信仰的根源
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摘要
宗教信仰是人们对周围世界的态度和人们在特定情境中的一种特殊情感,宗教与心理之间有着密切的关系。研究借用人类学、社会学和心理学等学科的研究方法和经验,利用质化研究方法,通过田野研究,从影响基督教青少年宗教信仰的社会、文化和历史动因、宗教信仰现状、文化适应压力和宗教应对的角度探究了一个多种文化并存地区基督教青少年的信仰根源问题。主要研究结果如下:
1、基督教青少年的宗教信仰出现了分化,一部分青少年脱离了宗教,另一部分青少年则依然保持宗教信仰,分化在男性基督徒的身上表现的更为明显,在信仰者和不信仰者内部也表现出信仰的不同的分化状态,出现多元化的发展趋势。其中,保持宗教信仰的基督教青少年表现出与西方基督徒不同的内在宗教取向类型。
2、“罪感”、基督教宗教风俗与民间宗教民俗以及基督教宗教文化与社会和学校所倡导的主流文化之间矛盾和冲突是基督教青少年的日常生活中源自宗教环境的压力源。
3、宗教行为应对是基督教青少年主要宗教应对模式,宗教应对目标表现出功利性的特点,是和他们的现实生活实际需求联系在一起的,信仰在基督教青少年的心目中就是一种能够帮助解决问题或缓解压力的资本。
最后,在这些研究结果的基础上,结合宗教资本理论和应对过程理论建构了宗教应对的信仰资本模式。
整体而言,本研究的意义在于明晰了基督教青少年宗教信仰的现状,以宗教应对为视角探讨了宗教信仰在基督教青少年的生活中所扮演的角色,从而有助于探明基督教青少年的宗教信仰根源问题。
Religious faith is closely related with psychology and it is an attitude to the world and a particular emotion in the specific situation. With the aid of the research methods for anthropology, sociology and psychology, both the field research methods and qualitative research methods were conducted, from the perspective of society, culture and historical agent, to study roots of religious faith which exists in the Christian adolescents living in the mix-cultural area. The main study results are as follows:
1. The Christian adolescents' religious faith appeared the division. Some Christian adolescents still remain their religious faith, while others deviated from religion, especially the male Christians. The faith show different division within the believers and non-believers, and it appears a tendency to multivariate, the believers show the different intrinsic religious orientation character from the westerner.
2.“Sin”. The differences and the conflicts between the Christian customs of the Christian、the folk and the main culture proposed by the society and schools,it is the religious stressor to the adolescents in the daily life.
3. Religious behavior coping is the main religious coping pattern in Christian adolescents. The aim of religious coping shows the characteristic of utility, and it is closely related with their reality. The religious faith is a kind capital which can solve the problems or relieve stress in the eyes of Christian adolescents.
Finally, based on the study results, combining with the religious capital theory and transactional theory, we construct the coping pattern of religious coping.
Overall, the meaning of this research lies in making clear the situation of the Christian adolescents’faith and discussing the role of Christian played in the Christian adolescents. Therefore, it can help us make it clear to the religious root of Christian adolescents.
1、基督教青少年的宗教信仰出现了分化,一部分青少年脱离了宗教,另一部分青少年则依然保持宗教信仰,分化在男性基督徒的身上表现的更为明显,在信仰者和不信仰者内部也表现出信仰的不同的分化状态,出现多元化的发展趋势。其中,保持宗教信仰的基督教青少年表现出与西方基督徒不同的内在宗教取向类型。
2、“罪感”、基督教宗教风俗与民间宗教民俗以及基督教宗教文化与社会和学校所倡导的主流文化之间矛盾和冲突是基督教青少年的日常生活中源自宗教环境的压力源。
3、宗教行为应对是基督教青少年主要宗教应对模式,宗教应对目标表现出功利性的特点,是和他们的现实生活实际需求联系在一起的,信仰在基督教青少年的心目中就是一种能够帮助解决问题或缓解压力的资本。
最后,在这些研究结果的基础上,结合宗教资本理论和应对过程理论建构了宗教应对的信仰资本模式。
整体而言,本研究的意义在于明晰了基督教青少年宗教信仰的现状,以宗教应对为视角探讨了宗教信仰在基督教青少年的生活中所扮演的角色,从而有助于探明基督教青少年的宗教信仰根源问题。
Religious faith is closely related with psychology and it is an attitude to the world and a particular emotion in the specific situation. With the aid of the research methods for anthropology, sociology and psychology, both the field research methods and qualitative research methods were conducted, from the perspective of society, culture and historical agent, to study roots of religious faith which exists in the Christian adolescents living in the mix-cultural area. The main study results are as follows:
1. The Christian adolescents' religious faith appeared the division. Some Christian adolescents still remain their religious faith, while others deviated from religion, especially the male Christians. The faith show different division within the believers and non-believers, and it appears a tendency to multivariate, the believers show the different intrinsic religious orientation character from the westerner.
2.“Sin”. The differences and the conflicts between the Christian customs of the Christian、the folk and the main culture proposed by the society and schools,it is the religious stressor to the adolescents in the daily life.
3. Religious behavior coping is the main religious coping pattern in Christian adolescents. The aim of religious coping shows the characteristic of utility, and it is closely related with their reality. The religious faith is a kind capital which can solve the problems or relieve stress in the eyes of Christian adolescents.
Finally, based on the study results, combining with the religious capital theory and transactional theory, we construct the coping pattern of religious coping.
Overall, the meaning of this research lies in making clear the situation of the Christian adolescents’faith and discussing the role of Christian played in the Christian adolescents. Therefore, it can help us make it clear to the religious root of Christian adolescents.
引文
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52卓新平.中西文化交流中的基督教原罪观.世界宗教研究.1995,(2):74-78
53朱智贤著.儿童心理学.人民教育出版社,2003,475-523
54植凤英,张进辅.宗教应对:少数民族压力应对研究的新视角.广西民族研究.2007,(2):55-60
1 Allport G W,Ross J M.Personal religious orientation and prejudice.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1967,(5):432-443
2 Chau L L,Johnson R C,Bowers J K,etal.Intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity as related to conscience,adjustment,and altruism.Personality and Individual Differences.1990,11:397–400
3 Ellison C G,Boardman J D. Religious involvement,stress,and mental health: Findings from the 1995 Detroit Area Study.Social Forces.2001,80:215-249
4 Ellison G ,Levin J.The religion-health connection: Evidence , theory, and future directions, Health Education and Behavior.1998,(25):700-720
5 Frisby C L,Reynolds C R.Comprehensive Handbook of Multicultural School Psychol- ogy.New Jersey:John Wiley & Sons,Inc,2005.611-650
6 Graham S,Juvonen J.An attributional approach to peer victimization.In Juvonen J,Graham S(Eds.).Peer harassment in school: The plight of the vulnerable and victimized. New York: Guilford Press. 2001,49-72
7 Koenig H G,Pargament K I , Nielsen J.Religious coping and health status in medically ill hospitalized older adults. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease.1998,186:513-521
8 Lee B J. Moderating Effects of Religious/Spiritual Coping in the Relation Between Perceived Stress and Psychological Well-Being. Pastoral Psychol. 2007,55:751-759
9 Litchfield A,Thomas D,Li B.Dimensions of religiosity as mediator of the relation between parenting and adolescent deviant behavior.Journal of Adolescent Research.1997,12:199-226
10 McIntosh D N.Religion as schema,with implications for the relation between religion and coping.International Journal for the Psychology of Religion.1995,5:1-16
11 Maltby J, Day L. Religious orientation, religious coping and appraisals of stress: assessing primary appraisal factors in the relationship between religiosity and psychological well-being. Personality and Individual Differences.2003,34:1209-1224
12 Pargament K I. The psychology of religion and coping: Theory, research, and practice. New York: Guilford Press,1997
13 Pargament K I,Koennell J,Hathaway W,etal.Rgligion and the problem-solving process:Three styles of coping.Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 1988,27:90-104
14 Pargament K I,Smith B W,Koenig H G,etal.Patterns of positive and negative coping with major life stressors.Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion.1998, 37:710-724
15 Pargament K I,Koenig H G,Perez L M.The many methods of religious coping: Development and initial validation of the RCOPE. Journal of Clinical Psychology.2000,56:519-543
16 Phillips R E, Pargament K I,Lynn Q K, etal.self-directing religious coping:A deistic God,abandoning,or no God at all?.Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion.2004,43:409-418
17 Park C L,Cohen H J. Religious and non religious coping with the death of a friend. Cognitive Therapy & Research.1993,17:561-577
18 Regnerus M.Religion and positive adolescent outcomes:A review of research and theory.Review of Religious Research.2003,44:394-413
19 Salant T, Lauderdale D S. Measuring culture: a critical review of acculturation and health in Asian immigrant populations.Social Science & Medicine, 2003, 57:71-90
20 Spilka B,Shaver P,Kirkpatrick L A.A general attribution theory for the psychology of religion. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 1985,24(1):1-18
21 Siegel K,Schrimshaw E W. The perceived benefits of religious and spiritual coping among older adults living with HIV/AIDS. Journal for the Scientific Studyof Religion.2002,41:91-102
22 Tarakeshwar N , Pargament K I,Mahoney.Initial development of a measure of religious coping among Hindus.Journal of community Psychology.2003,31:607-628
23 Wong-McDonald A,Gorsuch R L.Surrender to God:An additional coping style? Journal of Psychology and Theology.2000,28:149-161
24 Wong P T P, Wong L C J.Handbook of Multicultural Perspectives on stress and Coping.New York:Springer Science+Business Media,Inc,2006.73-103
25 Yeager D M,Glei D A, etal.Religious involvement and health outcomes among older persons in Taiwan.Social Science & Medicine,2006,63(8):2228-2241
26 Ying Y W,Han. The contribution of personality, acculturative stressors, and social affiliation to adjustment: A longitudinal study of Taiwanese students in the United States. International Journal of Intercultural Relations.2006,(30):623-635
27 Loewenthal Kate.Religion,Culture and Mental Health. New York:Cambridge Univer- sity Press,2007
①玛丽·乔·梅多,理查德·卡霍著.陈麟书等译.宗教心理学.成都:四川人民出版社,1990,85
①德·莫·乌格里诺维奇.宗教心理学.北京:社会科学文献出版社.1989,46
①瞿海源.社会心理学新论.台北:巨流图书公司,1989.150-180
②Allport G W,Ross J M.Personal religious orientation and prejudice.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1967,(5):432-443
③李强.应用社会学.第二版.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2004.145-148
④Yeager D M,Glei D A, etal.Religious involvement and health outcomes among older persons in Taiwan.Social Science & Medicine,2006,63(8):2228-2241
①王淑敏,李雪.青少年压力应对策略的研究概述.上海教育科研.2004,(3):25-29
②Pargament K I. The psychology of religion and coping: Theory, research, and practice. New York: Guilford Press,1997
①Koenig H G,Pargament K I , Nielsen J.Religious coping and health status in medically ill ho- spitalized older adults. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease.1998,186:513-521
②植凤英,张进辅.宗教应对:少数民族压力应对研究的新视角.广西民族研究.2007,(2):55-60
①Ellison C G,Boardman J D. Religious involvement,stress,and mental health:Findings from the 1995 Detroit Area Study.Social Forces.2001,80:215-249
①Regnerus M.Religion and positive adolescent outcomes:A review of research and theory.Review of Religious Research.2003,44:394-413
②Litchfield A,Thomas D,Li B.Dimensions of religiosity as mediator of the relation between parenting and adolescent deviant behavior.Journal of Adolescent Research.1997,12:199-226
①瞿海源.社会心理学新论.台北:巨流图书公司,1989.150-180
②李亦园.宗教与神话.桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2004.87-113
①Ying Y W,Han. The contribution of personality, acculturative stressors, and social affiliation to adjustment: A longitudinal study of Taiwanese students in the United States. International Journal of Intercultural Relations.2006,(30):623-635
②Graham S,Juvonen J.An attributional approach to peer victimization.In Juvonen J,Graham S(Eds.). Peer harassment in school: The plight of the vulnerable and victimized. New York: Guilford Press. 2001,49-72
③陈朝阳,陈树林.少数民族初中生压力源调查.心理科学.2000,24(4):439-441
④Frisby C L,Reynolds C R.Comprehensive Handbook of Multicultural School Psychology.New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons,Inc,2005.611-650
①万明钢.多元文化视野:价值观与民族认同研究.北京:民族出版社,2006.1-42
②冯增俊,万明钢.教育人类学.北京:人民教育出版社,2005,266-267
①Ellison G ,Levin J.The religion-health connection: Evidence , theory, and future directions, Health Education and Behavior.1998,(25):700-720
②Pargament K I,Koennell J,Hathaway W,etal.Rgligion and the problem-solving process:Three styles of coping.Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion.1988,27:90-104
③Wong-McDonald A,Gorsuch R L.Surrender to God:An additional coping style? Journal of Psychology and Theology.2000,28:149-161
①Phillips R E, Pargament K I,Lynn Q K, etal.self-directing religious coping:A deistic God, abandoning,or no God at all?.Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion.2004,43:409-418
②Pargament K I,Smith B W,Koenig H G,etal.Patterns of positive and negative coping with major life stressors.Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion.1998,37:710-724
③Pargament K I,Koenig H G,Perez L M.The many methods of religious coping: Development and initial validation of the RCOPE. Journal of Clinical Psychology.2000,56:519-543.
①Tarakeshwar N , Pargament K I,Mahoney.Initial development of a measure of religious coping among Hindus.Journal of community Psychology.2003,31:607-628
②Maltby J, Day L. Religious orientation, religious coping and appraisals of stress: assessing primary appraisal factors in the relationship between religiosity and psychological well-being. Personality and Individual Differences.2003,34:1209-1224
③Lee B J. Moderating Effects of Religious/Spiritual Coping in the Relation Between Perceived Stress and Psychological Well-Being. Pastoral Psychol.2007,55:751-759
④Park C L,Cohen H J. Religious and non religious coping with the death of a friend. Cognitive Therapy & Research.1993,17:561-577.
①Spilka B,Shaver P,Kirkpatrick L A.A general attribution theory for the psychology of religion. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 1985,24(1):1-18
②McIntosh D N.Religion as schema,with implications for the relation between religion and coping.International Journal for the Psychology of Religion.1995,5:1-16
③Siegel K,Schrimshaw E W. The perceived benefits of religious and spiritual coping among older adults living with HIV/AIDS. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion.2002,41:91-102
④余虹.有一种爱我们很陌生.南方周末,2007-05-31
①孔尚扬.宗教社会学.北京:北京大学出版社,2003.119-164
②林耀华.金翼:中国家族制度的社会学研究.北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1989.
③高师宁.从实证研究看基督教与当代中国社会.浙江学刊.2006,(4):56-62
④Chau L L,Johnson R C,Bowers J K,etal.Intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity as related to conscience,adjustment,and altruism.Personality and Individual Differences.1990,11:397–400
①陈其南.文化的轨迹.沈阳:春风文艺出版社,1987.171-173
②万明钢.少数民族学生心理发展与教育研究.兰州:甘肃教育出版社.2002.325-375
①万明钢,杨宝琰.基督教青少年的宗教性. 2006发展心理学·教育心理学年会,广州,2006
②张静.身份认同研究:观念·态度·理据.上海:上海人民出版社,2006,85-146
③方文.宗教群体资格简论.上海大学学报(社会科学版).2007,14(3):106-110
①黄光国.儒家关系主义:文化反思与典范重建,北京:北京大学出版社,2006.239-305
②杨中芳.试论如何研究中国人的性格.见:杨国枢,余安邦主编.中国人的心理与行为:理念与方法篇(一九九二),台湾:桂冠图书公司,1993.
①李亦园.李亦园自选集.上海:上海教育出版社,2002,16
①黄剑波.“四人堂”纪事—中国乡村基督教的人类学研究.中央民族大学博士论文.2003
①杨庆堃著.范丽珠译.中国社会中的宗教:宗教的现代社会功能与其历史因素之研究,2007,268-307
①万明钢,杨宝琰.儿童青少年的宗教性研究述评.西北师范大学学报.2008,45(2):66-70
②万明钢.多元文化视野:价值观与民族认同研究.北京:民族出版社,2006.222
①庄孔韶.银翅:中国的地方社会与文化变迁.北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2000,425-446
①万明钢,杨宝琰.基督教青少年的宗教性. 2006发展心理学·教育心理学年会,广州,2006
①张岱年,程宜山.中国文化与文化论争.北京:中国人民大学出版社,1990.133-134
①Wong P T P, Wong L C J.Handbook of Multicultural Perspectives on stress and Coping.New York:Springer Science+Business Media,Inc,2006,73-103
①[美]许烺光.宗族·种姓·俱乐部.北京:华夏出版社,1990,160-170
①朱智贤著.儿童心理学.人民教育出版社,2003,475-523
①卓新平.宗教理解.北京:社会科学文献出版社.1999,579-619
①玛丽·乔·梅多,理查德·卡霍著.陈麟书等译.宗教心理学.成都:四川人民出版社,1990,391
②鲁思·本尼迪克特.菊与刀:日本文化类型.北京:商务印书馆,2000
③吕大吉,牟钟鉴著.中国宗教与中国文化(卷一)概说中国宗教与传统文化.北京:中国社会科学出版社.2005,95
①德·莫·乌格里诺维奇.宗教心理学.北京:社会科学文献出版社.1989,125
①瞿海源.社会心理学新论.台北:巨流图书公司,1989.150-180
②转引自:方文.群体符号边界如何形成—以北京基督新教群体为例.社会学研究,2005,(1):25-59
①费孝通.乡土中国·生育制度.北京:北京大学出版社,1998.24-30
②黄光国.中国人的权利游戏.台湾:巨流图书公司,1996,10-55
1陈朝阳,陈树林.少数民族初中生压力源调查.心理科学,2000,24(4):439-441
2陈向明.质的研究方法与社会科学研究.北京:教育科学出版社,2000.257-266
3陈向明.如何成为质的研究者:质的研究方法的教与学.北京:教育科学出版社,2000.
4陈其南.文化的轨迹.沈阳:春风文艺出版社,1987.171-173
5方文.群体符号边界如何形成—以北京基督新教群体为例.社会学研究,2005,(1):25-59
6方文.宗教群体资格简论.上海大学学报(社会科学版).2007,14(3):106-110
7德·莫·乌格里诺维奇.宗教心理学.北京:社会科学文献出版社.1989
8戴康生,彭耀.宗教社会学.北京:社会科学文献出版社.1989.2000
9冯增俊,万明钢.教育人类学.北京:人民教育出版社,2005,266-267
10费孝通.乡土中国·生育制度.北京:北京大学出版社,1998.24-30
11高师宁.从实证研究看基督教与当代中国社会.浙江学刊.2006,(4):56-62
12黄光国.儒家关系主义:文化反思与典范重建,北京:北京大学出版社,2006.239-305
13黄光国.中国人的权利游戏.台北:巨流图书公司,1996,10-55
14黄剑波.“四人堂”纪事—中国乡村基督教的人类学研究.中央民族大学博士论文.2003
15瞿海源.社会心理学新论.台北:巨流图书公司,1989.150-180
16孔尚扬.宗教社会学.北京:北京大学出版社,2003.119-164
17李亦园.李亦园自选集.上海:上海教育出版社,2002,215
18李亦园.宗教与神话.桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2004.87-113
19李强.应用社会学.第二版.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2004.145-148
20林耀华.金翼:中国家族制度的社会学研究.北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1989.
21鲁思·本尼迪克特.菊与刀:日本文化类型.北京:商务印书馆,2000
22罗德尼·斯达克,罗杰尔·芬克.杨凤岗译.信仰的法则:解释宗教之人的方面.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2004
23吕大吉,牟钟鉴著.中国宗教与中国文化(卷一)概说中国宗教与传统文化.北京:中国社会科学出版社.2005,95
24 L·B·布朗著.金定元,王锡嘏译.宗教心理学.北京:今日中国出版社,1992
25麦克.阿盖尔.陈彪译.宗教心理学导论.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005.17-19
26玛丽·乔·梅多,理查德·卡霍著.陈麟书等译.宗教心理学.成都:四川人民出版社,1990
27钱穆.灵魂与心.桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2004.22-35
28秦家懿,孔汉思著.吴华译.中国宗教与基督教.北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1997,236-245
29世瑾.宗教心理学.北京:知识出版社,1989.1-70
30圣经.中国基督教三自爱国运动委员会,中国基督教协会.2003
31牧灵圣经.王凌,卢媛媛等译.圣保罗国际出版公司,中国天主教教团教务委员会
32尚九玉.中西宗教精神之比较研究.北京师范大学学报(社会科学版).1997,141(3):82-88
33王淑敏,李雪.青少年压力应对策略的研究概述.上海教育科研.2004,(3):25-29
34万明钢.文化视野中的人类行为:跨文化心理学导论.兰州:甘肃文化出版社,1996
35万明钢.少数民族学生心理发展与教育研究.兰州:甘肃教育出版社.2002.325-375
36万明钢.多元文化视野:价值观与民族认同研究.北京:民族出版社,2006.1-42
37万明钢,杨宝琰.儿童青少年宗教性研究述评.西北师范大学学报.2008,45(2):66-70
38万明钢,杨宝琰.宗教心理学研究方法的分歧与整合.民族教育研究.2008,19(2): 117-122
39万明钢,杨宝琰.基督教青少年的宗教性.发展心理学·教育心理学年会,广州,2006
40文崇一,萧新煌主编.中国人:观念与行为.台北:巨流图书公司,1988.185-209
41吴康宁.教育社会学.北京:人民教育出版社,1997
42 [美]许烺光.宗族·种姓·俱乐部.北京:华夏出版社,1990,160-170
43杨宜音.略论宗教崇拜的社会心理功能.世界宗教研究.1996,(2):120-126
44杨中芳.试论如何研究中国人的性格.见:杨国枢,余安邦主编.中国人的心理与行为:理念与方法篇(一九九二),台湾:桂冠图书公司,1993
45杨庆堃著.范丽珠译.中国社会中的宗教:宗教的现代社会功能与其历史因素之研究,2007,268-307
46杨国枢.中国人的心理与行为:本土化研究.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2004
47余虹.有一种爱我们很陌生.南方周末,2007-05-31
48张岱年,程宜山.中国文化与文化论争.北京:中国人民大学出版社,1990.133-134
49张静.身份认同研究:观念·态度·理据.上海:上海人民出版社,2006,85-146
50庄孔韶.银翅:中国的地方社会与文化变迁.北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2000,425-446
51卓新平.宗教理解.北京:社会科学文献出版社.1999,579-619
52卓新平.中西文化交流中的基督教原罪观.世界宗教研究.1995,(2):74-78
53朱智贤著.儿童心理学.人民教育出版社,2003,475-523
54植凤英,张进辅.宗教应对:少数民族压力应对研究的新视角.广西民族研究.2007,(2):55-60
1 Allport G W,Ross J M.Personal religious orientation and prejudice.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1967,(5):432-443
2 Chau L L,Johnson R C,Bowers J K,etal.Intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity as related to conscience,adjustment,and altruism.Personality and Individual Differences.1990,11:397–400
3 Ellison C G,Boardman J D. Religious involvement,stress,and mental health: Findings from the 1995 Detroit Area Study.Social Forces.2001,80:215-249
4 Ellison G ,Levin J.The religion-health connection: Evidence , theory, and future directions, Health Education and Behavior.1998,(25):700-720
5 Frisby C L,Reynolds C R.Comprehensive Handbook of Multicultural School Psychol- ogy.New Jersey:John Wiley & Sons,Inc,2005.611-650
6 Graham S,Juvonen J.An attributional approach to peer victimization.In Juvonen J,Graham S(Eds.).Peer harassment in school: The plight of the vulnerable and victimized. New York: Guilford Press. 2001,49-72
7 Koenig H G,Pargament K I , Nielsen J.Religious coping and health status in medically ill hospitalized older adults. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease.1998,186:513-521
8 Lee B J. Moderating Effects of Religious/Spiritual Coping in the Relation Between Perceived Stress and Psychological Well-Being. Pastoral Psychol. 2007,55:751-759
9 Litchfield A,Thomas D,Li B.Dimensions of religiosity as mediator of the relation between parenting and adolescent deviant behavior.Journal of Adolescent Research.1997,12:199-226
10 McIntosh D N.Religion as schema,with implications for the relation between religion and coping.International Journal for the Psychology of Religion.1995,5:1-16
11 Maltby J, Day L. Religious orientation, religious coping and appraisals of stress: assessing primary appraisal factors in the relationship between religiosity and psychological well-being. Personality and Individual Differences.2003,34:1209-1224
12 Pargament K I. The psychology of religion and coping: Theory, research, and practice. New York: Guilford Press,1997
13 Pargament K I,Koennell J,Hathaway W,etal.Rgligion and the problem-solving process:Three styles of coping.Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 1988,27:90-104
14 Pargament K I,Smith B W,Koenig H G,etal.Patterns of positive and negative coping with major life stressors.Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion.1998, 37:710-724
15 Pargament K I,Koenig H G,Perez L M.The many methods of religious coping: Development and initial validation of the RCOPE. Journal of Clinical Psychology.2000,56:519-543
16 Phillips R E, Pargament K I,Lynn Q K, etal.self-directing religious coping:A deistic God,abandoning,or no God at all?.Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion.2004,43:409-418
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