长期施肥对河西灌漠土有机氮组分及其剖面分布的影响
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摘要
在小麦-玉米长期轮作的基础上,采用1965年Bremner提出的土壤有机氮分级方法,对设置在张掖绿洲灌漠土持续25a的长期肥料定位试验地土壤各剖面层次的有机氮形态组成进行了测定,系统地阐述了在长期定位施肥条件下有机氮各组分、含量、形态的变化情况,以及有机氮各组分的剖面分布与不同施肥处理之间的关系。对张掖绿洲灌漠土提高氮肥利用率有重要的现实意义。并为我国绿洲农业和灌漠土地区合理施肥、土壤培肥和农业可持续发展提供理论依据。
本试验设8个处理:不施肥料(CK);单施氮肥(N);施氮磷肥(NP);施氮磷钾肥(NPK);有机肥(M);有机肥+氮肥(MN);有机肥+氮磷肥(MNP);有机肥+氮磷钾肥(MNPK)。试验采用小麦、玉米轮作。结果表明:
1.长期施用化肥和有机肥对河西灌漠土耕层全氮和土壤有机氮组成有显著影响,施肥对耕层不同形态有机氮组分的影响取决于肥料种类。与单施化肥相比,有机肥与化肥配合施用后显著提高了耕层土壤全氮、酸解性氮与非酸解性氮的含量。在酸解性氮中,氨基酸态氮和酸解未知氮显著增加,氨基糖态氮含量也有所提高。与不施肥相比,施用氮肥显著提高了耕层土壤全氮、酸解性氮与非酸解性氮的含量。在酸解性氮中,化学氮肥显著提高了氨态氮的含量,对氨基酸氮、氨基糖氮和酸解未知态氮影响较小。施用磷、钾肥对河西灌漠土全氮和有机氮各组分含量影响较小。
2.长期施用肥料可明显改善耕层土壤有机氮素的供应状况,尤其是通过有机肥与化肥配施可显著增加土壤有机氮含量,显示厩肥处理对土壤有机氮库的贡献大于单施有机肥和单施化肥的处理。
3.通过对2003年和2006年有机氮各组分含量的比较,了解经长期施肥后有机氮组分的动态变化情况。结果表明:施用化学氮肥和有机肥的处理区显著提高了土壤全氮、酸解性氮与非酸解性氮的含量。在酸解氮中,单施有机肥的处理区主要提高了酸解未知态氮的含量,单施化肥的处理显著提高了氨态氮的含量,有机肥与化肥配施的处理区氨态氮和非酸解氮的含量均增加显著。所有处理小区的氨基酸氮、氨基糖氮含量均增加不明显。
4.长期施用化肥和有机肥对河西灌漠土不同剖面土壤全氮和有机氮各组分有显著影响,施肥对不同形态有机氮的影响取决于肥料种类。土壤全氮及有机氮各组分含量均随土层深度的增加而降低,但有机氮各组分占全氮的比例随土层深度增加的变化却无明显规律。不同土层间土壤有机氮各组分含量的差异主要存在于0~100cm土层,100~180cm差异较小,180cm以下差异很小。与单施化肥相比,在0~100cm土层,有机肥与化肥配合施用后显著提高了土壤全氮和酸解性氮的含量。在酸解性氮中,氨基酸态氮和酸解未知氮显著增加,在0~40cm土层氨基糖态氮含量也有所提高。与不施肥相比,施用氮肥显著提高了0~200cm所有土层的土壤全氮、酸解性氮与非酸解性氮的含量。在酸解性氮中,化学氮肥显著提高了0~200cm所有土层氨态氮的含量,对氨基酸氮、氨基糖氮和酸解未知态氮影响较小。
Based on long-term rotation of wheat and maize, the objective of the research was to study the effect of long-term chemical N fertilization or the mixture of chemical N fertilizer and other manures on irrigated desert soil organic nitrogen components. By soil organic nitrogen classification method proposed by Bremner in 1965, this paper studied the forms and compositions of Organic nitrogen (N) on irrigated desert soil in the oasis area of Zhangye after 25 years located experiment. In order to compare the effects of long-term different fertilization on organic N fractions, content and soil profile distribution. It has important practical significance to improve the utilizing efficiency of N on irrigated desert soil in the oasis area of Zhangye.
This study set-up eight treatments: no fertilizer treatment(CK), nitrogen fertilizer(N), nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer(NP), nitrogen and phosphate and potassium fertilizer(NPK), organic and nitrogen fertilizer (MN), organic fertilizer and nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer(MNP), organic with nitrogen and phosphate and potassium fertilizer(MNPK). The rotation sequence was wheat followed by field pea.
Results showed as follows:
1. Soil total nitrogen and organic nitrogen fractions were significantly influenced by long-term application of chemical fertilizer and manure and varied with fertilizer species. Compared with application of N and P fertilizes, manure with N fertilizes greatly increased the contents of total N, acid hydrolysable N and nonhydrolysable N; Of the forms of acid hydrolysable N, amino acid N and hydrolysable unidentified N were significantly increased and amino sugar N is increased also by manure with N and P fertilizers. Similar to manure with chemical fertilizer, N application significantly increased total N, acid hydrolysable N and nonhydrolysable N. Compared to the plots without N addition, N fertilizer significantly increased ammonium N but little affects amino acid nitrogen; amino sugar N and hydrolysable unidentified N. P and K fertilizer application did not significantly affect total N and organic N forms in irrigated desert soil.
2. Long-term application of fertilizers can improve soil organic nitrogen in cultivated layer (0~20cm), especially, the application of animal manure and chemical fertilizers in combination significantly increase the soil organic nitrogen content. Extent of increasing content of organic nitrogen, animal manure and chemical fertilizers in combination is higher than that of chemical fertilizer treatment or animal manure
3. From 2003 to 2006, after three years of continuous testing, the handling area which the chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer were applied significantly increased the contents of total soil nitrogen, acid hydrolysable N and nonhydrolysable N. Of the forms of acid hydrolysable N, The treatment of single-organic fertilizer mainly increased the contents of hydrolysable unidentified N, the treatment which single-chemical fertilizer applied significantly increased the content of ammonia nitrogen, the plots of organic manure and chemical fertilizers combined greatly increased content of ammonium N and hydrolysable unidentified N. The increasing of amino acid N, N-sugar content in all the treatment area was not obvious.
4. Soil total nitrogen and organic nitrogen fractions in soil profile were significantly influenced by long-term application of chemical fertilizer and manure and varied with fertilizer species. the content of total N and organic N forms were decreased with layers depth, but the ration of organic N forms to total N didn’t had obvious rule. The difference of organic nitrogen forms was mainly in 0~100cm soil layer under different fertilizer species, Organic nitrogen forms was small differences in 100~180cm soil layer, but below 180cm soil layer the difference was no obvious. At various soil layers, acidic hydrolysable N was the main components of the organic N. Compared with application of N and P fertilizes, manure with N fertilizes greatly increased the contents of total N and acid hydrolysable N in 0~100cm soil layer. Of the forms of acid hydrolysable N, amino acid N and hydrolysable unidentified N were significantly increased. Amino sugar N is increased also by manure with N and P fertilizers in 0~40cm soil layer. At all the soil layer of 0~200cm, N application significantly increased total N, acid hydrolysable N and nonhydrolysable N. Compared to the plots without N addition, N fertilizer significantly increased ammonium N but little affects amino acid nitrogen; amino sugar N and hydrolysable unidentified N.
本试验设8个处理:不施肥料(CK);单施氮肥(N);施氮磷肥(NP);施氮磷钾肥(NPK);有机肥(M);有机肥+氮肥(MN);有机肥+氮磷肥(MNP);有机肥+氮磷钾肥(MNPK)。试验采用小麦、玉米轮作。结果表明:
1.长期施用化肥和有机肥对河西灌漠土耕层全氮和土壤有机氮组成有显著影响,施肥对耕层不同形态有机氮组分的影响取决于肥料种类。与单施化肥相比,有机肥与化肥配合施用后显著提高了耕层土壤全氮、酸解性氮与非酸解性氮的含量。在酸解性氮中,氨基酸态氮和酸解未知氮显著增加,氨基糖态氮含量也有所提高。与不施肥相比,施用氮肥显著提高了耕层土壤全氮、酸解性氮与非酸解性氮的含量。在酸解性氮中,化学氮肥显著提高了氨态氮的含量,对氨基酸氮、氨基糖氮和酸解未知态氮影响较小。施用磷、钾肥对河西灌漠土全氮和有机氮各组分含量影响较小。
2.长期施用肥料可明显改善耕层土壤有机氮素的供应状况,尤其是通过有机肥与化肥配施可显著增加土壤有机氮含量,显示厩肥处理对土壤有机氮库的贡献大于单施有机肥和单施化肥的处理。
3.通过对2003年和2006年有机氮各组分含量的比较,了解经长期施肥后有机氮组分的动态变化情况。结果表明:施用化学氮肥和有机肥的处理区显著提高了土壤全氮、酸解性氮与非酸解性氮的含量。在酸解氮中,单施有机肥的处理区主要提高了酸解未知态氮的含量,单施化肥的处理显著提高了氨态氮的含量,有机肥与化肥配施的处理区氨态氮和非酸解氮的含量均增加显著。所有处理小区的氨基酸氮、氨基糖氮含量均增加不明显。
4.长期施用化肥和有机肥对河西灌漠土不同剖面土壤全氮和有机氮各组分有显著影响,施肥对不同形态有机氮的影响取决于肥料种类。土壤全氮及有机氮各组分含量均随土层深度的增加而降低,但有机氮各组分占全氮的比例随土层深度增加的变化却无明显规律。不同土层间土壤有机氮各组分含量的差异主要存在于0~100cm土层,100~180cm差异较小,180cm以下差异很小。与单施化肥相比,在0~100cm土层,有机肥与化肥配合施用后显著提高了土壤全氮和酸解性氮的含量。在酸解性氮中,氨基酸态氮和酸解未知氮显著增加,在0~40cm土层氨基糖态氮含量也有所提高。与不施肥相比,施用氮肥显著提高了0~200cm所有土层的土壤全氮、酸解性氮与非酸解性氮的含量。在酸解性氮中,化学氮肥显著提高了0~200cm所有土层氨态氮的含量,对氨基酸氮、氨基糖氮和酸解未知态氮影响较小。
Based on long-term rotation of wheat and maize, the objective of the research was to study the effect of long-term chemical N fertilization or the mixture of chemical N fertilizer and other manures on irrigated desert soil organic nitrogen components. By soil organic nitrogen classification method proposed by Bremner in 1965, this paper studied the forms and compositions of Organic nitrogen (N) on irrigated desert soil in the oasis area of Zhangye after 25 years located experiment. In order to compare the effects of long-term different fertilization on organic N fractions, content and soil profile distribution. It has important practical significance to improve the utilizing efficiency of N on irrigated desert soil in the oasis area of Zhangye.
This study set-up eight treatments: no fertilizer treatment(CK), nitrogen fertilizer(N), nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer(NP), nitrogen and phosphate and potassium fertilizer(NPK), organic and nitrogen fertilizer (MN), organic fertilizer and nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer(MNP), organic with nitrogen and phosphate and potassium fertilizer(MNPK). The rotation sequence was wheat followed by field pea.
Results showed as follows:
1. Soil total nitrogen and organic nitrogen fractions were significantly influenced by long-term application of chemical fertilizer and manure and varied with fertilizer species. Compared with application of N and P fertilizes, manure with N fertilizes greatly increased the contents of total N, acid hydrolysable N and nonhydrolysable N; Of the forms of acid hydrolysable N, amino acid N and hydrolysable unidentified N were significantly increased and amino sugar N is increased also by manure with N and P fertilizers. Similar to manure with chemical fertilizer, N application significantly increased total N, acid hydrolysable N and nonhydrolysable N. Compared to the plots without N addition, N fertilizer significantly increased ammonium N but little affects amino acid nitrogen; amino sugar N and hydrolysable unidentified N. P and K fertilizer application did not significantly affect total N and organic N forms in irrigated desert soil.
2. Long-term application of fertilizers can improve soil organic nitrogen in cultivated layer (0~20cm), especially, the application of animal manure and chemical fertilizers in combination significantly increase the soil organic nitrogen content. Extent of increasing content of organic nitrogen, animal manure and chemical fertilizers in combination is higher than that of chemical fertilizer treatment or animal manure
3. From 2003 to 2006, after three years of continuous testing, the handling area which the chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer were applied significantly increased the contents of total soil nitrogen, acid hydrolysable N and nonhydrolysable N. Of the forms of acid hydrolysable N, The treatment of single-organic fertilizer mainly increased the contents of hydrolysable unidentified N, the treatment which single-chemical fertilizer applied significantly increased the content of ammonia nitrogen, the plots of organic manure and chemical fertilizers combined greatly increased content of ammonium N and hydrolysable unidentified N. The increasing of amino acid N, N-sugar content in all the treatment area was not obvious.
4. Soil total nitrogen and organic nitrogen fractions in soil profile were significantly influenced by long-term application of chemical fertilizer and manure and varied with fertilizer species. the content of total N and organic N forms were decreased with layers depth, but the ration of organic N forms to total N didn’t had obvious rule. The difference of organic nitrogen forms was mainly in 0~100cm soil layer under different fertilizer species, Organic nitrogen forms was small differences in 100~180cm soil layer, but below 180cm soil layer the difference was no obvious. At various soil layers, acidic hydrolysable N was the main components of the organic N. Compared with application of N and P fertilizes, manure with N fertilizes greatly increased the contents of total N and acid hydrolysable N in 0~100cm soil layer. Of the forms of acid hydrolysable N, amino acid N and hydrolysable unidentified N were significantly increased. Amino sugar N is increased also by manure with N and P fertilizers in 0~40cm soil layer. At all the soil layer of 0~200cm, N application significantly increased total N, acid hydrolysable N and nonhydrolysable N. Compared to the plots without N addition, N fertilizer significantly increased ammonium N but little affects amino acid nitrogen; amino sugar N and hydrolysable unidentified N.
引文
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