康德论根本恶
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摘要
以康德《纯然理性限度内的宗教》为依据,解读康德理性宗教论域中的根本恶学说,指明恶与生存之内在关联,进而将恶推进至生存论域,表明根本恶之本质乃在于此在之有限性即时间性结构。
康德认为人天生是恶的,这种恶是一种“根本恶”,根源在于道德次序的颠倒。对人的本性中恶的起源只能追问其理性上的根源,从而确立人向善的可能性。通过建立道德法则作为所有准则的最高根据的纯粹性和走进伦理共同体,实现在地上建立上帝国。他要建立的道德原则是一个先天综合命题,是在所有经验以前就给予人的。他反对一切人类学的根据,但恶是有一个人类学的、因而是经验的基础的。
根本恶应在对人的本质关联中讨论,因而是恶的形而上学问题。以关于存在的基本问题为目标,从存在的真理性和本质这一角度加以讨论。阐明根本恶的本质在于人的有限性,植根于人的存在的时间性结构。有限也意味着超越和自由的可能。
Interpretion Kant's Religion innerhalb der Grenzen der blossen Vernunft,this article described his theory of radical evil under the perspective of Moral theology and explained the radical evil to be connected with being, which also meant the temporality structure of being.
Kant believed that human is evil in nature, and he named it the radical evil which caused by the moral disorder. To pursue the original evil of human nature has to question its rational root but not to seek it on time. By establishing a moral law as all criteria of the highest purity, reconstruct the original nature of being good. Kant believed that the foundation of moral is inherent. The moral principle he was about to establish was a synthetic priori propositions, which was inherent transcendental. But in practical people doubted if there was any obeyable moral law. There is a contradiction between the conclusion and the fact of Kant's moral law. He opposed all the reasons of anthropology again and again, but evil is anthropological, which means it is basical and experiential.
Evil should be discussed in associated with human nature,so it's a problem of metaphysical. The writer intended to explain the basical questions of existance, and he discussed it from the perspective of the truth and the nature of existance. He clarified the essence of radical evil was human beings' finiteness,and rooted in the structure of the time of human existence. The finiteness also means the possibility of transcending and freedom.
康德认为人天生是恶的,这种恶是一种“根本恶”,根源在于道德次序的颠倒。对人的本性中恶的起源只能追问其理性上的根源,从而确立人向善的可能性。通过建立道德法则作为所有准则的最高根据的纯粹性和走进伦理共同体,实现在地上建立上帝国。他要建立的道德原则是一个先天综合命题,是在所有经验以前就给予人的。他反对一切人类学的根据,但恶是有一个人类学的、因而是经验的基础的。
根本恶应在对人的本质关联中讨论,因而是恶的形而上学问题。以关于存在的基本问题为目标,从存在的真理性和本质这一角度加以讨论。阐明根本恶的本质在于人的有限性,植根于人的存在的时间性结构。有限也意味着超越和自由的可能。
Interpretion Kant's Religion innerhalb der Grenzen der blossen Vernunft,this article described his theory of radical evil under the perspective of Moral theology and explained the radical evil to be connected with being, which also meant the temporality structure of being.
Kant believed that human is evil in nature, and he named it the radical evil which caused by the moral disorder. To pursue the original evil of human nature has to question its rational root but not to seek it on time. By establishing a moral law as all criteria of the highest purity, reconstruct the original nature of being good. Kant believed that the foundation of moral is inherent. The moral principle he was about to establish was a synthetic priori propositions, which was inherent transcendental. But in practical people doubted if there was any obeyable moral law. There is a contradiction between the conclusion and the fact of Kant's moral law. He opposed all the reasons of anthropology again and again, but evil is anthropological, which means it is basical and experiential.
Evil should be discussed in associated with human nature,so it's a problem of metaphysical. The writer intended to explain the basical questions of existance, and he discussed it from the perspective of the truth and the nature of existance. He clarified the essence of radical evil was human beings' finiteness,and rooted in the structure of the time of human existence. The finiteness also means the possibility of transcending and freedom.
引文
1. Immanuel Kant:Die Religion innerhalb der Grenzen der bloβen Vernunft, Die Metaphysik der Sitten [C], Kant's gesammelte Schriften, Band Ⅵ, Berlin:Druck und oon Derlag Georg Reimer 1914
2. Immanuel Kant:Critique of pure reason[M], translated by Werner S. Pluhar, Indianapolis and Cambridge:Hackett Publishing Company Inc.1996
3. Immanuel Kant:Critique of practical reason[M], translated by Werner S.Pluhar, Indianapolis and Cambridge:Hackett Publishing Company Inc.2002
4. Immanuel Kant:Groundwork for the metaphysics of morals[M]; edited and translated by Allen W. Wood, New Haven and London:Yale University Press 2002
5. Immanuel Kant:Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics[M], New York: Cambridge University Press 2004
6. Immanuel Kant:Critique of Judgement[M]; translated by James Creed Meredith, New York:Oxford University Press 2007
7. Plato:The Republic[M], translated by Tom Griffith, New York:Cambridge University press 2000
8. Aristole:Nicomachean Ethics[M], translated and edited by Roger Crisp, New York:Cambridge University press 2004
9. Augustine:The city of God[M], translated and edited by R.W.Dyson, New York: Cambridge University press 1998
10. Thomas Aquinas:On evil[M], translated by Richard Regan, New York:Oxford University Press 2003
11. John Duns Scotus:Contingency and freedom Lectura I 39[M], translation by A. Vos Jaczn, Dordrecht Boston and London:Kluwer Academic Publishers 1994
12. Benedict de Spinoza:Theological-political treatise[M], translated by Michael Silverthorne and Jonathan Israel, New York:Cambridge University Press 2007
13. Freiherr von Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz:Theodicy:essays on the goodness of God, the freedom of man and the origin of evil [M], edited by Austin Farre, Biblio Bazaar 2007
14. David Hume:An enquiry concerning human understanding[M], edited by Peter Millican, New York:Oxford University Press 2007
15. Hegel:Phenomenology of spirit[M], translated by A. V. Miller, New York: Oxford University Press 1977
16. F. W. J. Schelling:Philosophical Investigations into the Essence of Human Freedom[M], New York:State University of New York Press 2006
17. Arthur Schopenhauer:The two fundamental problems of ethics[M], translated and edited by Christopher Janaway, New York:Cambridge University Press 2009
18. Friedrich Nietzsche:Beyond good and evil[M], translated by Judith Norman, New York:Cambridge University Press 2002
19. Martin Heidegger:History of the concept of Time-prolegomena[M], translated by Theodore Kisiel, Bloomington and Indianapolis:Indiana university Press 1985
20. Martin Heidegger:Schelling's treatise on the essence of human freedom[M], translated by Joan Stambaugh, London:Ohio University Press 1985
21. Martin Heidegger:The basic problems of phenomenology[M], translation by Albert Hofstadter, Bloomington and Indianapolis:Indiana University Press 1988
22. Martin Heidegger:Parmenides[M], translated by Andre Schuwer and Richard Rojcewicz, Bloomington and Indianapolis:Indiana University Press 1992
23. Martin Heidegger:Being and time[M], translated by Joan Stambaugh, New York: State University of New York 1996
24. Martin Heidegger:Kant and the problem of metaphysics[M], translated by Richard Taft, Bloomington/Indiana:Indiana University Press 1997
25. Hannah Arendt:The life of the mind[M], New York:A Harvest Book·Harcourt, Inc.1971
26. Arthur O. Lovejoy:The great chain of being:a study of the history of an idea[M], Boston:Harvard University Press 1964
27. Michalson etc.:Fallen freedom:Kant on radical evil and moral regeneration[M], New York:Cambridge University Press 1990
28. Henry E Allison:Kant's theory of freedom[M], New York:Cambridge University Press 1990
29. Henry E. Allison:Idealism and freedom:essays on Kant's theoretical and practical philosophy[M,] New York:Cambridge University Press 1996
30. James R. Brown, etc.:The problem of evil in early modern philosophy[M], Toronto Buffalo and London:University of Toronto Press 2001
31. Hans Jonas:The Gnostic religion:the message of the alien God and the beginnings of Christianity[M], Boston:Beacon Press 2001
32. Charles T. Mathewes:Evil and the Augustinian tradition[M], New York: Cambridge University Press 2001
33. Samuel J. Kerstein:Kant's search for the supreme principle of morality[M], New York:Cambridge University Press 2002
34. Gary Banham:Kant's practical philosophy:from critique to doctrine[M], New York:Palgrave Macmillan 2003
35. Patrick R. Frierson:Freedom and anthropology in Kant's moral philosophy[M], New York:Cambridge University Press 2003
36. Peter Fenves:Late Kant:towards another law of the earth[M], New York, Routledge 2003
37. Carol A. Newsom:The book of Job:a contest of moral imaginations[M], New York:Oxford University Press 2003
38. Paul Guyer:The Cambridge companion to Kant and modern philosophy[M], New York:Cambridge University Press 2006
39. Michelle Kosch:Freedom and reason in Kant, Schelling, and Kierkegaard[M], New York:Oxford University Press 2006
40. Richard Dean:The value of humanity:in Kant's moral theory[M], New York: Oxford University Press 2006
41. David Roberts:Kierkegaard's analysis of radical evil[M], New York:Continuum 2006
42. Jens Timmermann:Kant's groundwork of the metaphysics of morals:a commentary[M], New York:Cambridge University Press 2007
43. Ermanno Bencivenga:Ethics vindicated:Kant's transcendental legitimation of moral discourse[M], New York:Oxford University Press 2007
44. Peter Byrne:Kant on God[M], London:Ashgate Publishing Limited 2007
45. John Phillips:Order from disorder:Proclus'doctrine of evil and its roots in ancient Platonism[M], Boston:Brill 2007
46. Peter Dews:The idea of Evil[M], Oxford:Blackwell Publishing Ltd.2008
47. Otfried Hoffe:Kant's critique of pure reason:the foundation of modern philosophy[M], New York:Springer 2009
48. Thomas E. etc.:The Blackwell Guide to Kant's ethics[M], Oxford:Blackwell Publishing Ltd.2009
49. Karl Ameriks, etc.:Kant's moral and legal philosophy[M], New York:Cambridge University Press 2009
50. Roger Berkowitz etc.:Thinking in dark times:Hannah Arendt on ethics and politics[M], New York:Fordham University Press 2010
51. Pamela Sue Anderson etc.:Kant and Theology[M], New York:T&T Clark International 2010
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53.[德]康德：未来形而上学导论道德形而上学的奠基[C],康德著作全集第四卷,李秋零主编,北京：中国人民大学出版社2005
54.[德]康德：实践理性批判判断力批判[C],康德著作全集第五卷,李秋零主编,北京：中国人民大学出版社2007
55.[德]康德：纯然理性界限内的宗教道德形而上学[C],康德著作全集第六卷,李秋零主编,北京：中国人民大学出版社2007
56.[德]康德：学科之争实用人类学[C],康德著作全集第七卷,李秋零主编,北京：中国人民大学出版社2008
57.[德]康德：回答这个问题：什么是启蒙论神义论中一切哲学尝试的失败[C],康德著作全集第八卷,李秋零主编,北京：中国人民大学出版社2010
58.[德]康德：逻辑学[C],康德著作全集第九卷,李秋零主编,北京：中国人民大学出版社2010
59.[德]康德：判断力批判[M],邓晓芒译,北京：人民出版社2002
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3. Immanuel Kant:Critique of practical reason[M], translated by Werner S.Pluhar, Indianapolis and Cambridge:Hackett Publishing Company Inc.2002
4. Immanuel Kant:Groundwork for the metaphysics of morals[M]; edited and translated by Allen W. Wood, New Haven and London:Yale University Press 2002
5. Immanuel Kant:Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics[M], New York: Cambridge University Press 2004
6. Immanuel Kant:Critique of Judgement[M]; translated by James Creed Meredith, New York:Oxford University Press 2007
7. Plato:The Republic[M], translated by Tom Griffith, New York:Cambridge University press 2000
8. Aristole:Nicomachean Ethics[M], translated and edited by Roger Crisp, New York:Cambridge University press 2004
9. Augustine:The city of God[M], translated and edited by R.W.Dyson, New York: Cambridge University press 1998
10. Thomas Aquinas:On evil[M], translated by Richard Regan, New York:Oxford University Press 2003
11. John Duns Scotus:Contingency and freedom Lectura I 39[M], translation by A. Vos Jaczn, Dordrecht Boston and London:Kluwer Academic Publishers 1994
12. Benedict de Spinoza:Theological-political treatise[M], translated by Michael Silverthorne and Jonathan Israel, New York:Cambridge University Press 2007
13. Freiherr von Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz:Theodicy:essays on the goodness of God, the freedom of man and the origin of evil [M], edited by Austin Farre, Biblio Bazaar 2007
14. David Hume:An enquiry concerning human understanding[M], edited by Peter Millican, New York:Oxford University Press 2007
15. Hegel:Phenomenology of spirit[M], translated by A. V. Miller, New York: Oxford University Press 1977
16. F. W. J. Schelling:Philosophical Investigations into the Essence of Human Freedom[M], New York:State University of New York Press 2006
17. Arthur Schopenhauer:The two fundamental problems of ethics[M], translated and edited by Christopher Janaway, New York:Cambridge University Press 2009
18. Friedrich Nietzsche:Beyond good and evil[M], translated by Judith Norman, New York:Cambridge University Press 2002
19. Martin Heidegger:History of the concept of Time-prolegomena[M], translated by Theodore Kisiel, Bloomington and Indianapolis:Indiana university Press 1985
20. Martin Heidegger:Schelling's treatise on the essence of human freedom[M], translated by Joan Stambaugh, London:Ohio University Press 1985
21. Martin Heidegger:The basic problems of phenomenology[M], translation by Albert Hofstadter, Bloomington and Indianapolis:Indiana University Press 1988
22. Martin Heidegger:Parmenides[M], translated by Andre Schuwer and Richard Rojcewicz, Bloomington and Indianapolis:Indiana University Press 1992
23. Martin Heidegger:Being and time[M], translated by Joan Stambaugh, New York: State University of New York 1996
24. Martin Heidegger:Kant and the problem of metaphysics[M], translated by Richard Taft, Bloomington/Indiana:Indiana University Press 1997
25. Hannah Arendt:The life of the mind[M], New York:A Harvest Book·Harcourt, Inc.1971
26. Arthur O. Lovejoy:The great chain of being:a study of the history of an idea[M], Boston:Harvard University Press 1964
27. Michalson etc.:Fallen freedom:Kant on radical evil and moral regeneration[M], New York:Cambridge University Press 1990
28. Henry E Allison:Kant's theory of freedom[M], New York:Cambridge University Press 1990
29. Henry E. Allison:Idealism and freedom:essays on Kant's theoretical and practical philosophy[M,] New York:Cambridge University Press 1996
30. James R. Brown, etc.:The problem of evil in early modern philosophy[M], Toronto Buffalo and London:University of Toronto Press 2001
31. Hans Jonas:The Gnostic religion:the message of the alien God and the beginnings of Christianity[M], Boston:Beacon Press 2001
32. Charles T. Mathewes:Evil and the Augustinian tradition[M], New York: Cambridge University Press 2001
33. Samuel J. Kerstein:Kant's search for the supreme principle of morality[M], New York:Cambridge University Press 2002
34. Gary Banham:Kant's practical philosophy:from critique to doctrine[M], New York:Palgrave Macmillan 2003
35. Patrick R. Frierson:Freedom and anthropology in Kant's moral philosophy[M], New York:Cambridge University Press 2003
36. Peter Fenves:Late Kant:towards another law of the earth[M], New York, Routledge 2003
37. Carol A. Newsom:The book of Job:a contest of moral imaginations[M], New York:Oxford University Press 2003
38. Paul Guyer:The Cambridge companion to Kant and modern philosophy[M], New York:Cambridge University Press 2006
39. Michelle Kosch:Freedom and reason in Kant, Schelling, and Kierkegaard[M], New York:Oxford University Press 2006
40. Richard Dean:The value of humanity:in Kant's moral theory[M], New York: Oxford University Press 2006
41. David Roberts:Kierkegaard's analysis of radical evil[M], New York:Continuum 2006
42. Jens Timmermann:Kant's groundwork of the metaphysics of morals:a commentary[M], New York:Cambridge University Press 2007
43. Ermanno Bencivenga:Ethics vindicated:Kant's transcendental legitimation of moral discourse[M], New York:Oxford University Press 2007
44. Peter Byrne:Kant on God[M], London:Ashgate Publishing Limited 2007
45. John Phillips:Order from disorder:Proclus'doctrine of evil and its roots in ancient Platonism[M], Boston:Brill 2007
46. Peter Dews:The idea of Evil[M], Oxford:Blackwell Publishing Ltd.2008
47. Otfried Hoffe:Kant's critique of pure reason:the foundation of modern philosophy[M], New York:Springer 2009
48. Thomas E. etc.:The Blackwell Guide to Kant's ethics[M], Oxford:Blackwell Publishing Ltd.2009
49. Karl Ameriks, etc.:Kant's moral and legal philosophy[M], New York:Cambridge University Press 2009
50. Roger Berkowitz etc.:Thinking in dark times:Hannah Arendt on ethics and politics[M], New York:Fordham University Press 2010
51. Pamela Sue Anderson etc.:Kant and Theology[M], New York:T&T Clark International 2010
52.[德]康德：纯粹理性批判(第二版)[C],康德著作全集第三卷,李秋零主编,北京：中国人民大学出版社2004
53.[德]康德：未来形而上学导论道德形而上学的奠基[C],康德著作全集第四卷,李秋零主编,北京：中国人民大学出版社2005
54.[德]康德：实践理性批判判断力批判[C],康德著作全集第五卷,李秋零主编,北京：中国人民大学出版社2007
55.[德]康德：纯然理性界限内的宗教道德形而上学[C],康德著作全集第六卷,李秋零主编,北京：中国人民大学出版社2007
56.[德]康德：学科之争实用人类学[C],康德著作全集第七卷,李秋零主编,北京：中国人民大学出版社2008
57.[德]康德：回答这个问题：什么是启蒙论神义论中一切哲学尝试的失败[C],康德著作全集第八卷,李秋零主编,北京：中国人民大学出版社2010
58.[德]康德：逻辑学[C],康德著作全集第九卷,李秋零主编,北京：中国人民大学出版社2010
59.[德]康德：判断力批判[M],邓晓芒译,北京：人民出版社2002
60.[德]康德：实践理性批判[M],邓晓芒译,北京：人民出版社2003
61.[德]康德：纯粹理性批判[M],邓晓芒译,北京：人民出版社2004
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