基于遗传算法和神经网络的天线优化设计研究
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摘要
体积小、重量轻、外观优美、结构紧凑的微带天线在移动通信等领域得到了广泛应用,如何实现其小型化、宽带化、多频和多功能是当今的研究热点。另外, MEMS开关加载可重构天线因其可以用一个物理口径实现多个天线的功能而越来越受到人们的关注。如何对这些天线进行优化设计是本文所想探索的。
近年来,利用遗传算法对天线进行优化设计一直是研究的热点。做为一种通用的搜索方法,遗传算法在进行天线优化时,不受初始值限制,程序通用性强且能够取得较好的区域搜索和空间扩展的平衡。在使用遗传算法进行天线优化时,需要通过解析方法或者全波分析构造所需要的适应度函数,但是前者对于复杂结构天线难以实现,后者耗时较长。针对上述问题,本文引入神经网络,通过对有限个样本的全波分析结果进行训练从而建立天线结构参数和性能参数之间的非线性映射关系。一旦神经网络模型建成,天线的性能参数值就可以通过此映射关系直接得出,相比于全波分析所耗时间几乎可以忽略。
本文对于神经网络和遗传算法的结合进行了研究,并将其用于天线结构的优化设计。对于给定天线原型结构和设计要求,首先利用部分正交实验法选出部分天线结构参数样本,用高频仿真软件HFSS进行仿真并将其结果输出,然后运用BP神经网络对这些样本进行训练,建立结构参数和天线性能之间的映射。最后运用遗传算法,根据天线设计要求定出相应的适应函数表达式,通过一代代的遗传进化最终得到所需要的天线的结构参数。文中对有寄生单元的倒F天线,带探针且上部开槽的三角形贴片天线等进行了优化设计,效果较好。对于开关加载分形可重构天线进行了尝试,为以后课题的深入研究进行积累和铺垫。
Microstrip antennas have several advantages for mobile communications in size,weight and compact structure. How to make them compact and broadband is a valuable focus. Besides, fractal antennas and antennas loading MEMS (Micro-Electro-MechanicalSystems ) switches have attracted more and more attentions.
Today, optimizing the design of antennas using Genetic Algorithms(GA) is a focus.As a common search method,GA can be used easily in the antenna design and get good effect without the boundary in initialization values.When using GA,we get the fitness values by some mathematics methods or simulations.But the former method is too complicate to realize when the antenna is intricate in structure ,and the latter would consuming a lot of time.To solving this problem,we bring forward the using of neural network (NN) to establish a good mapping relation between the structure and the performance,in this way ,we can save much time.
In this paper,carried on a research on the integrating of GA and NN and using them in the optimization of antennas .First we picked some samples and calculate the performance parameter with High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) and output the results.Then establish the NN modal using the former results to map the relation between the structure and the performance .After that,we use the GA to search the one satisfying our requirement ,adopting different fitness functions.By utilizing this set of optimization program, several antennas including PIFA with parasite elements, triangle shape microstip antenna and so on.Also try to explore in a fractal MEMS Reconfiguable antenna.
近年来,利用遗传算法对天线进行优化设计一直是研究的热点。做为一种通用的搜索方法,遗传算法在进行天线优化时,不受初始值限制,程序通用性强且能够取得较好的区域搜索和空间扩展的平衡。在使用遗传算法进行天线优化时,需要通过解析方法或者全波分析构造所需要的适应度函数,但是前者对于复杂结构天线难以实现,后者耗时较长。针对上述问题,本文引入神经网络,通过对有限个样本的全波分析结果进行训练从而建立天线结构参数和性能参数之间的非线性映射关系。一旦神经网络模型建成,天线的性能参数值就可以通过此映射关系直接得出,相比于全波分析所耗时间几乎可以忽略。
本文对于神经网络和遗传算法的结合进行了研究,并将其用于天线结构的优化设计。对于给定天线原型结构和设计要求,首先利用部分正交实验法选出部分天线结构参数样本,用高频仿真软件HFSS进行仿真并将其结果输出,然后运用BP神经网络对这些样本进行训练,建立结构参数和天线性能之间的映射。最后运用遗传算法,根据天线设计要求定出相应的适应函数表达式,通过一代代的遗传进化最终得到所需要的天线的结构参数。文中对有寄生单元的倒F天线,带探针且上部开槽的三角形贴片天线等进行了优化设计,效果较好。对于开关加载分形可重构天线进行了尝试,为以后课题的深入研究进行积累和铺垫。
Microstrip antennas have several advantages for mobile communications in size,weight and compact structure. How to make them compact and broadband is a valuable focus. Besides, fractal antennas and antennas loading MEMS (Micro-Electro-MechanicalSystems ) switches have attracted more and more attentions.
Today, optimizing the design of antennas using Genetic Algorithms(GA) is a focus.As a common search method,GA can be used easily in the antenna design and get good effect without the boundary in initialization values.When using GA,we get the fitness values by some mathematics methods or simulations.But the former method is too complicate to realize when the antenna is intricate in structure ,and the latter would consuming a lot of time.To solving this problem,we bring forward the using of neural network (NN) to establish a good mapping relation between the structure and the performance,in this way ,we can save much time.
In this paper,carried on a research on the integrating of GA and NN and using them in the optimization of antennas .First we picked some samples and calculate the performance parameter with High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) and output the results.Then establish the NN modal using the former results to map the relation between the structure and the performance .After that,we use the GA to search the one satisfying our requirement ,adopting different fitness functions.By utilizing this set of optimization program, several antennas including PIFA with parasite elements, triangle shape microstip antenna and so on.Also try to explore in a fractal MEMS Reconfiguable antenna.
引文
[1]肖国光,分形天线及其多频段特性研究,华东师范大学硕士论文,2007.4
[2] K.L. Wong,,Compact and broadband Microstrip Antennas, John Wiley & Sons,Inc.,2002
[3]王瑞,基于遗传算法的微带天线小型化研究,哈尔滨工业大学硕士论,2006.6
[4] J.Michael Johnson and Yahya Ranmat-samii. Genetic Algorithm Optimizationand its Application to Antenna Design.IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society,AP-S International Symposium (Digest), 1994, 1: 20~24.
[5]杨帆,张雪霞,遗传算法再微带天线优化中的应用,电子学报,Vol.28 No.9 Sep.2000:91-95
[6]周斌,刘其中,纪奕才等,超短波宽带双鞭天线的研究,电波科学学报,Vol.20 No.1 February.2005:115-118
[7] Tieming Xiang,K.F.Man,K.M.Luk,and C.H.Chan Design of Multiband Miniature Handset Anrenna by MOM and HGA ,IEEE Antennas and wireless Propagation Letters,Vol.5,2006:179-182
[8].A.F.Muscat and C.G.Parini ,Novel Compact Handset Antenna,11th International Conference on Antennas and Propagation, April 2001:17-20
[9]高峰,刘其中,单润红等,遗传算法与FDTD优化设计智能天线阵,微波学报,Vol.21,No.3 June.2005:5-8
[10]陈文俊,黎滨洪,谢涛,遗传算法在优化设计宽频带天线中的应用,微波学报,Vol.21 No.4 Aug.2005:34-36
[11] J.Michael Johnson and Yahya Ranmat-samii,Genetic Algorithm Optimizationand its Application to Antenna Design,IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society,AP-S International Symposium (Digest), 1994, 1: 20~24.
[12]J.MichaelJohnson and Yahya Ranmat-samii , Genetic Algorithms in EngineeringElectromagnetics,IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 1997, 39(4): 7~21.
[13] J.Michael Johnson and Yahya Ranmat-samii , Genetic Algorithms and Method ofMoments(GA/MOM): A novel integration for antenna design, IEEE Antennasand Propagation Society, AP-S International Symposium (Digest). 1997, 3:1664~1667
[14] Himdi M.,Daniel J.P, Synthesis of Slot Coupled Loaded Patch Antennas usinga Genetic Algorithm through Various Examples,IEEE Antennas and PropagationSociety, AP-S International Symposium (Digest). 1997, 3:1700~1703.
[15] M. Villegas and O. Picon,Creation of New Shapes for Resonant MicrostripStructures bymeans of Genetic Algorithms,Electron.Lett. 1997,33(18):1509~1510.
[16] R. M. Edwards, G. G.Cook, S. K.Khamas, R. J. Aidley, B. Chambers,Design ofCircularly Polarised Printed Spiral Antenna using Dual Objective GeneticAlgorithm,Electronics Letters, 1998, 34(7):608~609.
[17] Sabet, Kazem F., Jones, Dennis P. and etc., Efficient Printed Antenna Array Synthesisincluding Coupling Effects using Evolutionary Genetic Algorithms.IEEEAntennas and Propagation Society, AP-S International Symposium (Digest).1999, 3:2084~2087.
[18] B. Aljibouri, E. G.Lim, H. Evans and A. Sambell,Multiobjective GeneticAlgorithm Approach for a Dual-feed Circular Polarized Patch Antenna Design,Electronics Letters. 2000,36(12):1005 ~1006.
[19] H. Choo, A. Hutanni, L. C. Trintinalia, H. Ling,Shape Optimization ofBroadband Microstrip Antennas using Genetic Algorithm,Electronics Letters.2000, 36(25): 2057~2058.
[20] Altshuler Edward E,Design of a vehicular antenna for GPS/IRIDIUM using agenetic algorithm,IEEE Transactions on Antennas and propagation,2000, 48(6)
[21] Herscovici, N,Osorio, M. F. and Peixeiro, C, Minimization of a RectangularPatch using Genetic Algorithms , IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, AP-SInternational Symposium(Digest), 2001,4
[22] Naftali Herscovici, Manuel Fuentes Osorio, and Custódio Peixeiro, Miniaturization ofRectanular Microstrip Patches Using Genetic Algorithms , IEEE Antennas andwireless propagation letters, 2000, 1(1).
[23] Choo H.,Ling H , Design of Broadband and Dual-band Microstrip Antennas on aHigh-dielectric Substrate using a Genetic Algorithm,IEE Proceedings:Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation. 2003,150.
[24] Zich Riccardo E., Mussetta Marco, Tovaglieri Marco, Pirinoli Paola, OreficeMario, Frequency Response of a New Genetically Optimized MicrostripReflectarray,IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, AP-S InternationalSymposium (Digest), 2003, 1
[25] Spence, T.G., Werner, D.H., Groff, R.D,Genetic Algorithm Optimization ofsome Novel Broadband and Multi-band Microstrip Antennas,IEEE Antennasand Propagation Society, AP-S International Symposium (Digest), vol.4; IEEEAntennas and Propagation Society Symposium 2004 Digest held in Conjunctionwith: USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting, 2004
[26] Pichitpong Soontornpipit, Cynthia M. Furse and You Chung Chung.Miniaturized Biocompatible Microstrip Antenna Using Genetic Algorithm. IEEETransactions on Antenna and propagation. 2005,53(6):1939~1945.
[27]杨帆,张雪霞,遗传算法在微带天线优化中的应用,电子学报,2000,28(9):92~96.
[28] Shaoqiu Xiao, BingZhong Wang, XueSong Yang and Gaofeng Wang,Recongfigurable Microstrip Antenna Design Based on Genetic Algorithm.Aantennas and Propagation Society International Symposium. 2003,1
[29]钟顺时,微带天线理论与应用,西安电子科技大学出版社,1991
[30]张钧,刘克诚等,微带天线理论与工程,国防工业出版社,1988
[31] K.L. Wong, Compact and broadband Microstrip Antennas John Wiley & Sons,Inc. 2002
[32]刘英,龚书喜,傅德民,分形夭线的研究进展,电波科学学报,2002年2月17卷第一期
[33] C. Puente-Baliarda, et al On the behavior of the Sierpinski fractal antenna, IEEE Trans, AP-46(6), 1996:517-524.
[34] C. Puente, et al. Small but long koch fractal monopole. IEE Electronics Letters, 34(1),1998:.9-10.
[35] C. Punete e1 al.The koch monopole: a small fractal antenna, IEEE Trans., AP-48(11),2000:1773-1781.
[36]杨雪松,王秉中,可重构天线的研究进展,系统工程与电子技术,2003,25(4):417-419
[37]王秉中,计算电磁学,科学出版社,2002.7 :241-312
[38]周开利,康耀红,神经网络模型及其MATLAB仿真程序设计,清华大学出版社,2005.7
[39]Daniel S.Weile and Eric Michielssen , Genetic Algorithm Optimization applied Electromagnetics: A Review ,IEEE tharnsaction on antennas and propagation,vol 45,no.3,march 1997:343-353
[40] Haupt,R.L.,and A.S.Ali, Optimized backscattering sidelobes from an array of strips using a genetic algorithm,ProceedingsoftheAppliedComputational Electromagnetic Conference,Monterey,California,March 1994:266-270
[41]郑力新,遗传算法在控制系统工程应用的研究,天津大学博士学位论文,2002
[42]占永明,遗传算法在系统辨识和PID控制中应用.哈尔滨理工大学硕士学位论文,2000
[43]曲慧杨,遗传算法在神经网络控制中的应用研究,哈尔滨工业大学工学硕士学位论文
[44]Fogel D B. Evolutionary computation , Toward a new philosophy of machine intel-ligence.New York,IEEE Press,1995
[45]姜铁华,苏东林等,基于神经网络和遗传算法的倒F天线优化设计,天线学报,2007.1
[46]H.Nakano,N.Ikeda,Y.Wu,R..Suzuki,H.Mimaki and J.Yamauchi , Realization of Dual-Frequency and Wide-Band VSWR Performance Using Normal-Mode Helical and Inverted-F Antennas,Trans.on Antennas and Propagat[J],1998.46(6)
[47] H.Nakano and H.Mimaki,Low-profile inverted-F antenna with parasitic elements on a infinite ground plane,IEE Proc.-Microw.Antennas Propag[J].1998.145(4)
[48]Dimitrios E.Anagnostou,RF-MEMS Reconfiguable Self-Similar Antennnas-Design,Analysis andMeasurements.Synthesis Using a Neural Network Technique. Submitted for the Degree of Doctor ,The Univerity of New Mexico ,2005
[2] K.L. Wong,,Compact and broadband Microstrip Antennas, John Wiley & Sons,Inc.,2002
[3]王瑞,基于遗传算法的微带天线小型化研究,哈尔滨工业大学硕士论,2006.6
[4] J.Michael Johnson and Yahya Ranmat-samii. Genetic Algorithm Optimizationand its Application to Antenna Design.IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society,AP-S International Symposium (Digest), 1994, 1: 20~24.
[5]杨帆,张雪霞,遗传算法再微带天线优化中的应用,电子学报,Vol.28 No.9 Sep.2000:91-95
[6]周斌,刘其中,纪奕才等,超短波宽带双鞭天线的研究,电波科学学报,Vol.20 No.1 February.2005:115-118
[7] Tieming Xiang,K.F.Man,K.M.Luk,and C.H.Chan Design of Multiband Miniature Handset Anrenna by MOM and HGA ,IEEE Antennas and wireless Propagation Letters,Vol.5,2006:179-182
[8].A.F.Muscat and C.G.Parini ,Novel Compact Handset Antenna,11th International Conference on Antennas and Propagation, April 2001:17-20
[9]高峰,刘其中,单润红等,遗传算法与FDTD优化设计智能天线阵,微波学报,Vol.21,No.3 June.2005:5-8
[10]陈文俊,黎滨洪,谢涛,遗传算法在优化设计宽频带天线中的应用,微波学报,Vol.21 No.4 Aug.2005:34-36
[11] J.Michael Johnson and Yahya Ranmat-samii,Genetic Algorithm Optimizationand its Application to Antenna Design,IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society,AP-S International Symposium (Digest), 1994, 1: 20~24.
[12]J.MichaelJohnson and Yahya Ranmat-samii , Genetic Algorithms in EngineeringElectromagnetics,IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 1997, 39(4): 7~21.
[13] J.Michael Johnson and Yahya Ranmat-samii , Genetic Algorithms and Method ofMoments(GA/MOM): A novel integration for antenna design, IEEE Antennasand Propagation Society, AP-S International Symposium (Digest). 1997, 3:1664~1667
[14] Himdi M.,Daniel J.P, Synthesis of Slot Coupled Loaded Patch Antennas usinga Genetic Algorithm through Various Examples,IEEE Antennas and PropagationSociety, AP-S International Symposium (Digest). 1997, 3:1700~1703.
[15] M. Villegas and O. Picon,Creation of New Shapes for Resonant MicrostripStructures bymeans of Genetic Algorithms,Electron.Lett. 1997,33(18):1509~1510.
[16] R. M. Edwards, G. G.Cook, S. K.Khamas, R. J. Aidley, B. Chambers,Design ofCircularly Polarised Printed Spiral Antenna using Dual Objective GeneticAlgorithm,Electronics Letters, 1998, 34(7):608~609.
[17] Sabet, Kazem F., Jones, Dennis P. and etc., Efficient Printed Antenna Array Synthesisincluding Coupling Effects using Evolutionary Genetic Algorithms.IEEEAntennas and Propagation Society, AP-S International Symposium (Digest).1999, 3:2084~2087.
[18] B. Aljibouri, E. G.Lim, H. Evans and A. Sambell,Multiobjective GeneticAlgorithm Approach for a Dual-feed Circular Polarized Patch Antenna Design,Electronics Letters. 2000,36(12):1005 ~1006.
[19] H. Choo, A. Hutanni, L. C. Trintinalia, H. Ling,Shape Optimization ofBroadband Microstrip Antennas using Genetic Algorithm,Electronics Letters.2000, 36(25): 2057~2058.
[20] Altshuler Edward E,Design of a vehicular antenna for GPS/IRIDIUM using agenetic algorithm,IEEE Transactions on Antennas and propagation,2000, 48(6)
[21] Herscovici, N,Osorio, M. F. and Peixeiro, C, Minimization of a RectangularPatch using Genetic Algorithms , IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, AP-SInternational Symposium(Digest), 2001,4
[22] Naftali Herscovici, Manuel Fuentes Osorio, and Custódio Peixeiro, Miniaturization ofRectanular Microstrip Patches Using Genetic Algorithms , IEEE Antennas andwireless propagation letters, 2000, 1(1).
[23] Choo H.,Ling H , Design of Broadband and Dual-band Microstrip Antennas on aHigh-dielectric Substrate using a Genetic Algorithm,IEE Proceedings:Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation. 2003,150.
[24] Zich Riccardo E., Mussetta Marco, Tovaglieri Marco, Pirinoli Paola, OreficeMario, Frequency Response of a New Genetically Optimized MicrostripReflectarray,IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, AP-S InternationalSymposium (Digest), 2003, 1
[25] Spence, T.G., Werner, D.H., Groff, R.D,Genetic Algorithm Optimization ofsome Novel Broadband and Multi-band Microstrip Antennas,IEEE Antennasand Propagation Society, AP-S International Symposium (Digest), vol.4; IEEEAntennas and Propagation Society Symposium 2004 Digest held in Conjunctionwith: USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting, 2004
[26] Pichitpong Soontornpipit, Cynthia M. Furse and You Chung Chung.Miniaturized Biocompatible Microstrip Antenna Using Genetic Algorithm. IEEETransactions on Antenna and propagation. 2005,53(6):1939~1945.
[27]杨帆,张雪霞,遗传算法在微带天线优化中的应用,电子学报,2000,28(9):92~96.
[28] Shaoqiu Xiao, BingZhong Wang, XueSong Yang and Gaofeng Wang,Recongfigurable Microstrip Antenna Design Based on Genetic Algorithm.Aantennas and Propagation Society International Symposium. 2003,1
[29]钟顺时,微带天线理论与应用,西安电子科技大学出版社,1991
[30]张钧,刘克诚等,微带天线理论与工程,国防工业出版社,1988
[31] K.L. Wong, Compact and broadband Microstrip Antennas John Wiley & Sons,Inc. 2002
[32]刘英,龚书喜,傅德民,分形夭线的研究进展,电波科学学报,2002年2月17卷第一期
[33] C. Puente-Baliarda, et al On the behavior of the Sierpinski fractal antenna, IEEE Trans, AP-46(6), 1996:517-524.
[34] C. Puente, et al. Small but long koch fractal monopole. IEE Electronics Letters, 34(1),1998:.9-10.
[35] C. Punete e1 al.The koch monopole: a small fractal antenna, IEEE Trans., AP-48(11),2000:1773-1781.
[36]杨雪松,王秉中,可重构天线的研究进展,系统工程与电子技术,2003,25(4):417-419
[37]王秉中,计算电磁学,科学出版社,2002.7 :241-312
[38]周开利,康耀红,神经网络模型及其MATLAB仿真程序设计,清华大学出版社,2005.7
[39]Daniel S.Weile and Eric Michielssen , Genetic Algorithm Optimization applied Electromagnetics: A Review ,IEEE tharnsaction on antennas and propagation,vol 45,no.3,march 1997:343-353
[40] Haupt,R.L.,and A.S.Ali, Optimized backscattering sidelobes from an array of strips using a genetic algorithm,ProceedingsoftheAppliedComputational Electromagnetic Conference,Monterey,California,March 1994:266-270
[41]郑力新,遗传算法在控制系统工程应用的研究,天津大学博士学位论文,2002
[42]占永明,遗传算法在系统辨识和PID控制中应用.哈尔滨理工大学硕士学位论文,2000
[43]曲慧杨,遗传算法在神经网络控制中的应用研究,哈尔滨工业大学工学硕士学位论文
[44]Fogel D B. Evolutionary computation , Toward a new philosophy of machine intel-ligence.New York,IEEE Press,1995
[45]姜铁华,苏东林等,基于神经网络和遗传算法的倒F天线优化设计,天线学报,2007.1
[46]H.Nakano,N.Ikeda,Y.Wu,R..Suzuki,H.Mimaki and J.Yamauchi , Realization of Dual-Frequency and Wide-Band VSWR Performance Using Normal-Mode Helical and Inverted-F Antennas,Trans.on Antennas and Propagat[J],1998.46(6)
[47] H.Nakano and H.Mimaki,Low-profile inverted-F antenna with parasitic elements on a infinite ground plane,IEE Proc.-Microw.Antennas Propag[J].1998.145(4)
[48]Dimitrios E.Anagnostou,RF-MEMS Reconfiguable Self-Similar Antennnas-Design,Analysis andMeasurements.Synthesis Using a Neural Network Technique. Submitted for the Degree of Doctor ,The Univerity of New Mexico ,2005