Al-Si多元合金中耐热相演变行为与协同强化机制的研究
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摘要
本文利用高倍视频显微镜(HSVM)、电子探针(EPMA)、场发射扫描电镜(FSEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、常规透射电镜(TEM),结合多元相图分析和Thermo-calc热力学模拟计算,研究了Al-Si多元合金中物相微观结构演变及其对合金的高温强化作用与机制。系统研究了合金化元素存在形式与合金相演变行为的关系及其对合金显微硬度的影响；探讨了Cu、Mg元素对富Ni耐热相演变行为的影响和富Mo耐热相演变行为,同时分析了这些组织样本行为对合金高温强化作用；提出耐热相与a-Al协同强化机制。基于此机制,制备一种新型Al-Si多元活塞合金。全文主要研究内容如下：
(1)Al-Si多元合金中合金相的析出及演变行为研究
通对研究Al-Si多元活塞合金中合金化元素存在形式和合金相演变行为的关系及其对合金显微硬度的影响,发现有效控制Si相析出是提高合金综合性能的重要手段；其次,通过合金化和合理热处理工艺来控制富Cu、Ni、Mg相尺寸、分布,使其沿晶界弥散分布,能有效发挥合金相的强化作用。
(2)富Cu富Ni相的演变及其高温强化行为研究
系统研究了富Cu富Ni相演变行为及其对Al-Si多元活塞合金强化作用与机制。结果表明,Cu含量增加促使合金中耐热相由条带状Al3CuNi相为主共晶组织逐渐演变为团聚状Al7Cu4Ni相为主多元共晶组织或包共晶组织。这种组织演变促使合金室温拉伸强度逐渐升高,而350℃拉伸强度则先升高后降低。而Mg含量增加基本不影响合金富Cu富Ni相析出种类和形貌,其高温强化效果不明显；但会促使合金中Mg2Si相体积分数逐渐增加,导致合金室温下显微硬度和拉伸强度呈现先升高后降低趋势。
(3)富Mo耐热相演变及其高温强化研究
研制出一种Al-Ni-Mo中间合金,解决了元素Mo难于添加到Al-Si多元活塞合金进行强化的问题；探讨了富Mo耐热相演变行为及对合金高温强化行为与机制。研究发现,添加0.7、wt.%Mo能促使活塞合金350℃拉伸强度提高27.6%,与常规强化元素Mg、Cu和Ni相比,Mo具有更高的高温强化效率。其高温强化机制为：Mo在合金中形成α-Al(Fe,Mo)Si强化相,与富Ni相有机地结合形成网状组织结构,包裹住α-Al晶粒,最终形成封闭和半封闭式复杂网状结构,有效地阻止高温条件下晶界滑移,促使合金350℃拉伸强度得到明显提高。
(4)Al-Si多元合金中耐热相与α-Al协同强化机制
Al-Si多元合金α-Al的细化,促使长轴状树枝晶转化为近等轴状,同时导致二次枝晶之间分布的合金耐热相聚集粗化。基于活塞合金室温和高温断裂机制差异,这种细化基体和粗化合金相的组织演变,使合金室温拉伸强度升高,而高温拉伸强度有所降低。基于此现象,提出了活塞合金中耐热相及α-Al协同强化机制：适度细化α-Al,协调合金耐热相分布,促使合金具有良好室温和高温强度。基于此机制,制备了一种高温(350℃)和室温强度分别达到103.7MPa和363.9MPa的新型Al-Si多元活塞合金。
The evolution of heat-resistant phases in piston alloy and its effect on the High-Tem strengthening were systematically studied by high scope video microscope (HSVM), electron probe micro-analyzer (EPMA), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), conventional transmission electron microscope (TEM), and Thermodynamics Calculation (Thermo Calc), etc. The relationship between existing form of alloying elements and the evolution of precipitating phases was researched, and its effect on the microhardness were studied. Effect of Cu and Mg contents on the evolution of Ni-rich phase, and that of Mo-rich phase in Al-Si piston alloy were investigated, and the High-Tem strengthening mechanism were revealed. The collaborative strengthening mechanism between a-Al and heat-resistant phase of multicomponent Al-Si piston alloy was put forward, which lead to a new type of Al-Si multicomponent piston alloy is made. The main subjects of this article are as below:
(1) Precipitation and evolution of alloy phases in Al-Si piston alloy
The relationship between existing form of alloying elements and the evolution of precipitating phases was researched, which has higher effect on the microhardness of alloy. It is found that effective controlling the precipitation of Si phase is the important way to improve the performance of the piston alloy. Furthermore, the Cu-rich and Ni-rich phases with better distribution and smaller size dispersing around the grain boundary by alloying and the following heat treatment, which has much more important impact on the alloy's comprehensive performance.
(2) Evolution of Cu-rich and Ni-rich phases and its High-Tem strengthening effect
The strengthening process and mechanism of evolution of Cu-rich and Ni-rich phases in Al-Si multicomponent piston alloy were studied. It is found that the strip or cluster-like Al3CuNi phase could be transformed into connection microstructure between Al3CuNi and Al3Cu4Ni phase as the increase of Cu content, which lead to the tensile strength at room temperature increasing gradually, but the tensile strength at 350℃increasing firstly and then decreasing. At the same time, the increasing content of Mg has little influence on the properties and morphologies of the Cu-rich and Ni-rich phases, which has little effect on High-Tem strengthening behavior. But the volume fraction of Mg2Si phase increases gradually. The performance test shows that the microhardness and tensile strength at room temperature of tested alloy has a trend of increasing firstly and then decreasing.
(3) Evolution of Mo-rich phase and its effect on high-temperature strength
A new Al-Ni-Mo master alloy was developed, which can be easily add the Mo element to the melts of Al-Si multicomponent piston alloy. And then, evolution of Mo-rich phase and its High-Tem strengthening mechanism of the piston alloy is revealed. It is found that the addition of0.7wt.%of Mo can increase piston alloy's High-Tem strength by27.6%at the temperature350℃, showing a higher strengthening efficiency, compared to the conventional strengthening elements Mg, Cu and Ni. The formation of a-Al (Fe, Mo) Si phase created by addition of Mo acts as a secondary strengthening phase grows into a kind of net-form microstructures, combined with the main strengthening phase Ni-rich phases. It wrapps u-Al matrix and forms a closed and semi-closed mesh eutectic microstructure. This special microstructures could prevent grain boundary sliding at high temperatures, and then greatly improve the tensile strength of alloy at35O℃
(4) Collaborative strengthening mechanism between u-Al and heat-resistant phases in Al-Si piston alloy
The grain refinement of a-Al matrix in Al-Si piston alloy makes the long-axis dendrites be transformed into almost equiaxed shape, which reduces the dispersion of heat-resistant phases between different second dendrites. Due to the difference between the fracture mechanism at room temperature and high temperature, the effect of matrix refinement and alloy phases dispersion will make the tensile strength at room temperature increase, but that of high temperature will decrease. Based on this, the collaborative strengthening mechanism between heat-resistant phase and a-Al matrix phase in piston alloy is put forward. That is to properly refine a-Al matrix phase and coordinate the distribution of refining alloy phase to improve tensile strength of alloy both at room temperature and at high temperature. This mechanism can help us to create a new piston alloy, whose tensile strength can be103.7MPa at high temperature and363.9MPa at room temperature.
(1)Al-Si多元合金中合金相的析出及演变行为研究
通对研究Al-Si多元活塞合金中合金化元素存在形式和合金相演变行为的关系及其对合金显微硬度的影响,发现有效控制Si相析出是提高合金综合性能的重要手段；其次,通过合金化和合理热处理工艺来控制富Cu、Ni、Mg相尺寸、分布,使其沿晶界弥散分布,能有效发挥合金相的强化作用。
(2)富Cu富Ni相的演变及其高温强化行为研究
系统研究了富Cu富Ni相演变行为及其对Al-Si多元活塞合金强化作用与机制。结果表明,Cu含量增加促使合金中耐热相由条带状Al3CuNi相为主共晶组织逐渐演变为团聚状Al7Cu4Ni相为主多元共晶组织或包共晶组织。这种组织演变促使合金室温拉伸强度逐渐升高,而350℃拉伸强度则先升高后降低。而Mg含量增加基本不影响合金富Cu富Ni相析出种类和形貌,其高温强化效果不明显；但会促使合金中Mg2Si相体积分数逐渐增加,导致合金室温下显微硬度和拉伸强度呈现先升高后降低趋势。
(3)富Mo耐热相演变及其高温强化研究
研制出一种Al-Ni-Mo中间合金,解决了元素Mo难于添加到Al-Si多元活塞合金进行强化的问题；探讨了富Mo耐热相演变行为及对合金高温强化行为与机制。研究发现,添加0.7、wt.%Mo能促使活塞合金350℃拉伸强度提高27.6%,与常规强化元素Mg、Cu和Ni相比,Mo具有更高的高温强化效率。其高温强化机制为：Mo在合金中形成α-Al(Fe,Mo)Si强化相,与富Ni相有机地结合形成网状组织结构,包裹住α-Al晶粒,最终形成封闭和半封闭式复杂网状结构,有效地阻止高温条件下晶界滑移,促使合金350℃拉伸强度得到明显提高。
(4)Al-Si多元合金中耐热相与α-Al协同强化机制
Al-Si多元合金α-Al的细化,促使长轴状树枝晶转化为近等轴状,同时导致二次枝晶之间分布的合金耐热相聚集粗化。基于活塞合金室温和高温断裂机制差异,这种细化基体和粗化合金相的组织演变,使合金室温拉伸强度升高,而高温拉伸强度有所降低。基于此现象,提出了活塞合金中耐热相及α-Al协同强化机制：适度细化α-Al,协调合金耐热相分布,促使合金具有良好室温和高温强度。基于此机制,制备了一种高温(350℃)和室温强度分别达到103.7MPa和363.9MPa的新型Al-Si多元活塞合金。
The evolution of heat-resistant phases in piston alloy and its effect on the High-Tem strengthening were systematically studied by high scope video microscope (HSVM), electron probe micro-analyzer (EPMA), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), conventional transmission electron microscope (TEM), and Thermodynamics Calculation (Thermo Calc), etc. The relationship between existing form of alloying elements and the evolution of precipitating phases was researched, and its effect on the microhardness were studied. Effect of Cu and Mg contents on the evolution of Ni-rich phase, and that of Mo-rich phase in Al-Si piston alloy were investigated, and the High-Tem strengthening mechanism were revealed. The collaborative strengthening mechanism between a-Al and heat-resistant phase of multicomponent Al-Si piston alloy was put forward, which lead to a new type of Al-Si multicomponent piston alloy is made. The main subjects of this article are as below:
(1) Precipitation and evolution of alloy phases in Al-Si piston alloy
The relationship between existing form of alloying elements and the evolution of precipitating phases was researched, which has higher effect on the microhardness of alloy. It is found that effective controlling the precipitation of Si phase is the important way to improve the performance of the piston alloy. Furthermore, the Cu-rich and Ni-rich phases with better distribution and smaller size dispersing around the grain boundary by alloying and the following heat treatment, which has much more important impact on the alloy's comprehensive performance.
(2) Evolution of Cu-rich and Ni-rich phases and its High-Tem strengthening effect
The strengthening process and mechanism of evolution of Cu-rich and Ni-rich phases in Al-Si multicomponent piston alloy were studied. It is found that the strip or cluster-like Al3CuNi phase could be transformed into connection microstructure between Al3CuNi and Al3Cu4Ni phase as the increase of Cu content, which lead to the tensile strength at room temperature increasing gradually, but the tensile strength at 350℃increasing firstly and then decreasing. At the same time, the increasing content of Mg has little influence on the properties and morphologies of the Cu-rich and Ni-rich phases, which has little effect on High-Tem strengthening behavior. But the volume fraction of Mg2Si phase increases gradually. The performance test shows that the microhardness and tensile strength at room temperature of tested alloy has a trend of increasing firstly and then decreasing.
(3) Evolution of Mo-rich phase and its effect on high-temperature strength
A new Al-Ni-Mo master alloy was developed, which can be easily add the Mo element to the melts of Al-Si multicomponent piston alloy. And then, evolution of Mo-rich phase and its High-Tem strengthening mechanism of the piston alloy is revealed. It is found that the addition of0.7wt.%of Mo can increase piston alloy's High-Tem strength by27.6%at the temperature350℃, showing a higher strengthening efficiency, compared to the conventional strengthening elements Mg, Cu and Ni. The formation of a-Al (Fe, Mo) Si phase created by addition of Mo acts as a secondary strengthening phase grows into a kind of net-form microstructures, combined with the main strengthening phase Ni-rich phases. It wrapps u-Al matrix and forms a closed and semi-closed mesh eutectic microstructure. This special microstructures could prevent grain boundary sliding at high temperatures, and then greatly improve the tensile strength of alloy at35O℃
(4) Collaborative strengthening mechanism between u-Al and heat-resistant phases in Al-Si piston alloy
The grain refinement of a-Al matrix in Al-Si piston alloy makes the long-axis dendrites be transformed into almost equiaxed shape, which reduces the dispersion of heat-resistant phases between different second dendrites. Due to the difference between the fracture mechanism at room temperature and high temperature, the effect of matrix refinement and alloy phases dispersion will make the tensile strength at room temperature increase, but that of high temperature will decrease. Based on this, the collaborative strengthening mechanism between heat-resistant phase and a-Al matrix phase in piston alloy is put forward. That is to properly refine a-Al matrix phase and coordinate the distribution of refining alloy phase to improve tensile strength of alloy both at room temperature and at high temperature. This mechanism can help us to create a new piston alloy, whose tensile strength can be103.7MPa at high temperature and363.9MPa at room temperature.
引文
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