低温超导磁体复杂环境下的力磁行为实验研究
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摘要
伴随着超导磁体技术的快速发展,一些大型电磁科学仪器与装置中所用的超导磁体具有体积庞大、磁场极高等特点。从磁体设计角度讲,若要提高磁场强度,唯有极大地提升超导磁体内的载流电流强度。然而受到超导材料临界态(磁场、电流、温度)限制,在高场环境下超导线的载流能力会急剧降低,同时由于磁场和传导电流的增大,导致的温度效应以及极低温冷却成本也将大幅上升。如何寻找一种多因素制约下的平衡和优化,一直是超导磁体设计和研发中的关键基础问题。除此之外,不断提高超导磁体中的传导电流以产生强磁场势必导致磁体结构必须承受由此产生的巨大Lorentz(洛伦兹)力,带来磁体结构设计和安全上的极大挑战。在运行中,超导磁体是处于大电流、强磁场、极低温的多场并存环境并且多场之间存在相互影响、相互作用,单纯基于电磁学特性、简单环境场及结构强度层面的设计是很难达到复杂环境下高性能超导磁体系统的研发要求。因此,开展超导磁体极端环境下的力磁性能等多场关联的研究具有极为重要的意义。
针对中科院近代物理研究近年来所研制的一系列加速器用超导磁体的力学行为测量与分析,本学位论文运用低温电阻应变片及其补偿技术等开展了相关的应变测量,并对超导丝及其复合结构低温下的力学性能与温度的依赖关系进行了实验研究等。
(1)LPT超导磁体(5T)模型线圈的应变测量与分析。首先开展了低温应变测量的可行性研究,采用低温电阻应变片的电测技术及无线应变仪,对液氮浸泡下的悬臂梁结构在静载条件下的应变进行了测量。基于这一应变测量技术开展了极端环境下5T超导磁体的力学实验研究,有效地实现了其在低温、强磁场下线圈内轴向、环向应变测量。其次,考虑其力-磁耦合效应,对该超导磁体在强电磁场下的变形进行了非线性有限元分析,相关实验测试结果与数值分析结果吻合良好。
(2) C-ADS注入器Ⅱ超导螺线管结构多场环境下的力-电磁学测量研究。采用低温力学测量和补偿技术,实现了极端环境条件下(低温4.2K,强磁场8.2T)C-ADS注入器Ⅱ束流聚焦单元超导磁体及其低温支撑结构的高精度力学性能测量,并较好地评估超导磁体励磁下的力学性能。同时,基于超导磁体失超瞬间应变检测信号的急剧变化特征,可以实现超导磁体失超关联的安全运行问题给出及时预警。
(3)提出了基于应变的低温超导磁体失超检测新方法。开展了超导磁体螺线管励磁过程中的电磁、温度、力学变形信号的实时检测与分析,并提出了一种低温超导磁体自发失超的应变检测方法。分别针对LPT超导磁体模型线圈和C-ADS注入器Ⅱ超导螺线管,成功实现了低温超导磁体的自发失超检测；同时基于多点应变失超检测的时差,估算了螺线管超导磁体轴向失超的传播速度,相关结果与已有文献结果量级上相一致。
(4)低温超导复合材料力学性能测试系统与实验研究。开发、研制了超导材料的低温力-热耦合性能测试系统,开展了超导复合丝NbTi/Cu及其纯超导丝NbTi低变温环境下的力学拉伸实验研究,测量了其低温变温环境下的力学行为,包括拉伸强度、断裂百分比、屈服强度以及杨氏模量等,以及与温度的依赖关系。结果表明：超导复合丝与纯超导丝低温下表现出丰富的力学行为,如拉伸强度和杨氏模量与温度近似成线性关系,断裂百分比和屈服强度等与温度呈非线性关系等。此外,基于室温到液氮变温区下样品的力学性能的实验结果和外推方法,我们获得了与文献中液氦4.2K浸泡下相一致的相关力学参数。
With the development of superconductive science and technology, more and more superconducting magnets are being used in large electromagnetic scientific instruments and equipments with features of large volume and high magnetic fields. On the view of superconducting magnet design, the more high magnetic field will be obtained as the carry-current inside the superconducting magnet increases. However, since critical states of superconductors (magnetic field, current, temperature) are limited, as high magnetic field is achieved, its ability of carry-current will reduce sharply. And with the increase of carry current and magnetic field, the effect of temperature and the costs of cooling at extremely low temperature will also rise substantially. How to find a kind of balancing and optimization in the restriction of multi-factor, which have become a key problem in its design and R&D. In addition, continued raising carry-current superconducting coils are also exposed to large Lorentz forces with leading to a series of challenge on design and security of superconducting magnet structure. And during the operation of superconducting magnet, the entire superconducting magnet structure must work in multi-field environment, which include mighty current-magnetic field and ultra-low temperature, and those complicated environmental field will be also interaction. Obviously, the consideration only related to the electromagnetic characteristics, simple environmental field and strength of structure in the design of the superconducting magnet is always inadequate. Therefore, the study of superconducting magnet considering magneto-mechanical performance under complicated environment is important.
Based on the measurement and analysis of mechanical behavior in some SC magnets produced by IMP in recent years, this dissertation presents related strain measurement using low-temperature strain gauge and its compensation technology. At the same time, cryogenic temperature dependence of tensile response of NbTi/Cu superconducting composite wires and its pure filaments also were argued in detail.
(1) Strain measurements and analysis on LPT model superconducting magnet (5T) during coil excitation. Firstly, the feasibility of low-temperature strain measurements is carried out. Using low-temperature strain gauge and wireless strain acquisition system, the strain measurement of a cantilevered beam soaked to liquid nitrogen under static load is introduced. Based on this strain measurement technology, the hoop and axial strains of the LPT model superconducting magnet (5T) under cryogenic temperature and intense magnetic field were also measured effectively. Secondly, considering magneto-mechanical coupled effect, the deformation of superconducting magnet under intense magnetic field is analyzed by means of nonlinear FEM. The experimental data and simulation predictions show good agreements.
(2) Measurements of mechanics and electromagnetics of C-ADS injector II superconducting solenoid structure in multi-field environment. Appling cryogenics mechanical measurement and its compensatory technology, their strain measurements can effectively capture the mechanical behavior of the C-ADS injector II superconducting solenoid structures in multi-field environment (4.2K,8.2T). And based on the rapid change characteristic of strain detetion signal during quench test, the strain measurements can also warn and detect the quench response of superconducting magnet.
(3) Based on the strain measurement at cryogenic temperature and under intense magnetic field, a new non-electric quench detection method of a superconducting solenoid magnet is presented. During the excitation, electromagnetic, temperature and strain signal were real-time measured and analyzed, and the quench detection method based on the strain measurements for spontaneous quench of low temperature superconducting magnet is put forward. Applying the method, based on a LPT superconducting solenoid model magnet (5T) and C-ADS injectorⅡ superconducting solenoid structure, the spontaneous quench of low temperature superconducting magnet were performed successfully. At the same time, based on time lags of strain-based quench detection for multiple points, the axial quench propagation velocity of the solenoid is evaluated. This result fall to the same order of magnitude as other evaluation methods for low-temperature superconducting magnet.
(4) The cryogenic test system of mechanical properties of superconducting composites and related experimental study. The development of the cryogenic test system of the thermo-mechanical coupling performance of superconducting materials under cryogenic temperature is introduced. The effects of variable cryogenic temperature on the tensile response are reported for the commercial superconducting composite wires consisting of niobium-titanium filaments in a copper matrix (NbTi/Cu). The mechanical behavior of the NbTi/Cu composite wire and pure NbTi filaments, including the tensile strength and elongation at fracture, yield strength and Young's modulus, are further captured. There shows that tensile strengths and Young's moduli of NbTi/Cu composite wire and pure NbTi filaments are almost linearly dependent on the temperature, while the elongation at fracture and yield strength exhibit notable nonlinear features with the superconducting wires cooling. In addition, based on the mechanical properties measured from room temperature to liquid nitrogen temperature, these properties at lower temperature of4.2K are extrapolated for the NbTi/Cu composite wire and NbTi filaments, which are compared with the experiment data in the literature.
针对中科院近代物理研究近年来所研制的一系列加速器用超导磁体的力学行为测量与分析,本学位论文运用低温电阻应变片及其补偿技术等开展了相关的应变测量,并对超导丝及其复合结构低温下的力学性能与温度的依赖关系进行了实验研究等。
(1)LPT超导磁体(5T)模型线圈的应变测量与分析。首先开展了低温应变测量的可行性研究,采用低温电阻应变片的电测技术及无线应变仪,对液氮浸泡下的悬臂梁结构在静载条件下的应变进行了测量。基于这一应变测量技术开展了极端环境下5T超导磁体的力学实验研究,有效地实现了其在低温、强磁场下线圈内轴向、环向应变测量。其次,考虑其力-磁耦合效应,对该超导磁体在强电磁场下的变形进行了非线性有限元分析,相关实验测试结果与数值分析结果吻合良好。
(2) C-ADS注入器Ⅱ超导螺线管结构多场环境下的力-电磁学测量研究。采用低温力学测量和补偿技术,实现了极端环境条件下(低温4.2K,强磁场8.2T)C-ADS注入器Ⅱ束流聚焦单元超导磁体及其低温支撑结构的高精度力学性能测量,并较好地评估超导磁体励磁下的力学性能。同时,基于超导磁体失超瞬间应变检测信号的急剧变化特征,可以实现超导磁体失超关联的安全运行问题给出及时预警。
(3)提出了基于应变的低温超导磁体失超检测新方法。开展了超导磁体螺线管励磁过程中的电磁、温度、力学变形信号的实时检测与分析,并提出了一种低温超导磁体自发失超的应变检测方法。分别针对LPT超导磁体模型线圈和C-ADS注入器Ⅱ超导螺线管,成功实现了低温超导磁体的自发失超检测；同时基于多点应变失超检测的时差,估算了螺线管超导磁体轴向失超的传播速度,相关结果与已有文献结果量级上相一致。
(4)低温超导复合材料力学性能测试系统与实验研究。开发、研制了超导材料的低温力-热耦合性能测试系统,开展了超导复合丝NbTi/Cu及其纯超导丝NbTi低变温环境下的力学拉伸实验研究,测量了其低温变温环境下的力学行为,包括拉伸强度、断裂百分比、屈服强度以及杨氏模量等,以及与温度的依赖关系。结果表明：超导复合丝与纯超导丝低温下表现出丰富的力学行为,如拉伸强度和杨氏模量与温度近似成线性关系,断裂百分比和屈服强度等与温度呈非线性关系等。此外,基于室温到液氮变温区下样品的力学性能的实验结果和外推方法,我们获得了与文献中液氦4.2K浸泡下相一致的相关力学参数。
With the development of superconductive science and technology, more and more superconducting magnets are being used in large electromagnetic scientific instruments and equipments with features of large volume and high magnetic fields. On the view of superconducting magnet design, the more high magnetic field will be obtained as the carry-current inside the superconducting magnet increases. However, since critical states of superconductors (magnetic field, current, temperature) are limited, as high magnetic field is achieved, its ability of carry-current will reduce sharply. And with the increase of carry current and magnetic field, the effect of temperature and the costs of cooling at extremely low temperature will also rise substantially. How to find a kind of balancing and optimization in the restriction of multi-factor, which have become a key problem in its design and R&D. In addition, continued raising carry-current superconducting coils are also exposed to large Lorentz forces with leading to a series of challenge on design and security of superconducting magnet structure. And during the operation of superconducting magnet, the entire superconducting magnet structure must work in multi-field environment, which include mighty current-magnetic field and ultra-low temperature, and those complicated environmental field will be also interaction. Obviously, the consideration only related to the electromagnetic characteristics, simple environmental field and strength of structure in the design of the superconducting magnet is always inadequate. Therefore, the study of superconducting magnet considering magneto-mechanical performance under complicated environment is important.
Based on the measurement and analysis of mechanical behavior in some SC magnets produced by IMP in recent years, this dissertation presents related strain measurement using low-temperature strain gauge and its compensation technology. At the same time, cryogenic temperature dependence of tensile response of NbTi/Cu superconducting composite wires and its pure filaments also were argued in detail.
(1) Strain measurements and analysis on LPT model superconducting magnet (5T) during coil excitation. Firstly, the feasibility of low-temperature strain measurements is carried out. Using low-temperature strain gauge and wireless strain acquisition system, the strain measurement of a cantilevered beam soaked to liquid nitrogen under static load is introduced. Based on this strain measurement technology, the hoop and axial strains of the LPT model superconducting magnet (5T) under cryogenic temperature and intense magnetic field were also measured effectively. Secondly, considering magneto-mechanical coupled effect, the deformation of superconducting magnet under intense magnetic field is analyzed by means of nonlinear FEM. The experimental data and simulation predictions show good agreements.
(2) Measurements of mechanics and electromagnetics of C-ADS injector II superconducting solenoid structure in multi-field environment. Appling cryogenics mechanical measurement and its compensatory technology, their strain measurements can effectively capture the mechanical behavior of the C-ADS injector II superconducting solenoid structures in multi-field environment (4.2K,8.2T). And based on the rapid change characteristic of strain detetion signal during quench test, the strain measurements can also warn and detect the quench response of superconducting magnet.
(3) Based on the strain measurement at cryogenic temperature and under intense magnetic field, a new non-electric quench detection method of a superconducting solenoid magnet is presented. During the excitation, electromagnetic, temperature and strain signal were real-time measured and analyzed, and the quench detection method based on the strain measurements for spontaneous quench of low temperature superconducting magnet is put forward. Applying the method, based on a LPT superconducting solenoid model magnet (5T) and C-ADS injectorⅡ superconducting solenoid structure, the spontaneous quench of low temperature superconducting magnet were performed successfully. At the same time, based on time lags of strain-based quench detection for multiple points, the axial quench propagation velocity of the solenoid is evaluated. This result fall to the same order of magnitude as other evaluation methods for low-temperature superconducting magnet.
(4) The cryogenic test system of mechanical properties of superconducting composites and related experimental study. The development of the cryogenic test system of the thermo-mechanical coupling performance of superconducting materials under cryogenic temperature is introduced. The effects of variable cryogenic temperature on the tensile response are reported for the commercial superconducting composite wires consisting of niobium-titanium filaments in a copper matrix (NbTi/Cu). The mechanical behavior of the NbTi/Cu composite wire and pure NbTi filaments, including the tensile strength and elongation at fracture, yield strength and Young's modulus, are further captured. There shows that tensile strengths and Young's moduli of NbTi/Cu composite wire and pure NbTi filaments are almost linearly dependent on the temperature, while the elongation at fracture and yield strength exhibit notable nonlinear features with the superconducting wires cooling. In addition, based on the mechanical properties measured from room temperature to liquid nitrogen temperature, these properties at lower temperature of4.2K are extrapolated for the NbTi/Cu composite wire and NbTi filaments, which are compared with the experiment data in the literature.
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