正负性情绪调节的生理反应及主观体验研究
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摘要
本研究同时考察了在正性和负性情绪状态下的评价重视、评价忽视、表达抑制和表情宣泄对生理和主观体验的影响。研究以30名大学生为被试进行实验室研究,采用5(简单观看、评价重视、评价忽视、表达抑制、表情宣泄)×2(正性情绪,负性情绪)完全被试内实验设计。以观看图片为情绪诱发手段。使用生理多导仪为生理记录仪器,对心跳R间期(ECG R-R)和手指皮肤导电水平(GSR)的变化情况做了研究。采用情绪报告表测量主观体验。结果表明;
(1)无论是对正性情绪,还是对负性情绪,在心跳R间期生理指标上,评价忽视和表达抑制均与简单观看差异显著,评价忽视和表达抑制引起了心跳R间期的增加。评价重视和表情宣泄与简单观看差异不显著;在GSR生理指标上,评价忽视、表达抑制、评价重视和表情宣泄均与简单观看差异显著,评价忽视和表情宣泄引起了GSR的减少,表达抑制和评价重视引起了GSR的增加。
(2)同种调节方式下正性和负性情绪调节之间的生理反应也存在“负性偏倚”的现象,即负性情绪调节较正性情绪调节引起心跳R间期更为明显的增宽,引起更大的GSR,差异显著。
(3)不同调节方式下正性和负性情绪调节均不存在性别差异,性别只对生理指标的基础值有影响。
(4)评价重视和表情宣泄增强了正性和负性情绪调节的主观感受,评价忽视减弱了正性和负性情绪调节的主观感受,表达抑制减弱了正性情绪调节的主观感受,但没有减弱负性情绪调节的主观感受。
(5)不同调节方式下正性和负性情绪调节的生理反应和主观体验之间的相关较低。
This research studied how natural watching condiction,reappraisal , expressive suppression, rumination and expressive revealing influence physiological and subjective experiences.This experiment research has 30(15 males and 15 females) college student participants whose emotion elicited,by positive and negative pictures and using 5(natural watching condiction,reappraisal,expressive suppression,rumination and expressive revealing)×2(positive emotion,negative emotion) within-subjects design.Psysical polygraphic recording is used to record physiological data which include ECG R-R and GSR;Subjective report emotion questionnaire is used to measure subjective experience.The results indicated this:
(1)Compared with the control condition , reappraisal and suppression were effective in increasing parasympathetic activation (more enhanced in inter-beat interval) both on positive and negative statuses. Rumination and revealing were not effective in changing physiological responding. Compared with the control condition , reappraisal and revealing were effective in decreasing GSR , suppression and rumination were effective in increasing GSR both on positive and negative statuses.
(2)During the process of the four styles of emotion regulation, negativity bias exists between positive and negative emotion regulation.Negative emotion regulation increased more physiological responding than positive emotion regulation.
(3)Sex of the subjects only affected the baseline levels of autonomic responses, and did not affect physiological responses during the process of the four styles of emotion regulation.
(4)Compared with the control condition , rumination and revealing were effective in increasing subjective experience both on positive and negative statuses. Reappraisal were effective in decreasing subjective experience both on positive and negative statuses. Suppression did not result in decreasing subjective experience on negative statuses,but it resulted in decreasing subjective experience on positive statuses.
(5)During the process of the four styles of emotion regulation, the co-relations between autonomic responses and subjective experience were low.
(1)无论是对正性情绪,还是对负性情绪,在心跳R间期生理指标上,评价忽视和表达抑制均与简单观看差异显著,评价忽视和表达抑制引起了心跳R间期的增加。评价重视和表情宣泄与简单观看差异不显著;在GSR生理指标上,评价忽视、表达抑制、评价重视和表情宣泄均与简单观看差异显著,评价忽视和表情宣泄引起了GSR的减少,表达抑制和评价重视引起了GSR的增加。
(2)同种调节方式下正性和负性情绪调节之间的生理反应也存在“负性偏倚”的现象,即负性情绪调节较正性情绪调节引起心跳R间期更为明显的增宽,引起更大的GSR,差异显著。
(3)不同调节方式下正性和负性情绪调节均不存在性别差异,性别只对生理指标的基础值有影响。
(4)评价重视和表情宣泄增强了正性和负性情绪调节的主观感受,评价忽视减弱了正性和负性情绪调节的主观感受,表达抑制减弱了正性情绪调节的主观感受,但没有减弱负性情绪调节的主观感受。
(5)不同调节方式下正性和负性情绪调节的生理反应和主观体验之间的相关较低。
This research studied how natural watching condiction,reappraisal , expressive suppression, rumination and expressive revealing influence physiological and subjective experiences.This experiment research has 30(15 males and 15 females) college student participants whose emotion elicited,by positive and negative pictures and using 5(natural watching condiction,reappraisal,expressive suppression,rumination and expressive revealing)×2(positive emotion,negative emotion) within-subjects design.Psysical polygraphic recording is used to record physiological data which include ECG R-R and GSR;Subjective report emotion questionnaire is used to measure subjective experience.The results indicated this:
(1)Compared with the control condition , reappraisal and suppression were effective in increasing parasympathetic activation (more enhanced in inter-beat interval) both on positive and negative statuses. Rumination and revealing were not effective in changing physiological responding. Compared with the control condition , reappraisal and revealing were effective in decreasing GSR , suppression and rumination were effective in increasing GSR both on positive and negative statuses.
(2)During the process of the four styles of emotion regulation, negativity bias exists between positive and negative emotion regulation.Negative emotion regulation increased more physiological responding than positive emotion regulation.
(3)Sex of the subjects only affected the baseline levels of autonomic responses, and did not affect physiological responses during the process of the four styles of emotion regulation.
(4)Compared with the control condition , rumination and revealing were effective in increasing subjective experience both on positive and negative statuses. Reappraisal were effective in decreasing subjective experience both on positive and negative statuses. Suppression did not result in decreasing subjective experience on negative statuses,but it resulted in decreasing subjective experience on positive statuses.
(5)During the process of the four styles of emotion regulation, the co-relations between autonomic responses and subjective experience were low.
引文
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[43]Knox,Svensson , Waller , Theorell.Emotional coping and the psychophysiological substrates of elevated blood pressure. Behavioral Medicine,1988, 14 (2): 52-58.
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[46]John O P, Gross J J. Healthy and unhealthy emotion regulation: Personality processes, individual differences, and lifespan development. Journal of Personality, 2004,72:1301-1334.
[47]Demaree H A, Robinson J L, Everhart D E. Resting RSA is associated with emotional expression and affect regulation ability in response to negative stimuli. Brain and Cognition , 2004,56 (1): 14-23.
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[2]斯托曼(Strongman, K.T.)著,王力译.情绪心理学-从日常生活到理论.北京;中国轻工业出版社(第五版),2003;108.
[3]Buck,R. The prime theory: An integrated view of motivation and emotion. Psycholog ical Review,1985,(92):389-413.
[4] Campos J J, Campos R G., Barrett K C. Emergent themes in the study of emotional development and emotion regulation .Developmental Psychology. 1989, 25: 394-402.
[5]孟昭兰主编.情绪心理学.北京;北京大学出版社,2004;4
[6](转引自)陈小玲.情绪、情绪调节策略对自我控制的实验研究.硕士论文.北京:首都师范大学,2007.
[7]斯托曼著,张燕云译.情绪心理学.沈阳:辽宁人民出版社,1986.
[8]Strongman.情绪心理学-从日常生活到理论.中国轻工业出版社(第五版),2003.
[9]Gross JJ,John O P Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,2003,(85); 348-362.
[10]Izard C E.The Structure and functions of emotions: Implications for cognition, motivation, and personality. In I. S. Cohend.): The Cx Stanley Hall Lecture Series. Washington D.C.: American Psychological Association,(1989)(9): 39-73.
[11]Gross J J.Emotion regulation in adulthood: Timing is everything. Current Directions in Psychological Science,2001,(10); 214-219.
[12]斯托曼(Strongman, K.T.)著,王力译.情绪心理学-从日常生活到理论.中国轻工业出版社(第五版),2003;63
[13]Zajonc R B. Emotion and facial efference: A theory reclaimed. Science, 1985,228, 15-21.
[14]Laurian S, Bader M, Lanares J. et al. Topography of event-related potentials elicited by visual emotional stimuli. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 1991, 10 (3): 231-238.
[15]Parkinson B. Untangling the appraisal-emotion connection. Personality and Social Psychology Review,1997,1(1):62-79.
[16]Ellsworth P C. Some implications of cognitive appraisal theories of emotion. In K.T. Strongman (ed.). International review of studies on emotion. Vol.1, Chichester, UK. Johnwiley& Sons.1991.
[17]Underwood M K. Top ten pressing questions about the development of emotion regulation. Motivation and Emotion, 1997,(21):127-143.
[18]Gross J J, & Munoz, R.F.Emotion regulation and mental health. Clinical Psychology:Science and Practice, 1995,(2), 151-164.
[19]乔建中,饶虹.国外儿童情绪调节的现状.心理发展与教育,2000,2:49-52
[20]Gross J J.Emotion regulation:Past,present,future. Cognition& Emotion,1999,13.
[21]Cross J J. The Emerging field of emotion regulation: An Integrative Review.Review of general Psychology.(1998b),2(3): 271-299.
[22]Bonanno G A.Emotion self-regulaion.In Francy J.Mayne and George A.Bonanno (eds.), Emotions.New York:Guilford Press,2001:251-85.
[23]Diamond Lisa M, Aspinwall Lisa G. Emotion regulation across the life span: An integrative perspective emphasizing self-regulation, positive affect, and dyadic processes. Motivation & Emotion,2003,27(2):125-156.
[24]Campos J J,Frankel Carl B,Linda Camras.The nature of emotion regulation.Child Development, 2004,75(2):417-44
[25]王振宏,郭德俊.Gross情绪调节过程与策略研究述评.心理科学进展,2003,11(6);
[26]杨海燕.情绪调节策略对大学生记忆任务的影响.硕士论文.北京;首都师范大学,2005.
[27] Barrett L F, Russell J A. Independence and bipolarity in the structure of current affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1998,74: 967-984.
[28]汤玉琴.正、负性情绪对压力事件的结果推想及健康水平的影响.硕士论文.上海:华东师范大学,2006.
[29]Fredickson B L, Joiner T. Positive emotions trigger upward spirals toward emotion well-being. Psychological Science,2002,13,172-175.
[30]Fredickson B L. The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The Broaden- and-Build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 2001,56:218-226.
[31]Baldaro B. Autononic reactivity during viewing of an unpleasant film. Perceptual and Motor Skills,2001,93(3): 797-803.
[32]Pressman S D, Cohen S. Does positive affect influence health? Psychological Bulletin, 2005,131(6):925-971.
[33]Fredickson,B L. What good are positive emotions? Review of General Psychology, 1998,(2): 300-319.
[34]Brosschot J F,Thayer J F. Heart rate response is longer after negative emotions than after positive emotions. International Journal of Psychophysiology,2003 , 50(3): 181-187.
[35]Tugade M M, Fredickson, B L. Resilient individuals use positive emotions to bounce back from negative emotional experiences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2004, 86(2):320-333.
[36]徐景波,孟昭兰,王丽华.正负性情绪的自主生理反应实验研究,心理科学.1995,18(3):134-139.
[37]刘贤敏.中国古典音乐诱发诱发情绪的生理活动研究.硕士论文.南京:南京师范大学,2006.
[38]贾静.影片片段诱发情绪的生理活动研究.硕士论文.南京:南京师范大学,2006.
[39]Gross J J, Levenson R W. Emotional suppression: Psychology, self-report, and expressivebehavior. Journal of Abnormal Psychology.1993, 64(6): 970-986.
[40] Gross J J, Levenson R W. Hiding feelings: The acute effects of inhibiting positive and negative emotions. Journal of Abnormal Psychology,1997, 106: 95-103.
[41]Gross J J. Antecedent- and response-focused emotion regulation: divergent consequences for experience, expression, and physiology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1998, 74: 224-237.
[42]Pennebaker J W . Putting stress into words: Health, linguistic and the rapeutic implications. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 1993,31: 539-548.
[43]Knox,Svensson , Waller , Theorell.Emotional coping and the psychophysiological substrates of elevated blood pressure. Behavioral Medicine,1988, 14 (2): 52-58.
[44]Smyth J M. Written emotional expression:Sizes outcome types, and moderating variables. Journal of Consulting Clinical Psychology, 1998, 66(1):174-185.
[45]Stanton A L. Danoff-Burg F.Randomized, controlled trial of written emotional expression and benefit finding in breast cancer patients . Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2002,20(20):4160-4168.
[46]John O P, Gross J J. Healthy and unhealthy emotion regulation: Personality processes, individual differences, and lifespan development. Journal of Personality, 2004,72:1301-1334.
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