含特异材料光子晶体的传输特性
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摘要
光子晶体,又称为光子带隙材料,是一种介电常数或磁导率在空间呈周期性排列的人工材料。光子晶体的最大特性是存在光子带隙,频率落在光子带隙中的电磁波将不能在其中传播。并且,利用这种带隙效应,在光子晶体中引入缺陷即能实现对波的操纵与控制。而特异材料,也叫超材料,是指不同于自然界中普通材料而具有奇异电磁特性(如负的介电常数、负的磁导率、负的折射率等)的人造电磁材料。电磁波在特异材料中传播时,将会出现许多不寻常的现象,例如,逆Doppler效应、逆Cerenkov效应、反常光压等。
由于特异材料独特的电磁特性,在光子晶体中引入特异材料,将会带来很多新的规律和现象。本论文将对含特异材料的光子晶体的传输特性进行研究,具体内容包括:
1.研究了“负磁导率材料—正折射率材料”、“负介电常数材料—正折射率材料”以及“负磁导率材料—负介电常数材料”组成的一维光子晶体结构的全方位带隙中,波的反射相位与入射角、介质厚度的缩放因子以及周期数之间的关系和变化规律。这方面的研究,弥补了理论上的不足,有利于全面理解含特异材料组成的一维光子晶体结构的相位特性,也为一维光子晶体相位补偿器和色散补偿器的制作提供了理论依据。
2.研究了一种基于左手材料光子晶体异质结构的全方向缺陷模。从一维缺陷光子晶体的缺陷模的本征方程入手,得到了含左手材料一维缺陷光子晶体TE波的全方向缺陷模。并且,根据麦克斯韦方程中电矢量与磁矢量的对称性,证明了电介质材料一维缺陷光子晶体有利于获得TE波的全方向缺陷模,而磁介质材料一维缺陷光子晶体有利于获得TM波的全方向缺陷模。通过将电介质材料一维缺陷光子晶体与磁介质材料一维缺陷光子晶体组合形成的光子晶体异质结构,得到了与偏振无关的全方向缺陷模。最后通过计算缺陷模的电场分布,进一步验证了我们的结论。
3.研究了一种含左手材料的光子晶体异质结构的窄通道窄角度缺陷模。该结构由两个一维缺陷光子晶体组成:其中一个完全由常规材料构成;另一个由含左手材料缺陷光子晶体构成,利用该结构可实现某一角度的窄通带窄角度缺陷模。设计这种光子晶体异质结构的关键点有两个:一是令某一角度时两个缺陷光子晶体缺陷模的频率相同;二是让两个缺陷光子晶体缺陷模的角度色散不相同,并且差别越大越好。该结构得到的频率滤波和方向滤波的效果均要比单纯使用常规材料的要好。
4.研究了一种含双负材料的光子晶体量子阱结构,该结构由双负材料和常规材料交替堆叠而成的一维光子晶体分别作为阱和垒,组成两边为垒中间为阱的异质结构。合理选择参数,使得阱光子晶体的通带落于垒光子晶体的禁带中而满足光子晶体量子阱形成的条件,类似于半导体量子阱中的电子,由于光子的限制效应将导致量子化,电磁波只能以共振隧穿的方式通过光子晶体量子阱结构中的垒光子晶体,此时阱光子晶体通带频率范围内将出现规律性变化的谐振模。并且隧穿谐振模的个数等于阱光子晶体的周期数。谐振模随入射角的改变近似不变,以及随垒光子晶体厚度缩放因子变化不敏感。
Photonic crystals (PCs), also called photonic band gap (PBG) materials, are artificial materials which possess a periodic modulation of permittivity or permeability. The most important feature of PCs is the PBG. Electromagnetic (EM) waves with frequencies within the band gap cannot propagate through the PCs. Utilizing the effect of PBGs, the propagation of EM waves can be controlled by introducing the defect into the PCs. Metamaterials are a type of artificial EM materials with different EM properties from the ordinary materials, such as negative index, negative permittivity or negative permeability. When the EM waves pass through the metamaterials, there will be a lot of unusual phenomenon, such as converse Doppler Effect, converse Cerenkov Effect and unusual light pressure.
Due to the unusual EM properties of metamaterials, if we introduce the metamaterials into PCs, there will be a lot of new rules and phenomenon. In this thesis, we investigate the transmission properties of PCs containing metamaterials. The major contents are given as follows.
1. The reflection phase properties in the omnidirectional gap by one-dimensional PCs containing metamaterials are investigated. We consider three types of structure:‘mu-negative positive-index PC’,‘epsilon-negatvie positive-index PC’, and‘mu-negative epsilon-negative PC’. The properties of reflection phase versus the incident angle, the scaling factor of layer thickness and the periodic numbers are studied. These results can help us to have a better understanding of the reflection phase properties in one-dimensional PCs containing metamaterials, and valuable in designing phase compensator and dispersion compensator.
2. A type of photonic heterostructure containing left-hand materials is studied, from which the polarization-independent and omnidirectional defect mode can be obtained. Firstly, we get the omnidirectional defect mode for TE wave from the one-dimensional defective PC containing left-hand materials by the use of the eigenfrequency equation of the defect mode. Then, according to the symmetry of Maxwell’s wave equations in electric and magnetic vectors, we found that the dielectric one-dimensional defective PC benefits to achieve the omnidirectional defect mode for TE waves, while the magnetic one-dimensional defective PC benefits for TM waves. By combining dielectric one-dimensional defective PC and magnetic one-dimensional defective PC, we get the polarization-independent and omnidirectional defect mode. Finally, the field distributions are also calculated and the results prove our deduction.
3. A type of photonic heterostructure containing left-hand materials is investigated. The structure is made of two one-dimensional defective PCs: the first one consists of alternating positive-index material layers with a positive-index material defect; the second one consists of the same alternating positive-index material layers with a left-hand materials defect. The results show that the proposed structure can achieve the integrated functions of narrow pass-band frequency filtering and narrow transmission-angle direction filtering at a certain angle. The key in designing such a structure is first to make the frequencies of the defect modes the same in the sub-PCs at a certain angle, and secondly to make the dispersion deviation of the defect modes as large as possible between the sub-PCs. The results also show that the proposed structure can get more narrow pass-band and more narrow transmission-angle than the similar structure only containing ordinary materials.
4. A type of photonic quantum well containing negative-index materials is studied. The structure is made of two different PCs with negative-index materials and positive-index materials. The left and right side PCs in the proposed heterostructure serve as photonic barriers, and the middle PC works as a well. When the passband of the well PC just locates inside the gap of the barrier PC, the condition of forming the photonic quantum well can be satisfied. Just like the electrons in the semiconductor quantum well, the waves can pass through the barrier PCs by the way of tunneling owing to the photonic confinement effects. The tunneling modes vary with different number of periods in the well PC and the number of modes is just the same as the number of periods in the well PC. Moreover, these types of modes are insensitive to the incident angle as well as the scaling of the barrier PC.
由于特异材料独特的电磁特性,在光子晶体中引入特异材料,将会带来很多新的规律和现象。本论文将对含特异材料的光子晶体的传输特性进行研究,具体内容包括:
1.研究了“负磁导率材料—正折射率材料”、“负介电常数材料—正折射率材料”以及“负磁导率材料—负介电常数材料”组成的一维光子晶体结构的全方位带隙中,波的反射相位与入射角、介质厚度的缩放因子以及周期数之间的关系和变化规律。这方面的研究,弥补了理论上的不足,有利于全面理解含特异材料组成的一维光子晶体结构的相位特性,也为一维光子晶体相位补偿器和色散补偿器的制作提供了理论依据。
2.研究了一种基于左手材料光子晶体异质结构的全方向缺陷模。从一维缺陷光子晶体的缺陷模的本征方程入手,得到了含左手材料一维缺陷光子晶体TE波的全方向缺陷模。并且,根据麦克斯韦方程中电矢量与磁矢量的对称性,证明了电介质材料一维缺陷光子晶体有利于获得TE波的全方向缺陷模,而磁介质材料一维缺陷光子晶体有利于获得TM波的全方向缺陷模。通过将电介质材料一维缺陷光子晶体与磁介质材料一维缺陷光子晶体组合形成的光子晶体异质结构,得到了与偏振无关的全方向缺陷模。最后通过计算缺陷模的电场分布,进一步验证了我们的结论。
3.研究了一种含左手材料的光子晶体异质结构的窄通道窄角度缺陷模。该结构由两个一维缺陷光子晶体组成:其中一个完全由常规材料构成;另一个由含左手材料缺陷光子晶体构成,利用该结构可实现某一角度的窄通带窄角度缺陷模。设计这种光子晶体异质结构的关键点有两个:一是令某一角度时两个缺陷光子晶体缺陷模的频率相同;二是让两个缺陷光子晶体缺陷模的角度色散不相同,并且差别越大越好。该结构得到的频率滤波和方向滤波的效果均要比单纯使用常规材料的要好。
4.研究了一种含双负材料的光子晶体量子阱结构,该结构由双负材料和常规材料交替堆叠而成的一维光子晶体分别作为阱和垒,组成两边为垒中间为阱的异质结构。合理选择参数,使得阱光子晶体的通带落于垒光子晶体的禁带中而满足光子晶体量子阱形成的条件,类似于半导体量子阱中的电子,由于光子的限制效应将导致量子化,电磁波只能以共振隧穿的方式通过光子晶体量子阱结构中的垒光子晶体,此时阱光子晶体通带频率范围内将出现规律性变化的谐振模。并且隧穿谐振模的个数等于阱光子晶体的周期数。谐振模随入射角的改变近似不变,以及随垒光子晶体厚度缩放因子变化不敏感。
Photonic crystals (PCs), also called photonic band gap (PBG) materials, are artificial materials which possess a periodic modulation of permittivity or permeability. The most important feature of PCs is the PBG. Electromagnetic (EM) waves with frequencies within the band gap cannot propagate through the PCs. Utilizing the effect of PBGs, the propagation of EM waves can be controlled by introducing the defect into the PCs. Metamaterials are a type of artificial EM materials with different EM properties from the ordinary materials, such as negative index, negative permittivity or negative permeability. When the EM waves pass through the metamaterials, there will be a lot of unusual phenomenon, such as converse Doppler Effect, converse Cerenkov Effect and unusual light pressure.
Due to the unusual EM properties of metamaterials, if we introduce the metamaterials into PCs, there will be a lot of new rules and phenomenon. In this thesis, we investigate the transmission properties of PCs containing metamaterials. The major contents are given as follows.
1. The reflection phase properties in the omnidirectional gap by one-dimensional PCs containing metamaterials are investigated. We consider three types of structure:‘mu-negative positive-index PC’,‘epsilon-negatvie positive-index PC’, and‘mu-negative epsilon-negative PC’. The properties of reflection phase versus the incident angle, the scaling factor of layer thickness and the periodic numbers are studied. These results can help us to have a better understanding of the reflection phase properties in one-dimensional PCs containing metamaterials, and valuable in designing phase compensator and dispersion compensator.
2. A type of photonic heterostructure containing left-hand materials is studied, from which the polarization-independent and omnidirectional defect mode can be obtained. Firstly, we get the omnidirectional defect mode for TE wave from the one-dimensional defective PC containing left-hand materials by the use of the eigenfrequency equation of the defect mode. Then, according to the symmetry of Maxwell’s wave equations in electric and magnetic vectors, we found that the dielectric one-dimensional defective PC benefits to achieve the omnidirectional defect mode for TE waves, while the magnetic one-dimensional defective PC benefits for TM waves. By combining dielectric one-dimensional defective PC and magnetic one-dimensional defective PC, we get the polarization-independent and omnidirectional defect mode. Finally, the field distributions are also calculated and the results prove our deduction.
3. A type of photonic heterostructure containing left-hand materials is investigated. The structure is made of two one-dimensional defective PCs: the first one consists of alternating positive-index material layers with a positive-index material defect; the second one consists of the same alternating positive-index material layers with a left-hand materials defect. The results show that the proposed structure can achieve the integrated functions of narrow pass-band frequency filtering and narrow transmission-angle direction filtering at a certain angle. The key in designing such a structure is first to make the frequencies of the defect modes the same in the sub-PCs at a certain angle, and secondly to make the dispersion deviation of the defect modes as large as possible between the sub-PCs. The results also show that the proposed structure can get more narrow pass-band and more narrow transmission-angle than the similar structure only containing ordinary materials.
4. A type of photonic quantum well containing negative-index materials is studied. The structure is made of two different PCs with negative-index materials and positive-index materials. The left and right side PCs in the proposed heterostructure serve as photonic barriers, and the middle PC works as a well. When the passband of the well PC just locates inside the gap of the barrier PC, the condition of forming the photonic quantum well can be satisfied. Just like the electrons in the semiconductor quantum well, the waves can pass through the barrier PCs by the way of tunneling owing to the photonic confinement effects. The tunneling modes vary with different number of periods in the well PC and the number of modes is just the same as the number of periods in the well PC. Moreover, these types of modes are insensitive to the incident angle as well as the scaling of the barrier PC.
引文
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