，沈大棱．植物基因转移方法概述[J]．生命科学，1999，11(2)：58-60
37 袁志刚，熊思东．原核表达系统的真核化[J]．生命的化学，2001，21(2)：145-146
38 张党权，谭晓风，杨伟．植物基因cDNA克隆新技术及进展[J]．中国生物工程杂志，2002，22(4)：71-74
39 张德强，毛白杨遗传连锁图谱的构建及重要性状的分子标记[C]，2002，31-32
40 钟军，李枸，官春云．基因克隆技术的研究进展[J]．生命科学研究，2002，6(4)：148-152
41 钟希琼，王惠珍．高等植物赤霉素生物合成及其调节研究进展[J]．植物学通报2001．18(3)：303-307
42 Ahloowalia BS. Regeneration of ryegrass plants in tissue culture [J]. Crop Sci, 1975, 15(4):449-452
43 Ait-Ali T, Frances S, Weller JL, et al. Regulation of gibberellin 20-oxidase and gibberellin 3beta-hydroxylase transcript accumulation during De-etiolation of pea seedlings[J]. Plant Physiol,1997, 11:443-454
44 Ait-Ali T, Frances S, Weller JL, et al. Regulation of gibberellin 20-oxidase and gibberellin 3β -hydroxylase transcript accumulation during de-etiolation of pea seedlings [J]. Plant Physiol, 1999, 121:783-791
45 Ait-Ali T, Swain SM, Reid JB, et al. The LS locus of pea encodes the gibberellin biosynthesis enzyme ent-kaurene synthesis [J] A. Plant J, 1997, 11:443-454
46 Al Kharyi JM, Huang FH, Thompson L F, et al. In vitro plant regeneration of Zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.)[J]. In Vitro. 1987, 23:3
47 Albert S, Delseny M, Devic M BANYULS. a novel negative regulator of flavonoid biosynthesis in the Arabidopsis seed coat. Plant J, 1997, 11: 289-299
48 Alderson A, Sabelli PA, Dickinson JR, et al. Complementation of snfl, amutation affectin global regulation of carbon metabolism in yeast, by a plant proteinkinas DNA[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1991, 88:8602-8605
49 Altpeter F, Xu JianPing. Rapid production of transgenic turfgrass (Festuca rubra L.) plants [J]. Journal of Plant Physiology, 2000, 157(4): 441-448
50 Amador V, Monte E, Garcia-Martinez JL, et al. Gibberellins signal nuclear import of PHOR1, a photoperiod-responsive protein with homology to Drosophila armadillo [J]. Cell, 2001, 106:343-354
51 Amorntip M, Stephen GT, Tai-ping S, et, al. A Novel Dwarfing Mutation in a Green Revolution Gene from Brassica rapa [J]. Plant Physiology, 2005, 137: 931-938
52 Amsmd AD, Kelleyjm, Cocaynejd, et al. Complementary DNA sequencing: Expressed sequence tags and human genome project[J].Science,1991,251:1651-1656
53 Anderson PA, Lawrence GJ, Morrish BC, et al. Inactivation of the flax rust resistance gene Massociated with loss of a repeated unit with in the leucine-rich repeat coding region[J]. The Plant Cell, 1997,9:641-651
54 Anedrson MD, Cornish EL, Man SL, et al. Cloning of cDNA forasty largly coprotein associated with expression of self-incompatibility in Nicotianaalata [J]. Nature, 1986, 321:38-44
55 Appleford NEJ, Lenton JR.Gibberellins and leaf expansion in near-isogenic wheat Nines containing Rht1 and Rht3 DWARFING ALLELES [J]. Planta, 1991, 183:229-236
56 Asano Y, Ito Y, Fukami M, et al. Transgenic plants of turfgrass (Agrostis spp.)[A]. Nakagawa H, Kobayashi M. Utilization of transgenic plant and genome analysis in forage crops[C]. Nishinasuno, Tochigi, Japan: National Geophysical Research Institute (NGRI), 1999.79-89
57 Asano Y, Otsuki Y, Ugaki M. Electroporation-mediated and silicon carbide fiber-mediated DNA delivery in Agrostis alba L.(Redtop)[J]. Plant Science, 1991, 79(2): 247-258.
58 Asano Y, Ugaki M. Transgenic plants of Agrostis alba obtained by electroporation-mediated direct gene transfer into protoplasts [J]. Plant Cell Reports, 1994, 13(5): 243-246
59 Asano Y. Somatic embryogenesis and protoplast culture in Japanese lawngrass (Zoysia japonica) [J]. Plant Cell Reports, 1989, 8(3):141-143
60 Ashikari M, Sasaki A, Ueguchi-Tanaka M, et al. Loss-of-function of a rice gibberellin biosynthetic gene, GA20 oxidase (GA20ox-2), led to the rice 'Green Revolution.' Breed Sci, 2002, 52: 143-150
61 Ashikari M, Wu J, Yano M, et al. Rice gibberellin-insensitive dwarf mutant gene Dwarf 1 encodes the β-subunit of GTP-binding protein[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1999, 96: 10284-10289
62 Atach H, Bode H, Robinson DG, et al. Ent-kaurene synthase is located in proplastids of meristematic shoot tissues [J]. Planta ,1997, 202:211-219
63 Atach H, Bose G, Grabe JE, et al. ent-kaurene biosynthesis in a cell free system from wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings and the localization of ent-kaurene synthetase in plastids of three species[J]. Planta, 1995, 197:333-342
64 Bai Y, Qu R. Genetic transformation of elite turf-type cultivars of tall fescue [A]. International Turfgrass Society Research Journal[C], 2001, 9: 129-136
65 Bettany AJE, Dalton SJ, Timms E, et al. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of Festuca arundinacea (Schreb.) and Lolium multiflorum (Lam.) [J]. Plant Cell Reports, 2003, 21(5): 437-444
66 Bonhomme F, Kurz B, Melzer S, et al. an gibberellin activeate Sa MADS A, a gene apparently involved in regulateonof the floral transition in Sinapis alba[J]. Plant J, 2000,24:103-111
67 Bouvier F, Harlingue A, Suire C, et al. Dedicated roles of plastid transketolases during the early onset of isopreneoid biogenesiss in peppers fruits [J]. Plant Physiol, 1998, 117:1423-1431
68 Brandley DE, Bruneau AH, Qu R. Effects of cultivar, explant treatment, and medium supplements on callus induction and plantlet regeneration in perennial ryegrass[A]. International Turfgrss Society Research Journal[C], 2001, Volume 9: 152-156.
69 Cao D, Cheng H, Wu W, et al. Gibberellin Mobilizes Distinct DELLA-Dependent Transcriptomes to Regulate Seed Germination and Floral Development in Arabidopsis[J]. Plant Physiology, 2006, 142(2): 509-525.
70 Carrera E, Jackson SD, Prat S. feedback control and diurnal regulation of gibberellin 20-oxidase transcript levels in potato[J]. Plant physiol, 1999, 119:765-773
71 CatalaC. Auxin regulation and spatial localization of an endo-l,4-beta-D-glucanase and a xyloglucan endotransglycosylase in expanding tomato hypocotyls[J]. Plant, 1997. 12 (2): 417-42
72 Chai Benli, Mariam B, Sticklen. Application of biotechnology in turfgrass genetic improvement [J]. Crop Science, 1998, 38(5): 1320-1338
73 Chai BF, Liang AH, Wang W, et ali. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Kentucky bluegrass [J]. Acta Botanica Sinica, 2003, 45(8): 966-973
74 Chai MingLiang, Kalaiselvi K, Mo Sukyoen, et al. Embryogenic callus induction and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in bentgrass (Agrostis spp.)[J]. Journal of the Korean Society for Horticultural Science, 2000, 41(5):450-454
75 Chai MingLiang, Kim DooHwan, Chai ML, et al. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Korean lawngrass (Zoysia japonica) [J]. Journal of the Korean Society for Horticultural Science, 2000, 41(5): 455-458
76 Chai Ming-Liang. Establishment of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in Bentgrass, Zoysiagrass, and Phalaenopsis [D]. Dissertation for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Konkuk University
77 Chai ML, Kim DH. High Efficiency of Plant Regeneration from Seed-derived Callus of Zoysiagrass cv.Zenith. [J]. Korean Journal of Turfgrass Science, 1998, 12:195-202
78 Chai ML, Senthil KK, Kim DH. Transgenic plants of colonial bentgrass from embryogenic callus via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation [J]. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 2004, 77(2): 165-171
79 Chan MT, Chang HH, Ho SL et al. Agrobacterium-mediated production of transgenic rice plants expressing a chimeric α-amylase promoter: p-glucuronidase gene[J]. Plant Molec. Biol. 1993,22:491-506
80 Chandler PM, Marion-Poll A, Ellis M, et al. Mutants at the Slenderl locus of barley cv Himalaya: molecular and physiological characterization [J]. Plant Physiol, 2002, 129: 181-190
81 Chang, C, Kwok SF, Bleecker AB. Arabidopsis ethylene-response gene ETR1: Similarity of product to two-component regulators [J]. Science,1993, 262: 539-544
82 Chen, X, Wang, B, Wu RA. Gibberellin-stimulated ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme gene involved in α-amylase gene expression in rice aleurone [J]. Plant Mol. Biol. 1995, 29: 787-795
83 Cheng H, Qin L, Lee S, et al. Gibberellin regulates Arabidopsis floral development via suppression of DELLA protein function [J]. Development 2004, 131: 1055-1064
84 Chiang HH, Hwang I, Goodman HM.Isolation of the Arabidopsis GA4 locus [J]. Plant Cell, 1995,7: 195-201
85 Cho MJ, Ha CD, Lemaux PG. Production of transgenic tall fescue and red fescue plants by particle bombardment of mature seed-derived highly regenerative tissues [J]. Plant Cell Reports, 2000,19(11): 1084-1089
86 Chong K, Wang LP, Tan KH, et al. Molecular cloning and characterization of vernalization- related (ver) genes in winter wheat [J] .Physiol Plant, 1994, 92:511-515.
87 Colby S M , Alonso W R , Katahira E J, et al.4S-limonene synthase from the oil glands of spearmint (Mentha spicata). cDNA isolation , characterizeation ,and bacterial expression of the catalytically active monoterpene cyclase . J Bioil Chem , 1993, 268:23016-23024
88 Croker ST, Hedden P, Leton JR, et al. Comparison of gibberellin in normal and slender barley seedings[J]. plant physiol, 1990, 94:194-200
89 Dalton SJ, Bettany AJE, Timms E, et al. The effect of selection pressue on transformation frequency and copy number in transgenic plants of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)[J]. Plant Science, 1995, 108(1): 63-70.
90 Dalton SJ, Bettany AJE, Timms E, et al. Transgenic plants of Lolium multiflorum, Lolium perenne, Festuca arundinacea and Agrostis stolonifera by silicon carbide fibre-mediated transformation of cell suspension cultures [J]. Plant Science, 1998, 132(1): 31-43.
91 Dalton SJ, Bettany AJE, TimmsE. Silicon-carbide whisker-mediated transformation of Lolium [J]. Journal of Experimental Botany, 1995,46(Suppl.): 34.
92 Dalton SJ, Bettany AJE, Timms E, et al. Co-transformed, diploid Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass L.), Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass L.) and Lolium temulentum (darnel) plants produced by microprojectile bombardment [J]. Plant Cell Rep, 1999, 18(9):721-726
93 David NM, William MP, Peter H. Mendel's dwarfing gene: cDNAs from the Le alleles and function of the expr essed proteins [J]. Plant Biology, 1997, 94(16): 8907-8911.
94 Deng WX, Lin, Shao Q. Transformation of some cereal crops with Agrobacterium tumefaciens [J]. Genetic Manipulation Crops Newsl. 1988.71:1-2
95 Dill A, Sun T-p. Synergistic de-repression of gibberellin signaling by removing RGA and GAI function in Arabidopsis thaliana [J]. Genetics, 2001, 159: 777-785
96 Dill A, Thomas SG, Hu J, et al. The Arabidopsis F-box protein SLEEPY1 targets gibberellin signaling repressors for gibberellin-induced degradation [J]. Plant Cell, 2004, 16: 1392-1405
97 Dill, A, Jung H, Sun, TP. The DELLA motif is essential for gibberellin-induced degradation of RGA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 2001, 14162-1416
98 Esther C, Stephen D. J, Salome Prat. Feedback Control and Diurnal Regulation of Gibberellin 20-Oxidase Transcript Levels in Potato [J]. Plant Physiol, 1999, 119: 765-774
99 Facchini JG, Chappell J. Gene family for an elicitor-induced sesquiterpene cyclase in tobacco [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1992, 89:11088-11092
100 Fei S, Bishnoi US, Riordan T, et al. Embryogenic callus induction and plant regeneration of buffalograss through leaf base and seedling segment culture [A]. International Turfgrass Society Research Journal [C], 2001, Volume 9: 162-164
101 Fridborg I, Kuusk S, Moritz T, et al. The Arabidopsis dwarf mutant shi exhibits reduced gibberellin responses conferred by overexpression of a new putative zinc finger protein [J]. Plant Cell, 1999,11: 1019-1031
102 Fridborg I, Kuusk S, Robertson M, et al. The Arabidopsis protein SHI represses gibberellin responses in Arabidopsis and barley [J]. Plant Physiol. 2001, 127: 937-948
103 Fritz MS, Colleen MB, Dong JL, et, al. Overexpression of a Novel Class of Gibberellin 2-Oxidases Decreases Gibberellin Levels and Creates Dwarf Plants [J]. Plant Cell, 2003 , 15:151-163
104 Fu DL, Tisserat NA, Xiao YM, et al. Overxpression of rice TLPD34 enhance dollar-spot resistance in transgenic bentgrass [J]. Plant Science 2005, 168(3): 671-680
105 Fujisawa Y, Kato T, Ohki S, et al. Suppression of the heterotrimeric G protein causes abnormal morphology, including dwarfism, in rice [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1999, 96: 7575-7580
106 Garca-Martnez J L, Lpez-Diaz I, Snchez-Beltrn M J, et al. Isolation and transcript analysis of gibberellin 20-oxidase genes in pea and bean in relation to fruit development [J]. Plant Mlo Biol, 1997, 33:1073-1084
107 Garcia-Martines JL, Lopez-Diaz I, Sanchez-Beltran MJ, et al. Isolation and transcript analysis of gibberellin 20-oxidase genes in pea and bean in relation to fruit development [J]. Plant Mol Biol, 1997, 33: 1073-1084
108 Gawronska H, Yang YY, Furukawa K, et al. Effects of low irradiance stress on gibberellin levels in pea seedlings [J]. Plant Cell Physiol, 1995, 36: 1361-1367
109 Gocal GFW, Sheldon CC, Gubler F, et al. GAMYB-like genes, flowering and gibberellin signaling in Arabidopsis [J]. Plant Physiol, 2001, 127: 1682-1693
110 Goeddel DV. Systems for heterologous gene expression. Methods Enzymol. 1990, 185:3-7
111 Gomi K, Sasaki A, Itoh H, et al. GID2, an F-box subunit of the SCF E3 complex, specifically interacts with phosphorylated SLR1 protein and regulates the gibberellin-dependent degradation of SLR1 in rice[J]. Plant J 2004, 37: 626-634
112 Grantm R, Godiard L, Straub E, et al. Structure of the Arabidopsis RPM1 gene enabling dual specificity disease resistance[J].Science, 1995, 269:843-846
113 Greemers molenaar J, Loffen JPM, P Vander. The effect of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyactic acid and donor plant environment on plant regeneration from immature inflorescence -derived callus of Loium perenne and Lolium multiflorum[J].Plant Sci, 1998,57:165-172
114 Grodberg J, Dunn J J. omp T.encodes the Escherichia coli outer membrane protease that cleaves T7RNA polymerase during purification. J Bacteriol. 1988, 170(3):1245-5
115 Gubler F, Chandler P, White R, et al. GA signaling in barley aleurone cells: control of SLN1 and GAMYB expression [J]. Plant Physiol, 2002, 129: 191-200
116 Gupta JD, Liq S, Thomson AB, et al. Characterization of cDNA encoding an ovelplantpoly(A) polymerase[J]. PlantMolecularBiology, 1998,37:729-734
117 Ha CD, Lemaux PG, Cho MyeongJe, et al. Stable transformation of a recalcitrant Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) cultivar using mature seed-derived highly regenerative tissues[J]. In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology Plant, 2001, 37(1): 6-11
118 Ha SB, Penmetsa RV, Wu FS. Trandgenic espression of the beta-glucuronidase gene driven by different 5' regulatory sequences in tall fescue protoplasts [J]. Journal of turfgrass management, 1995, 1(1): 73-81
119 Ha SB, Wu FS, Thome TK. Transgenic turf-type tall fescue (Festuca arundinaces Schreb.) plants regenerated from protoplasts [J]. Plant Cell Rep., 1992, 11(12): 601-604.
120 Han N, Chen D, Bian HW, et al. Production of transgenic creeping bentgrass Agrostic stolonifera var. palustris plants by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation using hygromycin selection [J]. Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture, 2005, 81(2): 131-138
121 Hartman CL, Lee L, Turner N. Particle gun transformation of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris) [J]. J.Cell.Biochem, 1994, Suppl. 18A: 101
122 HayashiH. Activation of aplant gene by T-DNA tagging: auxin-independent growth in vitro [J].Science, 1992, 258:1350-1353
123 Hedden P, Kamiya Y. Gibberellin biosynthesis: enzymes, genes and their regulation [J]. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol boil, 1997, 48:431-460
124 Hedden P, Phillips AL, Rojas MC, et al. Gibberellin biosynthesis in plants and fungi: a case of convergent evolution? J Plant Growth Regul 2001, 20: 319-331
125 Hedden P, Phillips AL. Gibberellin metabolism: new insights revealed by the genes [J]. Trends in Plant Science, 2000, 5:523-530
126 Hedden P, Proebsting WM. Genetic analysis of gibberellin biosynthess [J]. Plant Physiol, 1999, 119:365-370
127 Hedden P. The genes of the Green Revolution [J]. Trends Genet, 2003, 19: 5-9
128 Helliwell CA, Chandler PM, Poole A, et al. The CYP88A cytochrome P450, ent-kaurenoic acid oxidase, catalyzes three steps of the gibberellin biosynthesis pathway [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2001, 98:2065-2070
129 Helliwell CA, Poole A, Peacock WJ, et al. Arabidopsis ent-kaurene oxidase catalyzes three steps of gibberellin biosynthesis. Plant Physiol, 1999, 119:507-510
130 Helliwell CA, Sheldon CC, Olive MR, et al. Arabidopsis ent-kaurene oxidase gene GA3. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1998, 95:9019-9024
131 Hodgson, J. Expression systems: a user's guide. Bio/fechnology. 1993,11: 887-889
132 Holford PN, HernandezHJ, Newbury. Factors influencing the efficiency of T-DNA transfer during co-cultivation of Antirrhinum majus with Agrobacterium tumefaciens [J]. Plant Cell Report, 1992, 11: 196-199
133 Horn ME, Shillito RD, Conger BV, et al. Transgenic plants of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) from protoplasts [J]. Plant Cell Reports, 1988, 7(7):469-472
134 Horn ME, Shillito RD, Harms CT, et al. Gene expression in transgenic orchardgrass plants obtained via direct DNA uptake by embryogenic suspension culture-derived protoplasts [J]. In Vitro, 1989, 25(3), Pt.2, 33A.
135 Huang S, Raman AS, Ream JE, et al. Overexpression of 20-oxidase confers a gibberellin-overproduction phenotype in Arabidopsis [J]. Plant Physiol, 1998, 118: 773-781
136 Ikeda A, Ueguchi-Tanaka M, Sonoda Y, et al. slender rice, a constitutive gibberellin response mutant, is caused by a null mutation of the SLR1 gene, an ortholog of the height-regulating gene GAI/RGA/RHT/D8 [J]. Plant Cell, 2001, 13: 999-1010
137 Inokuma C, Sugiura K, Imaizumi N, et al. Transgenic Japanese lawngrass(Zoysia japonica Steud.) plants regenerated from protoplasts[J]. Plant Cell Reports, 1998, 17(5): 334-338
138 Inokuma C, Sugiura K, Okawara R, et al. Transient gene expression in Japanese lawngrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) protoplasts [J]. Journal of turfgrass management (USA). 1997, 2(3): 51-60
139 Itoh H, Tanaka-Ueguchi MT, Kawaide H, et al. The gene encoding tobacco gibberellin 3beta-hydroxylase is expressed at the site of GA action during stem elongation and flower organ development [J]. Plant J, 1999, 20:15-24
140 Jackson SD, James PE, Carrera E, et al. Regulation of transcript levels of a potato gibberellin 20-oxidase gene by light and phytochrome B[J]. Plant Physiol, 2000, 124:423-430
141 Jackson SD, James PE, Carrera E, et al. Phytochrome B affects the levels of graft-trans missible signal involved in tuberization[J]. Plant Physiol, 1998, 117:29-32
142 Jacobsen SE, Olszewski NE. Mutations at the SPINDLY locus of Arabidopsis alter gibberellin signal transduction [J]. Plant Cell, 1993, 5: 887-896
143 Kaeppler HF, Gu W, Somers DA, et al. Silicon carbide fiber-mediated DNA delivery into plant cells [J]. Plant Cell Reports, 1990, 9:415-418
144 Kaeppler HF, Somers DA, Rines HW, Cockbum AF. Silicon carbide fiber-mediated stable transformation of plant cells [J]. Theoretical and applied Genetics, 1992, 84(5-6): 560-566
145 Kamiya and Graede. The biosynthesis of all major pea gibberellins in a cell free system from pisum sarivum [J]. Ptytochemistry, 1983, 22:691-690
146 Kang HG, Jun SH, Kim J, et al. Cloning and molecular analyses of a gibberellin 20-oxidase gene expressed specifically in developing seeds of watermelon[J]. Plant Physiol, 1999, 121:373-382
147 Karen M McGinnis, Stephen G. Thomas, Jonathan D. Soule, et al. The Arabidopsis SLEEPY1 Gene Encodes a Putative F-Box Subunit of an SCF E3 Ubiquitin Ligase [J]. Plant Cell, 2003, 15:1120-1130
148 King K, Moritz T, Harberd N. Gibberellins are not required for normal stem growth in Arabidopsis thaliana in the absence of GAI and RGA [J]. Genetics, 2001, 159: 767-776.
149 Koornneef M, Karssen CM, Kendrick RE, et al. A gibberellin insensitive mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana [J]. Physiol. Plant. 1985, 65:33-39
150 Koornneef M, van der Veen JH. Induction and analysis of gibberellin-sensitive mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh[J]. Theor Appl Genet, 1980, 58: 257-263
151 Krens JV, Henning VT, Torres KC. Callus induction maintenance and plantlet tregeneration in creeping bentgrass [J].Crop Sci, 1982, 22(6): 1193-1197
152 Lange T, Hedden P, Graebe JE. Expression cloning of a gibberellin 20-oxidase, a multifunctional enzyme involved in gibberellin biosynthesis [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , 1994,91:8552-8556
153 Lange T, Robatzek S, Frisse A. Cloning and expression of a gibberellin 2 beta, 3beta-hydroxylase cDNA from pumpkin endoperm[J].Plant Cell, 1997, 9:1459-1467
154 Lange T. Cloning gibberellin dioxygenas genes from pumpkinen dosperm by heterologous expression of enzyme activeities in Escherichia coli[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA ,1997, 94:6553-6558
155 Lange T. Molecular biology of gibberellin synthesis [J]. Planta, 1998, 204:409-419
156 Lee Hyoshin, Lee ByungHyun, Jo Jinki, et al. Development of transgenic orchardgrass (Datylis glomerata L.) using Agrobacterium tumefaciens [J]. Journal of the Korean Society of Grassland Science, 2000, 20(2): 103-108
157 Lee L, Laramoro CL, Day PR, et al. Transformation and regeneration of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.) protoplasts [J]. Crop Science, 1996, 36(2): 401-406.
158 Lee L. Turfgrass biotechnology [J]. Plant Science, 1996, 115(1):1-8
159 Lee S, Cheng H, King KE, et al. Gibberellin regulates Arabidopsis seed germination via RGL2, a GAI/RGA-like gene whose expression is up-regulated following imbibition[J]. Genes Dev, 2002, 16: 646-658
160 Lee SH, Lee DG, Woo HS, et al. Development of transgenic tall fescue plants from mature seed-derived callus via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation [J]. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 2004, 17(10): 1390-1394
161 Lester DR, Ross JJ, Davies PJ, et al. Mendel's stem length gene (Le) encodes a gibberellin 3β-hydroxylase. Plant Cell, 1997, 9: 1435-1443
162 Lester DR, Ross JJ, Smith JJ, et al.Gibberellin 2-oxidation and the SLN gene of Pisum sativum[J]. Plant J, 1999, 19: 65-73
163 Liang Z, Luo AL, Tang L. Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase from spinach leaves: purification and preparation of its antibody [J]. Chinese Journal of Biotechnology, 1993, 5: 58-64
164 Lowe KW, Conger BV. Root and shoot formation from callus cultures of tall fescue [J].Crop Sci, 1979, 19(3):397-400
165 Lu CA, Thua DH, Shin LH, et al. Three Novel MYB Proteins with One DNA Binding Repeat Mediate Sugar and Hormone Regulation of α-Amylase Gene Expression[J].The Plant Cell, 2002, 14:1963-1980
166 Luo H, Qu R, Nelson K, et al. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) transformation using phosphinothricin selection results in a high frequency of single-copy transgene integration [J]. Plant Cell Reports, 2004, 22(9): 645-652.
167 MacMillan J, Ward DA, Phillips AL, et al. Gibberellin biosynthesis from gibberellin A_(12)-aldehyde in endosperm and embryos of Marah macrocarpus [J]. Plant Physiol, 1997, 113: 1369-1377
168 Man CJD, West CA. Clonging of casbene synthase cDNA: evidence forconserved structural feature among terpenoid cyclases in plants [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1994, 91:8497-8501
169 Manuel RC , Narciso C, Luisa ML, et al. Genetic evidence of branching in the isopreneoid pathway for the production of isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate in Escherichia coli [J]. FEBs Letters, 2000, 473:328 532
170 Marks MD, Feldmann KA. Trichome development in Arabidopsisthaliana: T-DNA tagging of the GLABROUS1 gene [J]. The Plant Cell, 1989,1:104-105
171 Martin DN, Proebsting WM, Hedden P. Mendel's dwarfing gene: cDNAs from the Le alleles and function of the expressed proteins [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997, 94: 8907-8911
172 Martin DN, Proebsting WM, Hedden P. The SLENDER gene of pea encodes a gibberellin 2-oxidase [J]. Plant Physiol, 1999, 121: 775-781
173 Martin DN, Proebsting WM, Parks TD, et al. Feed-back regulation of gibberellin biosynthesis and gene expression in Pisum sativum L[J]. Planta, 1996, 200: 159-166
174 Matthews PR, Wang MB, Waterhouse PM, et al. gene eiimination irom transgenic barley, using co-transformation with adjacent'twin T-DNAs'on a standard Agrobacterium transformation vector[J]. Molecular Breeding. 2001, 7:195-202
175 McGinnis KM, Thomas SG, Soule JD, et al. The Arabidopsis SLEEPY1 gene encodes a putative F-box subunit of an SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase [J]. Plant Cell, 2003, 15: 1120-1130
176 McQueen-Mason, SJ. The relationship between xyloglucan endotransglycosylase and in-vitro cell wall extension in cucumber hypocotyls [J]. Planta. 1993, 190(3): 327-331.
177 Michlelmore RW, Paran J, Kesseli RV. Identification of marker slinked to disease-resistance genes by bulked segregan analysis: A rapid method to detect markers in specific genomic regions by using segregating populations [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1991, 88:9828-9832
178 Minet M, Dufoure E, Lacroute F. Complementation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae auxotrophic mutants by Arabidopsisthaliana cDNAs[J].The Plant Journal, 1992, 2: 417-422
179 Monna L, Kitazawa N, Yoshino R, et al. Positional cloning of rice semidwarfing gene, sd-1: rice 'green revolution gene' encodes a mutant enzyme involved in gibberellin syntheis [J]. DNA Res, 2002, 9(1):11-17
180 Monte E, Amador V, Russo E, et al. PHOR1: A U-Box GA signaling component with a role in proteasome degradation [J]. J Plant Growth Regul 2003, 22: 152-162
181 Nielsen KA, Knudsen E. Regeneration of green plants from embryogenic suspension cultures of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.)[J]. Plant Physiol, 1993, 141: 589-595
182 Ogas J, Kaufmann S, Henderson J, et al. PICKLE is a CHD3 chromatin-remodeling factor that regulates the transition from embryonic to vegetative development in Arabidopsis [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1999, 96: 13839-13844
183 Oh MH, Romanow WG, et al. Soybean BRUI encodes a functional xyloglucan endotransglycosylase that is highly expressed in inneepicotyl tissues during Brassinosteroid-promoted elongation [J].Plant cell physiol, 1998, 39:124-130
184 Orin, Eshed Y, Paran I, et al. The 12C family from the wilt disease resistance locus 12 belongs to the nucleotide binding, leucine-rich repeat super family of plant resistance genes [J]. The Plant Cell, 1997, 9:521-532
185 Parker JE, Coleman MJ, Szabo V, et al. The Arabidopsis downy mildew resistance gene RPP5 shares similarity to the toll and Interleukin~(-1) receptors with N and L6 [J]. ThePlantCell, 1997, 9:879-894
186 Pearce DW, Hutt OE, Rood SB, et al. Gibberellins in shoots and developing capsules of Populus species [J]. Phytochemistry , 2002, 59: 679-687
187 Peng J, Carol P, Richards DE, et al. The Arabidopsis GAI gene defines a signaling pathway that negatively regulates gibberellin responses [J]. Genes Dev. 1997, 11: 3194-3205
188 Peng J, et al. "Green revolution" genes encode mutant gibberellin response modulators[J]. Nature, 1999,400:56-261
189 Peng J, Harberd NP. The role of GA-mediated signalling in the control of seed germination [J]. Curr Opin Plant Biol, 2002, 5: 376-381
190 Penmetsa RV, Ha SB. Factors influencing transient gene expression in electroporated tall fescue protoplasts [J]. Plant Science, 1994, 100(2): 171-178
191 Phillips AL, Ward DA, Uknes S, et al. Isolation and expression of three gibberellin 20-oxidase cDNA clones from Arabidopsis [J]. Plant Physiol 1995, 108: 1049-1057
192 Phillips AL, Huttly AK. Cloning of two gibberellin-regulated cDNAs from Arabidopsis thaliana by subtractive hybridization-expression of the tonoplast water channel, gamma-Tip is increased by GA3 [J]. Plant Mol. Biol, 1994, 24:603-615
193 Pysh LD, Wysocka-Diller JW, Camilleri C, et al. The GRAS gene family in Arabidopsis: sequence characterization and basic expression analysis of the SCARECROW-LIKE genes [J]. Plant J 1999, 18: 111-119
194 Richards DE, Peng J, Harberd, NP. Plant GRAS and metazoan STATs: One family [J] BioEssays, 2000, 22:573-577
195 Riesmeir JW, Willmitzer L, Frommer WB. Isolation and characterization of a sucros carrier cDNA from spinach by functional expression in yeast[J].The EMBO Journal, 1992,11:4705-4713
196 Rong Zhou, Min Yu, Richard PP. 16, 17-Dihydro Gibberellin A_5 Competitively Inhibits a Recombinant Arabidopsis GA3β-Hydroxylase Encoded by the GA4 Gene [J]. Plant Physiology, 2004, 135: 1000-1007
197 Rosselt UK, Wang G, Schubert J, et al. Induction of virus resistance by means of Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer in ryegrasses [A]. Boiler B, Stadelmann FJ. Breeding for a functional agriculture[C]. Kartause Ittingen, Switzerland: FAL, 1998: 154-156
198 Salmeron JM, Oldroyd GED, Ronnens CM, et al. Tomato prf is a member of the leucine-rich repeat class of pant disease resistanc genes and liesembeded with in the ptokinase gene cluster [J]. Cell, 1996, 86:123-133
199 Sandra ED, Jennifer JS, Chris A., et al. The pea gene LH encodes ent-kaurene oxidase [J]. Plant physiology, 2004, 134:1123-1134
200 Sasaki A, Ashikari M, Ueguchi-Tanaka M, et al. A mutant gibberellin-synthesis gene in rice [J]. Nature, 2002a, 416: 701-702
201 Sasaki A, Itoh H, Gomi K, et al. Accumulation of phosphorylated repressor for gibberellin signaling in an F-box mutant [J]. Science , 2003, 299: 1896-1898
202 Sasaki T, Matsumoto T, Yamamoto K, et al.The genome sequence and structure of rice chromosome 1[J]. Nature , 2002b, 420: 312-316
203 Sauter M, Mekhedov SL, Kende H. Gibberellin promotes histon H1 kinase activity and the expression of cdc2 and cyclin genes during the induction of rapid growth in deepwater rice [J]. Plant J, 1995,7:623-632
204 Schomburg FM, Bizzell CM, Lee DJ, et al. Overexpression of a novel class of gibberellin 2-oxidases decreases gibberellin levels and creates dwarf plants [J]. Plant Cell, 2003, 15: 151-163
205 Shihshieh H, Anuradha SR, Joel ER, et, al. Overexpression of 20-Oxidase Confers a Gibberellin-Overproduction Phenotype in Arabidopsis [J]. Plant Physiol. 1998, 118: 773-781
206 Shinnosuke K, Masashi F, Chikako H, et, al. Decreased GA_1 Content Caused by the Overexpression of OSH1 Is Accompanied by Suppression of GA 20-Oxidase Gene Expression [J]. Plant Physiol, 1997117: 1179-1184
207 Silverstone AL, Jung HS, Dill A, et al. Repressing a repressor: gibberellin-induced rapid reduction of the RGA protein in Arabidopsis [J]. Plant Cell, 2001,13: 1555-1566
208 Silverstone AL, Sun TP. Gibberellins and green revolution[J]Trends Plant Sci, 2000, 1-2
209 Smith, RC. The regulation of leaf elongation and xyloglucan endotransglycosylase by gibberellin in 'Himalaya' barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)[J]. J-exp-bot, 1996, 47 (302): 1395-1404
210 Song WY, Wang Gl, Chen L L, et al. A receptor kinase-like protein encoded by the rice disease resistance gene, Xa21 [J]. Science, 1995, 270:1804-1806
211 Spangenberg G, Wang ZY, Nagel J, et al. Protopast culture and generation of transgenic plants in red fescue (Festuca rubra L.)[J]. Plant Science, 1994, 97(1): 83-94
212 Spielmeyer W, Ellis MH, Chandler PM. Semidwarf (sd-1), "green revolution" rice, contains a defective gibberellin 20-oxidase gene [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002, 99(13): 9043-9048
213 Steber CM, Cooney S, McCourt P. Isolation of the GA-response mutant sly I as a suppressor of ABII-1 in Arabidopsis thaliana [J]. Genetics, 1998, 149:509-521
214 Sugiura K, Inokuma C, Imaizumi N, et al. Generation of herbicide resistant creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.) plants by electroporation-mediated direct gene transfer into protoplasts [J]. Journal of Turfgrass Management, 1998, 2 (4):35-41
215 Sun T-P, Goodman HM, Ausubel FM. Cloning the Arabidopsis GA1 locus by genomic subtraction [J]. Plant Cell, 1992,4: 119-128
216 Sun T-p, Gubler F. Molecular mechanism of gibberellin signaling in plants [J]. Annu Rev Plant Biol, 2004, 55: 197-223
217 Sun T-P, Kamiya Y. Regulation and cellular localization of ent-kaurene synthesis [J]. Physiol Plant, 1997, 101: 701-708
218 Takamizo T, Suginobu KI, Ohsugi R. Plant regeneration from suspension culture derived protoplasts of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) of a single genotype [J]. Plant science, 1990,72(1): 125-131
219 Takumi S, Shimada T. Variation intransformation frequencies among six common wheat cultivars through particle bombardment of scutellar tissues [J]. Journal of Plant Physiology, 1997, 151:83-90
220 Talon M, Koornneef M, Zeevaart JAD. Endogenous gibberellins in Arabidopsis thaliana and possible steps blocked in the biosynthetic pathways of the semidwarf ga4 and ga5 mutants [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1990, 87: 7983-7987
221 Terakawa T, Sato T, Koike M. Plant regeneration from protoplasts isolated from embryogenic suspendsion cultures of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.)[J]. Plant Cell. Rep, 1992, 11:457-461
222 Thomas SG, Phillips AL, Hedden P. Molecular cloning and functional expression of gibberellin 2-oxidases, multifunctional enzymes involved in gibberellin deactivation [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , 1999, 96: 4698-4703
223 Thomas SG, Sun T-p. Update on gibberellin signaling. A tale of the tall and the short [J]. Plant Physiol 2004, 135:668-676
224 Tomoya Niki, Takaaki Nishijima, Masayoshi Nakayama, et al. Production of Dwarf Lettuce by Overexpressing a Pumpkin Gibberellin 20-Oxidase Gene [J]. Plant Physiol, 2001,126:965-972
225 Torello WA, Syminigto AJ, Rufner RC. Callus initiation, plant regeneration and evidence of somatic embrogenesis in red fescue [J]. Crop Sci, 1984, 24(6): 1037-1040
226 Toyomasu T, Kawaide H, Mitsuhashi W, et al. Phytochrome regulates gibberellin biosynthesis during germination of photoblastic lettuce seeds [J]. Plant Physiology 1998, 118:1517-1523
227 Toyomasu T, Kawaide H, Sekimoto H, et al. Cloning and characterization of a cDNA encoding gibberellin 20-oxidase from rice (Oryza sativa) seedlings [J]. Physiologia Plantarum 1997,99: 111-118
228 Tyler L, Thomas SG, Hu J, et al. DELLA proteins and gibberellin-regulated seed germination and floral development in Arabidopsis [J]. Plant Physiol 2004, 135: 1008-1019
229 Vasil I K. Progress in the regeneration and genetic manipulation of cereal crops [J]. Bio/Technology, 1988, 6(4): 397-402
230 Vasil V, Vasil IK. Isolation and culture of cereal protoplasts. II. Embryogenesis and plantlet formation from protoplasts of Pennisetum americanum [J].Theor. Appl.Genet. 1980, 56:97-99
231 Wang K, Drayton P, Frame B, et al. Whisker-mediated plant transformation: an alternative technology [J]. In Vitro Plant; 1995, 31(2): 101-104
232 Wang ZY, Ge YX, Mian R, et al. Development of highly tissue culture lines of Lolium temulentum by anther culture [J]. Plant Science, 2005, 168(1): 203-211
233 Wang ZY, Ge YX, Scott M, et al. Viability and longevity of pollen from transgenic and nontransgenic tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) (Poaceae) plants [J]. American Journal of Botany, 2004, 91(4): 523-530
234 Wang ZY, Ge YX. Agrobacterium-mediated high efficiency transformation of tall fescue (Festuca arundiacea) [J]. Journal of Plant Physiology, 2005, 162(1): 103-113
235 Wang ZY, Lawrence R, Hopkins A, et al. Pollen-mediated transgene flow in the wind-pollinated grass species tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)[J]. Molecular Breeding, 2004, 14(1): 47-60
236 Wang ZY, Legris G, Nagel J, et al. Cryopreservation of embryogenic cell suspensions in Festuca and Lolium species [J]. Plant Science, 1994, 103(1):93-106
237 Wang ZY, Nagel J, Potrykus I, et al. Plants from cell suspension-derived protoplasts in Lolium species [J]. Plant Science, 1993, 94(1, 2): 179-193
238 Wang ZY, TaKamizo T, Iglosias VA, et al. Transgenic plants of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) obtained by direct gene transfer to protoplasts [J]. Bio/Technology; 1992, 10(6): 691-696
239 Weigel DAL, Varez J, Smyth DR, et al. EAFY controls floral meristem identity in Arabidopsis[J] .Cell, 1992,69:843-859
240 Wen CK, Chang C. Arabidopsis RGL1 encodes a negative regulator of gibberellin responses [J]. Plant Cell, 2002, 14: 87-100
241 Wilson RN, Somerville CR. Phenotypic suppression of the gibberellin-insensitive mutant (gai) of Arabidopsis [J]. Plant Physiol, 1995, 108: 495-502
242 Winkler RG, Helentjaris T. The maize Dwarf3 gene encodes Acytochrome P450 mediated early step in Gibberellin biosynthesis [J]. Plant Cell, 1995, 7:1307-1317
243 Wolfgang S, Marc H E, Peter MC. Semidwarf (sd-1), "green revolution" rice, contains a defective gibberellin 20-oxidase gene [J]. Plant Biology, 2002, 99 (13) :9043-9048
244 Wu k, Li L, Gage DA, et al. Molecular cloning and photoperild regulated expression of gibbereillin 20-oxidase from long-day plant spinach [J]. Plant Physilo, 1996, 110:547-554
245 Xu B, Mu JH, Nevins DL, et al. Cloning and sequencing of c DNAs encoding two self-incompatibility associated proteins in Solanum chacoense[J].Mol Gen Genet, 1990,224:341-346
246 Xu L, Liu F, Lechner, E, et al. The SCF~(COI1) ubiquitin-ligase complexes are required for jasmonate response in Arabidopsis [J]. Plant Cell, 2002, 14:1919-1935
247 Xu YL, Gage DA, Zeeraart JAP. Gibberellins and stem growth in Arabidopsis thaliana: Effects of photoperiod on expression of GA4 and GA5 loci [J]. Plant Physiol, 1997, 114: 1471-1476
248 Xu YL, Li L, Wu K, et al. The GA5 locus of Arabidopsis thaliana encodes a multifunctional gibberellin 20-oxidase: Molecular cloning and functional expression [J]. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1995, 92:6640-6644
249 Yamaguchi S, Kamiya Y. Gibberellin biosynthesis: Its regulation by endogenous and environmental signals [J]. Plant and Cell Physiology 2000, 41:251-257
250 Yamaguchi S, Saito T, Abe H, et al. Molecular cloning and characterization of a cDNA encoding the gibberellin biosynthetic enzyme ent-kaurene synthase B from pumpkin(Cucurbita maxima L.) [J]. Plant J, 1996, 10:203-213
251 Yamaguchi S, Smith MW, Brown RGS, et al. Phytochrome regulation and differential expression of gibberellin 3β-hydroxylase genes in germinating Arabidopsis seeds [J]. Plant Cell, 1998, 10: 2115-2126
252 Zaghmout OMF, Torello WA. Isolation and culture of protoplasts from embryogenic suspension cultures of red fescue (Festuca rubra L.)[J]. Plant Cell Rep, 1990, 9(6): 340-343
253 Zhang G, Lu S, Chen TA, et al. Transformation of triploid bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon × C-transvaalensis cv. Tifeagle) by means of biolistic bombardment [J]. Plant Cell Reports, 2003, 21(9): 860-864
254 Zhong H, Bolyard MG, Srinivasan C, et al. Analysis of activity of rice actin I 5'sequences in transgenic creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Hud.)[A]. You CB, Chen ZL. Biotechnology in agriculture[C]. Beijing, China: Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993.261-264
255 Zhu XF, Suzuki K.., Saito T, et al. geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase encoded by the newly isolate gene GGPS6 from Arabidopsis thaliana localized in mitochondria[J]. Plant Mol Biol, 1997,35:331-341
2 郭殿京，张丽丽．禾谷类作物基因工程新进展[J]．农业生物技术学报，1997，5(4)：360-375
3 郭振飞，卢少云．基因工程在草坪草育种上的应用[J]．草地学报，2002，3(10)：184-189
4 韩烈保，信金娜，刘君，等．影响草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis L．)基因枪转化的关键因素研究[J]．中国生物工程杂志，2006，26(8)：1-4
5 韩烈保，杨碚，邓菊芬．草坪草种及其品种[M]．北京：中国林业出版社．1999
6 郝炜，王跃进，王西平，等．中国野生葡萄芪合成酶基因融合表达、纯化及多克隆抗体制备[J]．农业生物技术学报，2006，14(1)：79-83
7 候学文，曾庆平，郭勇．转基因植物的一个新型标记基因[J]．生命的化学，1997，17(2)：36
8 蒋红，朱玉贤．蜘蛛杀虫肽基因的合成及其在植物中表达质粒的构建[J]．植物学报：英文版，1995，321-325
9 贾笑英，张金文，王蒂．大肠杆菌glgC基因的克隆及原核表达[J]．西北植物学报，2006，26(4)：667-671
10 金万枚，巩振辉，李桂荣，等．植物遗传转化方法和转基因植株的鉴定[J]．生物学通报，1997，32(1)：19-21
11 梁蕊芳，黄丛林，丁荣，等．高羊茅植株再生体系的研究与建立．生物技术通报，2005(3)：37-46
12 卢少云，郭振飞，陈永传．狗牙根的组织培养及其矮化变异体研究初报[J]．园艺学报，30(4)：482-484
13 马生健，曾富华，徐碧玉，等．基因枪介导的高羊茅基因转化体系的建立[J]．园艺学报，2004，31(5)：691-693
14 马忠华，张云芳，徐传样，等．早熟禾的组织培养和基因枪介导的基因转化体系的初步建立[J]．复旦学报(自然科学版)，1999，8(5)：540-544．
15 潘瑞炽，董愚得．植物生理学[M]，北京：1995，高等教育出版社(第三版)
16 齐春辉，韩烈保，梁小红，等．以基因枪法转化日本结缕草获得转基因植株[J]．北京林业大学学报，2005，28(3)：71-75
17 齐春辉，韩烈保．转基因技术在草坪草育种中的应用研究进展[J]．中国草地，2002，24(6)：47-54
18 齐春辉，梁小红，韩烈保．日本结缕草胚性愈伤诱导与植株再生[J]．草地学报，2005，13(3)：257-259
19 齐春辉．日本结缕草(Zoysia japonica steud．)植株再生体系建立与DREB1A基因转化研究[D]．北京：北京林业大学，2005
20 钱海丰，薛庆中．高羊茅的组织培养和植株再生[J]．植物生理学通报，2002(6)：247
21 佘建明，梁流芳，张保龙，等．农杆菌介导法获得草地早熟禾转Bt基因植株[J]．江苏农 业学报，2005，21(2)：102-105
22 佘建明，张保龙，陈志一，倪万潮．草地早熟禾成熟胚离体培养植株再生技术的研究[J]．草地学报．2003，11(3)：58-62
23 石琰景．果树GA生物合成基因-贝壳杉烯氧化酶和20-氧化酶的克隆及表达模式的初步研究[D]．泰安：山东农业大学，2002
24 唐克轩，开国银．RACE的研究及其在植物基因克隆上的应用[J]．复旦学报：自然科学版，2002，41(6)：704-709
25 汪家政，范明．蛋白质技术手册北京：科学出版社．2002
26 王关林，方宏筠．植物基因工程(第二版)[M]，2002，北京：科学出版社．
27 王维飞，韩烈保，曾会明．高羊茅愈伤组织诱导及植株再生的研究[J]．草业科学，2006，23(6)：99-103
28 王伟，朱平，程克棣．植物赤霉素生物合成和信号传导的分子生物学[J]．植物学通报，2002，19(2)：137-149
29 吴乃虎．基因工程原理(第二版)[M]．北京：科学技术出版社．2001
30 信金娜，韩烈保，刘君，等．基因枪转化法获得草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis L．)转基因植株[J]．中国生物工程杂志，2006，26(8)：10-14
31 信金娜，韩烈保，刘君，等．草地早熟禾愈伤组织诱导及植株再生[J]．中国草地，2004，26(4)：46-50
32 闫国华，孙瑞红．赤霉素和细胞分裂素调控苹果果实早期生长发育机理的研究[J]．园艺学报，27(1)：11-16
33 严远鑫，安成才，栗力，等．水稻20—氧化酶基因(rga5)正、反义转化对水稻生物性状的影响[J]．科学通报，2003，48(4)：358-363
34 杨爱芳，何春梅，王贤丽，等．黑麦草幼穗离体培养及植株再生[J]．草业学报．2004，13(5)：84-90
35 杨成民，王宏芝，孙振元．利用基因枪共转化法获得转bar与P5Cs基因黑麦草[J]．草地学报，2005，13(1)：34-38
36 叶健明，唐克轩，沈大棱．植物基因转移方法概述[J]．生命科学，1999，11(2)：58-60
37 袁志刚，熊思东．原核表达系统的真核化[J]．生命的化学，2001，21(2)：145-146
38 张党权，谭晓风，杨伟．植物基因cDNA克隆新技术及进展[J]．中国生物工程杂志，2002，22(4)：71-74
39 张德强，毛白杨遗传连锁图谱的构建及重要性状的分子标记[C]，2002，31-32
40 钟军，李枸，官春云．基因克隆技术的研究进展[J]．生命科学研究，2002，6(4)：148-152
41 钟希琼，王惠珍．高等植物赤霉素生物合成及其调节研究进展[J]．植物学通报2001．18(3)：303-307
42 Ahloowalia BS. Regeneration of ryegrass plants in tissue culture [J]. Crop Sci, 1975, 15(4):449-452
43 Ait-Ali T, Frances S, Weller JL, et al. Regulation of gibberellin 20-oxidase and gibberellin 3beta-hydroxylase transcript accumulation during De-etiolation of pea seedlings[J]. Plant Physiol,1997, 11:443-454
44 Ait-Ali T, Frances S, Weller JL, et al. Regulation of gibberellin 20-oxidase and gibberellin 3β -hydroxylase transcript accumulation during de-etiolation of pea seedlings [J]. Plant Physiol, 1999, 121:783-791
45 Ait-Ali T, Swain SM, Reid JB, et al. The LS locus of pea encodes the gibberellin biosynthesis enzyme ent-kaurene synthesis [J] A. Plant J, 1997, 11:443-454
46 Al Kharyi JM, Huang FH, Thompson L F, et al. In vitro plant regeneration of Zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.)[J]. In Vitro. 1987, 23:3
47 Albert S, Delseny M, Devic M BANYULS. a novel negative regulator of flavonoid biosynthesis in the Arabidopsis seed coat. Plant J, 1997, 11: 289-299
48 Alderson A, Sabelli PA, Dickinson JR, et al. Complementation of snfl, amutation affectin global regulation of carbon metabolism in yeast, by a plant proteinkinas DNA[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1991, 88:8602-8605
49 Altpeter F, Xu JianPing. Rapid production of transgenic turfgrass (Festuca rubra L.) plants [J]. Journal of Plant Physiology, 2000, 157(4): 441-448
50 Amador V, Monte E, Garcia-Martinez JL, et al. Gibberellins signal nuclear import of PHOR1, a photoperiod-responsive protein with homology to Drosophila armadillo [J]. Cell, 2001, 106:343-354
51 Amorntip M, Stephen GT, Tai-ping S, et, al. A Novel Dwarfing Mutation in a Green Revolution Gene from Brassica rapa [J]. Plant Physiology, 2005, 137: 931-938
52 Amsmd AD, Kelleyjm, Cocaynejd, et al. Complementary DNA sequencing: Expressed sequence tags and human genome project[J].Science,1991,251:1651-1656
53 Anderson PA, Lawrence GJ, Morrish BC, et al. Inactivation of the flax rust resistance gene Massociated with loss of a repeated unit with in the leucine-rich repeat coding region[J]. The Plant Cell, 1997,9:641-651
54 Anedrson MD, Cornish EL, Man SL, et al. Cloning of cDNA forasty largly coprotein associated with expression of self-incompatibility in Nicotianaalata [J]. Nature, 1986, 321:38-44
55 Appleford NEJ, Lenton JR.Gibberellins and leaf expansion in near-isogenic wheat Nines containing Rht1 and Rht3 DWARFING ALLELES [J]. Planta, 1991, 183:229-236
56 Asano Y, Ito Y, Fukami M, et al. Transgenic plants of turfgrass (Agrostis spp.)[A]. Nakagawa H, Kobayashi M. Utilization of transgenic plant and genome analysis in forage crops[C]. Nishinasuno, Tochigi, Japan: National Geophysical Research Institute (NGRI), 1999.79-89
57 Asano Y, Otsuki Y, Ugaki M. Electroporation-mediated and silicon carbide fiber-mediated DNA delivery in Agrostis alba L.(Redtop)[J]. Plant Science, 1991, 79(2): 247-258.
58 Asano Y, Ugaki M. Transgenic plants of Agrostis alba obtained by electroporation-mediated direct gene transfer into protoplasts [J]. Plant Cell Reports, 1994, 13(5): 243-246
59 Asano Y. Somatic embryogenesis and protoplast culture in Japanese lawngrass (Zoysia japonica) [J]. Plant Cell Reports, 1989, 8(3):141-143
60 Ashikari M, Sasaki A, Ueguchi-Tanaka M, et al. Loss-of-function of a rice gibberellin biosynthetic gene, GA20 oxidase (GA20ox-2), led to the rice 'Green Revolution.' Breed Sci, 2002, 52: 143-150
61 Ashikari M, Wu J, Yano M, et al. Rice gibberellin-insensitive dwarf mutant gene Dwarf 1 encodes the β-subunit of GTP-binding protein[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1999, 96: 10284-10289
62 Atach H, Bode H, Robinson DG, et al. Ent-kaurene synthase is located in proplastids of meristematic shoot tissues [J]. Planta ,1997, 202:211-219
63 Atach H, Bose G, Grabe JE, et al. ent-kaurene biosynthesis in a cell free system from wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings and the localization of ent-kaurene synthetase in plastids of three species[J]. Planta, 1995, 197:333-342
64 Bai Y, Qu R. Genetic transformation of elite turf-type cultivars of tall fescue [A]. International Turfgrass Society Research Journal[C], 2001, 9: 129-136
65 Bettany AJE, Dalton SJ, Timms E, et al. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of Festuca arundinacea (Schreb.) and Lolium multiflorum (Lam.) [J]. Plant Cell Reports, 2003, 21(5): 437-444
66 Bonhomme F, Kurz B, Melzer S, et al. an gibberellin activeate Sa MADS A, a gene apparently involved in regulateonof the floral transition in Sinapis alba[J]. Plant J, 2000,24:103-111
67 Bouvier F, Harlingue A, Suire C, et al. Dedicated roles of plastid transketolases during the early onset of isopreneoid biogenesiss in peppers fruits [J]. Plant Physiol, 1998, 117:1423-1431
68 Brandley DE, Bruneau AH, Qu R. Effects of cultivar, explant treatment, and medium supplements on callus induction and plantlet regeneration in perennial ryegrass[A]. International Turfgrss Society Research Journal[C], 2001, Volume 9: 152-156.
69 Cao D, Cheng H, Wu W, et al. Gibberellin Mobilizes Distinct DELLA-Dependent Transcriptomes to Regulate Seed Germination and Floral Development in Arabidopsis[J]. Plant Physiology, 2006, 142(2): 509-525.
70 Carrera E, Jackson SD, Prat S. feedback control and diurnal regulation of gibberellin 20-oxidase transcript levels in potato[J]. Plant physiol, 1999, 119:765-773
71 CatalaC. Auxin regulation and spatial localization of an endo-l,4-beta-D-glucanase and a xyloglucan endotransglycosylase in expanding tomato hypocotyls[J]. Plant, 1997. 12 (2): 417-42
72 Chai Benli, Mariam B, Sticklen. Application of biotechnology in turfgrass genetic improvement [J]. Crop Science, 1998, 38(5): 1320-1338
73 Chai BF, Liang AH, Wang W, et ali. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Kentucky bluegrass [J]. Acta Botanica Sinica, 2003, 45(8): 966-973
74 Chai MingLiang, Kalaiselvi K, Mo Sukyoen, et al. Embryogenic callus induction and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in bentgrass (Agrostis spp.)[J]. Journal of the Korean Society for Horticultural Science, 2000, 41(5):450-454
75 Chai MingLiang, Kim DooHwan, Chai ML, et al. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Korean lawngrass (Zoysia japonica) [J]. Journal of the Korean Society for Horticultural Science, 2000, 41(5): 455-458
76 Chai Ming-Liang. Establishment of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in Bentgrass, Zoysiagrass, and Phalaenopsis [D]. Dissertation for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Konkuk University
77 Chai ML, Kim DH. High Efficiency of Plant Regeneration from Seed-derived Callus of Zoysiagrass cv.Zenith. [J]. Korean Journal of Turfgrass Science, 1998, 12:195-202
78 Chai ML, Senthil KK, Kim DH. Transgenic plants of colonial bentgrass from embryogenic callus via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation [J]. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 2004, 77(2): 165-171
79 Chan MT, Chang HH, Ho SL et al. Agrobacterium-mediated production of transgenic rice plants expressing a chimeric α-amylase promoter: p-glucuronidase gene[J]. Plant Molec. Biol. 1993,22:491-506
80 Chandler PM, Marion-Poll A, Ellis M, et al. Mutants at the Slenderl locus of barley cv Himalaya: molecular and physiological characterization [J]. Plant Physiol, 2002, 129: 181-190
81 Chang, C, Kwok SF, Bleecker AB. Arabidopsis ethylene-response gene ETR1: Similarity of product to two-component regulators [J]. Science,1993, 262: 539-544
82 Chen, X, Wang, B, Wu RA. Gibberellin-stimulated ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme gene involved in α-amylase gene expression in rice aleurone [J]. Plant Mol. Biol. 1995, 29: 787-795
83 Cheng H, Qin L, Lee S, et al. Gibberellin regulates Arabidopsis floral development via suppression of DELLA protein function [J]. Development 2004, 131: 1055-1064
84 Chiang HH, Hwang I, Goodman HM.Isolation of the Arabidopsis GA4 locus [J]. Plant Cell, 1995,7: 195-201
85 Cho MJ, Ha CD, Lemaux PG. Production of transgenic tall fescue and red fescue plants by particle bombardment of mature seed-derived highly regenerative tissues [J]. Plant Cell Reports, 2000,19(11): 1084-1089
86 Chong K, Wang LP, Tan KH, et al. Molecular cloning and characterization of vernalization- related (ver) genes in winter wheat [J] .Physiol Plant, 1994, 92:511-515.
87 Colby S M , Alonso W R , Katahira E J, et al.4S-limonene synthase from the oil glands of spearmint (Mentha spicata). cDNA isolation , characterizeation ,and bacterial expression of the catalytically active monoterpene cyclase . J Bioil Chem , 1993, 268:23016-23024
88 Croker ST, Hedden P, Leton JR, et al. Comparison of gibberellin in normal and slender barley seedings[J]. plant physiol, 1990, 94:194-200
89 Dalton SJ, Bettany AJE, Timms E, et al. The effect of selection pressue on transformation frequency and copy number in transgenic plants of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)[J]. Plant Science, 1995, 108(1): 63-70.
90 Dalton SJ, Bettany AJE, Timms E, et al. Transgenic plants of Lolium multiflorum, Lolium perenne, Festuca arundinacea and Agrostis stolonifera by silicon carbide fibre-mediated transformation of cell suspension cultures [J]. Plant Science, 1998, 132(1): 31-43.
91 Dalton SJ, Bettany AJE, TimmsE. Silicon-carbide whisker-mediated transformation of Lolium [J]. Journal of Experimental Botany, 1995,46(Suppl.): 34.
92 Dalton SJ, Bettany AJE, Timms E, et al. Co-transformed, diploid Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass L.), Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass L.) and Lolium temulentum (darnel) plants produced by microprojectile bombardment [J]. Plant Cell Rep, 1999, 18(9):721-726
93 David NM, William MP, Peter H. Mendel's dwarfing gene: cDNAs from the Le alleles and function of the expr essed proteins [J]. Plant Biology, 1997, 94(16): 8907-8911.
94 Deng WX, Lin, Shao Q. Transformation of some cereal crops with Agrobacterium tumefaciens [J]. Genetic Manipulation Crops Newsl. 1988.71:1-2
95 Dill A, Sun T-p. Synergistic de-repression of gibberellin signaling by removing RGA and GAI function in Arabidopsis thaliana [J]. Genetics, 2001, 159: 777-785
96 Dill A, Thomas SG, Hu J, et al. The Arabidopsis F-box protein SLEEPY1 targets gibberellin signaling repressors for gibberellin-induced degradation [J]. Plant Cell, 2004, 16: 1392-1405
97 Dill, A, Jung H, Sun, TP. The DELLA motif is essential for gibberellin-induced degradation of RGA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 2001, 14162-1416
98 Esther C, Stephen D. J, Salome Prat. Feedback Control and Diurnal Regulation of Gibberellin 20-Oxidase Transcript Levels in Potato [J]. Plant Physiol, 1999, 119: 765-774
99 Facchini JG, Chappell J. Gene family for an elicitor-induced sesquiterpene cyclase in tobacco [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1992, 89:11088-11092
100 Fei S, Bishnoi US, Riordan T, et al. Embryogenic callus induction and plant regeneration of buffalograss through leaf base and seedling segment culture [A]. International Turfgrass Society Research Journal [C], 2001, Volume 9: 162-164
101 Fridborg I, Kuusk S, Moritz T, et al. The Arabidopsis dwarf mutant shi exhibits reduced gibberellin responses conferred by overexpression of a new putative zinc finger protein [J]. Plant Cell, 1999,11: 1019-1031
102 Fridborg I, Kuusk S, Robertson M, et al. The Arabidopsis protein SHI represses gibberellin responses in Arabidopsis and barley [J]. Plant Physiol. 2001, 127: 937-948
103 Fritz MS, Colleen MB, Dong JL, et, al. Overexpression of a Novel Class of Gibberellin 2-Oxidases Decreases Gibberellin Levels and Creates Dwarf Plants [J]. Plant Cell, 2003 , 15:151-163
104 Fu DL, Tisserat NA, Xiao YM, et al. Overxpression of rice TLPD34 enhance dollar-spot resistance in transgenic bentgrass [J]. Plant Science 2005, 168(3): 671-680
105 Fujisawa Y, Kato T, Ohki S, et al. Suppression of the heterotrimeric G protein causes abnormal morphology, including dwarfism, in rice [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1999, 96: 7575-7580
106 Garca-Martnez J L, Lpez-Diaz I, Snchez-Beltrn M J, et al. Isolation and transcript analysis of gibberellin 20-oxidase genes in pea and bean in relation to fruit development [J]. Plant Mlo Biol, 1997, 33:1073-1084
107 Garcia-Martines JL, Lopez-Diaz I, Sanchez-Beltran MJ, et al. Isolation and transcript analysis of gibberellin 20-oxidase genes in pea and bean in relation to fruit development [J]. Plant Mol Biol, 1997, 33: 1073-1084
108 Gawronska H, Yang YY, Furukawa K, et al. Effects of low irradiance stress on gibberellin levels in pea seedlings [J]. Plant Cell Physiol, 1995, 36: 1361-1367
109 Gocal GFW, Sheldon CC, Gubler F, et al. GAMYB-like genes, flowering and gibberellin signaling in Arabidopsis [J]. Plant Physiol, 2001, 127: 1682-1693
110 Goeddel DV. Systems for heterologous gene expression. Methods Enzymol. 1990, 185:3-7
111 Gomi K, Sasaki A, Itoh H, et al. GID2, an F-box subunit of the SCF E3 complex, specifically interacts with phosphorylated SLR1 protein and regulates the gibberellin-dependent degradation of SLR1 in rice[J]. Plant J 2004, 37: 626-634
112 Grantm R, Godiard L, Straub E, et al. Structure of the Arabidopsis RPM1 gene enabling dual specificity disease resistance[J].Science, 1995, 269:843-846
113 Greemers molenaar J, Loffen JPM, P Vander. The effect of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyactic acid and donor plant environment on plant regeneration from immature inflorescence -derived callus of Loium perenne and Lolium multiflorum[J].Plant Sci, 1998,57:165-172
114 Grodberg J, Dunn J J. omp T.encodes the Escherichia coli outer membrane protease that cleaves T7RNA polymerase during purification. J Bacteriol. 1988, 170(3):1245-5
115 Gubler F, Chandler P, White R, et al. GA signaling in barley aleurone cells: control of SLN1 and GAMYB expression [J]. Plant Physiol, 2002, 129: 191-200
116 Gupta JD, Liq S, Thomson AB, et al. Characterization of cDNA encoding an ovelplantpoly(A) polymerase[J]. PlantMolecularBiology, 1998,37:729-734
117 Ha CD, Lemaux PG, Cho MyeongJe, et al. Stable transformation of a recalcitrant Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) cultivar using mature seed-derived highly regenerative tissues[J]. In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology Plant, 2001, 37(1): 6-11
118 Ha SB, Penmetsa RV, Wu FS. Trandgenic espression of the beta-glucuronidase gene driven by different 5' regulatory sequences in tall fescue protoplasts [J]. Journal of turfgrass management, 1995, 1(1): 73-81
119 Ha SB, Wu FS, Thome TK. Transgenic turf-type tall fescue (Festuca arundinaces Schreb.) plants regenerated from protoplasts [J]. Plant Cell Rep., 1992, 11(12): 601-604.
120 Han N, Chen D, Bian HW, et al. Production of transgenic creeping bentgrass Agrostic stolonifera var. palustris plants by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation using hygromycin selection [J]. Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture, 2005, 81(2): 131-138
121 Hartman CL, Lee L, Turner N. Particle gun transformation of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris) [J]. J.Cell.Biochem, 1994, Suppl. 18A: 101
122 HayashiH. Activation of aplant gene by T-DNA tagging: auxin-independent growth in vitro [J].Science, 1992, 258:1350-1353
123 Hedden P, Kamiya Y. Gibberellin biosynthesis: enzymes, genes and their regulation [J]. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol boil, 1997, 48:431-460
124 Hedden P, Phillips AL, Rojas MC, et al. Gibberellin biosynthesis in plants and fungi: a case of convergent evolution? J Plant Growth Regul 2001, 20: 319-331
125 Hedden P, Phillips AL. Gibberellin metabolism: new insights revealed by the genes [J]. Trends in Plant Science, 2000, 5:523-530
126 Hedden P, Proebsting WM. Genetic analysis of gibberellin biosynthess [J]. Plant Physiol, 1999, 119:365-370
127 Hedden P. The genes of the Green Revolution [J]. Trends Genet, 2003, 19: 5-9
128 Helliwell CA, Chandler PM, Poole A, et al. The CYP88A cytochrome P450, ent-kaurenoic acid oxidase, catalyzes three steps of the gibberellin biosynthesis pathway [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2001, 98:2065-2070
129 Helliwell CA, Poole A, Peacock WJ, et al. Arabidopsis ent-kaurene oxidase catalyzes three steps of gibberellin biosynthesis. Plant Physiol, 1999, 119:507-510
130 Helliwell CA, Sheldon CC, Olive MR, et al. Arabidopsis ent-kaurene oxidase gene GA3. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1998, 95:9019-9024
131 Hodgson, J. Expression systems: a user's guide. Bio/fechnology. 1993,11: 887-889
132 Holford PN, HernandezHJ, Newbury. Factors influencing the efficiency of T-DNA transfer during co-cultivation of Antirrhinum majus with Agrobacterium tumefaciens [J]. Plant Cell Report, 1992, 11: 196-199
133 Horn ME, Shillito RD, Conger BV, et al. Transgenic plants of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) from protoplasts [J]. Plant Cell Reports, 1988, 7(7):469-472
134 Horn ME, Shillito RD, Harms CT, et al. Gene expression in transgenic orchardgrass plants obtained via direct DNA uptake by embryogenic suspension culture-derived protoplasts [J]. In Vitro, 1989, 25(3), Pt.2, 33A.
135 Huang S, Raman AS, Ream JE, et al. Overexpression of 20-oxidase confers a gibberellin-overproduction phenotype in Arabidopsis [J]. Plant Physiol, 1998, 118: 773-781
136 Ikeda A, Ueguchi-Tanaka M, Sonoda Y, et al. slender rice, a constitutive gibberellin response mutant, is caused by a null mutation of the SLR1 gene, an ortholog of the height-regulating gene GAI/RGA/RHT/D8 [J]. Plant Cell, 2001, 13: 999-1010
137 Inokuma C, Sugiura K, Imaizumi N, et al. Transgenic Japanese lawngrass(Zoysia japonica Steud.) plants regenerated from protoplasts[J]. Plant Cell Reports, 1998, 17(5): 334-338
138 Inokuma C, Sugiura K, Okawara R, et al. Transient gene expression in Japanese lawngrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) protoplasts [J]. Journal of turfgrass management (USA). 1997, 2(3): 51-60
139 Itoh H, Tanaka-Ueguchi MT, Kawaide H, et al. The gene encoding tobacco gibberellin 3beta-hydroxylase is expressed at the site of GA action during stem elongation and flower organ development [J]. Plant J, 1999, 20:15-24
140 Jackson SD, James PE, Carrera E, et al. Regulation of transcript levels of a potato gibberellin 20-oxidase gene by light and phytochrome B[J]. Plant Physiol, 2000, 124:423-430
141 Jackson SD, James PE, Carrera E, et al. Phytochrome B affects the levels of graft-trans missible signal involved in tuberization[J]. Plant Physiol, 1998, 117:29-32
142 Jacobsen SE, Olszewski NE. Mutations at the SPINDLY locus of Arabidopsis alter gibberellin signal transduction [J]. Plant Cell, 1993, 5: 887-896
143 Kaeppler HF, Gu W, Somers DA, et al. Silicon carbide fiber-mediated DNA delivery into plant cells [J]. Plant Cell Reports, 1990, 9:415-418
144 Kaeppler HF, Somers DA, Rines HW, Cockbum AF. Silicon carbide fiber-mediated stable transformation of plant cells [J]. Theoretical and applied Genetics, 1992, 84(5-6): 560-566
145 Kamiya and Graede. The biosynthesis of all major pea gibberellins in a cell free system from pisum sarivum [J]. Ptytochemistry, 1983, 22:691-690
146 Kang HG, Jun SH, Kim J, et al. Cloning and molecular analyses of a gibberellin 20-oxidase gene expressed specifically in developing seeds of watermelon[J]. Plant Physiol, 1999, 121:373-382
147 Karen M McGinnis, Stephen G. Thomas, Jonathan D. Soule, et al. The Arabidopsis SLEEPY1 Gene Encodes a Putative F-Box Subunit of an SCF E3 Ubiquitin Ligase [J]. Plant Cell, 2003, 15:1120-1130
148 King K, Moritz T, Harberd N. Gibberellins are not required for normal stem growth in Arabidopsis thaliana in the absence of GAI and RGA [J]. Genetics, 2001, 159: 767-776.
149 Koornneef M, Karssen CM, Kendrick RE, et al. A gibberellin insensitive mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana [J]. Physiol. Plant. 1985, 65:33-39
150 Koornneef M, van der Veen JH. Induction and analysis of gibberellin-sensitive mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh[J]. Theor Appl Genet, 1980, 58: 257-263
151 Krens JV, Henning VT, Torres KC. Callus induction maintenance and plantlet tregeneration in creeping bentgrass [J].Crop Sci, 1982, 22(6): 1193-1197
152 Lange T, Hedden P, Graebe JE. Expression cloning of a gibberellin 20-oxidase, a multifunctional enzyme involved in gibberellin biosynthesis [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , 1994,91:8552-8556
153 Lange T, Robatzek S, Frisse A. Cloning and expression of a gibberellin 2 beta, 3beta-hydroxylase cDNA from pumpkin endoperm[J].Plant Cell, 1997, 9:1459-1467
154 Lange T. Cloning gibberellin dioxygenas genes from pumpkinen dosperm by heterologous expression of enzyme activeities in Escherichia coli[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA ,1997, 94:6553-6558
155 Lange T. Molecular biology of gibberellin synthesis [J]. Planta, 1998, 204:409-419
156 Lee Hyoshin, Lee ByungHyun, Jo Jinki, et al. Development of transgenic orchardgrass (Datylis glomerata L.) using Agrobacterium tumefaciens [J]. Journal of the Korean Society of Grassland Science, 2000, 20(2): 103-108
157 Lee L, Laramoro CL, Day PR, et al. Transformation and regeneration of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.) protoplasts [J]. Crop Science, 1996, 36(2): 401-406.
158 Lee L. Turfgrass biotechnology [J]. Plant Science, 1996, 115(1):1-8
159 Lee S, Cheng H, King KE, et al. Gibberellin regulates Arabidopsis seed germination via RGL2, a GAI/RGA-like gene whose expression is up-regulated following imbibition[J]. Genes Dev, 2002, 16: 646-658
160 Lee SH, Lee DG, Woo HS, et al. Development of transgenic tall fescue plants from mature seed-derived callus via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation [J]. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 2004, 17(10): 1390-1394
161 Lester DR, Ross JJ, Davies PJ, et al. Mendel's stem length gene (Le) encodes a gibberellin 3β-hydroxylase. Plant Cell, 1997, 9: 1435-1443
162 Lester DR, Ross JJ, Smith JJ, et al.Gibberellin 2-oxidation and the SLN gene of Pisum sativum[J]. Plant J, 1999, 19: 65-73
163 Liang Z, Luo AL, Tang L. Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase from spinach leaves: purification and preparation of its antibody [J]. Chinese Journal of Biotechnology, 1993, 5: 58-64
164 Lowe KW, Conger BV. Root and shoot formation from callus cultures of tall fescue [J].Crop Sci, 1979, 19(3):397-400
165 Lu CA, Thua DH, Shin LH, et al. Three Novel MYB Proteins with One DNA Binding Repeat Mediate Sugar and Hormone Regulation of α-Amylase Gene Expression[J].The Plant Cell, 2002, 14:1963-1980
166 Luo H, Qu R, Nelson K, et al. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) transformation using phosphinothricin selection results in a high frequency of single-copy transgene integration [J]. Plant Cell Reports, 2004, 22(9): 645-652.
167 MacMillan J, Ward DA, Phillips AL, et al. Gibberellin biosynthesis from gibberellin A_(12)-aldehyde in endosperm and embryos of Marah macrocarpus [J]. Plant Physiol, 1997, 113: 1369-1377
168 Man CJD, West CA. Clonging of casbene synthase cDNA: evidence forconserved structural feature among terpenoid cyclases in plants [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1994, 91:8497-8501
169 Manuel RC , Narciso C, Luisa ML, et al. Genetic evidence of branching in the isopreneoid pathway for the production of isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate in Escherichia coli [J]. FEBs Letters, 2000, 473:328 532
170 Marks MD, Feldmann KA. Trichome development in Arabidopsisthaliana: T-DNA tagging of the GLABROUS1 gene [J]. The Plant Cell, 1989,1:104-105
171 Martin DN, Proebsting WM, Hedden P. Mendel's dwarfing gene: cDNAs from the Le alleles and function of the expressed proteins [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997, 94: 8907-8911
172 Martin DN, Proebsting WM, Hedden P. The SLENDER gene of pea encodes a gibberellin 2-oxidase [J]. Plant Physiol, 1999, 121: 775-781
173 Martin DN, Proebsting WM, Parks TD, et al. Feed-back regulation of gibberellin biosynthesis and gene expression in Pisum sativum L[J]. Planta, 1996, 200: 159-166
174 Matthews PR, Wang MB, Waterhouse PM, et al. gene eiimination irom transgenic barley, using co-transformation with adjacent'twin T-DNAs'on a standard Agrobacterium transformation vector[J]. Molecular Breeding. 2001, 7:195-202
175 McGinnis KM, Thomas SG, Soule JD, et al. The Arabidopsis SLEEPY1 gene encodes a putative F-box subunit of an SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase [J]. Plant Cell, 2003, 15: 1120-1130
176 McQueen-Mason, SJ. The relationship between xyloglucan endotransglycosylase and in-vitro cell wall extension in cucumber hypocotyls [J]. Planta. 1993, 190(3): 327-331.
177 Michlelmore RW, Paran J, Kesseli RV. Identification of marker slinked to disease-resistance genes by bulked segregan analysis: A rapid method to detect markers in specific genomic regions by using segregating populations [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1991, 88:9828-9832
178 Minet M, Dufoure E, Lacroute F. Complementation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae auxotrophic mutants by Arabidopsisthaliana cDNAs[J].The Plant Journal, 1992, 2: 417-422
179 Monna L, Kitazawa N, Yoshino R, et al. Positional cloning of rice semidwarfing gene, sd-1: rice 'green revolution gene' encodes a mutant enzyme involved in gibberellin syntheis [J]. DNA Res, 2002, 9(1):11-17
180 Monte E, Amador V, Russo E, et al. PHOR1: A U-Box GA signaling component with a role in proteasome degradation [J]. J Plant Growth Regul 2003, 22: 152-162
181 Nielsen KA, Knudsen E. Regeneration of green plants from embryogenic suspension cultures of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.)[J]. Plant Physiol, 1993, 141: 589-595
182 Ogas J, Kaufmann S, Henderson J, et al. PICKLE is a CHD3 chromatin-remodeling factor that regulates the transition from embryonic to vegetative development in Arabidopsis [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1999, 96: 13839-13844
183 Oh MH, Romanow WG, et al. Soybean BRUI encodes a functional xyloglucan endotransglycosylase that is highly expressed in inneepicotyl tissues during Brassinosteroid-promoted elongation [J].Plant cell physiol, 1998, 39:124-130
184 Orin, Eshed Y, Paran I, et al. The 12C family from the wilt disease resistance locus 12 belongs to the nucleotide binding, leucine-rich repeat super family of plant resistance genes [J]. The Plant Cell, 1997, 9:521-532
185 Parker JE, Coleman MJ, Szabo V, et al. The Arabidopsis downy mildew resistance gene RPP5 shares similarity to the toll and Interleukin~(-1) receptors with N and L6 [J]. ThePlantCell, 1997, 9:879-894
186 Pearce DW, Hutt OE, Rood SB, et al. Gibberellins in shoots and developing capsules of Populus species [J]. Phytochemistry , 2002, 59: 679-687
187 Peng J, Carol P, Richards DE, et al. The Arabidopsis GAI gene defines a signaling pathway that negatively regulates gibberellin responses [J]. Genes Dev. 1997, 11: 3194-3205
188 Peng J, et al. "Green revolution" genes encode mutant gibberellin response modulators[J]. Nature, 1999,400:56-261
189 Peng J, Harberd NP. The role of GA-mediated signalling in the control of seed germination [J]. Curr Opin Plant Biol, 2002, 5: 376-381
190 Penmetsa RV, Ha SB. Factors influencing transient gene expression in electroporated tall fescue protoplasts [J]. Plant Science, 1994, 100(2): 171-178
191 Phillips AL, Ward DA, Uknes S, et al. Isolation and expression of three gibberellin 20-oxidase cDNA clones from Arabidopsis [J]. Plant Physiol 1995, 108: 1049-1057
192 Phillips AL, Huttly AK. Cloning of two gibberellin-regulated cDNAs from Arabidopsis thaliana by subtractive hybridization-expression of the tonoplast water channel, gamma-Tip is increased by GA3 [J]. Plant Mol. Biol, 1994, 24:603-615
193 Pysh LD, Wysocka-Diller JW, Camilleri C, et al. The GRAS gene family in Arabidopsis: sequence characterization and basic expression analysis of the SCARECROW-LIKE genes [J]. Plant J 1999, 18: 111-119
194 Richards DE, Peng J, Harberd, NP. Plant GRAS and metazoan STATs: One family [J] BioEssays, 2000, 22:573-577
195 Riesmeir JW, Willmitzer L, Frommer WB. Isolation and characterization of a sucros carrier cDNA from spinach by functional expression in yeast[J].The EMBO Journal, 1992,11:4705-4713
196 Rong Zhou, Min Yu, Richard PP. 16, 17-Dihydro Gibberellin A_5 Competitively Inhibits a Recombinant Arabidopsis GA3β-Hydroxylase Encoded by the GA4 Gene [J]. Plant Physiology, 2004, 135: 1000-1007
197 Rosselt UK, Wang G, Schubert J, et al. Induction of virus resistance by means of Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer in ryegrasses [A]. Boiler B, Stadelmann FJ. Breeding for a functional agriculture[C]. Kartause Ittingen, Switzerland: FAL, 1998: 154-156
198 Salmeron JM, Oldroyd GED, Ronnens CM, et al. Tomato prf is a member of the leucine-rich repeat class of pant disease resistanc genes and liesembeded with in the ptokinase gene cluster [J]. Cell, 1996, 86:123-133
199 Sandra ED, Jennifer JS, Chris A., et al. The pea gene LH encodes ent-kaurene oxidase [J]. Plant physiology, 2004, 134:1123-1134
200 Sasaki A, Ashikari M, Ueguchi-Tanaka M, et al. A mutant gibberellin-synthesis gene in rice [J]. Nature, 2002a, 416: 701-702
201 Sasaki A, Itoh H, Gomi K, et al. Accumulation of phosphorylated repressor for gibberellin signaling in an F-box mutant [J]. Science , 2003, 299: 1896-1898
202 Sasaki T, Matsumoto T, Yamamoto K, et al.The genome sequence and structure of rice chromosome 1[J]. Nature , 2002b, 420: 312-316
203 Sauter M, Mekhedov SL, Kende H. Gibberellin promotes histon H1 kinase activity and the expression of cdc2 and cyclin genes during the induction of rapid growth in deepwater rice [J]. Plant J, 1995,7:623-632
204 Schomburg FM, Bizzell CM, Lee DJ, et al. Overexpression of a novel class of gibberellin 2-oxidases decreases gibberellin levels and creates dwarf plants [J]. Plant Cell, 2003, 15: 151-163
205 Shihshieh H, Anuradha SR, Joel ER, et, al. Overexpression of 20-Oxidase Confers a Gibberellin-Overproduction Phenotype in Arabidopsis [J]. Plant Physiol. 1998, 118: 773-781
206 Shinnosuke K, Masashi F, Chikako H, et, al. Decreased GA_1 Content Caused by the Overexpression of OSH1 Is Accompanied by Suppression of GA 20-Oxidase Gene Expression [J]. Plant Physiol, 1997117: 1179-1184
207 Silverstone AL, Jung HS, Dill A, et al. Repressing a repressor: gibberellin-induced rapid reduction of the RGA protein in Arabidopsis [J]. Plant Cell, 2001,13: 1555-1566
208 Silverstone AL, Sun TP. Gibberellins and green revolution[J]Trends Plant Sci, 2000, 1-2
209 Smith, RC. The regulation of leaf elongation and xyloglucan endotransglycosylase by gibberellin in 'Himalaya' barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)[J]. J-exp-bot, 1996, 47 (302): 1395-1404
210 Song WY, Wang Gl, Chen L L, et al. A receptor kinase-like protein encoded by the rice disease resistance gene, Xa21 [J]. Science, 1995, 270:1804-1806
211 Spangenberg G, Wang ZY, Nagel J, et al. Protopast culture and generation of transgenic plants in red fescue (Festuca rubra L.)[J]. Plant Science, 1994, 97(1): 83-94
212 Spielmeyer W, Ellis MH, Chandler PM. Semidwarf (sd-1), "green revolution" rice, contains a defective gibberellin 20-oxidase gene [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002, 99(13): 9043-9048
213 Steber CM, Cooney S, McCourt P. Isolation of the GA-response mutant sly I as a suppressor of ABII-1 in Arabidopsis thaliana [J]. Genetics, 1998, 149:509-521
214 Sugiura K, Inokuma C, Imaizumi N, et al. Generation of herbicide resistant creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.) plants by electroporation-mediated direct gene transfer into protoplasts [J]. Journal of Turfgrass Management, 1998, 2 (4):35-41
215 Sun T-P, Goodman HM, Ausubel FM. Cloning the Arabidopsis GA1 locus by genomic subtraction [J]. Plant Cell, 1992,4: 119-128
216 Sun T-p, Gubler F. Molecular mechanism of gibberellin signaling in plants [J]. Annu Rev Plant Biol, 2004, 55: 197-223
217 Sun T-P, Kamiya Y. Regulation and cellular localization of ent-kaurene synthesis [J]. Physiol Plant, 1997, 101: 701-708
218 Takamizo T, Suginobu KI, Ohsugi R. Plant regeneration from suspension culture derived protoplasts of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) of a single genotype [J]. Plant science, 1990,72(1): 125-131
219 Takumi S, Shimada T. Variation intransformation frequencies among six common wheat cultivars through particle bombardment of scutellar tissues [J]. Journal of Plant Physiology, 1997, 151:83-90
220 Talon M, Koornneef M, Zeevaart JAD. Endogenous gibberellins in Arabidopsis thaliana and possible steps blocked in the biosynthetic pathways of the semidwarf ga4 and ga5 mutants [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1990, 87: 7983-7987
221 Terakawa T, Sato T, Koike M. Plant regeneration from protoplasts isolated from embryogenic suspendsion cultures of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.)[J]. Plant Cell. Rep, 1992, 11:457-461
222 Thomas SG, Phillips AL, Hedden P. Molecular cloning and functional expression of gibberellin 2-oxidases, multifunctional enzymes involved in gibberellin deactivation [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , 1999, 96: 4698-4703
223 Thomas SG, Sun T-p. Update on gibberellin signaling. A tale of the tall and the short [J]. Plant Physiol 2004, 135:668-676
224 Tomoya Niki, Takaaki Nishijima, Masayoshi Nakayama, et al. Production of Dwarf Lettuce by Overexpressing a Pumpkin Gibberellin 20-Oxidase Gene [J]. Plant Physiol, 2001,126:965-972
225 Torello WA, Syminigto AJ, Rufner RC. Callus initiation, plant regeneration and evidence of somatic embrogenesis in red fescue [J]. Crop Sci, 1984, 24(6): 1037-1040
226 Toyomasu T, Kawaide H, Mitsuhashi W, et al. Phytochrome regulates gibberellin biosynthesis during germination of photoblastic lettuce seeds [J]. Plant Physiology 1998, 118:1517-1523
227 Toyomasu T, Kawaide H, Sekimoto H, et al. Cloning and characterization of a cDNA encoding gibberellin 20-oxidase from rice (Oryza sativa) seedlings [J]. Physiologia Plantarum 1997,99: 111-118
228 Tyler L, Thomas SG, Hu J, et al. DELLA proteins and gibberellin-regulated seed germination and floral development in Arabidopsis [J]. Plant Physiol 2004, 135: 1008-1019
229 Vasil I K. Progress in the regeneration and genetic manipulation of cereal crops [J]. Bio/Technology, 1988, 6(4): 397-402
230 Vasil V, Vasil IK. Isolation and culture of cereal protoplasts. II. Embryogenesis and plantlet formation from protoplasts of Pennisetum americanum [J].Theor. Appl.Genet. 1980, 56:97-99
231 Wang K, Drayton P, Frame B, et al. Whisker-mediated plant transformation: an alternative technology [J]. In Vitro Plant; 1995, 31(2): 101-104
232 Wang ZY, Ge YX, Mian R, et al. Development of highly tissue culture lines of Lolium temulentum by anther culture [J]. Plant Science, 2005, 168(1): 203-211
233 Wang ZY, Ge YX, Scott M, et al. Viability and longevity of pollen from transgenic and nontransgenic tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) (Poaceae) plants [J]. American Journal of Botany, 2004, 91(4): 523-530
234 Wang ZY, Ge YX. Agrobacterium-mediated high efficiency transformation of tall fescue (Festuca arundiacea) [J]. Journal of Plant Physiology, 2005, 162(1): 103-113
235 Wang ZY, Lawrence R, Hopkins A, et al. Pollen-mediated transgene flow in the wind-pollinated grass species tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)[J]. Molecular Breeding, 2004, 14(1): 47-60
236 Wang ZY, Legris G, Nagel J, et al. Cryopreservation of embryogenic cell suspensions in Festuca and Lolium species [J]. Plant Science, 1994, 103(1):93-106
237 Wang ZY, Nagel J, Potrykus I, et al. Plants from cell suspension-derived protoplasts in Lolium species [J]. Plant Science, 1993, 94(1, 2): 179-193
238 Wang ZY, TaKamizo T, Iglosias VA, et al. Transgenic plants of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) obtained by direct gene transfer to protoplasts [J]. Bio/Technology; 1992, 10(6): 691-696
239 Weigel DAL, Varez J, Smyth DR, et al. EAFY controls floral meristem identity in Arabidopsis[J] .Cell, 1992,69:843-859
240 Wen CK, Chang C. Arabidopsis RGL1 encodes a negative regulator of gibberellin responses [J]. Plant Cell, 2002, 14: 87-100
241 Wilson RN, Somerville CR. Phenotypic suppression of the gibberellin-insensitive mutant (gai) of Arabidopsis [J]. Plant Physiol, 1995, 108: 495-502
242 Winkler RG, Helentjaris T. The maize Dwarf3 gene encodes Acytochrome P450 mediated early step in Gibberellin biosynthesis [J]. Plant Cell, 1995, 7:1307-1317
243 Wolfgang S, Marc H E, Peter MC. Semidwarf (sd-1), "green revolution" rice, contains a defective gibberellin 20-oxidase gene [J]. Plant Biology, 2002, 99 (13) :9043-9048
244 Wu k, Li L, Gage DA, et al. Molecular cloning and photoperild regulated expression of gibbereillin 20-oxidase from long-day plant spinach [J]. Plant Physilo, 1996, 110:547-554
245 Xu B, Mu JH, Nevins DL, et al. Cloning and sequencing of c DNAs encoding two self-incompatibility associated proteins in Solanum chacoense[J].Mol Gen Genet, 1990,224:341-346
246 Xu L, Liu F, Lechner, E, et al. The SCF~(COI1) ubiquitin-ligase complexes are required for jasmonate response in Arabidopsis [J]. Plant Cell, 2002, 14:1919-1935
247 Xu YL, Gage DA, Zeeraart JAP. Gibberellins and stem growth in Arabidopsis thaliana: Effects of photoperiod on expression of GA4 and GA5 loci [J]. Plant Physiol, 1997, 114: 1471-1476
248 Xu YL, Li L, Wu K, et al. The GA5 locus of Arabidopsis thaliana encodes a multifunctional gibberellin 20-oxidase: Molecular cloning and functional expression [J]. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1995, 92:6640-6644
249 Yamaguchi S, Kamiya Y. Gibberellin biosynthesis: Its regulation by endogenous and environmental signals [J]. Plant and Cell Physiology 2000, 41:251-257
250 Yamaguchi S, Saito T, Abe H, et al. Molecular cloning and characterization of a cDNA encoding the gibberellin biosynthetic enzyme ent-kaurene synthase B from pumpkin(Cucurbita maxima L.) [J]. Plant J, 1996, 10:203-213
251 Yamaguchi S, Smith MW, Brown RGS, et al. Phytochrome regulation and differential expression of gibberellin 3β-hydroxylase genes in germinating Arabidopsis seeds [J]. Plant Cell, 1998, 10: 2115-2126
252 Zaghmout OMF, Torello WA. Isolation and culture of protoplasts from embryogenic suspension cultures of red fescue (Festuca rubra L.)[J]. Plant Cell Rep, 1990, 9(6): 340-343
253 Zhang G, Lu S, Chen TA, et al. Transformation of triploid bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon × C-transvaalensis cv. Tifeagle) by means of biolistic bombardment [J]. Plant Cell Reports, 2003, 21(9): 860-864
254 Zhong H, Bolyard MG, Srinivasan C, et al. Analysis of activity of rice actin I 5'sequences in transgenic creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Hud.)[A]. You CB, Chen ZL. Biotechnology in agriculture[C]. Beijing, China: Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993.261-264
255 Zhu XF, Suzuki K.., Saito T, et al. geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase encoded by the newly isolate gene GGPS6 from Arabidopsis thaliana localized in mitochondria[J]. Plant Mol Biol, 1997,35:331-341